Monitoring Linux

Monitoring System
Of Linux
Version 0.1 ● 10th May 2014
© 2014 Faisal Khan - www.FaysalKhan.org
licensed under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License Version 1.3 or later
Monitoring System
of Linux
VERSION: 0.1 REVISION DATE: 10th May 2014

www.FaysalKhan.Org
Table Of Contents
Overview.................................................................................................................................. 1
top - Command ........................................................................................................................ 2
vmstat - System Activity, Hardware and System Information ..................................................2
w - Find Out Who Is Logged on And What They Are Doing .....................................................2
uptime - Tell How Long The System Has Been Running .........................................................2
ps - Displays The Processes ................................................................................................... 2
free - Memory Usage ............................................................................................................... 2
iostat - Average CPU Load, Disk Activity .................................................................................3
sar - Collect and Report System Activity .................................................................................3
mpstat - Multiprocessor Usage ................................................................................................ 3
pmap - Process Memory Usage .............................................................................................. 3
netstat and ss - Network Statistics ........................................................................................... 3
iptraf - Real-time Network Statistics ......................................................................................... 3
tcpdump - Detailed Network Traffic Analysis ...........................................................................4
strace - System Calls ............................................................................................................... 4
/Proc file system - Various Kernel Statistics ............................................................................4
Nagios - Server And Network Monitoring ................................................................................4
Cacti - Web-based Monitoring Tool ......................................................................................... 4
KDE System Guard - Real-time Systems Reporting and Graphing .........................................5
Gnome System Monitor - Real-time Systems Reporting and Graphing ...................................5
Few More; ................................................................................................................................ 6
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Overview
If you need to monitor the Linux Machine. You can try these built-in commands and a few add-on
tools. Most Linux distributions are equipped with tons of monitoring. These tools provide metrics
which can be used to get information about system activities. You can use these tools to find the
possible causes of a performance problem. The commands discussed below are some of the
most basic commands when it comes to system analysis and debugging server issues.
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top - Command
The top program provides a dynamic real-time view of a running system i.e. actual process
activity. By default, it displays the most CPU-intensive tasks running on the server and updates
the list every five seconds.
vmstat - System Activity, Hardware and System

Information
The command vmstat reports information about processes, memory, paging, block IO, traps, and
cpu activity.
w - Find Out Who Is Logged on And What They Are Doing

w command displays information about the users currently on the machine, and their processes.
uptime - Tell How Long The System Has Been Running

The uptime command can be used to see how long the server has been running. The current
time, how long the system has been running, how many users are currently logged on, and the
system load averages for the past 1, 5, and 15 minutes.
ps - Displays The Processes

ps command will report a snapshot of the current processes. To select all processes use the -A or
-e option:
free - Memory Usage

The command free displays the total amount of free and used physical and swap memory in the
system, as well as the buffers used by the kernel.
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iostat - Average CPU Load, Disk Activity

The command iostat report Central Processing Unit (CPU) statistics and input/output statistics for
devices, partitions and network filesystems (NFS).
sar - Collect and Report System Activity

The sar command is used to collect, report, and save system activity information.
mpstat - Multiprocessor Usage

The mpstat command displays activities for each available processor, processor 0 being the first
one. mpstat -P ALL to display average CPU utilization per processor.
pmap - Process Memory Usage

The command pmap report memory map of a process. Use this command to find out causes of
memory bottlenecks.
netstat and ss - Network Statistics

The command netstat displays network connections, routing tables, interface statistics,
masquerade connections, and multicast memberships. ss command is used to dump socket
statistics. It allows showing information similar to netstat.
iptraf - Real-time Network Statistics

The iptraf command is interactive colorful IP LAN monitor. It is an ncurses-based IP LAN monitor
that generates various network statistics including TCP info, UDP counts, ICMP and OSPF
information, Ethernet load info, node stats, IP checksum errors, and others. It can provide the
following info in easy to read format:
Network traffic statistics by TCP connection
IP traffic statistics by network interface
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Network traffic statistics by protocol
Network traffic statistics by TCP/UDP port and by packet size
Network traffic statistics by Layer2 address
tcpdump - Detailed Network Traffic Analysis

The tcpdump is simple command that dump traffic on a network. However, you need good
understanding of TCP/IP protocol to utilize this tool.
strace - System Calls

Trace system calls and signals. This is useful for debugging webserver and other server
problems.
/Proc file system - Various Kernel Statistics

/proc file system provides detailed information about various hardware devices and other Linux
kernel information.
Nagios - Server And Network Monitoring

Nagios is a popular open source computer system and network monitoring application software.
You can easily monitor all your hosts, network equipment and services. It can send alert when
things go wrong and again when they get better. FAN is "Fully Automated Nagios". FAN goals are
to provide a Nagios installation including most tools provided by the Nagios Community. FAN
provides a CDRom image in the standard ISO format, making it easy to easilly install a Nagios
server. Added to this, a wide bunch of tools are including to the distribution, in order to improve
the user experience around Nagios.
Cacti - Web-based Monitoring Tool

Cacti is a complete network graphing solution designed to harness the power of RRDTool's data
storage and graphing functionality. Cacti provides a fast poller, advanced graph templating,
multiple data acquisition methods, and user management features out of the box. All of this is
wrapped in an intuitive, easy to use interface that makes sense for LAN-sized installations up to
complex networks with hundreds of devices. It can provide data about network, CPU, memory,
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logged in users, Apache, DNS servers and much more. See how to install and configure Cacti
network graphing tool under CentOS / RHEL.
KDE System Guard - Real-time Systems Reporting and

Graphing
KSysguard is a network enabled task and system monitor application for KDE desktop. This tool
can be run over ssh session. It provides lots of features such as a client/server architecture that
enables monitoring of local and remote hosts. The graphical front end uses so-called sensors to
retrieve the information it displays. A sensor can return simple values or more complex
information like tables. For each type of information, one or more displays are provided. Displays
are organized in worksheets that can be saved and loaded independently from each other. So,
KSysguard is not only a simple task manager but also a very powerful tool to control large server
farms.
Gnome System Monitor - Real-time Systems Reporting

and Graphing
The System Monitor application enables you to display basic system information and monitor
system processes, usage of system resources, and file systems. You can also use System
Monitor to modify the behavior of your system. Although not as powerful as the KDE System
Guard, it provides the basic information which may be useful for new users:
1. Displays various basic information about the computer's hardware and software.
2. Linux Kernel version
3. GNOME version
4. Hardware
5. Installed memory
6. Processors and speeds
7. System Status
8. Currently available disk space
9. Processes
10. Memory and swap space
11. Network usage
12. File Systems
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13. Lists all mounted filesystems along with basic information about each.
Few More;
• nmap - scan your server for open ports.
• lsof - list open files, network connections and much more.
• ntop web based tool - ntop is the best tool to see network usage in a way similar to what
top command does for processes i.e. it is network traffic monitoring software. You can
see network status, protocol wise distribution of traffic for UDP, TCP, DNS, HTTP and
other protocols.
• Conky - Another good monitoring tool for the X Window System. It is highly configurable
and is able to monitor many system variables including the status of the CPU, memory,
swap space, disk storage, temperatures, processes, network interfaces, battery power,
system messages, e-mail inboxes etc.
• GKrellM - It can be used to monitor the status of CPUs, main memory, hard disks,
network interfaces, local and remote mailboxes, and many other things.
• vnstat - vnStat is a console-based network traffic monitor. It keeps a log of hourly, daily
and monthly network traffic for the selected interface(s).
• htop - htop is an enhanced version of top, the interactive process viewer, which can
display the list of processes in a tree form.
• mtr - mtr combines the functionality of the traceroute and ping programs in a single
network diagnostic tool.
• dstat - which combines vmstat, iostat, ifstat, netstat information and more.
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Monitoring Linux

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What are some basic commands for system monitoring in Linux?

What are some basic commands for system monitoring in Linux?

What tools are discussed for monitoring CPU, memory, disk and network activities?

What tools are discussed for monitoring CPU, memory, disk and network activities?

Monitoring System

Version 0.1 ● 10th May 2014

© 2014 Faisal Khan - www.FaysalKhan.org

VERSION: 0.1 REVISION DATE: 10th May 2014

top - Command ........................................................................................................................ 2

vmstat - System Activity, Hardware and System Information ..................................................2

ps - Displays The Processes ................................................................................................... 2

free - Memory Usage ............................................................................................................... 2

iostat - Average CPU Load, Disk Activity .................................................................................3

sar - Collect and Report System Activity .................................................................................3

mpstat - Multiprocessor Usage ................................................................................................ 3

pmap - Process Memory Usage .............................................................................................. 3

netstat and ss - Network Statistics ........................................................................................... 3

iptraf - Real-time Network Statistics ......................................................................................... 3

tcpdump - Detailed Network Traffic Analysis ...........................................................................4

strace - System Calls ............................................................................................................... 4

/Proc file system - Various Kernel Statistics ............................................................................4

Nagios - Server And Network Monitoring ................................................................................4

Cacti - Web-based Monitoring Tool ......................................................................................... 4

KDE System Guard - Real-time Systems Reporting and Graphing .........................................5

Gnome System Monitor - Real-time Systems Reporting and Graphing ...................................5

Few More; ................................................................................................................................ 6

vmstat - System Activity, Hardware and System

w - Find Out Who Is Logged on And What They Are Doing

uptime - Tell How Long The System Has Been Running

ps - Displays The Processes

free - Memory Usage

iostat - Average CPU Load, Disk Activity

sar - Collect and Report System Activity

mpstat - Multiprocessor Usage

pmap - Process Memory Usage

netstat and ss - Network Statistics

iptraf - Real-time Network Statistics

Network traffic statistics by TCP connection

IP traffic statistics by network interface

Network traffic statistics by TCP/UDP port and by packet size

Network traffic statistics by Layer2 address

tcpdump - Detailed Network Traffic Analysis

strace - System Calls

/Proc file system - Various Kernel Statistics

Nagios - Server And Network Monitoring

Cacti - Web-based Monitoring Tool

KDE System Guard - Real-time Systems Reporting and

Gnome System Monitor - Real-time Systems Reporting

2. Linux Kernel version

6. Processors and speeds

8. Currently available disk space

10. Memory and swap space

11. Network usage

12. File Systems

• lsof - list open files, network connections and much more.

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