2 5454331985990256748 PDF

Methods of Construction
4. Excavation Equipment
Civil Engineering
Fourth Year (2019 – 2020)
2 Hours / Week, 3 Units
Recommended Reading
• Chapter 9, Robert Peurifoy et. al. - Construction

Planning, Equipment, and Methods
Excavating Equipment
The selection of the appropriate type and size of

construction equipment often affects the required
amount of time and effort and thus the job-site
productivity of a project. It is therefore important for
site managers and construction planners to be familiar
with the characteristics of the major types of equipment
most commonly used in construction.
Excavating Equipment
An excavator is defined as a power-driven digging

machine. The major types of excavators used in
earthmoving operations include hydraulic excavators
and the members of the cable-operated crane-shovel
family (shovels, draglines, hoes and clamshells). Dozers,
loaders and scrapers can also serve as excavators.
BACKHOE
EXCAVATOR
Hydraulic Excavators
Backhoe
A backhoe is an excavator designed primarily for excavation
below grade. It digs by pulling the dipper back toward the
machine. This machine is also called hydraulic hoe or hydraulic
excavator-backhoe.
Production Estimating
Production (LCY/H) = C * S * V * B * E
Where ,
C = Cycles/h (Table 3-3)
S = Swing-depth factor (Table 3-4)
V = heaped bucket Volume (LCY or LCM, Loose Cubic Yard or metre)
B = Bucket fill factor (Table 3-2) ,
E = job Efficiency
Example:
Find the expected production in loose cubic yards per hours of a
small hydraulic excavator. Heaped bucket capacity is 0.75 CY (0.57
CM). The material is sand and gravel with a bucket fill factor of 0.95.
Job efficiency is 50 min/h. Average depth of cut is 14 ft (4.3 m).
Maximum depth of cut is 20 ft (6.1 m) and average swing is 90.
Solution:
Cycle output = 250 cycles/60 min (Table 3-3)
Swing-depth factor = 1.00 (Table 3-4), Bucket Volume= 0.75 LCY
Bucket fill factor = 0.95, Job efficiency= 50/60 = 0.833
Production = 250 * 1.00 * 0.75 * 0.95 * 0.833 = 148 LCY/h
Or = 250 * 1.00 * 0.57 * 0.95 * 0.833 = 113 LCM/h
POWER SHOVEL
Power shovel
Power shovel is used to excavate & load the earth into trucks or
tractor-pulled wagons or conveyor belts. Capable of excavating all
classes of earth except solid rock. Can be operated on soft ground.
May be mounted on rubber- tired wheels. It is useful for small jobs
where considerable traveling is necessary & where the road surfaces
and ground are firm.
Size of a power shovel:
Size of power shovel indicated by the size of dipper (bucket) in m3.
Due to the swelling of soil the bank measure volume of a dipper will
be less than the loose volume.
If a dipper of 2 m3 is used for excavating a soil with 25 % swelling,

therefore the bank measure volume is equal 2.0/1.25 = 1.6 m3
Power shovel are commonly available in the following sizes

(0.3-2.0) m3
Output of power shovels
The out put of power shovel is affected by the following factors
1- Class of material. ‫نوع المادة‬
2- Depth of cut. ‫ارتفاع القطع‬/‫عمق‬
3- Angle of swing ‫زاوية الدوران‬
4- Job condition. ‫ظروف العمل‬
5- Management conditions. ‫ادارة المشروع‬
6- Size of hauling units. ‫حجم المكائن الناقلة‬
7- Skill of the operators. ‫مهارة المشغلين‬
8- Physical condition of the shovel. ‫حالة وهيئة المجرفة‬
9- handling of oversize material . ‫ازالة كتل المادة الكبيرة‬
10- cleanup of loading area. ‫تنظيف مكان التحميل‬
11- hauling -unit exchange ‫تبديل وحدات النقل او السحب‬
Output of a power shovel
60
Output (m3/hr) = cycle time * Time factor * Capacity
Cycle time= Load + Swing loaded + Dump + Swing empty
Actual depth of cut

Optimum depth % = Optimum depth of cut * 100
Example – 1
Determine the out put of power shovel if;
Size of shovel (dipper) =1.6m3
Type of soil is good common earth, Depth of cut (actual) = 3.6m
Average angle of swing of 60˚.
Solution:
from Table 8.2
Optimum out put =229
Optimum depth = 3.1
The percent of optimum depth = (3.6/3.1) * 100 = 116%
From table 8.3 the depth swing factor is 1.13 by interpolation
The probable out put = 229 * 1.13 = 259 m3/hr.
Example -2:
Determine the probable out put in m3 for a power shovel which have the
following properties
Size of the shovel (Dipper)= 0.8 m3, Type of soil is Stiff & hard soil,
Depth of cut (Actual) = 2.25m, Average angle of swing is 75˚
Job condition is fair & Management is good.
Efficiency = 50/60
Solution:
Optimum out put = 111m3/hr and Optimum depth is = 2.7m
Percent of optimum depth = 2.25/2.7 * 100 = 83.3%
Depth- swing factor = 1.05 (by interpolation)
Job management factor = 0.69
Probable out put = 111*1.05*0.69 = 80.4 m3/hr
If consider the working hours (Efficiency =50/60)
The probable out put = 80.4*(50/60) = 67 m3
Example-3:
Determine the number of power shovels to excavate 400,000 m3 of
sand & gravel material at 4 months.
If :
Size of power shovel = 1.2 m3
Depth of cut ( actual ) = 3 m
working minutes /hour = 55 min.
Angle of swing = 110˚
working hours /one day = 8hr.
Percent of stopping = 15%
Job conditions is Good.
Management conditions is Fair
Solution
Time factor = 55/60 = 0.92
Job-management factor = 0.71
Optimum depth factor = 2.1 m and Optimum out put = 206 m3/hr
Optimum depth % = 3/2.1 * 100 = 142.86 %
Depth –swing factor = 0.84
Actual out put = 206*0.92*0.71*0.84= 111.82 m3/hr
= 111.82* 8 = 894.56 m3/day
Actual working day = ( Duration * ( 1-stoping ) )
= (4*30)*(1-0.15 ) = 102 days
Out put /4month = 894.56*102 = 91245.12 m3/4month
No. of power shovel = Quantity of soil/output of shovel
= 400000/91245.12 = 4.4 shovels
Apply 4 shovel for 102 days & 1 shovel for 41 days (0.4*102 = 41)
LOADERS
• Loaders
Loaders are used in construction work to handle and
transport bulk material, such as earth and rock, to load
trucks and to excavate earth .It is designed to excavate at
or above wheel/track level.
Buckets:
The most common buckets are:-
1. The one-piece conventional type (general purpose)
2. The hinged-jaw (multipurpose)
3. The rock bucket (heavy duty production having a V-
shaped cutting edge)
• Loader Buckets
Multipurpose Hinged Jaw
Operating Loads:-
To position the bucket to dump, a loader must
maneuver and travel with load, so a check must be made
of payload weight once the bucket volumetric load is
determined.
A wheel loader is limited to an operating load by weight
that is less than 50% of rated full-turn static tipping load
considering the combined weight of the bucket and load
measured from the center of gravity of the extended bucket
at its maximum reach.
Production rate for Wheel Loaders:-
The critical factors to be considered in choosing a loader
are:-
1. The type of material
2. The volume of material to be handled
The production rate for a wheel loader will depend on:
1. Fixed time required to load the bucket, maneuver with
four reversals of direction, and dump the load
2. Time required to travel from loading to dumping position
3. Time required to return to the loading position
4. The actual volume of material handled each trip
• Loader Loading Cycle
When travel distance is more than minimum it will be necessary
to add a travel time to the fixed cycle time. For travel distances
of less than 100 feet, a wheel loader should be able to travel with
a loaded bucket at about 80% of its maximum speed in low gear
and return empty at about 60% of its maximum speed in second
gear.
In the case of distances over 100 ft, return travel distance
should be at about 80% of its maximum speed in second gear.
If the haul surface is not well maintained or is rough these
speeds should be reduced accordingly.
DRAGLINE EXCAVATORS
DRAGLINES
The dragline is a versatile
machine capable of wide
range of operations. It can
handle materials that range
from soft to medium hard.
The greatest advantage of a
dragline over other
machines is its long reach
for digging and dumping.
Big Muskie Bucket – McConnelsville, Ohio - Atlas Obscura
EXAMPLE 1
Example 18-1, Construction Planning, Equipment and Methods, 2006. By Robert L. Peurifoy.
EXAMPLE 2
Example 3-4, Construction Methods and Management, 2007. By S.W. Nunnally.
DOZERS (BULLDOZERS)
Clamshell
CHAIN TRENCHER
CHAIN TRENCHER
Excavator and Loader
Grader
Scraper

2 5454331985990256748 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2 5454331985990256748 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

2 5454331985990256748 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Methods of Construction

• Chapter 9, Robert Peurifoy et. al. - Construction

The selection of the appropriate type and size of

An excavator is defined as a power-driven digging

If a dipper of 2 m3 is used for excavating a soil with 25 % swelling,

Power shovel are commonly available in the following sizes

Cycle time= Load + Swing loaded + Dump + Swing empty

Actual depth of cut

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.