Oil and gas Production

Operations

Production Packers
 Hydraulic Control Line
Introduction Flow Coupling
Packers Tubing-Retrievable
Safety Valve
Flow Coupling
The packer isolates Flow Coupling
and aids in the Sliding Side-Door
Circulating Device
control of producing Flow Coupling
fluids and Straight Slot Locator
pressures to protect Seal Units and Accessories
the casing and Retrievable Packer
Sealbore Extension
other formations Millout Extension
above or below the Adapter
producing zone. Tubing Joint or Pup
X Landing Nipple
Perforated Pup Joint
Landing Nipple
Wireline Re-entry Guide
 Introduction
Packer functions
 Isolate well fluids and pressures.
 Separate producing zones, preventing
fluid and pressure contamination.
 Aid in forming the annular volume
(casing/tubing/packer) required for gas
lift or subsurface hydraulic pumping
systems.
 Limit well control to the tubing at the
surface, for safety purposes.
 Hold well servicing fluids (kill fluids,
packer fluids) in casing annulus.
Introduction
Packer elements

The packer consists of pipe

which fluids flow, gripping
elements called “slips” that grip
the wall of the casing to anchor
the packer, and a sealing
element that can be all rubber,
all metal or some combination
of the two
Introduction :
Packer classifications
Setting mechanism (running, setting, unsetting),
seal, tubing-packer connection
 Hydraulically set (pressurizing the tubing)
 Mechanically set (compression, tension, rotation
of the prod string, may involve wireline)
 Permanent (drillable) packers
 Removed by drilling or milling
 Retrievable packers
 Removed and used many times
 packer calculations
"tubing wt Resulting force on packer
(7000 lb)" Depth: 6000 ft , Salt water in annular
space. The packer was set with 7000 lb
salt water in
annulus "tubing weight“.
annular 8.6 lb/gal We inject oil with 1000 psi surface
pressure pressure in the tubing (to displace some
crude oil in
force tubing acid)
6.9 lb/gal
Question:
tubing pressure
will the injection unseat the packer?
force
Answer If the net force is upward,
the packer will be unseat!
Casing: (OD: 5 ½ in.) ID = 4.91 in.
Tubing OD: 2 3/8-in. (C-75, 4.7 lb/ft) ID = 1.99 in.
Smaller circle area of of casing: 18.8 in2 (inner)
Larger circle of 2 3/8-in. tubing: 4.4 in2 (outer)
Smaller circle of 2 3/8-in. tubing: 3.1 in2 (inner)
packer calculations
packer calculations

OD Tubing OD < PSB

ID  Tubing Pressure
 Force A pushes upward
(reduces weight indicator
reading)
 Tubing pressure can “pump out”
seals
 Annulus Pressure
 Force B pushes downward
(adds to weight indicator
PSB reading)
 Annulus pressure aids in
helping keep seals in packer
packer calculations

OD Tubing OD & ID > PSB

ID  Tubing Pressure
 Force A pushes upward
 Force B & C push downward
 Force A and Force B cancel
each other, the net result is
Force C downward
 Tubing pressure puts weight on
the packer
 Annulus Pressure
 Force D pushes upward
 Annulus pressure “pumps out”
the seals
PSB
 packer calculations

Example 1:
Permanent packer 3. 50 in seal bore, 5,500 ft depth,
7” 31 lb/ft casing,
2-3/8” 4.7 lb/ft tubing,
7.5 lb/gal oil in tubing
8.5 lb/gal completion fluid in annulus.

What is the hook load to release the packer seals?

 packer calculations

Tubing OD Area = (3.14/4) x 2.3752 = 4.428 in2

Tubing ID Area = (3.14/4) x 1.9952 = 3.124 in2
Seal Bore Area = (3.14/4) x 3.502 = 9.616 in2
Area Affected by Tubing Pressure
= Seal Bore Area - Tubing ID Area
= 9.616 - 3.124 = 6.492 in2
 packer calculations

Area Affected by Annulus Pressure

= Seal Bore Area - Tubing OD Area
= 9.616 – 4.428 = 5.188in2

Tubing Hydrostatic
= 0.052 x 7.5 x 5,500 = 2145 psi
Annulus Hydrostatic
= 0.052 x 8.5 x 5,500 = 2431psi

Force from Tubing Hydrostatic

= Area Affected by Tubing Press. x Tubing Hydrostatic
= 6.492 in2 x 2145psi = -13925 lb 
 packer calculations

Force from Annulus Hydrostatic

= Area Affected by Annular Pressure x Annular
Hydrostatic = 5.188 in2 x 2431 psi = +12612 lb 
Tubing Weight in Air
= 4.7 lb/ft x 5,500 ft = +25,850 lb 

Force from Tubing Hydrostatic -13,925 lb 

Force from Annulus Hydrostatic +12612 lb 
Buoyancy Force = 1,313 lb 
String Weight in Air = +25,850 lb 
Hook Load to Pull Seals = +24,537 lb 
packer calculations
 packer calculations

Example 2:
Packer at 9,000 ft with a seal bore
of 2.812 in and 3-1/2” 9.3 lb/ft tubing,
plugged trapping 4,500 psi below the
tool. Fluid in tubing has a weight of
9.0 lb/gal. Fluid in the annulus is 11.0
lb/gal mud. There is no applied
pressure on either the tubing or
annulus.
What is the hookload?
 packer calculations

 Area of Tubing OD = 0.785 x 3.502

= 9.616 in2
 Area of Tubing ID = 0.785 x 2.9922
= 7.027 in2
 Area of Seal Bore = 0.785 x 2.8122
= 6.207 in2

 Area Affected by Annulus Pressure

= Tubing OD Area - Seal Bore Area
= 9.616 in2 - 6.207 in2
= 3.409 in2
 Area Affected by Tubing Pressure
= Tubing ID Area
= 7.027 in2
 packer calculations

• Tubing Hydrostatic = 0.052 x 9.0 x 9,000

= 4,212 psi
• Annulus Hydrostatic = 0.052 x 11.0 x 9,000
= 5,148 psi

• Force From Tubing Hydrostatic

Tubing Hydrostatic x Tubing ID Area
 = 4,212 psi x 7.027 in2
= +29,598 lb
Force From Annulus Hydrostatic
Annulus Pressure x Annular Area
= 5,148 psi x 3.409 in2
= -17,550 lb-
 packer calculations
Force Below Plug
= Area of Seal Bore x Pressure Below Plug
= 6.207 in2 x 4,500 psi = -27,932 lb
Tubing Weight in Air
= 9.3 lb/ft x 9,000 ft = + 83,700 lb¯

 Force from Tubing Hydrostatic +29,598 lb

 Force from Annulus Hydrostatic -17,550 lb
 Force Below Plug -27,932 lb
 Buoyancy Force -15,884 lb
 Dry String Weight +83,700 lb

 Hook Load +67,816 lb

packer calculations
 Bridge Plugs
 Used to seal the wellbore, like packers but
without the pipe that allows flow.
 Two main types, the retrievable and
permanent. The retrievable can be set several
times and is used in isolating zones for
testing and treating.
 The permanent plugs (known as cast iron
plugs) are used to shut off zones permanently
and can only be removed by drilling
 Both types of bridge plugs can be set by
mechanical or wireline methods.
Safety Valve

The purpose of the

Safety valves is to protect
people, environment from
un-controlled production.
Safety Valve
Type of Safety Valve

• SSV: Surface Safety Valves: an automatic fail-

safe closed valve fitted at the wellhead.

• SSSV: Sub-Surface Safety Valve: a valve

installed in the tubing down the well to prevent
uncontrolled flow in case of an emergency
through the tubing when actuated. These valves
can be installed by wireline or as an integral part
of the tubing.
 Safety Valve
Subsurface Safety Valve

- SCSSV: Surface-Controlled Subsurface Safety

Valves: SSSV which is controlled from the surface and
installed by wireline or as an integral part of the tubing.
- SSCSV (storm choke): Subsurface-Controlled
Subsurface Safety Valve: SSSV which is actuated by the
flow characteristics of the well, and is wireline retrievable.
- ASV: Annulus Safety Valve: a valve installed in the
well to prevent uncontrolled flow in the casing-tubing
annulus when actuated.
 Safety Valve
Subsurface Safety Valve classifications
 tubing versus annulus safety valve;
 tubing versus wire line, through flow line, or coiled tubing
retrievable valve;
 subsurface versus surface controlled valve;
 excess flow controlled versus ambient well pressure controlled
valve;
 hydraulically controlled versus electrically, or mechanically
controlled valve;
 non-hydraulically balanced versus hydraulically balanced valve;
 electric cable controlled versus wireless controlled valve;
 non-equalising versus equalising valve;
 ball valve versus flapper, or poppet valve.
 Safety Valve
 Safety valves are divided in two distinct categories: the
tubing and the annulus safety valves

Tubing safety Valve

The tubing safety valve is installed to provide a flow barrier in
the production tubing string, between the tail pipe and the
surface or mud line.

Annulus safety Valve

The annulus safety valve (ASV) provides a flow barrier in the
casing-tubing annulus. It consists of an annular safety valve
packer with a by-pass.
Safety Valve

Tubing valve types

Tubing valve types are referred to as:
1. Tubing retrievable subsurface safety
valves (TR SCSSV);
2. Wireline retrievable subsurface safety
valves (WR SCSSV);
3. Excess flow valve (SSCSV).
Safety Valve
SSV functions and requirements
 flow barrier in the tubing;
 fail safe closing;
 hold the maximum reservoir pressure in closed
position;
 compatible with all well fluids (completion and well-
treatment);
 minimum pressure drop;
 with the valve closed, downwards pump-through of k
fluid must be possible.
Safety Valve
ASV functions & requirements:
 provides a flow barrier in the annulus with fail safe
closing
 controlled from surface
 preferably operated separately from the tubing SSSV;
 hold the maximum reservoir and/or the maximum gas
injection pressure in closed position;
 allow downwards pump-through of kill fluid when
closed-in;
 minimum pressure drop across the gas injection path.
 Production Tubing
introduction
 Tubing is the normal flow conduit used to
transport produced fluids to the surface or
fluids to the formation. The use of tubing
permits better well control because
circulating fluids can kill the well; thus,
work-overs are simplified and their results
enhanced. Tubing strings are generally in
outside diameter (OD) sizes of 2⅜ to 4½
in. but may be larger or smaller
 The proper selection, design, and
installation of tubing string are critical
parts of any well completion.
 Production Tubing
tubing selection
Tubing dimensions
Outside diameter (in, mm)
Nominal weight (lbm/ft. kg/m)
Wall thickness (in, mm)
Inside diameter (in, mm)
Drift diameter (in, mm)
Cross section (sq in, mm2)
Production Tubing
tubing selection
 Production Tubing
tubing selection
Mechanical specifications
Tensile strength
Yield strength
Collapse resistant
Tubing connection
Tubing capacity
Annular volume between
casing and tubing
Production Tubing
Production Tubing
tubing selection
Tubing connection
Production Tubing
Annular volume
Production Tubing
Production Tubing
Tubing capacity
 Tubing movement
Ballooning effect Temperature effect
Over-pull during running Shock loads
Bending loads

Landing length Ballooning Buckling

Tubing Buckling
 Compressive axial loads result in instability.
 The pipe buckles into new stable configurations.
 “Buckled” configuration causes the following:
 Tubing movement at the packer
 Bending stresses in the tubing
 Change in axial stress for fixed tubing
 Contact forces between tubing and casing