SEMESTER 1 2019/2020

ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM 1

(EEPB353)
TITLE: POWER FLOW ASSIGNMENT

GROUP MEMBERS : ABDUL YAZID BIN ZURI MANAH (EP0103168)

: CHE WAN MOHD ALLARIF (EP0103105)
SECTION : 02
LECTURER : NUR FADILAH BINTI AB. AZIZ, DR.
DATE OF SUBMISSION : 15TH SEPTEMBER 2019
 INTRODUCTION

Load flow study which is also known as power flow study is a steady state analysis of an
interconnected power system during normal operation. This widely used in power system
operation and planning. Power flow study is supposed to be functioning under stable conditions
and it is represented by a single phase network. The power flow model of a power system is built
using the relevant network, load, and generation data. Outputs of the power flow model include
voltages at different buses, line flows in the network, and system losses. The study utilizes
simplified notations like the one line diagram, per unit system. Besides that, it focuses on various
form of alternating current power. This assignment required an analysis on the 118-bus power
system network given by using MATPOWER software under “case118.m”. The named software
is a package of Matlab® M-files for solving power flow, continuation power flow and optimal
power flow problems. It is intended as a simulation tool for researchers and educators that is easy
to use and modify. MATPOWER is designed to give the best performance possible while keeping
the code simple to understand and modify.

LOAD FLOW APPLICATION

In power engineering, power flow study constitutes a large part in the analysis and design of power
system. Power flow study is essential in planning, operating, economic scheduling and in the
exchange of powers between utilities. They provide a systematic mathematical approach to
determine the magnitude of voltages bus, phase angles, active and reactive power flows through
different nodes, generators, transformer and load under steady-state conditions. Load flow
application help the MGC to maintain voltage drop at all buses should be within +/- 5% of the
nominal rating for all operating conditions considered based on the general criteria of acceptability
of design is used in load flow analysis. An efficient operating power system needs a method which
is reliable and efficient for the system’s load flow analysis to be found. A power flow analysis
method may consume more time than the others. This prevents the acquisition of accurate result
to a power flow solution as there are continuous changes in power demands and power generations.
 SIMULATION RESULTS

a) The power flow for each line (Table 1)

Bus Number V_magnitude from bus to bus r x z P_fromBus Q_fromBus P_toBus Q_toBus FVSI
1 0.955 1 2 0.0303 0.0999 0.104394 -0.1235281 -0.130412 0.1245042 0.11006365 0.052660193 0.194013763
2 0.971392795 1 3 0.0129 0.0424 0.044319 -0.3864719 -0.170629 0.38897281 0.16884898 0.034305591
3 0.967691944 4 5 0.00176 0.00798 0.008172 -1.0322975 -0.2679195 1.03430635 0.27492804 0.0092395
4 0.998 3 5 0.0241 0.108 0.110656 -0.6811051 -0.1448888 0.69348982 0.17283518 0.083703992
5 1.001984637 5 6 0.0119 0.054 0.055296 0.88470416 0.04106445 -0.8753993 -0.0129872 0.002929827
6 0.99 6 7 0.00459 0.0208 0.0213 0.35539931 -0.0477151 -0.3547983 0.04505182 0.004010653
7 0.989327888 8 9 0.00244 0.0305 0.030597 -4.4063501 -0.8973363 4.4525465 0.24428906 0.029114035
8 1.015 8 5 0 0.0267 0.0267 3.38474698 1.24726829 -3.384747 -0.9200768 0.095381299
9 1.042918205 9 10 0.00258 0.0322 0.032303 -4.4525465 -0.2442891 4.5 -0.5104215 0.060830803
10 1.05 4 11 0.0209 0.0688 0.071904 0.64229745 -0.002177 -0.6336398 0.01349061 0.004071492
11 0.985088548 5 11 0.0203 0.0682 0.071157 0.77224665 0.02965982 -0.7601586 -0.0062059 0.001835671
12 0.99 11 12 0.00595 0.0196 0.020483 0.34294648 -0.3513674 -0.3414788 0.35130635 0.03099817
13 0.968302035 2 12 0.0187 0.0616 0.064376 -0.3245042 -0.2000636 0.32732654 0.19424047 0.055395589
14 0.983591024 3 12 0.0484 0.16 0.16716 -0.0978677 -0.1239602 0.09893209 0.0885732 0.066074558
15 0.97 7 12 0.00862 0.034 0.035076 0.16479829 -0.0650518 -0.1645266 0.05756328 0.00851253
16 0.983897364 11 13 0.02225 0.0731 0.076411 0.35085183 0.11408273 -0.3476814 -0.1215639 0.0400231
17 0.995088532 12 14 0.0215 0.0707 0.073897 0.18314355 0.02622998 -0.1823807 -0.0414052 0.013051983
18 0.973 13 15 0.0744 0.2444 0.255474 0.00768144 -0.0384361 -0.0076703 -0.0203996 0.023240776
19 0.962 14 15 0.0595 0.195 0.203876 0.04238069 0.03140519 -0.0420795 -0.0783177 0.069021854
20 0.956934313 12 16 0.0212 0.0834 0.086052 0.07507772 0.04303157 -0.0748938 -0.0631534 0.022884722
21 0.957724895 15 17 0.0132 0.0437 0.04565 -1.0385679 -0.2426852 1.05439022 0.25219607 0.051127732
22 0.969019077 16 17 0.0454 0.1801 0.185734 -0.1751062 -0.0368466 0.17655374 -0.0030383 0.002404701
23 0.999469323 17 18 0.0123 0.0505 0.051976 0.80270182 0.2476303 -0.7938964 -0.2240485 0.048417089
24 0.992 18 19 0.01119 0.0493 0.050554 0.19389638 0.16831177 -0.1930953 -0.1754726 0.038433302
25 1.05 19 20 0.0252 0.117 0.119683 -0.1062427 0.05166548 0.10666677 -0.0771302 0.040814449
26 1.015 15 19 0.012 0.0394 0.041187 0.11525317 0.15719205 -0.1147493 -0.1649627 0.03019423
27 0.968 20 21 0.0183 0.0849 0.08685 -0.2866668 0.04713019 0.28837401 -0.0590057 0.022899212
28 0.961568103 21 22 0.0209 0.097 0.099226 -0.428374 -0.0209943 0.43255745 0.01757858 0.007781116
29 0.963216333 22 23 0.0342 0.159 0.162637 -0.5325575 -0.0675786 0.54297338 0.07685716 0.054465155
30 0.985332612 23 24 0.0135 0.0492 0.051019 0.08283672 0.10418757 -0.0825189 -0.152406 0.032285968
31 0.967 23 25 0.0156 0.08 0.081507 -1.6256302 -0.2615868 1.66764478 0.38626416 0.128440878
32 0.963 26 25 0 0.0382 0.0382 0.90289078 0.21584617 -0.9028908 -0.1863965 0.027645786
33 0.970934141 25 27 0.0318 0.163 0.166073 1.435246 0.30056487 -1.3712658 -0.1525023 0.093619882
34 0.984 27 28 0.01913 0.0855 0.087614 0.32875765 -0.0059206 -0.3265507 -0.0043214 0.001656222
35 0.98045246 28 29 0.0237 0.0943 0.097233 0.15655073 -0.0656786 -0.1558459 0.04643945 0.020141839
36 0.98 30 17 0 0.0388 0.0388 2.31186841 0.92969515 -2.3118684 -0.7010116 0.112060151
37 0.990661352 8 30 0.00431 0.0504 0.050584 0.74160314 0.28145241 -0.7380541 -0.7542349 0.148672114
38 0.961285734 26 30 0.00799 0.086 0.08637 2.23710922 -0.1145989 -2.1973281 -0.3657203 0.12317088
39 0.969961083 17 31 0.0474 0.1563 0.163329 0.14765927 0.11521754 -0.1457435 -0.1473099 0.1015635
40 0.97 29 31 0.0108 0.0331 0.034817 -0.0841541 -0.0864394 0.08431594 0.07920452 0.012506232
41 0.966832469 23 32 0.0317 0.1153 0.119578 0.92982008 0.05054207 -0.9020063 -0.0623552 0.030964863
42 0.985 31 32 0.0298 0.0985 0.102909 -0.2985724 0.12396556 0.30200022 -0.1360093 0.062552864
43 0.977121468 27 32 0.0229 0.0755 0.078897 0.12527077 0.01764248 -0.1248699 -0.0342749 0.012062953
44 0.984436022 15 33 0.038 0.1244 0.130074 0.07306453 -0.044185 -0.0728146 0.01492196 0.008627918
45 0.986382562 19 34 0.0752 0.247 0.258194 -0.0359127 -0.1039719 0.03647122 0.04596565 0.053621368
46 1.005 35 36 0.00224 0.0102 0.010443 0.00838767 0.04036158 -0.0083835 -0.0429175 0.0019094
47 1.017051812 35 37 0.011 0.0497 0.050903 -0.3383877 -0.1303616 0.33987398 0.12427465 0.026959732
48 1.020633376 33 37 0.0415 0.142 0.14794 -0.1571854 -0.104922 0.15861143 0.07458989 0.048780182
49 1.025 34 36 0.00871 0.0268 0.02818 0.3024617 0.04695486 -0.3016165 -0.0498317 0.00609984
50 1.00108276 34 37 0.00256 0.0094 0.009742 -0.9430696 -0.4419702 0.94592642 0.4428678 0.0184733
51 0.966876693 38 37 0 0.0375 0.0375 2.43371318 1.13604651 -2.4337132 -0.8801294 0.142867293
52 0.956817989 37 39 0.0321 0.106 0.110754 0.54909024 0.02979509 -0.5391682 -0.0229808 0.010838907
53 0.9459829 37 40 0.0593 0.168 0.178159 0.44021111 -0.0367505 -0.4284862 0.02959926 0.022792646
54 0.955 30 38 0.00464 0.054 0.054199 0.62351377 0.1902601 -0.6209097 -0.5597883 0.125460383
55 0.952 39 40 0.0184 0.0605 0.063236 0.26916816 -0.0870192 -0.2676269 0.07748474 0.021774237
56 0.954 40 41 0.0145 0.0487 0.050813 0.15447523 0.01192599 -0.1541027 -0.022135 0.004989003
57 0.970582529 40 42 0.0555 0.183 0.191231 -0.1183621 -0.0644693 0.11929526 0.02301693 0.019553698
58 0.959038672 41 42 0.041 0.135 0.141089 -0.2158973 -0.077865 0.21810922 0.05238221 0.033051531
59 0.985 43 44 0.0608 0.2454 0.25282 -0.1659296 -0.0133019 0.16769854 -0.037929 0.041388671
60 0.993156251 34 43 0.0413 0.1681 0.173099 0.01413665 0.01633441 -0.0140704 -0.0566981 0.041750394
61 0.995 44 45 0.0224 0.0901 0.092843 -0.3276985 0.05484042 0.33028041 -0.0662064 0.026143041
62 0.998 45 46 0.04 0.1356 0.141377 -0.3632789 -0.0356687 0.36872015 0.02119727 0.012845318
63 0.968737013 46 47 0.038 0.127 0.132563 -0.3111109 -0.0121816 0.31475295 -0.0079481 0.004355439
64 0.983738598 46 48 0.0601 0.189 0.198326 -0.1476092 -0.0583077 0.14897644 0.01418667 0.011692405
65 1.005 47 49 0.0191 0.0625 0.065353 -0.095352 -0.10837 0.09570485 0.09280262 0.024523911
66 1.05 42 49 0.0715 0.323 0.330819 -0.6487022 0.05244831 0.68036735 0.00370171 0.005170925
67 1.01968176 42 49 0.0715 0.323 0.330819 -0.6487022 0.05244831 0.68036735 0.00370171 0.005170925
 50 1.00108276 34 37 0.00256 0.0094 0.009742 -0.9430696 -0.4419702 0.94592642 0.4428678 0.0184733
51 0.966876693 38 37 0 0.0375 0.0375 2.43371318 1.13604651 -2.4337132 -0.8801294 0.142867293
52 0.956817989 37 39 0.0321 0.106 0.110754 0.54909024 0.02979509 -0.5391682 -0.0229808 0.010838907
53 0.9459829 37 40 0.0593 0.168 0.178159 0.44021111 -0.0367505 -0.4284862 0.02959926 0.022792646
54 0.955 30 38 0.00464 0.054 0.054199 0.62351377 0.1902601 -0.6209097 -0.5597883 0.125460383
55 0.952 39 40 0.0184 0.0605 0.063236 0.26916816 -0.0870192 -0.2676269 0.07748474 0.021774237
56 0.954 40 41 0.0145 0.0487 0.050813 0.15447523 0.01192599 -0.1541027 -0.022135 0.004989003
57 0.970582529 40 42 0.0555 0.183 0.191231 -0.1183621 -0.0644693 0.11929526 0.02301693 0.019553698
58 0.959038672 41 42 0.041 0.135 0.141089 -0.2158973 -0.077865 0.21810922 0.05238221 0.033051531
59 0.985 43 44 0.0608 0.2454 0.25282 -0.1659296 -0.0133019 0.16769854 -0.037929 0.041388671
60 0.993156251 34 43 0.0413 0.1681 0.173099 0.01413665 0.01633441 -0.0140704 -0.0566981 0.041750394
61 0.995 44 45 0.0224 0.0901 0.092843 -0.3276985 0.05484042 0.33028041 -0.0662064 0.026143041
62 0.998 45 46 0.04 0.1356 0.141377 -0.3632789 -0.0356687 0.36872015 0.02119727 0.012845318
63 0.968737013 46 47 0.038 0.127 0.132563 -0.3111109 -0.0121816 0.31475295 -0.0079481 0.004355439
64 0.983738598 46 48 0.0601 0.189 0.198326 -0.1476092 -0.0583077 0.14897644 0.01418667 0.011692405
65 1.005 47 49 0.0191 0.0625 0.065353 -0.095352 -0.10837 0.09570485 0.09280262 0.024523911
66 1.05 42 49 0.0715 0.323 0.330819 -0.6487022 0.05244831 0.68036735 0.00370171 0.005170925
67 1.01968176 42 49 0.0715 0.323 0.330819 -0.6487022 0.05244831 0.68036735 0.00370171 0.005170925
68 1.00324942 45 49 0.0684 0.186 0.198178 -0.4970015 -0.0208298 0.51436683 0.0231278 0.02007714
69 1.035 48 49 0.0179 0.0505 0.053579 -0.3489764 0.0320672 0.35109477 -0.0392516 0.008567778
70 0.984 49 50 0.0267 0.0752 0.079799 0.53659966 0.1342713 -0.5287543 -0.1314097 0.042366261
71 0.986844527 49 51 0.0486 0.137 0.145365 0.66627372 0.20442802 -0.6434509 -0.1740437 0.102204288
72 0.98 51 52 0.0203 0.0588 0.062206 0.28558802 0.06245682 -0.2837136 -0.069943 0.019694409
73 0.991 52 53 0.0405 0.1635 0.168441 0.10371362 0.019943 -0.1031721 -0.0544897 0.041313852
74 0.958 53 54 0.0263 0.122 0.124803 -0.1268279 -0.0555103 0.12735155 0.0299325 0.017081416
75 0.967331885 49 54 0.073 0.289 0.298077 0.37765839 0.13069961 -0.3657529 -0.1559887 0.182584995
76 0.943 49 54 0.0869 0.291 0.303698 0.37744211 0.11198037 -0.3637895 -0.1378988 0.166404186
77 1.006 54 55 0.0169 0.0707 0.072692 0.07073443 0.01456819 -0.0706312 -0.0325016 0.010653929
78 1.003423718 54 56 0.00275 0.00955 0.009938 0.18528016 0.04346376 -0.18517 -0.0497504 0.002256574
79 1.009223069 55 56 0.00488 0.0151 0.015869 -0.214213 -0.0582392 0.21447732 0.05566033 0.004096875
80 1.04 56 57 0.0343 0.0966 0.102509 -0.2298818 -0.0910356 0.23211475 0.07491332 0.035815194
81 0.99680664 50 57 0.0474 0.134 0.142136 0.35875431 0.0914097 -0.3521148 -0.1049133 0.063133022
82 0.988545249 56 58 0.0343 0.0966 0.102509 -0.0666639 -0.0369284 0.06685667 0.01532992 0.00732906
83 0.98437707 51 58 0.0255 0.0719 0.076288 0.18786286 0.03158683 -0.1868567 -0.0453299 0.015699523
84 0.979703861 54 59 0.0503 0.2293 0.234752 -0.3038238 -0.0750663 0.30904078 0.04256953 0.044871161
85 0.985 56 59 0.0825 0.251 0.264211 -0.2796298 -0.0417361 0.28674054 0.00987433 0.012069732
86 0.986690746 56 59 0.0803 0.239 0.252129 -0.2931318 -0.0390674 0.30073216 0.0112954 0.013204228
87 1.015 55 59 0.04739 0.2158 0.220942 -0.3451557 -0.0826174 0.35155517 0.05878415 0.058688391
88 0.987453302 59 60 0.0317 0.145 0.148425 -0.4331672 0.03574265 0.43939294 -0.0440491 0.027591074
89 1.005 59 61 0.0328 0.15 0.153544 -0.5171867 0.05032184 0.52639097 -0.0462579 0.029974339
90 0.985 60 61 0.00264 0.0135 0.013756 -1.120671 0.08519139 1.12405526 -0.0822735 0.00467646
91 0.98 60 62 0.0123 0.0561 0.057433 -0.098722 -0.0711423 0.09889441 0.05737834 0.01368127
92 0.99 61 62 0.00824 0.0376 0.038492 0.25492739 -0.1385769 -0.2542377 0.13199271 0.021014729
93 0.985433167 63 59 0 0.0386 0.0386 1.51771477 0.67482779 -1.5177148 -0.5702484 0.093820895
94 0.989830478 63 64 0.00172 0.02 0.020074 -1.5177148 -0.6748278 1.52253932 0.52505842 0.045090604
95 0.980331873 64 61 0 0.0268 0.0268 0.30537361 0.13986294 -0.3053736 -0.1368317 0.015157314
96 0.992282652 38 65 0.00901 0.0986 0.099011 -1.8128035 -0.5762582 1.84492992 -0.0837018 0.036022831
97 1.011166169 64 65 0.00269 0.0302 0.03032 -1.8279129 -0.6649214 1.83784379 0.40063702 0.05040698
98 1.0235086 49 66 0.018 0.0919 0.093646 -1.3222369 0.04325729 1.35224439 0.08324883 0.030245109
99 1.01 49 66 0.018 0.0919 0.093646 -1.3222369 0.04325729 1.35224439 0.08324883 0.030245109
100 1.017 62 66 0.0482 0.218 0.223265 -0.3716252 -0.1726463 0.37931018 0.14675719 0.1347668
101 0.991419613 62 67 0.0258 0.117 0.119811 -0.2430315 -0.144141 0.24499057 0.12147086 0.059851832
102 0.989130815 65 66 0 0.037 0.037 0.08540624 0.72249684 -0.0854062 -0.705546 0.103384378
103 1.01 66 67 0.0224 0.1015 0.103942 0.53160729 0.19272528 -0.5249906 -0.1914709 0.073944012
104 0.971 65 68 0.00138 0.016 0.016059 0.14182005 -0.2243305 -0.1417795 -0.4184736 0.026713741
105 0.965 47 69 0.0844 0.2778 0.290338 -0.5594009 0.11631808 0.58684392 -0.1006555 0.118110127
106 0.961146318 49 69 0.0985 0.324 0.338642 -0.4654012 0.10647519 0.48781676 -0.1205874 0.162498884
107 0.952 68 69 0 0.037 0.037 -1.2580251 1.12819649 1.25802507 -1.0364304 0.152399665
108 0.966211754 69 70 0.03 0.127 0.130495 1.08375948 0.16074709 -1.0494347 -0.1398472 0.070019413
109 0.967025527 24 70 0.00221 0.4115 0.411506 -0.0621528 -0.0297408 0.06216242 -0.068018 0.113773912
110 0.973 70 71 0.00882 0.0355 0.036579 0.16652898 -0.1237665 -0.1661462 0.11678111 0.018183769
111 0.98 24 72 0.0488 0.196 0.201984 0.01467169 0.0330706 -0.0144994 -0.0798237 0.067537536
112 0.975 71 72 0.0446 0.18 0.185443 0.10602223 -0.0093971 -0.1055006 -0.0314769 0.024700354
113 0.993 71 73 0.00866 0.0454 0.046219 0.06012402 -0.107384 -0.06 0.09651371 0.018652135
114 0.960093071 70 74 0.0401 0.1323 0.138244 0.16207566 0.12892636 -0.1601142 -0.1542157 0.092029851
115 0.960022864 70 75 0.0428 0.141 0.147353 -0.0013324 0.09939827 0.00193575 -0.1316822 0.083771157
116 1.005 69 75 0.0405 0.122 0.128547 1.10008966 0.20485399 -1.0515534 -0.1830772 0.092592429
117 0.973824447 74 75 0.0123 0.0406 0.042422 -0.5198858 -0.0619047 0.5235519 0.06442338 0.012446135
118 0.949437532 76 77 0.0444 0.148 0.154517 -0.6115003 -0.2104001 0.63205053 0.2439173 0.176997617
b) Load increase at load point (Table 2)
(12MW & 12 MVAr increment)
Bus Number V_magnitude from bus to bus r x z P_fromBus Q_fromBus P_toBus Q_toBus FVSI
1 0.955 1 2 0.0303 0.0999 0.104394 -0.1459118 -0.0624268 0.146705 0.0416316 0.0199188 0.52651919
2 0.965044659 1 3 0.0129 0.0424 0.044319 -0.4840882 -0.0374341 0.4874178 0.0384244 0.0078068
3 0.963212045 4 5 0.00176 0.00798 0.008172 -1.2574918 -0.1164977 1.2603095 0.1271754 0.004274
4 0.998 3 5 0.0241 0.108 0.110656 -0.8568968 -0.1217554 0.8762766 0.1811942 0.0885704
5 1.00118924 5 6 0.0119 0.054 0.055296 1.1070142 -0.0101921 -1.092465 0.0620763 0.0140263
6 0.99 6 7 0.00459 0.0208 0.0213 0.4524655 0.0236477 -0.451503 -0.0246646 0.0021957
7 0.987393332 8 9 0.00244 0.0305 0.030597 -4.1735379 -0.9006587 4.2150081 0.1901301 0.0226594
8 1.015 8 5 0 0.0267 0.0267 4.26614847 1.36578196 -4.266148 -0.8612379 0.0892817
9 1.041600469 9 10 0.00258 0.0322 0.032303 -4.3350081 -0.3101301 4.38 -0.4736135 0.056587
10 1.05 4 11 0.0209 0.0688 0.071904 0.74749176 0.02569095 -0.735742 -0.0041345 0.0012478
11 0.981291255 5 11 0.0203 0.0682 0.071157 0.90254817 0.04210837 -0.885999 -0.0035879 0.001063
12 0.99 11 12 0.00595 0.0196 0.020483 0.52223208 -0.5920023 -0.518399 0.5997519 0.0533306
13 0.955794846 2 12 0.0187 0.0616 0.064376 -0.466705 -0.2516316 0.472277 0.2549628 0.0736728
14 0.974979867 3 12 0.0484 0.16 0.16716 -0.1405209 -0.136669 0.1422754 0.103739 0.0781096
15 0.97 7 12 0.00862 0.034 0.035076 0.14150348 -0.1153354 -0.141217 0.1079204 0.016022
16 0.972481057 11 13 0.02225 0.0731 0.076411 0.27950914 0.24972467 -0.276157 -0.2563124 0.0850414
17 0.990489242 12 14 0.0215 0.0707 0.073897 0.05904454 0.18346951 -0.058156 -0.1980792 0.0624397
18 0.973 13 15 0.0744 0.2444 0.255474 -0.1838432 -0.0236876 0.1865977 -0.0253821 0.0296789
19 0.962 14 15 0.0595 0.195 0.203876 -0.2018437 0.06807922 0.2049229 -0.1054641 0.0945952
20 0.918059225 12 16 0.0212 0.0834 0.086052 -0.0789344 0.21835067 0.0802019 -0.2339707 0.0847833
21 0.904738642 15 17 0.0132 0.0437 0.04565 -1.1346717 -0.1049431 1.152833 0.1224004 0.0248142
22 0.917902646 16 17 0.0454 0.1801 0.185734 -0.4502019 0.0139707 0.459994 -0.0200199 0.0162192
23 0.985273542 17 18 0.0123 0.0505 0.051976 0.85551616 0.14584547 -0.84605 -0.1194897 0.0260622
24 0.992 18 19 0.01119 0.0493 0.050554 0.12604951 0.18326555 -0.125441 -0.1912746 0.0418944
25 1.05 19 20 0.0252 0.117 0.119683 -0.0208291 0.35264713 0.0244973 -0.3619637 0.1915378
26 1.015 15 19 0.012 0.0394 0.041187 -0.0142841 0.19667401 0.0148041 -0.2043916 0.0374112
27 0.968 20 21 0.0183 0.0849 0.08685 -0.3244973 0.21196371 0.3278447 -0.214377 0.0903915
28 0.951146319 21 22 0.0209 0.097 0.099226 -0.5878447 0.01437698 0.5966831 0.006212 0.0030813
29 0.95641465 22 23 0.0342 0.159 0.162637 -0.8166831 -0.176212 0.844785 0.2702324 0.213424
30 0.970482154 23 24 0.0135 0.0492 0.051019 -1.4744194 0.30746458 1.5061806 -0.240388 0.0524022
31 0.967 23 25 0.0156 0.08 0.081507 -1.0942191 -0.5879521 1.1182507 0.6216259 0.2127028
32 0.963 26 25 0 0.0382 0.0382 0.74549667 0.21138063 -0.745497 -0.190862 0.0283081
33 0.954207265 25 27 0.0318 0.163 0.166073 1.707246 0.31391999 -1.6183 -0.0378877 0.023259
34 0.984 27 28 0.01913 0.0855 0.087614 0.46194069 0.0863431 -0.457394 -0.0859135 0.0329269
35 0.977831982 28 29 0.0237 0.0943 0.097233 0.16739423 -0.1040865 -0.166432 0.0862641 0.0382391
36 0.98 30 17 0 0.0388 0.0388 3.03608313 0.71150172 -3.036083 -0.3423154 0.0564083
37 0.98292219 8 30 0.00431 0.0504 0.050584 -0.4926106 0.68231717 0.4973783 -1.1333843 0.2234087
38 0.925168483 26 30 0.00799 0.086 0.08637 2.27450333 0.06457269 -2.232183 -0.5043795 0.1698699
39 0.961306333 17 31 0.0474 0.1563 0.163329 0.22633235 0.06394073 -0.22352 -0.0928958 0.0646436
40 0.97 29 31 0.0108 0.0331 0.034817 -0.193568 -0.2462641 0.1947045 0.2420706 0.038768
41 0.959886963 23 32 0.0317 0.1153 0.119578 1.53385351 -0.1397449 -1.456803 0.3086706 0.1577311
42 0.985 31 32 0.0298 0.0985 0.102909 -0.4511841 0.17771926 0.4588154 -0.175869 0.080885
43 0.928865328 27 32 0.0229 0.0755 0.078897 0.04925515 0.0401905 -0.049137 -0.057754 0.0203264
44 0.922417792 15 33 0.038 0.1244 0.130074 -0.2625649 0.19550495 0.2671392 -0.210097 0.1214786
45 0.943225063 19 34 0.0752 0.247 0.258194 -0.438534 0.04648422 0.454627 -0.0534666 0.0623717
46 1.005 35 36 0.00224 0.0102 0.010443 0.02527406 -0.2146429 -0.025166 0.2125672 0.0095079
47 0.991975706 35 37 0.011 0.0497 0.050903 -0.4752741 0.00464294 0.4778741 -0.0055633 0.0012134
48 1.013816805 33 37 0.0415 0.142 0.14794 -0.6171392 9.6972E-05 0.6345112 0.0250018 0.0169289
49 1.025 34 36 0.00871 0.0268 0.02818 0.40632184 0.01429333 -0.404834 -0.015193 0.0018598
50 0.986753552 34 37 0.00256 0.0094 0.009742 -1.3416276 0.48401076 1.3470182 -0.4737343 0.0197608
51 0.934731554 38 37 0 0.0375 0.0375 3.12878468 0.3625827 -3.128785 0.0173947 0.0030484
52 0.917706054 37 39 0.0321 0.106 0.110754 0.34781633 0.08771762 -0.34346 -0.0988491 0.0473594
53 0.917567896 37 40 0.0593 0.168 0.178159 0.20156482 -0.0123505 -0.199067 -0.0206215 0.0161304
54 0.955 30 38 0.00464 0.054 0.054199 -1.421278 0.80626202 1.4362056 -1.0118654 0.233774
55 0.952 39 40 0.0184 0.0605 0.063236 -0.0465404 -0.1311509 0.0468896 0.1178266 0.0337097
56 0.954 40 41 0.0145 0.0487 0.050813 -0.1304029 0.23557737 0.1315625 -0.2430614 0.0547835
57 0.954643292 40 42 0.0555 0.183 0.191231 -0.4974195 0.07610593 0.512581 -0.0706431 0.0600138
58 0.933307473 41 42 0.041 0.135 0.141089 -0.6215625 0.02306141 0.6388213 0.0012308 0.0007879
59 0.985 43 44 0.0608 0.2454 0.25282 -0.5380119 0.18165095 0.5614534 -0.1390289 0.167883
60 0.991600421 34 43 0.0413 0.1681 0.173099 -0.2293212 0.36833391 0.2380119 -0.3716509 0.2736699
61 0.995 44 45 0.0224 0.0901 0.092843 -0.8414534 0.02411435 0.8601235 0.0314889 0.0141623
62 0.998 45 46 0.04 0.1356 0.141377 -0.6868441 -0.2135796 0.7098314 0.2599717 0.1722864
63 0.962522011 46 47 0.038 0.127 0.132563 -0.7107231 0.34249921 0.7345617 -0.2943341 0.1612912
64 0.978696469 46 48 0.0601 0.189 0.198326 -0.2091083 0.00013296 0.2117443 -0.0399365 0.0329149
65 1.005 47 49 0.0191 0.0625 0.065353 0.43470256 -0.6526155 -0.422966 0.6747012 0.1874239
66 1.05 42 49 0.0715 0.323 0.330819 -1.1157012 0.32114353 1.2171383 0.0502002 0.0701248
67 1.01137053 42 49 0.0715 0.323 0.330819 -1.1157012 0.32114353 1.2171383 0.0502002 0.0701248
68 0.999953332 45 49 0.0684 0.186 0.198178 -0.8232794 -0.0689419 0.8755753 0.1680754 0.1595629
69 1.035 48 49 0.0179 0.0505 0.053579 -0.5317443 -0.0358899 0.5366837 0.0367514 0.0081303
70 0.984 49 50 0.0267 0.0752 0.079799 0.74302742 0.26317981 -0.727103 -0.2372955 0.0765037
71 0.981072943 49 51 0.0486 0.137 0.145365 0.91489101 0.37593989 -0.868994 -0.2794665 0.1641121
72 0.98 51 52 0.0203 0.0588 0.062206 0.3981154 0.13132295 -0.393994 -0.1313626 0.0395766
73 0.991 52 53 0.0405 0.1635 0.168441 0.09399416 -0.0386374 -0.093547 0.0062721 0.0051694
 51 0.934731554 38 37 0 0.0375 0.0375 3.12878468 0.3625827 -3.128785 0.0173947 0.0030484
52 0.917706054 37 39 0.0321 0.106 0.110754 0.34781633 0.08771762 -0.34346 -0.0988491 0.0473594
53 0.917567896 37 40 0.0593 0.168 0.178159 0.20156482 -0.0123505 -0.199067 -0.0206215 0.0161304
54 0.955 30 38 0.00464 0.054 0.054199 -1.421278 0.80626202 1.4362056 -1.0118654 0.233774
55 0.952 39 40 0.0184 0.0605 0.063236 -0.0465404 -0.1311509 0.0468896 0.1178266 0.0337097
56 0.954 40 41 0.0145 0.0487 0.050813 -0.1304029 0.23557737 0.1315625 -0.2430614 0.0547835
57 0.954643292 40 42 0.0555 0.183 0.191231 -0.4974195 0.07610593 0.512581 -0.0706431 0.0600138
58 0.933307473 41 42 0.041 0.135 0.141089 -0.6215625 0.02306141 0.6388213 0.0012308 0.0007879
59 0.985 43 44 0.0608 0.2454 0.25282 -0.5380119 0.18165095 0.5614534 -0.1390289 0.167883
60 0.991600421 34 43 0.0413 0.1681 0.173099 -0.2293212 0.36833391 0.2380119 -0.3716509 0.2736699
61 0.995 44 45 0.0224 0.0901 0.092843 -0.8414534 0.02411435 0.8601235 0.0314889 0.0141623
62 0.998 45 46 0.04 0.1356 0.141377 -0.6868441 -0.2135796 0.7098314 0.2599717 0.1722864
63 0.962522011 46 47 0.038 0.127 0.132563 -0.7107231 0.34249921 0.7345617 -0.2943341 0.1612912
64 0.978696469 46 48 0.0601 0.189 0.198326 -0.2091083 0.00013296 0.2117443 -0.0399365 0.0329149
65 1.005 47 49 0.0191 0.0625 0.065353 0.43470256 -0.6526155 -0.422966 0.6747012 0.1874239
66 1.05 42 49 0.0715 0.323 0.330819 -1.1157012 0.32114353 1.2171383 0.0502002 0.0701248
67 1.01137053 42 49 0.0715 0.323 0.330819 -1.1157012 0.32114353 1.2171383 0.0502002 0.0701248
68 0.999953332 45 49 0.0684 0.186 0.198178 -0.8232794 -0.0689419 0.8755753 0.1680754 0.1595629
69 1.035 48 49 0.0179 0.0505 0.053579 -0.5317443 -0.0358899 0.5366837 0.0367514 0.0081303
70 0.984 49 50 0.0267 0.0752 0.079799 0.74302742 0.26317981 -0.727103 -0.2372955 0.0765037
71 0.981072943 49 51 0.0486 0.137 0.145365 0.91489101 0.37593989 -0.868994 -0.2794665 0.1641121
72 0.98 51 52 0.0203 0.0588 0.062206 0.3981154 0.13132295 -0.393994 -0.1313626 0.0395766
73 0.991 52 53 0.0405 0.1635 0.168441 0.09399416 -0.0386374 -0.093547 0.0062721 0.0051694
74 0.958 53 54 0.0263 0.122 0.124803 -0.256453 -0.2362721 0.260064 0.2258362 0.1369824
75 0.95318937 49 54 0.073 0.289 0.298077 0.46344803 0.11902837 -0.446794 -0.1255193 0.1469205
76 0.943 49 54 0.0869 0.291 0.303698 0.46107702 0.09693494 -0.441979 -0.1046193 0.1262454
77 1.006 54 55 0.0169 0.0707 0.072692 0.07138072 0.01441717 -0.071276 -0.032344 0.0106023
78 1.00014384 54 56 0.00275 0.00955 0.009938 0.22327576 0.03260554 -0.223122 -0.038739 0.0017571
79 1.004235853 55 56 0.00488 0.0151 0.015869 -0.193649 -0.0649549 0.1938725 0.0622496 0.0045819
80 1.04 56 57 0.0343 0.0966 0.102509 -0.1859289 0.050946 0.1873764 -0.068909 0.0329446
81 0.991262754 50 57 0.0474 0.134 0.142136 0.43710254 0.07729548 -0.427376 -0.081091 0.0502252
82 0.968540888 56 58 0.0343 0.0966 0.102509 0.06153067 0.17149511 -0.060133 -0.1891101 0.0904114
83 0.966546801 51 58 0.0255 0.0719 0.076288 0.18087884 -0.0518565 -0.179867 0.0391101 0.014493
84 0.966412014 54 59 0.0503 0.2293 0.234752 -0.4359471 -0.033501 0.4464308 0.0250135 0.0263659
85 0.985 56 59 0.0825 0.251 0.264211 -0.39386 0.00769848 0.4080241 -0.018101 0.0221255
86 0.971981454 56 59 0.0803 0.239 0.252129 -0.4124927 0.01352155 0.427632 -0.0188551 0.0220415
87 1.015 55 59 0.04739 0.2158 0.220942 -0.485075 -0.0377813 0.4973863 0.0408691 0.0408025
88 0.981695518 59 60 0.0317 0.145 0.148425 -0.5234762 0.07332675 0.5327033 -0.0678461 0.0424968
89 1.005 59 61 0.0328 0.15 0.153544 -0.6230279 0.08370492 0.6365057 -0.0600972 0.038942
90 0.985 60 61 0.00264 0.0135 0.013756 -1.3240345 0.01412857 1.3287426 -0.0044189 0.000252
91 0.98 60 62 0.0123 0.0561 0.057433 -0.1086688 -0.0962825 0.1089158 0.082881 0.0198242
92 0.99 61 62 0.00824 0.0376 0.038492 0.31451196 -0.150891 -0.313511 0.1457262 0.0232013
93 0.971805806 63 59 0 0.0386 0.0386 1.97296926 0.53404517 -1.972969 -0.3736256 0.0622677
94 0.975009688 63 64 0.00172 0.02 0.020074 -2.0929693 -0.6540452 2.1016717 0.5517325 0.0479952
95 0.95894993 64 61 0 0.0268 0.0268 0.79976024 -0.0432164 -0.79976 0.0606304 0.0067856
96 0.972837755 38 65 0.00901 0.0986 0.099011 -4.6849903 0.5292827 4.926084 1.1332026 0.5265192
97 0.992523505 64 65 0.00269 0.0302 0.03032 -3.021432 -0.6285161 3.0476298 0.5487372 0.0697537
98 1.008022709 49 66 0.018 0.0919 0.093646 -1.7308541 0.18152181 1.7828295 0.0571429 0.0207606
99 1.01 49 66 0.018 0.0919 0.093646 -1.7308541 0.18152181 1.7828295 0.0571429 0.0207606
100 1.017 62 66 0.0482 0.218 0.223265 -0.435861 -0.1530917 0.4458023 0.1374077 0.1261812
101 0.976962622 62 67 0.0258 0.117 0.119811 -0.2495436 -0.0711971 0.2512372 0.0475848 0.0234463
102 0.978658681 65 66 0 0.037 0.037 1.26308374 0.74853973 -1.263084 -0.6795031 0.0995683
103 1.01 66 67 0.0224 0.1015 0.103942 0.6616224 0.25614139 -0.651237 -0.2375848 0.0917527
104 0.971 65 68 0.00138 0.016 0.016059 -5.4467975 0.70900466 5.4887853 -0.8633575 0.0551134
105 0.965 47 69 0.0844 0.2778 0.290338 -1.6292642 0.82694957 1.9206519 0.0592649 0.0731023
106 0.953522751 49 69 0.0985 0.324 0.338642 -1.4943043 0.90745616 1.7884337 -0.0278093 0.0374747
107 0.952 68 69 0 0.037 0.037 -8.689003 2.28593926 8.689003 0.3254386 0.0481694
108 0.953004806 69 70 0.03 0.127 0.130495 3.17062944 0.22553973 -2.886725 0.8519125 0.42654
109 0.953738193 24 70 0.00221 0.4115 0.411506 -0.998678 0.19555498 1.0010534 0.1472057 0.2462316
110 0.973 70 71 0.00882 0.0355 0.036579 1.40607323 -0.2330788 -1.387587 0.2990085 0.0465581
111 0.98 24 72 0.0488 0.196 0.201984 -0.7575027 0.29651057 0.7910527 -0.2092054 0.1770053
112 0.975 71 72 0.0446 0.18 0.185443 1.08674031 -0.1655389 -1.031053 0.3475603 0.275954
113 0.993 71 73 0.00866 0.0454 0.046219 0.18084675 -0.2534696 -0.18 0.2464551 0.0481917
114 0.949661185 70 74 0.0401 0.1323 0.138244 -0.0290649 0.18645784 0.0308026 -0.2124854 0.1268029
115 0.949445928 70 75 0.0428 0.141 0.147353 -0.2713364 0.28995504 0.2787673 -0.2992576 0.1903761
116 1.005 69 75 0.0405 0.122 0.128547 2.79285188 0.16970613 -2.495847 0.6022275 0.3045803
117 0.951032592 74 75 0.0123 0.0406 0.042422 -0.8308026 0.38042966 0.8420415 -0.3527742 0.0681534
118 0.937065835 76 77 0.0444 0.148 0.154517 -0.4506836 -0.2716431 0.464079 0.2813107 0.204132
 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Simplified Power System Network of a transmission network suggests that electrical power
transmission is a process which where massive amount of electricity that is generated by power
plants is transmitted over a great distance for consumers. Power trip which is also known as
generator outage is a crucial and common phenomenon in power system.

In this experiment, we have been instructed by our lecturer to do an in-depth research on the
evaluation and examination of safe conditions on the operating network under our care. First and
foremost, we observed the results obtained from default condition where the loads given are kept
the same. The results obtained which is illustrated in Table 1 (as provided above) were obtained
using MATPOWER software under “case118.m”.

It can be observed that, the voltages (pu) are within the given range of 1.05 pu - 0.95 pu and fast
voltage stability index (FSVI) values below 0.5. Therefore, it can be said that the power system
network will be able to continue to operate in a safe manner. However, the results shown in table
1 are portrayed without massive loads that are needed by consumers. Hence we submit that this
system is stable and safe.

The simulation was carried out and index calculation was performed using MATLAB in order to
Verify the most sensitive indicator in identifying and locating the weak bus prior to load
Shedding. Figure below shows the index value obtained for 2 different scenarios. Figure 1 shows
The index value calculated for Base Case and figure 2 shows the results obtained for MW and
MVAR increment at selected load buses. From figure 1, it is obvious that all the voltage and
FSVI values are in the range of stable and safe.
V_magnitude from bus to bus r x z P_fromBus Q_fromBus P_toBus Q_toBus FVSI
0.967691944 4 5 0.00176 0.00798 0.008172 -1.032297 -0.267919 1.034306 0.274928 0.009239
1.05 4 11 0.0209 0.0688 0.071904 0.642297 -0.002177 -0.63364 0.013491 0.004071
0.984 27 28 0.01913 0.0855 0.087614 0.328758 -0.005921 -0.32655 -0.00432 0.001656
0.977121468 27 32 0.0229 0.0755 0.078897 0.125271 0.0176425 -0.12487 -0.03427 0.012063
0.966876693 38 37 0 0.0375 0.0375 2.433713 1.1360465 -2.43371 -0.88013 0.142867
0.992282652 38 65 0.00901 0.0986 0.099011 -1.812804 -0.576258 1.84493 -0.0837 0.036023
Figure 1 (Base case)
On the other hand, figure 2 shows the index calculated for MW and MVAR increment at loads.
Much more severe voltage drop occurs when MVARs are transferred as compared to the drop
that occurs when MW are transferred.
V_magnitude from bus to bus r x z P_fromBus Q_fromBus P_toBus Q_toBus FVSI
0.963212045 4 5 0.00176 0.00798 0.008172 -1.257492 -0.116498 1.26031 0.127175 0.004274
1.05 4 11 0.0209 0.0688 0.071904 0.747492 0.025691 -0.73574 -0.00413 0.001248
0.984 27 28 0.01913 0.0855 0.087614 0.461941 0.0863431 -0.45739 -0.08591 0.032927
0.928865328 27 32 0.0229 0.0755 0.078897 0.049255 0.0401905 -0.04914 -0.05775 0.020326
0.934731554 38 37 0 0.0375 0.0375 3.128785 0.3625827 -3.12878 0.017395 0.003048
0.972837755 38 65 0.00901 0.0986 0.099011 -4.68499 0.5292827 4.926084 1.133203 0.526519
Figure 2 (MW & MVAR increment at loads)
The greater voltage drop is caused by the fact that the current is more lagging. The voltage and
FVSI values found to have reached the unstable value for bus 32, 37 and 65. The bus 32, 37 and
65 are considered to be weak. Thus, we as power system planners are required to investigate
whether the power system network will be able to continue to operate safely. To make our
observations easier, we have tabulated and provided a comparison table in relation to this matter
in figure 1 and figure 2. All values that we have calculate in excel is per unit value (pu).

As we can see from figure 1 and figure 2 that voltage will drop due to the increasing of MVAR.
Since the range of the voltage magnitude and FVSI values of several bus are out of the range, it
can be said that the additional load in the system causes the system to run in an unstable manner
while not being able to cope with the additional load. Based on the assignment, the generator
output values are all within the range. With that being said, the generator is efficiently producing
electricity supply without any excessive generation. From this result, it is said that the power
outages could be avoided to the respect of overloaded generation.

General discussion for part c) in question:

MGC could introduce components that contribute to the power system like generators, exciters,
power transformers, voltage regulators and more. Generally power system could be broken down
into 3 major parts which are generation, transmission and distribution. In my opinion a voltage
regulator must be used by MGC to ensure a stable and consistent power supply with minimal
interruptions. Basically, voltage regulators help in generating a stable output voltage in response
to variations in an input voltage condition. Voltage regulators also act as a shield which protects
electronic circuitry from damages. It just be noted that there are two types of violate regulates
which are widely used. There are two types of voltage regulator that are commonly used, which
are the linear voltage regulators and the switching voltage regulators. Liberal voltage regulators
divides voltage and is often used when designing cheap and low powered applications. With the
help of a power transistor, it plays the role of a variable resistor which raises and lowers the
voltage output of a circuit based on input supply changes. Being the supplier of electricity, we
must supply the right voltage to consumers at the right amount at the right time of the day. The
creation of LEDs which consumes less energy have substituted the tradition filament lightbulbs
which were the main source of electrical-powered lights many years ago. Higher voltages not
only waste energy but it also drives up electricity bills and contribute to air pollution. Electricity
suppliers could perhaps install electric sensors which could give the consumer the right amount
of energy that they need while reducing wastage. Electrical Utilities Company should provide
more access to electric usage data to consumers. Similar to money, the lack of proper accounts
lead to wastage as consumers tend to use more without realisation. Today, almost 70% of all
Malaysian household has been fitted with a smart digital electric meter which can send the
residents monthly usage directly to the utility company for billing purposes. The access to this
data via smart devices, has helped consumers to achieve a cleaner and sustainable power grid.
 CONCLUSION

This assignment has enlightened us and has made us understand that living without electricity in
the 21st century is unendurable. A great part of the world uses electricity to carry out their daily
routines. Even millennials today require electricity to get most of their work done. Indeed, a
quick and short blackout can cause numerous issues and has the impact of upsetting the
population. As an example, a power outage in a junction that is controlled by traffic light could
cause accidents which could claim lives and cause property damage. Power blackouts has
contrarily affected different association and people groups. In spite blackouts being a huge issue
in the power system line, awareness on surviving and preventing this issue is more wide spread
today.
In this computer task, we are tasked to consistently evaluate the network under our care to ensure
that the power network is operation in a safe condition. The bus power system network is the
simplified version of the real power system network of a utility company. This task was
completed using the MATPOWER software under “case118.m”. This product has proven to be
useful and has helped us in completing this task and in obtaining results load, output generator
and line loss.
It can be concluded that if risks and the sources of the problems are controlled, blackouts could
be minimized. Power outages has the potential to become a major challenge if no solutions are
formulated. The conclusion put forward has been extracted from the findings of the assignment.
 LIST OF REFERENCES

[1] R. D. Zimmerman, C. E. Murillo-S´anchez, and R. J. Thomas, “Matpower:

Steady-State Operations, Planning and Analysis Tools for Power Systems Research and
Education,” Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 26, no. 1,
pp. 12–19, Feb. 2011. doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2010.2051168 1.1, 1.3

[2] R. D. Zimmerman, C. E. Murillo-S´anchez (2019). Matpower

[Software]. Available: https://matpower.org
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3236535 1.1

[3] Analysis of the Load Flow Problem in Power System Planning Studies, Olukayode A.
Afolabi, 30th September 2015
(http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=60124&#abstract)

[4] Ever smarter power grids (https://www.siemens.com/global/en/home/company/topic-

areas/sustainable-energy/grids.html)

[5] Regulators, Mount Up: The Voltage Regulator, and How It Protects Your Circuit, Sam Sattel,
(https://www.autodesk.com/products/eagle/blog/what-is-a-voltage-regulator)