THE

SKANDA-PURANA
PART I

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 CONTENTS

Book I: MAHESVARAKHANDA
Section I: KEDARAKHAtyDA
Chapters
1. Daksa’s Insolence I
2. Sati’s Arrival at Daksa’s Sacrifice 7
3. Virabhadra Comes to the Yajna 13
4. A Fight between Virabhadra and Visnu and Others 20
5. Meritoriousness of Devotion to Siva 26
6. Curse to Brahma and Others 42
7. Worship of the Linga 47
8. The Story of a Thief: Incarnation of Rama 53
9. The Churning of the Ocean 64
10. Siva Swallows the Poison 74
11. Procedure of Gapesa Worship: Manifestation of
Laksmi 82
12. Devas Taste the Divine Nectar 90
13. The Fight between Devas and Asuras 96
14. Resuscitation of Dead Daityas 106
15. Nahu$a and Yayati: Their Indrahood and Fall 109
16. Dadhici’s Gift of His Body 118
17. Vrtra Killed: Bali Prepares for War 126
18- Vamana’s Arrival atBali’s Sacrifice 151
19. Sukra Curses Bali: Varaana Grants Boon to Bali 169
20. TheN irgunatvaofthe Siva Linga: The Manifesta­
tion of Bhavani 176
21. Parvati’s Penance 181
 Contents

22. Sankara’s Revelation of Himself to Parvati: Their

Dialogue 196
23. Siva’s Marriage 207
24. The Marriage Ceremony of Siva: The Arrangement
for Accommodating Devas and Others 214
25. The Marriage Ritual 220
26. The Marriage Celebration of Siva and Parvati: Aus­
picious Festivities 227
27. The Birth of Kumara Karttikeya 232
28. Preparations of Devas and Daityas for War 242
29. The Battle between Suras and Taraka 247
30. Taraka Is Slain 254
31. The Greatness of Sivalinga 258
32. The Burning of Kala 268
33. The Greatness of Sivaratri Vrata 277
34. Siva Loses to Parvati in a Game of Dice 287
35. Parvati as SabariBrings Back Siva: Siva’s Coronation 301

INDEX 307
 SKANDA PURANA

B ook I: MAHESvARAKHAISIDA
Si ( 1«ON I : KEDARAKHANDA

CHAPTER ONE

Daksa's Insolence
ОЬсьапсе to Sri Ganesu. Om, obeibance to Lord Vasudeva.
Ora. After bowing down to Narayana1 as well as to (Sage)
Nara.2 the most excellent one among men, and to god d ess Sara-
svati (the goddess of learning), one should narrate the Juya.*

1. Narayana—\ \\ s significant that a Purana specifically compiled foi

i he glorification of Siva begins with an obeisance to Narayana.
Etymologically ‘Narayana4 means ‘one whose abode is waters' (Manu
I . 10, Mbh, Santi 32S. 25). But Purana-writers ascribed a number of mean­
ings to Nara, e.g. in the Brahma-Vaiv art a Purana it means form of libe­
ration called SdrOpya', ‘final beatitude' (Mok$a), ‘sins committed'- Thus
Narayana—Destroyer o f sins.
In early Vt$riuism, V/$nu and Narayana are not identical. The Vedic god
Visnu was later amalgamated with Narayana of the Pahcaratra system. See
J. Gonda, Aspects o f Early Visnuism; G.V. Tagarc, Intro, to BhP, pp. X lll-
XTV).
2. Nara-^An incarnation of Vi$nu, the son of Dharma and Murti, a
daughter of Dak$a; a permanent companion of Narayana while performing
penance at Badarikasrama. They are supposed to have incarnated as Kr?na
and Arjuna in DvSpara Age.
3 Java—Originally this epithet was restricted to the ltihdsa called Maha-
bharata (Mbh, Udyoga 136.18; Svarrgarohanika 5.51). Later some Purapas
like BdP (III. iv. 4.47-54), VaP (11.41.48-51) claimed the epithet 4tihasa'
to themselves. Some Puranas like BhP 1.2.4, VaP 1.1.1 adopted the verse
Шгйуапат namaskrtya etc. along with the epithet Jay a. Kalpataru (Brahma-
ciiri-Kiuinda, p. 25) on the strength of Bhavijya Purana states that the appel­
lation Jaya is applied to 18 Puranas, Ramaу ana, Mahabharata and Mana-
tmrti. Hence our Purapa is justified in adopting the epithet Jaya.
 2 Skanda Purana
Vyasa1 said:
1. Obeisance to that Xord, the wielder of Pinaka bow, at
whose bidding Virinci (Brahma) creates the universe, Hari
(Vi$nu) protects it and the god named Kalarudra annihilates it.
2. There, in the Naimisa12 forest which is the holiest among
all holy places and sacred-most among all the sacred spots (in the
world), ascetics with Saunaka3 as their leader—ascetics who were
(usual) performers of sacrifices and whose minds were (always)
inclined towards holy rites, started a sacrifice of along duration.
3. The excessively (highly) intelligent disciple of Vyasa, an
ascetic of great austerities, named "Lomasa4, came there with an
ardent desire to see them.
4. As soon as they saw him coming, all the sages engaged
in that sacrifice of long duration, stood up simultaneously with
great eagerness to receive him, with materials of worship in their
hands.
5. After offering him water for washing his feet and present­
ing him respectfully materials of worship the sinless sages receiv-

1. Vyasa—Kr$na Dvaipayana, the son of Satyavati and ParSsara, out of

wedlock. He was dark in complexion and was brought up in an islet in the
river Yamuna by Satyavati (Mbh, Adi 63.86). His great achievement was the
arrangement of the floating Vedic Mantras into Samhitas. Hence he came to
be known as Vyasa (‘The Arranger’). Pur&pas use Vyasa as a title and state
that in every DvSpara Yuga, there is born a Vyasa whose job is to arrange
the Vedic Mantras and there have been 28 Vyasas (VP IIL3; KP 1.52.1-11;
VaP 11.23.107-213; BdP I.ii. 35.116-126). Some Purapas, however, give
less than 28 Vyasas (e.g. KP) while some give more than 28 (e.g. BdP).
2. Naimifa forest—The ancient site at modern Nimsar at a distance of 20
miles from Sitapur and 45 miles northwest of Lucknow.
3. Saunaka—Name of various authors of important works like Rgveda-
pratisakhya, Bfhad-devata. One is identified with the Vedic Seer Grtsa-
mada. Mbh states that the Saunaka at whose sacrificial session Mbh
was recited by the Sflta Ugrasravas belonged to the Bhrgu clan (Adi 1.19)
and was the son of Sunaka (Anuidsana 30.65).
Ригйра-writers have adopted him as the listener of their Pur&pas.
4. Lomaia—A sage from the North who associated closely with Pajrfa-
vas during their long stay jn forest and narrated ancient legends and impor­
tance of sacred places etc. to them (Mbh, Vana, Anusasana). But Mbh does
not regard him as the disciple of Vyasa as claimed by the SkP here. Our
Ритйра-writer substituted him for the usual SOta due to Lomasa’s story
telling throughout Mbh, Vana and automatically SQta’s discipleship of Vyasa
was attributed to him.
I.i.1.6-18 3
cd him with due hospitality. The sages of exalted nobility then
asked him to explain in detail Sivadharma (pious activities per­
taining to Siva).
The sages said:
6. 'Recount, О sage of extraordinary intellect, the greatness
of the Trident-bearing Lord of Devas. О exalted one, describe
everything along with the modes of meditation and worship.
7-11. What is the benefit in sweeping (the temple premises)?
What is the benefit in making (mystic diagrams) of various
colours, in making gifts of mirror, chowries etc. (or in offering
these to Siva), in constructing canopies as well as fountains? What
will be the benefit in offering lamps? What will be the fruit of the
worship? What are the meritorious results in worshipping Siva?
Men read and recite the Itihasas and Puranas in front of the idol
of Siva. They study (recite) the Vedas in front of him, and make
others do the same. What benefit do those men derive? Let it be
mentioned in detail. There is no one else in the world, О sage,
.more devoted to the narratives about Siva.

12. On hearing these words of those sages of sanctified

souls, the disciple of Vyasa recounted (to them) the excellent
greatness of Siva.
LomaSa said:
13. In all the eighteen Puraiias, Siva is sung about as the
greatest (lord). Hence no one is competent to recount the great­
ness of Siva (adequately).
14. Heaven and liberation (from Samsara) will be attained
by those people who repeatedly utter the two-syllabled name
iSi-va.1Not otherwise.
15. Munificent indeed is Mahadeva (the great god), the
lord of Devas, the Supreme Ruler. Since everything has been
given by him, he is named Sarva.
16-18. Blessed are they, noble-souled are they, who always
worship Siva (or the ever-auspicious god). A person who wishes
1. God’s name is regarded as highly efficacious in the Bhakti-cult, the
roots of which go back to the Rg\ eda (See H .D. Velankara, Bhakti in the
Vedas, pub. in Kaugika Lectures Series in Marathi).
 4 Skanda Purana

to cross (the ocean) of worldly existence without Sadasiva, is

indeed foolish and confounded. There is no doubt that he, the
hater of Siva, is a great sinner. It was by him that (Halahala)
poison was swallowed, Daksa’s sacrifice was destroyed, Kala
(god of Death) was burnt down and the king was released.
The sages requested:
19. We are very eager. Recount unto us how the poison was
swallowed and how Daksa’s Yajna (sacrifice) was destroyed.
Silta narrated:
20. Formerly at the instance of Brahma Parmesthin, Daksa-
yani (Daksa’s daughter) was given (in marriage) to noble-souled
Saiikara by Dak§a, О brahmapas.
21-22. Once, by chance, Daksa came to the Naimi§a forest.
On arrival, he was duly honoured by the sages as well as by
all Suras and Asuras by means of eulogies and obeisances.
Mahadeva who was present there, did not stand up nor did he
offer any reverential salutation to him. Therefore, Daksa became
furious and he spoke these words:
23. ‘‘Everywhere all the Suras and Asuras as well as excel­
lent brahmapas repeatedly bow down to me with great eagerness.
How is it, then, that, like a vicious fellow, this noble-souled one
does not pay obeisance to me now. Accompanied by vampires,
goblins and others, he is a shameless permanent resident of the
cremation ground.
24. Heretics, wicked people and habitual sinners become
haughty and arrogant on seeing a brahmapa. Indeed, people like
these deserve killing of excommunication by good people. Hence
1 am intent on cursing him.”
25-27. After saying thus that (Dak$a) of great austerities,
became angry and spoke toR udra these words:
“May these excellent brahmapas listen to these words of
mine. It behoves you all to carry out my words. This Rudra is
considered by me as banned out of all Yajnas because he has
gone beyond the Varyas (castes) and has transgressed the dis­
cipline of the Varnas
Nandin, son of Silada, became furious on hearing those
 I.i. 1.28- 39 5
words. He promptly said to Daksa who had great refulgence but
who uttered that curse:
Nandin said:
28-30. Why is my lord Mahesa excluded from Yajftasl
Merely by remembering him all these Yajnas become fruitful.
Sacrifice, charitable gift, penance, different kinds of holy spots of
pilgrimage—all these became sanctified by his name. Why has he
been cursed now? He has been cursed by you foolishly and im­
properly due to your brahmajiicai rashness, О evil-minded
Daksa. It is by the noble-souled Sarva that this universe is pro­
tected. How is it that Rudra has been cursed, О sinful base
brahmana?

31. On being rebuked thus by Nandin, Daksa, the Praja-

pati, became furious and he cursed Nandin:
32-33. “All of you devoted to Rudra have been completely
excluded from the Vedas. You are indeed cursed by the followers
of the Vedic path and excommunicated by the great sages. You
all cling to heretical doctrines. You are out of the pale of refined
breeding and good conduct. All these Kapalins (followers of the
skull-cult) are black-faced and addicted to drinking liquor.” J
34. Thus the servants of Siva were then cursed by Dak§a.
Then the infuriated Nandin began to imprecate Daksa:
35. “O brahmana, although we, the servants of Siva, are
good and pious, we have been cursed by you improperly (and
unnecessarily) out of your brahmanical rashness. Now I shall
curse you.
36-39. Arguing that there is nothing else you all adhere to
Vedic doctrines. (But) you are lustful, desirous of heaven, greedy1
1. Kapalikas were then beyond the pale of Vcdism (like Jainas and Bud­
dhists). This episode reflects the conflict between orthodox Vedism and
heterodox followers of Siva. The obnoxious practices of Kapalikas offended
orthodox Brahmanism so much so that they were not allowed even to have a
look at Sraddha food lest it should get polluted. (Vide Gautama DhS
15.25-28, Manu Ш .239-42, KP 1L22.34-35; also G.V. Tagare’s Introduc­
tions to BdP and VaP.)
The prejudice against Kapalikas is found even in classical Sanskrit
literature.
б Skanda Purana

and deluded. Keeping a follower of the Vedas in front, brahma-

nas will perform sacrifices on behalf of Siidras. They Mil always
be impoverished and greedy of monetary gifts. О Daksa, some
brahmaiiias will become brahmaraksasas (brahminical demons).”
Loma§a said:
Those brahma^as were (thus) cursed by Nandin who had be­
come excessively angry.
On hearing the words of Nandin, SadaSiva smilingly
spoke these sweet enlightening words:
Mahadeva said:
40. It does not behove you to be angry always towards
brahmanas. These brahmanas, devoted to Vedic doctrines, are
always our elders and preceptors.
41. The Vedas are full of mantras and of suktas (hymns).
The atman of every embodied being is established in the hymn.
42-43. Hence those who have realized the atman should not
be censured. I am the atman myself, no one else. Who is this?
Who are you? Where am I? Why are the brahmarias cursed?
Avoid the concept of diversity, О highly intelligent one, and be­
come enlightened. Manage (everything) through the knowledge
of reality. Be established in your own self and avoid anger etc.

44. On being advised and instructed thus by Sambhu, the

Supreme Being, Nandin (Silada’s son) of great austerities, be­
came aware of true knowledge and discernment. Closely associa­
ting himself with Siva, he became immersed in (the ocean of)
great bliss.
45. Overwhelmed by anger, Dak$a went to his abode
accompanied by the sages. He entered his abode still indignant.
46. Abandoning his great faith in those who worship Siva
and engaged in censuring them, he bacame the basest of men.
Reaching that place along with all the great sages, he continued
to censure lord Siva. He never became calm.
 I.i.2.1-6 7

CHAPTER TWO

SatVs Arrival at Dak$as Sacrifice1

Lomasa said:
\ . Once, a great sacrifice was commenced by him (Dak§a).
All were invited to be present there by the ascetic (Dak$a)
(who was) initiated for the sacrifice.
2-3. A number of sages including Vasistha and others came
there. Agastya, Kasyapa, Atri, Vamadeva, Bhrgu, Dadhica, holy
lord Yyasa, Bharadvaja and Gautama, these and many other
great sages assembled there.
4. Similarly all the groups of Suras (gods), the Guardians of
the Quarters and others, Vidyadharas, Gandharvas, Kinnaras
and groups of celestial damsels (came there).
5. Brahma, the grandfather of worlds, was invited from
Satyaloka. Similarly Visnu was invited from Vaikuntha to the
place of sacrifice.
6. Devendra of great lustre came along with Indraru. Simi­
larly the Moon-god came along with Rohirit and Varuna came
in the company of his beloved.

1. Chs. 2 and 3 describe the self-immolation of Sati, the daughter of

Dak$a and the consort of 3iva, in Dak$a*s sacrifice, when she and her hus­
band Siva were insulted by him. But there is no Vedic evidence to show that
Siva married Dak$a’s daughter (Rudra-^iva, pp. 70-80). Mbh, Santi, ch. 283
describes destruction of Dak$a’s sacrifice by Siva with Yogic power ( Yoga-
balam kftva—283.32) in order to mollify his consort Um£, the daughter of the
King of Mountains (jSaila-raja-sutd—283.7 and 22) and not Sati, Dak$a’s
daughter. Uma did not know who Dak$a was and Siva had to inform her
that a Pra^pati called Dak$a was performing a Horse-sacrifice (Dafc?o nama
prajanam patih hayamedhena yajate).
This clearly shows that the story of the self-immolation by Sati, Dak$a’s
daughter, in Daksa’s sacrifice described here is a post-Mahftbharata develop­
ment. In the next ch. (284) the appeasement of Uma’s anger is affirmed as
the cause of the destruction of Dak$a’s sacrifice:
devу a manyu-vyapohartham
hato dak $asу a vai kratuh
—Mbh, &anti 284.31
This story o f Sati’s self-immolation in yogic fire created by herself (Sati
. . .prajajvala samadhijdgnina) is however supported in BhP IV. 4; BdP
I .ii.l3.60-61; TOP 1.30.52-55).
 8 Skanda Purarta

7. Kubera came there riding in his aerial chariot Puspaka,

Wind-god riding on his deer, Fire-god riding on tfis goat and
Nirrti riding on a ghost.
8. All these came to the sacrificial enclosure of the Brah-
mana. All of them were received and honoured by the evil-mind­
ed Dak$a.
9. Great and divine abodes of great value and good splend­
our were skilfully constructed by the noble-souled Tvastr.
10-13. (The visitors) occupied all those abodes according to
their pleasure.
When the great sacrifice commenced in the holy spot Kana-
khaia,1 the ascetics beginning with Bhrgu were appointed as
Rtviks by him. Then Daksa underwent due initiation. The
solemn, auspicious ceremony was duly performed. Benedictory
rites were completed by the Brahmanas for the sake of Daksa
accompanied by his wife. Always surrounded by his friends, he
shone remarkably, thanks to his greatness. In the meantime,
Dadhlci spoke these words there :
Dadhfci2 said:
14. These leading Suras (gods), the great sages and the
Guardians of the Quarters have come to your (sacrifice). Still the
Yajna does not shine properly without (the presence of) the
noble-souled Pi naka-bearing Lord.
15. Great learned men say that everything becomes auspi­
cious and splendid through him. That primordialPuru§a (person),
the bull-bannered, blue-throated lord with matted hair, is not seen
here.
16. Presided over and authorized by him, О Daksa, even
inauspicious things become auspicious. (Without) the Three-eyed
Lord, very auspicious things become instantly bereft of their
auspiciousness.
17-20. Hence he must be invited only by you immediately
through Brahma, Vi§riu the powerful lord and Sakra. All of them
1. Kanakhala—A village two miles to the east of Haridwar (U.P.), at the
junction of Gahga and Niladhara.
2. Dadhlci’s objection to non-invitation of Siva and his quitting of the
sacrifice {infra vv. 31-33) with the prediction (curse) about the non-comple­
tion of the sacrifice is found also in Mbh, Santi 284.12-21.
 I.i.2.21-31 9
should go where lord Mahesvara is present. Bring him along with
Dak§ayam. Hurry up. Everything shall become extremely sancti­
fied through that Yogin Sambhu by remembering whom and by
uttering whose names, merits become well-accomplished. Hence,
with all your efforts, the Bull-bannered Lord should be brought.

21-26. On hearing these words of his, the evil-minded

(Daksa) said laughing (derisively): “Indeed the root cause of
Devas is Visnu in whom the eternal virtue (Dharma) is present. In
him Vedas, Yajnas and the different kinds of holy rites are
established and that Visnu has come here,
Brahma, the grandfather of the worlds, has come from Satya-
loka along with the Vedas, Upanisads and various kinds of Aga-
mas (scriptural treatises).
Similarly the king of Suras (gods) himself has come along
with the groups of Suras. So also you, the sinless sages, have come.
All those tranquil ones who are worthy (of being present) in
a Yajha have come. All of you are conversant with the Vedas,
Vedic expositions and reality. All of you are steadfast in your
holy rites and observances.
Of what avail isRudra to us in this matter? Of course, my
daughter has been given to him by me, О Brahmana, (but that
was) when I had been urged by Brahma.
27. He is not of noble birth, О Brahmana. He is doomed
and he is always a favourite of the doomed. He is the sole lord
of goblins, ghosts and vampires. He is unfathomable.
28. He esteems himself very much. He is deluded and stub­
born. He is tacitern, jealous and malicious. In this holy rite he is
utterly unworthy. Hence indeed he was not invited by me now.
29. Hence, words like these should not be uttered by you
again, О Brahmana. My great Yajfia should be made successful
by all of you collectively.”
30. On hearing these words of his, Dadhlci made the
following statement:

Dadhici said:
31. Great injustice has been done to all these excellent sages
and Devas of sanctified soul by not having the noble soul with
them.
 10 Skanda Purana
32-33. A great ruin will soon befall all those who are present
here.

After saying thus, Dadhfci alone walked out in protest from

the sacrificial enclosure of Daksa and hurriedly went to his
hermitage. When the sage went out, Daksa said this laughingly:
34-36. “There, a heroic supporter and friend of Siva named
Dadhici, has gone out. All those slow-witted rogues whose minds
are possessed by evil spirits, who are enamoured of heretic
doctrines, who are excluded from the Vedas and whose behaviour
and acts are vicious, should leave this holy rite.
You are all devoted to Vedic doctrines having Visnu as your
leader. О Brahmaijas, make my Yajna fruitful ere long.”
Then all of them along with the sages performed the worship
of the lord.
37-40. In the meantime there on the mountain Gandha-
madana1 the great goddess Daksayaru" was engaged in various
kinds of sports. She was surrounded by her female friends. Some­
times she played beneath in the Dharagrha (chamber fitted with
fountains and water-jets). Sometimes she moved about in an
aerial chariot. Sometimes she stood in the middle of the aerial
chariot and indulged in thousands of sports with balls etc.
While engaged in playing the games, the great goddess Sati
saw the Moon-god going to the place of sacrifice along with
Rohinl-
She said to her maid Vijaya, “Where is Candra going now?
О Vijaya, go and enquire immediately.”
On being thus instructed by her, the gentle lady Vijaya asked
him suitably.
41. Everything about Daksa’s sacrifice and other things
were told by him. On hearing it the gentle lady Vijaya became
1. Gandhamadana—The northern ridge of the great Hindukush arch with
its northern extension Khwaja Mohammud range (AGP 58-59). The extent
of Puranic India was much larger than the pre-partition map of India which
was based on the political realities of the 19th century A.D . Soviet Indo­
logists and archaeologists now testify to the existence of Vedic Aryans from
the lower reaches of the Dnieper, the area to the north of the Black Sea
through the Soviet republics of central Asia. Vide for example B.A. Ryba­
kov’s Indo-Aryans in Northern Black Sea Area, O.N. Trubachev’s Lingu­
istic Periphery o f the Ancient Slaves.
I.i.2.42-55 11

agitated. Hurriedly (she went to Sati) and told her everything

exactly as it was said by the Moon-god.
42-43. The goddess began to ponder over the reason thus:
‘Why does he not invite (us)? Daksa is my father. Why has my
mother forgotten me now? I shall ask Sankara now about the
reason (thereof).* After deciding thus, she asked the friends to
stay there and approached Sankara.
44-49. She saw the Three-eyed Lord in the centre of the
assembly stationed there, in an extremely wonderful seat, and
surrounded by all his Gajjas (attendants) beginning with Cafltfa
and Munda, Bana, Bhrrigin, Nandin of great power of penance,
the son of Silada, Mahakala, Mahacapda. Mahamurida, Maha-
siras, Dhumrak§a, Dhumraketu and Dhumrapada—these and
many other Ganas, the followers of Rudra, (were present there).
Some were hideous and terrifying. Others were mere headless
trunks. Some had no eyes. Others were devoid of chests. There
were hundreds like these. All of them had elephant-hides for
their clothes. Clusters of matted hair were their ornaments. All
were adorned with Rudraksa beads. They were devoid of attach­
ment. They had conquered their sense-organs. They were anta­
gonistic to objects of sensual pleasure. Sankara, the benefactor of
the worlds, was seen by her surrounded by all these.
50-52. Bewildered in her mind, she suddenly went to Siva’s
presence. The beloved wife was placed in his lap by Siva who
was pleased. She was addressed with loving words with due res­
pect: “O lady of excellent waistline, what is the purpose of your
arrival? Tell me quickly.”
On being spoken thus by him, the dark-eyed lady said :
Sati said:
53. О lord, О lord of the chiefs of Devas, how is it that
going to the great sacrifice of my father is not approved of by
you? Tell (me) everything.
54-55. This is the duty of friends, О Mahadeva, that they
(regularly) associate with their friends, thereby increasing the
pleasure and love of their friends. Hence make all efforts (to be
present there). Oh, go there even if you have not been invited.
Go to the sacrificial enclosure of my father today at my request,
О SadaSiva.
 12 * Skanda Purana

56-57. On hearing her words (6iva) spoke these kind and

sincere words:
“O gentle lady, you must not go to the sacrifice of Dak$a.
All those persons who honour Daksa, including Suras, Asuras
and Kinnaras, have undoubtedly gone to the sacrifice of your
father.
58-59. О lady of fine eyebrows, those who go to others’
mansions without being invited, meet with insult which is more
(painful) than death. Even Tndra who goes to the abode of
others meets with contempt and disrespect. Hence, О splendid
lady, you must not go to Dak$a’s sacrifice.”
60. On being told thus by the noble-souled Siva, SatJ, the
most excellent one among those who are conversant with modes
of expression, spoke these words full of anger:
61. “It is true that you are (the real) Yajna in this world, О
most excellent lord of Devas. (How is it) that you have not
been invited by my father of evil conduct today? Hence I wish to
know thoroughly the attitude of that evil-minded one.
62. Hence T shall go to the sacrificial enclosure of my father
today itself. Grant me permission, О my lord, lord of the uni­
verse, lord of Devas.”
63-65a. On being told thus by that goddess, Lord £iva him­
self, who has knowledge and vision of everything, the lord who
is the sanctifier of all living beings, the lord of Devas, Mahesa,
the bestower of all Siddhis said to her:
“Go quickly, О gentle lady of holy rites, at my instance, rid­
ing on this Nandin and accompanied by various kinds of Ganas.”
65b-68. At the bidding of Siva, sixty thousand of the terrify­
ing Gartas went (along with her). Surrounded by those Ganas,
the goddess went to the abode of her father. Observing the
entire army, Mahadeva became excessively surprised. Mahadeva,
the unperturbed scorcher of enemies, sent very valuable orna­
ments to her through his attendants. He sent them immediately
after her.
Pondering over the departure of the goddess to her father’s
abode, Lord Mahesa exclaimed:
“On being insulted by her father, Sati, the daughter of
Dak$a, will never come back to her city again.”
 I.i.3.1-11 13
CHAPTER THREE

Vlrabhadra Comes to the Yajha

Lomasa said:
l-4a. Dak§ayani went to the place where the great sacrifice
was being performed. After going to the abode of her father, the
abode which was full of various wonderful things, she stood at
the entrance. The Devas of exalted fortune became delighted.
They got down from their seats. After seeing the congregation
of the Devas, her parents, friends, relatives and kinsmen, she
made obeisance to her father and mother with delight. Then the
goddess spoke these words in a manner suitable to the occasion:
4b-9. “Why was iSarhbhu, the extremely splendid (lord),
not invited by you? (He is the lord) by whom this entire uni­
verse consisting of the mobile and immobile beings has been
sanctified. He is Yajha (incarnate), an (important) part of
Yajha, the sacrificial gift offered therein, the material offered
therein, the Mantras etc., the Havya and Kavya—he is identical
with all these things. He is the most excellent one among those
who are expert in performing Yajhas. Everything performed
without him will become impure. How can a sacrifice function
(at all), О dear father, without §ambhu? How did these come
here, О father, along with Brahma? Don’t you know? О Bhrgu,
О Kasyapa of great intellect, О Atri, О Vasistha? You are alone,
О Sakra, what has been done by you today? О Visnu, you do
know the supreme lord Mahadeva. О Brahma, don’t you
know the valour of Mahadeva?
10. Formerly you happened to be five-faced. You (spoke)
arrogantly to SadaSiva and you were made four-faced. It is sur­
prising that you have forgotten that miracle.
11. He is the lord Rudra who formerly begged for alms in
the forest of Daruvana,1 when this mendicant was cursed by you
(and) your friends.
1. This refers to Lord Siva’s visit to DSruvana to teach Pasupata Yoga
to the sages thereof. He adopted the queer behaviour called Dvara (Vide
Pakupata Sutra ch. ГО.1-19 and Kauntfinya’s com.). The sages were infuria­
ted at it and they cursed Siva and suffered disastrous results (BdP I.ii.27
and Tagare’s Introduction to BdP o n 4Linga worship’). The story is narrated
in LP and KP also.
 14 Skanda Ригйпа
12-14. Even after cursing Rudra, how was (this incident)
forgotten by you? He is the lord by whose limb alone the uni­
verse including the mobile and immobile beings? has been
filled up. The entire universe became the Linga at that very
instant. They call it Linga because of the dissolution (of the
universe in it).1 All the Devas along with Vasava (Indra) are
born of the Trident-bearing Lord. Such a lord who is to be reali­
zed through the Vedantas, cannot be comprehended by you.”
15-19a. On hearing her words, Dak§a became angry and
spoke these words:
“Of what avail is your verbal prolixity. It has no relevance
to the present occasion. О gentle lady, (you may) go or stay.
Why did you come at all? Your husband is an inauspicious
fellow, not conducive to propitiousness, О lady of good waistline.
He is ignoble, excluded from the Vedas. He is the king of
goblins, ghosts and vampires. Hence he was not invited to the
sacrifice, О gentle lady of sweet speech.
О lady of excellent loins, it is to Rudra who is haughty and
evil-minded and of unknown antecedents that you had been
given in marriage by me, a dull-witted sinner. Hence, abandon
this body (of yours), О lady of pure smiles, and be happy.”
19b-23. It was thus that his own daughter Sati who was
worshipped by all the worlds, was addressed by Dak§a then.
On seeing her own father full of contempt (for Siva), Sati
became excessively furious. Then the goddess thought thus:
‘Though I am desirous of seeing Sankara, how can I go back to
our mansion? What will I say if I am asked (about this incident)
by him? He who censures Mahadeva and he who listens when
Mahadeva is being censured—both of them go to hell and remain
there as long as the moon and the sun (shine). Hence I will aban­
don this body and enter fire.’ Pondering thus and being over­
whelmed by insult, she entered fire2 uttering the words “O Rudra,
О Siva”.

1. A popular etymology of Linga from y/li ‘to dissolve’. It is to be

derived from \/lig, \flingt ‘to go’. MW 901 conjecturally traces it to д/ lag
‘to adhere’, ‘to stick’.
2. As contrasted with older Pur&gas mentioned in Supra p. 7. fn 1,
this text does not bring in ‘Yogic lire' for self-immolation.
 I.i.3.24-36 15
24-30. The entire quarters became pervaded with the great
uproar of “Alas! Alas!” . All those (who had come with Sati)
climbed on to the platform. Xaden with weapons they crowded
the place without any gap. They hit and struck themselves with
their weapons. They cut off their own bodies. Some of them cut
off their heads and eagerly performed the Nlrdjana (waving of
the lights in circles) rites with them. Immediately they were
reduced to ash. Then everyone said thus: “Twenty thousand of
the Gaijas roared terrifically. Those dreadful ones cut off their
limbs by means of weapons. Thus they all perished there along
with Dak^ayani.”1
That was a great miracle. All sages, the Devas beginning
with Tndra, along with the groups of Maruts, Visvedevas,
Asvins and the Guardians of the Quarters—all these became
silent then. Some of them (walked) round requesting Vis^u, the
most excellent one. This was the end of the Yajfia of that evil-
minded one. The Yajfia of the unworthy Brahmaija Dak$a (was
ruined) and the sages became afraid.
31. In the meantime, О Brahmanias, all these activities and
behaviour of Daksa were communicated to Rudra by the noble-
minded Narada.
32. On hearing Narada’s report the supreme Lord Siva be­
came extremely infuriated. In his anger he as if jumped up from
his seat.
33. Uprooting a plait of hair from his (matted hair), Rudra,
the cause of the annihilation of all the worlds, angrily dashed it
on the top of the mountain.
34. As a result of this dashing, Virabhadra of great fame
rose up. So also did Kali surrounded by crores of spirits and
goblins.
35. Through the wrathful breath of the noble-minded Rudra
a hundred (types of) Fevers and thirteen Sannipatas (combined
derangement of all the three humours causing deadly varieties of
fevers) rose up.
36. Rudra of fierce and dreadful exploits was entreated by
Virabhadra “OLord! what task of Your Lordship is to be carried
out? Tell me quickly.”
1. The Yajfia was disturbed by the Harakiri of SatPs attendants. This is
not mentioned in VaP and BdP in contexts noted in fn 1 of p. 7.
 16 Skanda Ригала

37. On being requested thus, lord Rudra hurriedly commis­

sioned him, “Destroy Dak§a’s Yajha.”
38. Receiving the behest of the Trident-bearing Lord of
Devas with his head (i.e. humbly accepting the order), the heroic
Virabhadra of excessive refulgence, who was kissed (a-lfdhd) by
Kalika and was surrounded by all goblins rushed to Daksa’s
sacrifice.
39-40. At that very time, ill-omens occurred suddenly. A
rough wind blew carrying with it gravels and sand. The Rain-god
showered blood. The quarters were enveloped in darkness.
Thousands of meteors fell on the earth.
41. The Devas and others saw such phenomena foreboding
evil. Becoming frightened, Daksa sought refuge in Visnu.
42. “Save me, save me, О great Visnu. Indeed you arc our
greatest preceptor and elderly one. You are (identical with)
Yajha, О most excellent one among Suras. Save me from
this fearful danger.”
43. On being requested and prayed to by Daksa, the slayer
of Madhu (Visnu) said: “Protection should be accorded to you
by me. There is no doubt about it.
44. Disrespect has been shown by you, О Daksa, without
understanding genuine Dharma (Virtue). Due to the contem­
ptuous disregard of Lord Siva, everything will become fruitless.
45. Where those who are not worthy of respect are worship­
ped, where he who is worthy of being worshipped is not wor­
shipped, three consequences, viz. famine, death and fear, prevail
there.
46. Hence, the Bull-bannered Lord (Siva) should be honoured
with all efforts. Great fear and danger beset you because the
great lord was not honoured.
47. All of us are not powerful enough now, because of youi
evil behaviour. There is no need to discuss this matter further.”
48. On hearing those words of Visnu, Dak$a became lost in
(anxious) thoughts. Turning pale in the face, he remained silent
and sat on the ground.
49-51. Expressly commanded by Rudra himself the ex­
tremely powerful Virabhadra came to the sacrificial enclosure
accompanied by the nine Durgas and others.1 The nine Durgas
1. The legend of destruction of Dak$a’s sacrifice is mentioned in the
 I.i.3.52-59a 17

were Kali, Katyayani, Igana, Сашиц^а, M u^am ardini, Bhadra-

kali, Bhadra, Tvarita and Vai$ijavi. A big multitude of Bhiitas
also entered the sacrificial enclosure of great refulgence. Sakinis,
PakinTs, Bhutas, Pramathas, Guhyakas, a host of Yoginis (in
circular formation) along with the sixtyfour (Tantras)1—all these
entered the sacrificial enclosure suddenly.
52-55. Hundreds and thousands of Gaijas who accompani­
ed Virabhadra were all the Par$adas (attendants) of Sankara.
All of them had the form of Rudra. They had five faces and
blue throats. All had weapons in their hands. They were duly
served with umbrellas and chowries. All were as valorous as
Siva. They had ten arms and three eyes. Their hair was matted.
They wore the ornaments of ftudra. Bearing crescent moon
(on their heads), all of them had (different kinds of) robes and
ornaments.
56. Accompanied by these, the nobie-souled, three-eyed,
dreadful Virabhadra of terrible might, who had a thousand arms
and was entwined by great serpents, marched towards the
sacrifice.
57. His chariot was drawn by two thousand horses and a
million lions.
58-59a. The armoured defenders of his sides were many lions,
tigers, sharks, fishes and thousands of elephants. He had different
kinds of umbrellas and chowrie9 held over the head of everyone
everywhere.
Satapatha and Kau$itaki Brahmanas. But the cause was Dak$a’s illicit
relations with his daughter. The destruction of the sacrifice mentioned in
Purapas (e.g. BhP IV.5, LP 1.99 and 100, NP It. 5-16, BdP and VaP
mentioned above) is caused by the insult of Sati, Sankara’s spouse and
Dak$a’s daughter.
1. Tantras are scriptures promulgated by Siva. SkP gives a list
of 64 Tantras such as JfUinarriava, Malini-vijaya, Yamala and others. Some
o f them are still unpublished. They generally contain: (1) Creation of the
world; (2) Dissolution of the world; (3) The procedure of worshipping the
deity: (4) Penance (Sddhana); (5) Repetition of the name of the deity; (6) Six
daily sacred duties (Safkarma); (7) The Yoga of meditation. The Varahltantra
gives the number of verses in each Tantra. Schools of £aivism such as Trika
Saivism of Kashmir, the Saktivi£i$t3dvaita of Ling&yatas are based on Saiva
Tantras (Agamas). Even Vai?pavas had their own Tantras as one finds in
Ramanuja’s $rtbha?ya and the ten topics of Paficaratra Agama have close
similarity with these topics.
 18 Skanda Ригйуа
59bc. Then high sounding Bherls (war-drums), conchs of
various (degrees of) sounds, Pafahas (kettle-drums), musical
instruments like Gomukha, different kinds of horns wefe sounded.
60. Cymbals, gongs and wind instruments were played. All
of them were engaged in singing pleasantly. All of them played
on Mfdahgas (special drums).
61. The Ganas proceeded ahead in front of Virabhadra
indulging in different kinds of dances. Those Ganas of unmea­
sured power and potency roared along with the martial sounds
of the musical instruments.
62-63a. By that great sound the three worlds echoed and rever­
berated. Thus all those Ganas ordered (urged) by Rudra came
there to the sacrificial enclosure of Dak§a and began to smash
for the sake of destroying it.
63b-64a. The sky was covered with dust and all the quar­
ters were enveloped in darkness. The earth consisting of the
seven islands (continents)1 shook along with the mountains and
forests.
64b-65. Those Devas, Daityas and night-wanderers observ­
ed this wonderful spectacle foreboding the ruin of all the worlds.
All of them stood up simultaneously. They saw the dreadful
army of Rudra advancing.
66-67. Some of them were coming over the earth. Some
were coming through the sky. Others covered the quarters and
the intervening spaces and rushed on. All of them were of
inexhaustible strength; infinite (in number), they were heroic on
a par with Rudra in battle. On seeing such an army surrounded
by (the followers of) Rudra, all of them said in great surprise
and dismay: “Let us advance (against them) with weapons in the
hands.”
68-70. Tndra rode on his elephant. The Wind-god rode on a
deer. Yama equipped with the rod of death rode on a buffalo.
Kubera drove in the aerial chariot Pu§paka. Уагица rode on a
shark. The Fire-god rode on a goat. Nirrti rode on a ghost.

I. Dvfpas—‘Dvipa’ originally means a land-mass between two arms of

water. According to Purapas the earth consists of the following seven conti­
nents (dvfpas) : (1) Saka, (2) Ku£a, (3) Plak$a, (4) Pu$kara, (5) Saimala
(li), (6) Rrauflca, (7) JambO. Scholars differ about their identification with
modern parts of the world.
I.i.3.71-82 19

Similarly other groups of Suras, Yak$as, Caracas and Guhyakas,

valorously rode on their respective vehicles.
71. On seeing the preparations of his own people, Dak§a's
face was covered with tears. He prostrated himself on the ground
and spoke to all of them :
72. “O (friends) of great lustre, it was on the strength of
your support that this great Yajha was begun by ine. For the
accomplishment of this good rite, you are the final authority.
73. О Vis$u, you are the protector of holy rites and Yajnas
as well as the virtue described in the Vedas. О Madhava, you
are the promoter of Brahmana’s rites.
74. Hence, О great Tord, proper protection should be
accorded to this Yajna.”
On hearing the words of Daksa, the slayer of Madhu (Visnu)
replied i1
75-76. “When you say that protection should be accorded
by me to maintain holy rites, it is true. But the transgression is
of your own doing in regard to this Yajna. You said something
to Sadasiva in the Naimisa forest, the holy spot of Devas. Is
it not remembered by you?
77-78. Rudra, Sadasiva, who has great splendour, who is of
the form of Yajna, was excluded from the Yajnas, О deluded
one. That was the wrong advice of yours. Who is competent
to protect you from Rudra’s wrath? I do not see anyone, О
Brahmaija, who can protect you, the evil-minded one.
79. You do not distinguish between good and evil acts, О
evil-minded one. A holy rite alone is not (necessarily) efficacious
always (to produce results).
80. Understand that a holy rite with the support of Isvara
{Siva) is competent to produce results. Excepting Isvara, there
is no other bestower of the fruit o f Karman (a holy rite).
81. Sadasiva grants the benefit o f the holy rites o f those
persons who are the devotees of Isvara, who are calm and whose
minds dwell on him.
82. Those people who solely depend upon Karman and are

1. The author of the Pur&i?a takes every opportunity to reduce the gulf
between Saivism and Vai$navism and to assert the oneness of Siva and
Vi$gu. Vispu’s reply is thus remarkable.
 20 Skanda Purana

engaged in denying Igvara, go to hell even if they perform hund­

red crores of Yajnas.
83. Those who put faith in the Karmans alone are bound
by the fetters of Karman in birth after birth. They are roasted
and cooked in the hells.*'

CHAPTER FOUR

A Fight between Vlrabhadra and Visnu and Others

Lonuda said:
1. On hearing the words uttered by V i^u, Dak$a spoke
these words:
“O slayer of Madhu (Vi$nu), you have made it appear that
Vedas are not authoritative (pramana).1
2. How can one forsake the Vedic rite and accept the doc­
trine of the authoritativeness of Isvara? Let this be explained, О
Mahavisnu, by whom Dharma has been established?”
3-5. On being asked by Dak$a, Mahavi$nu said to him
consolingly: “The Vedas have the three Gunas for their object.2
They cannot be otherwise. How can the rites mentioned in the
Vedas become fruitful without Isvara? They definitely become
fruitless. Hence seek refuge in Isvara by all means.”
Even as Govinda (Visiiu) was saying thus, the ocean of an
army, similar to Virabhadra’s came there. All the Suras (Devas)
saw it.
6. Indra laughed at Vi§nu who was engaged in explaining
the doctrine of Atman then. With the Vajra (thunderbolt) in

1. This shows a stage of conflict between the traditional Vedic religion

and Saivism. Vedic tradition prohibited its followers from even speaking
with the non-Vedic Saivas and Paflcaratras. These Sastras were regarded as
authoritative so far as they are not opposed to the Vedas (SHta-Samhita
IV.4.16-18). Parijata as quoted in the Kftyaratnakara (p. 37) states the view
o f the mediaeval writers on Dharma felstra as follows:
pancaratrapasupatadlnyapi fastrdni vedaviruddhani pramamm
2. Cf. traigunya-vifaya vedah—BG 11.45.
 I.i.4.7-22 21

his hand, he became desirous of fighting, accompanied by the

Suras.
7. He was made to go hurriedly by Bhfgu who was bent
upon routing (the Gagas). Then, the Gagas in the formation of
groups fought with the Suras.
8. They struck one another with arrows, iron clubs and
sharp-pointed missiles. In the course of that great festival of war,
many conchs were blown.
9. So also drums like Dundubhis, Patakas, Dintfimas etc.,
were sounded. Thanks to that great sound, the Suras considered
themselves flattered. Accompanied by the Guardians of the
Quarters, they killed the servants of !§iva.
10. Some were killed by means of swords. Some were
smashed by means of iron clubs. All of the hundreds and thou­
sands of the Ganas were entirely routed by the Devas.
11. It was by the power of the Mantras of Bhjgu, that
those Ganas were instantaneously defeated and driven back by
the Guardians of the Quarters headed by Indra.
12. Their extermination was effected by Bhjgu who perform­
ed the Yaga as the fire-worshipper. He was initiated in this for
the sake of the worship, on behalf of the Devas and for their
pleasure too.
13. By that alone did the Devas become victorious at the
very instant. On seeing the defeat of his own army, Vlrabhadra
became angry.
14-15. He made the goblins, ghosts and vampires go to the
rear and the bull-riders advance at the front. The leader of great
strength took up a sharp trident and struck down the Devas,
Yak$as, Pisacas, Guhyakas and Rak$asas in the battle. Striking
with spears, all the Ganas began to kill the Devas.
16. Some of them were split into two by means of swords.
They were smashed with iron clubs. In the course of the battle,
some were cut into pieces with battle-axes.
17. Hundreds were pierced with spears; some were torn to
pieces. Thus, all of those being defeated, began to run away.
18. Embracing each other, they went back to heaven. Only
the guardians of the worlds led by Indra remained there, eager
(to fight). They consulted Bjhaspati, “How can we have victory ?”
19-22. Byhaspati immediately replied to Indra thus:
 22 Skanda Purina

Bfhaspati said:
What had been spoken by Vi$gu formerly has become true
today.
If there is I$vara as (bestower of) the benefit of a holy rite, he
assigns it (the benefit) to the performer (of the rite). He is not
powerful over one who does not perform (the rite). Neither Mantras
nor all the medicinal herbs, neither black magic nor secular rites,
neither holy rites nor the Vedas, nor the two systems of Mimamsa
are capable of understanding I &vara. He can be known only
through unswerving devotion. By calmness and great content­
ment, Sada^iva should (i.e. could) be known.
23. It is through him that the entire universe with happiness
and misery as its characteristic features, takes its origin. But I
shall speak further with a desire to explain (what are the) right
and wrong actions.
24. О Indra, you have been foolish in accompanying the
(other) guardians of the worlds here. What can you do further
now with the self-same folly?
25. These extremely splendid Ganas, the assistants of Rudra,
have become infuriated. Those persons of exalted fortune cause
nothing to be left over.
26. On hearing these words of Brhaspati, all the heaven-
dwellers and all those great gods, the guardians of the worlds,
became anxious.
27-28. Then VJrabhadra who was very closely surrounded
by the Gagas, said:
“On account of your ignorant nature, you have come here
for the sake of Avadana (glorious achievement). For the sake of
your satisfaction, I shall immediately give you Avadanas (cutting
into pieces).”
After saying this, he furiously hit them with sharp arrows.
29. Hit by those arrows, all of them fled in all the ten
directions.
30. When the guardians of the worlds had left the place and
when the Devas had fled, VJrabhadra came into the sacrificial
enclosure accompanied by the Gagas.
31. At that time all those sages who were desirous of inti­
mating everything to Janardana (Vi$gu), the god of gods, said to
him all at once:
 I.i.4.32-42 23

32-33. “Protect the Yajna of Dak$a. Indeed, there is no

doubt that you are Yajna incarnate.”
On hearing these words of the sages, Janardana, the all-per­
vading lord, the illuminator of spiritual faculties, became desirous
of fighting and stood there ready for the battle. Virabhadra of
powerful arms spoke these words to Kesava (Vi§iju):
34. “Wh> have you come here, О Vi§$u, you who know the
great strength (of mine)? How will you be victorious by taking
up Dak§a’s side? Tell me that.
35. Did you not observe ? What has been done by Dak$a-
yanf, О sinless one? You too have come for the sake of a share
in the course of the Yajna of Dak$a. О lord of powerful arms, I
shall give oblation to you also.”
36. After saying this, at the very outset, he bowed down to
Vi$nu whose form was similar to his. Virabhadra then went in
front of Visiju and spoke these words:
37. “You are to me just like Sambhu.1 There is no doubt
about this. Still, О lord of powerful arms, you face me with a
desire to fight. If you continue to stay here yourself, I shall give
you liberation (Apunaravrtti).”
38. On hearing those words of the intelligent Virabhadra
lord Visnu, the lord of all lords, said laughingly:
Visnu said:
39-41. О highly intelligent one, you are born of the splend­
our of Rudra. You are very pure and holy. I had been requested
by this (Dak§a) before repeatedly for attending this Yajna. I am
subservient to my devotees. So also is the case of Mahesvara. It
is for that reason that I have come to this sacrifice of Dak§a, О
Virabhadra, born of the wrath of Rudra. Either I shall restrain
you or you shall restrain me.

42. When Govinda said this much, that (Virabhadra) of

mighty arms laughed and after bowing down humbly said this
to Janardana (Visnu):

1. The Pur^ia reiterates the identity of Siva and Vi$nu. Virabhadra calls
himself the servant of both Siva and Vi$nu and bows down humbly to Vi$nu
before fighting (vv 42-43 below).
 24 Skanda Purana

43. “Just as Siva, so also you. Just as you, so also Siva. All
of us are servants both of you and of Sankara.”
44. On hearing his words, Acyuta, Vi$flu, the greatest lord,
spoke these important words laughingly:
45. “ Fight with me unhesitatingly, О lord of powerful arms.
I shall go to my own abode when I am surfeited with your
arrows and missiles.”
46 Saying “so be it”, Virabhadra, the hero of great
strength, took up the greatest of his missiles and roared like a
lion.
47. Visnu too blew his conch of loud report. On hearing it,
those Devas who had fled away from the battlefield, returned
once again.
48-50. All the Guardians of the Quarters including Indra
made an array (of their soldiers). Then Nandin was struck by
Indra with his Vajra (thunderbolt) that had a hundred spikes.
Sakra was hit in the middle of his chest by Nandin with his tri­
dent. Bhrngi was struck by Vayu and Vayu was struck (in return)
by Bhrngi. Standing well prepared with his trident of sharp edge,
Mahakala, endowed with great strength, fought with Yama
holding the heavy rod.
51-55. The lord of Ku§ipandas clashed with Kubera.
Mun^a of great strength fought with Varuria. He fought with
such a great strength as surprised the three worlds. The cxceed-
ingly powerful Canda clashed withNirfta and fought with a very
great missile, mocking his demoniac nature. Bhairava, the great
leader, accompanied by the circle of Yoginis tore through all
the Devas and drank their wonderful blood. All the K$etrapalas,
Bhutas, Pramathas, Guhyakas, Sakinis, Dakinls, the terrible
nine Durgas, Yoginis, Yatudhanis, Kfi§ipatidakas and others
roared, drank blood and devoured a lot of flesh.
56. On seeing that his army was being devoured, the king of
Suras left Nandin behind and challenged Virabhadra.
57. Leaving off Vi$$u, Virabhadra engaged Devendra. The
battle between them was as terrible as that between Mars and
Mercury.
58-61. When §akra was desirous of killing Virabhadra and
hastily prepared for the same, Virabhadra became furious and
filled Indra who was seated on his elephant, with a mass of
 I i.4.62-71 25

arrows. The extremely mighty Virabhadra who was unrestrain-

able, was immediately struck by Indra with his Vajra of a hundred
spikes. Then he (Virabhadra) attempted to swallow Indra along
with his elephant and thunderbolt. All the Bhiitas who saw Vira­
bhadra like that desirous of killing Indra, raised the loud shouts
of (Alas-Alas). Seeing Virabhadra desirous of killing
Indra, Visnu came there in a hurry and stood in front of Vira­
bhadra.
62. He pushed Sakra behind and fought with Virabhadra.
The battle between them was very tough.
63-64. They then fought with various kinds of weapons and
missiles. Seeing Nandin once again, Sakra who was an expert in
battle, engaged him in a tumultuous duel.
There was a great clash between Devas and Pramathas.
Pramathas were smashed by Devas and all of them fled from the
battle.
65. On seeing the Ganas turning their faces away (from the
battle), all those (bacterial) ailments1 that had originated from
the fury of Rudra rushed against Devas.
66. On seeing Devas afflicted with the fevers, Vi$$u laugh­
ingly seized Devas alive separately.
67. He called Asvini Devas in order to quell the ailments.
The highly intelligent (lord) made them carefully work out and
consider the requisite nourishment (medicine) and sustenance,
and gave the same to them.
68. Asvini gods caught hold of the fevers and Sannipata
(fevers) as well as other inimical elements and quelled them.
They joyously made Devas free from fever and rejoiced for a
long time.
69. The Yogini Cakra also was subdued by them. With
sharp-pointed arrows, they toppled down Bhairava who was
highly excited and felled the Gaijas too.
70. On seeing his army routed by Suras and felled down by
them, Virabhadra became furious and spoke these words to
Visflu:
71. “ You are a heroic warrior, О mighty one. Indeed you
are the protector of Devas. If you think so, come on, fight with
me strenuously.”
1. An imaginative precursor of modern bacterial warfare?
26 Skanda Purdna
72. After saying thus, Virabhadra of great strength, appro­
ached Visnu, the lord of all lords, and showered him with sharp
arrows.
73. Then the lord attacked Virabhadra with his discus. On
seeing the discus coming, it was instantaneously swallowed (by
Virabhadra).
74-75. On seeing that his discus was swallowed, Visnu, the
conqueror of the cities of his enemies, stroked and pressed his
mouth. Thus the (discus) was caused to be spitted out by Visnu.
Taking his discus, Visiju of exalted nature, the sole lord of
the universe, went to heaven. On understanding everything that
had been done and was unbearable to the enemies he became
satisfied (of having done his job).

CHAPTER FIVE

Meritoriousness o f Devotion to Siva

Lomasa continued:
1. When Visnu went away, all those Devas along with the
sages and all those who subsisted on that Yajfta were totally
vanquished by the Ga^ias.
2. He (Virabhadra) made Bhrgu fall down and his beard
and moustache were plucked and cut.1 He got the teeth of
Pusan uprooted after distorting and deforming them.
3. Svadha was ridiculed and the sages were mocked there.
In their fury, they showered the sacrificial fire with faecal matter.
4. The Ga$as who had become excessively infuriated creat­
ed unspeakable havoc. Out of great fear, Dak$a hid himself be­
neath the altar.
5. After realizing that he was in hiding, he angrily dragged
him out. Holding by the cheeks, he struck his head with a
sword.

1. Cf. BhP IV.5.13-26 for a close similarity in the description of the

destruction and humiliation of persons in Dak$a’s sacrifice.
 I.i.5.6-17 27

6. Thinking that the head could not be pierced or split

through, the valorous Virabhadra pressed the shoulder down
with his feet and wrung the neck.
7. On being wrenched off from the neck, the head of the
vicious Dak$a was taken away by the intelligent Virabhadra and
thrown (lit. offered as oblation) into the blazing sacrificial pit
instantaneously.
8. Other sages, Devas, Pitrs, Yak§as and Rak§asas who yet
stayed on were assaulted by the Ga^as. All of them fled from the
place.
9. The Moon, the groups of Adityas, all the Planets, Stars
and Constellations—all of them were displaced and shaken.
They too were attacked by the Ganas.
10. Brahma returned to Satyaloka. He was afflicted with
sorrow for his son. He thought without being perturbed: ‘What
action is to be taken now?’
11-15. As his mind was suffering, the grandfather of the
worlds did not derive any happiness. With great effort, he under­
stood all the wicked deeds of that sinner. He decided to go to
the Kailasa mountain.
Riding on his swan, accompanied by all the Devas, the lord
of great splendour reached the most excellent mountain. There
he saw Siva, Rudra, accompanied by only Nandin, staying alone.
He had matted hair and possessed great splendour. It was the
lord who could not he grasped by the Vedas or their Angas
(Ancillaries). On seeing such a lord, Brahma became greatly
agitated.
He prostrated himself on the ground like a staff and
began to plead for pardon, touching his lotus-like feet with the
tips of the four crowns. He began to eulogize Siva, the supreme
soul.
Brahma said:
16. Obeisance to Rudra, the quiescent Brahman, the sup­
reme soul. You are the creator and sustainer (protector) of the
universe; you are the great-grandfather (of the world).
17. Obeisance to the great Rudra, to the blue-throated one,
to the creator, to the lord identical with the universe, to the seed
of the universe, to the cause of the bliss of the worlds.
28 Skanda Ригала
18-19. You are Отката; you are Vasafkara, the prompter of
the functioning of all enterprises. You are Yajna; you*are the
Yajhic rite. You are the cause of the functioning of Yajna; you
alone are the protector of all the performers of sacrifice. You are
worthy of being the refuge, О great lord, to all living beings. Save
me, save me, О lord Mahadeva, I have been afflicted with the
grief for my son.

Mahadeva said:
20. О grandfather, listen attentively to my words. The des­
truction of the Yajna of Daksa has not been carried out by me at
all.
21-22. О Brahma, there is no doubt about this that Daksa
was killed by his own deeds. An act (rite) that causes pain to
many others, should not be performed at all, at any time. О
Parame§thin, what befalls others will befall one too.

23. After saying this, Rudra accompanied by Brahma and

Suras went to the holy spot Kanakhala and to the sacrificial en­
closure of the Prajapati (Dak$a).
24-26. Rudra saw what had been committed by Vlrabhadra.
Svaha, Svadha, Pu§an, Bhrgu the most excellent one among
intelligent beings (all had been injured by the Gajias). So also
all the other sages and all the manes had been driven to that
miserable plight. Many other Yak§as, Gandharvas and Kinnaras
who had been there were wounded, split and torn off. Some died
in the battle.
27. On seeing that !§ambhu had come, Vlrabhadra prostra­
ted himself like a log of wood by way of obeisance, along with
his Gaiiias. Then he stood in front of Siva.
28. On seeing Vlrabhadra of great strength standing in
front, Rudra spoke these words laughingly: “O hero, what is
this that has been done here?
29. Immediately bring here that Dak$a by whom this un­
usual and inauspicious thing has been committed in the course
of a Yajna, in consequence of which was (the present) fruit.”
30. On being ordered thus by Sankara, Vlrabhadra hurried­
ly brought the headless trunk and placed it in front of Sambhu,
31-32. Then Vlrabhadra of noble mind was enquired by
 I.i.5.33-40 29

Sankara: “By whom has the head of the vicious Dak$a been re­
moved? Though he is a crooked fellow, О hero, I shall now give
him life (revive him).”
On being told thus by Sahkara, Vlrabhadra submitted again:
33. “The head was dropped by me into the fire at the very
instant, О Sankara. The head that is left, О Sambhu, is that of
an animal and the face has been distorted.”
34. After knowing (the position), Rudra placed upon the
headless trunk the deformed head of the animal. The head had
a beard and it was terrible.
35. Thanks to the grace of Sankara, Daksa regained his
life. On seeing Rudra in front of him, Dak?a became ashamed.
Bowing down he eulogized Sankara, the benefactor of all the
worlds.
Daksa said:
36. I bow down to the excellent lord, the bestower of boons.
I bow down to the most excellent lord of Devas, the eternal lord.
I pay obeisance to Isvara, the lord of Devas. I bow down to
Нага, Saihbhu, the sole kinsman of the universe.
37. T bow down to the cosmic form of the lord of the uni­
verse, the eternal Brahman in theform of one’s own soul. I salute
Sarva (Siva) having the existence of one’s own mental creation.
T pay obeisance to the excellent one, the bestower of boons.
Lomaba said:
38. Rudra who was eulogized by Dak§a, spoke laughingly
in secret:
Rudra {Hard) said :
39. Four types of meritorious people always worship1 me.
They are: (those who are in misery), those who are thirsting for
knowledge, the seekers of wealth and the possessors of spiritual
knowledge, О excellent Brahmaija.
40. Hence undoubtedly sages, possessors of true knowledge,
are my favourites. Those who strive to attain me without spiritual
knowledge are ignorant.

1. An echo of BG VII. 16.

 30 Skanda Purana

41. Merely by means of Karman (holy rites) you wish to

cross the (ocean of) worldly existence.
42. Neither by means of the Vedas nor by means of charit­
able gifts, neither by sacrifices nor by penance at any place can
they attain me.1 But due to the power of Karman men get
deluded.
43. Hence, be devoted to knowledge and perform holy rites
with concentration and purity of mind. Be equally indifferent to
happiness and misery and attain eternal happiness.
Lomasa said:
44. Thus Dak§a was advised by Sambhu, the greatest god.
After establishing Dak§a there itself, Rudra went back to his
mountain.
45. Similarly all the great sages beginning with Bhrgu were
consoled and enlightened by Brahma. Instantaneously they be­
came endowed with true knowledge.
46. Thereafter Brahma went to his abode.
47. Dak$a too achieved the excellent enlightenment through
the utterance. Engrossed in the meditation of Siva, the noble-
minded one performed penance.
48. Hence l^ord Siva should be served by means of all pos-
sible efforts.
49. Those men who sweep the courtyard of Siva (i.e. Siva’s
temple) attain Siva’s city and become worthy of the praise of the
whole universe. 2
50. Those who offer a mirror of great lustre to Siva become
attendants of Siva and will be standing in front of Siva.
51. Those who give chowries to the Trident-bearing Lord of
Devas will themselves be fanned with chowries in all the three
worlds.
52. The men who offer lamps to the temple of Mahadeva
will become refulgent. They will be the illuminators of the three
worlds.
53. Those who offer incense to Siva, the great Atman, will

1. Cf.BG X I.46.
2. W 49-62 describe the fruit of different types of services rendered to
Siva. Some of these verses are illustrated by stories of Siva’s devotees, the
benefit derived by them by their particular act of devotion.
 U 5.54-65 31

become famous. They redeem both the families (their own as

well as that of their mothers).
54. Those men who offer eatables (Naivedya) in front of
Hari and Нага with great devotion, attain the fruit of a sacrifice
for every lump of boiled rice offered by them (as Naivedya).
55. Those excellent men who repair a Siva temple in ruins
attain two-fold benefit. There is no doubt about it.
56. Those who build a new temple by means of bricks or
stones rejoice in heaven as long as their spotless fame stays in the
world. О excellent brahma^as, no doubt need be entertained
about this.
57. Those highly intelligent brahm ans who cause to build
a’palatial temple of many floors for Siva, attain the greatest goal
(i.e. Moksa).
58. Those who clean or whitewash a temple of Siva built
by themselves or by others attain the greatest goal
59. Those who offer a canopy are meritorious men. They go
to the world of Siva and redeem their entire family.
60. Those who tie a ringing bell in a temple of Siva will
become refulgent and well reputed in the three worlds.
61. He who visits (Siva’s temple) once, twice or thrice (a
<iay) attains happiness whether he is rich or poor. He gets releas­
ed from misery.
62. A religious faithful who offers worships unto Siva, the
great Atman, redeems ten million members of his family and
rejoices in the company of Siva.
63. In this context they cite this ancient legend,1 the con­
versation between the son of Indradyumna and the noble-minded
Yama.
64. Formerly, in Krtayuga, there was a king named Indra-
sena. He was a great warrior ruling Pratis^hana. He was always
interested in hunting.
65. Unfriendly to brahmajjas, he always indulged in horri­
ble and cruel misdeeds. He was always devoted to worldly plea­

1. VV 63-86 narrate the legend of Indrasena to show the efficacy of the

syllables HA-RA uttered as a part of words of different meaning (e.g. ahara
•bring’) simply because the name of god Siva is indirectly pronounced by
him.
 32 Skanda Purana
sures only. That wicked king nourished his own self through the
lives of others. 0
66. Ever-addicted to drinking wine, he very much sought
the company of other men’s wives. He coveted other men’s
wealth. Brahmarias were killed by him.
67. He defiled the bed of his preceptor. He always stole gold.
All his followers too were of that nature. All the followers of
that evil-minded king committed sins like him.
68. Thus that vicious king ruled the kingdom in diverse
ways. Then, after a great deal of time, the wicked king died.
69. Then, this evil-minded Indrasena was taken away by the
followers of Yama. The sinful king thus came to the presence of
Yama.
70. Indrasena who was standing in front there, was seen by
Yama. He stood up and bent his head (in honour of) Siva.
71. Yama, the most excellent one among those who uphold
virtue, rebuked his messengers. After releasing Indrasena who
had been bound with nooses Dharmaraja (god Yama) spoke:
72-73. “O most excellent one among kings, go to the meri­
torious worlds and enjoy them as long as Indra stays in heaven,
as long as the sun is in the sky. Be happy as long as the five ele­
ments exist. О great king, you are a man of meritorious deeds.
You are a permanent devotee of Siva.”
74. On hearing the words of Yama, Indrasena spoke: “I do
not know Siva. I am only a person interested in hunting.”
75-76. On hearing his words Yama spoke by way of expla­
nation: “The words 4ahara' (eat), ‘praharasvd*(attack) were always
uttered by you. As a result of that holy act, О bestower of
honour, you are permanently purified. Hence you do go to the
Kailasa mountain, to Sankara.”
77-78. Even as the noble-minded Yama was talking thus,
the messengers of Siva came there riding on bulls. They had
great refulgence. They were blue-throated, with ten arms, five
faces and three eyes. They had matted hair and wore ear-rings.
Their heads were markedly adorned with the crescent moon.
79. On seeing them, Yama, the most excellent one among
the upholders of virtue, stood up. He worshipped them all who
resembled the great Indra.
80. AH of them hurriedly spoke to Yama, the son of Vivas-
 I.i.5.81-91 33
van: “О lord of exalted fortune, did Indrasena of unmeasured
splendour come here? He is the person who continuously uttered
the name of the noble-minded Rudra.”
81. On hearing their words, Indrasena was honoured by
Yama and placed in an aerial chariot. He was then sent to the
abode of Siva.
82. He was brought in by the excellent attendants of Siva.
Then Indrasena of unmeasured splendour was seen by Sambhu.
83. Rudra stood up to welcome him, approached him and
embraced the king. He made Indrasena sit on half of his seat and
then said:
84. “O excellent king, what shall be given to you? What is
your desire? I shall give you whatever is desired by you.”
On hearing the words of the great Siva the king shed tears
of joy. (Overwhelmed) by love, he could not say anything.
85. Then he was made a Parsada (Attendant) by the noble-
minded Mahesa. He became famous by the name Canda. He
was a favourite friend of Munda.
86. Merely by uttering the name of Rudra, the supreme
soul, (former) sinful king Indrasena attained Siddhi.
87. By merely uttering ‘O Hari’, fcO Нага’, the names of
Siva, the supreme soul, and of Visnu, the wielder of discus, many
men have been saved by Siva.
88. No other god greater than Mahesa (Siva) can be seen
(found) in the three worlds. Hence SadaSiva should be worship­
ped by all the means.
89. He should always be worshipped with leaves, flowers,
fruits, even pure water, and with Karavira. And he becomes a
bestower of boons.
90. The flower of Arka (calotfopis gigantea) is ten times
more efficacious than Karavira. The entire universe consisting of
mobile and immobile beings is made with Vibhuti(the sacred ash).
91. It is always present in the courtyard of Siva. Hence one
should always besmear oneself with it.
Henceforth, listen to the merit, О excellent brahmaijas, of
TripuriircP (three parallel horizontal lines on the forehead)
drawn with sacred ash.1

1. VV 91-96 describe the redeeming power of Tripurufra.

 34 Skartda Ригала

92. It is meritorious and it dispels all sins. Listen to it, О

excellent brahmatias.
There was a certain thief who was a great sinner. H e was
executed by the servants of the king.
93-95. A certain dog came there to eat him (his flesh) and
stood over his head. Some ash sticking between the claws of the
dog fell on the forehead of that sinner in the form of an impres­
sion similar to Тпрппфа. His body was without consciousness
but the ash fell on it. Therefore the thief was taken to Kailasa
by the messengers of Rudra. Who can specifically describe the
greatness of Vibhuti (holy ash).
96. The men whose limbs are adorned with holy ash are
men of meritorious deeds. The men in whose mouth the
five-syllabled (Mantra), viz. namab sivaya exists are undoubtedly
veritable Rudras.
97. Those who have a cluster of matted hair on their heads
and those who have Rudraksa beads as their ornaments, are
themselves Rudras in human form. There is no doubt about it.
98. Hence Sadasiva should be regularly worshipped by men
in the morning, at midday and in the evening. The time of dusk
is very excellent.
99. By seeing Sambhu during the morning, the sin of (com­
mitted at) the night is dispelled. By visiting Sambhu at midday
the sin incurred by men in the course of seven previous births
becomes quelled. (The merit of seeing Sambhu) at night cannot
be adequately calculated.
100. The two-syllabled name £i-va is destructive of great
sins. The whole universe is sustained by those men from whose
mouths the name issues out.
101. Even heretics and those who cling to false and hetero­
dox doctrines attain the greatest goal and people who are devo­
ted to sinful activities become sanctified if they hear the sound
of the Bheri (big drum) placed in the courtyard of Siva’s temple
by people of meritorious deeds.
102. There is no doubt about this that even that animal
attains Siva’s presence, whose hide is used in connection with
the Bhert, Mrdahga, Muraja and other types of drums placed in
Siva’s temple by men.
103-104. Hence the devotee should offer various things
 I.i.5.105-112 35
pleasing to Sambhu in accordance with the injunctions, viz.
Tata and Vitata (stringed musical instruments such as lute etc.),
Ghana (cymbals, bells and gongs), Susira (flutes), very valuable
chowries, palanquins, beds, (singing) story poems, legends,
devotional music etc.
105-108. By offering these things even sinners go to the
world of Siva. (The following people get even better benefits:)
Men of good holy rites, noble-souled men proficient in the wor­
ship of Siva, those who are engaged in the worship of Siva
according to the procedure acquired directly from the (oral)
instructions of the preceptor, those persons of firm resolve who
see the universe as the form of Siva, persons of good conduct
with perfect intellect, men who adhere to the discipline of castes
and stages of life as well as others, brahmanas, k$atriyas, vaisyas,
sudras and other men. Even а садсШ а (devotee of Siva) is excel­
lent. He shall be a great favourite of Sambhu. The whole of this
universe including mobile and immobile beings is presided over
by Sambhu.
109-110. Hence it should be especially understood that
everything is identical with Siva. Sambhu should be known by
means of Vedas, Puraijas, sacred treatises, Upanisads and
different kinds of Agamas. Sadasiva should be worshipped by
all people irrespective of their being with or without desires.

Lomasa said:
111. I shall narrate an old legend describing an event that
happened long ago.
Formerly there was a vaisya named Nandin who lived in the
city of Avantl.1
112. He engaged himself in meditation on Siva and per­
formed his worship. Everyday he worshipped a Lihga that was
in the penance grove.

1. VV 111-193 relate the legend of two devotees—Nandin, a vaisya, and

Mahakala, a Kirata (a tribal). Siva approved of the selfless devotion of
the ignorant Kirata and not the ostentatious worship of Nandin, the vaiSya.
It was due to the request of the Kirata that the rich vaisya was redeemed by
$iva and absorbed as his gaiia (attendant).
 36 Skanda Purana
113. He used to get up very early in the morning everyday.
Nandi, the lover of Siva, became excessively devoted to the
worship of the Linga.
114. He bathed the Linga in Pahcdmfta in the manner
prescribed (in scriptures). He was always surrounded by brah-
manas who had mastered Vedas and Vedangas (ancillaries to
Vedas).
115-116. He was devoted to the worship of the Linga in
accordance with the injunctions of the sacred treatises. After
bathing the Linga duly, he always worshipped it with different
kinds of wonderful flowers, pearls, aspphires, Gomedas (Himalayan
gems), lapis lazuli, emeralds and rubies.
117. Tims Nandi of exalted fortune worshipped for many
years that Linga stationed in a lonely spot with different kinds of
offerings.
118. Once there was a Kirata (a forester) who was interested
in hunting and used to injure and kill animals. Being wrecklcss
he always enjoyed hunting.
119. That wicked fellow of sinful activities used to wander
in mountains and caves teeming with beasts of prey, killing the
animals here and there.
120. In the course of his wandering that Kirata, a habitual
killer of animals, came by chance where the Linga had been duly
worshipped.
121. He was extremely afflicted with thirst and looked for
water (everywhere). He saw a lake in the forest and immediately
entered the water.
122. The wicked fellow had placed everything he had got
by hunting, on the shore. He gargled, drank some water and
came out.
123-126. He saw in front of him the temple that had been
wonderfully embellished. The Linga that had been excellently
worshipped by means of different kinds of gems was seen
(by him). After seeing the Linga, when he began to offer his
worship, all the gems were tossed about here and there. Bathing
of the Linga was performed by him by means of a mouthful of
water. With one of his hands he offered Biha leaves (aegle
marmelos) for the purpose of worship. With the other hand he
 I.i.5.127-140 37
offered venison. After prostrating himself like a stick he men­
tally took the solemn vow to perform worship (as follows):
127. “ From today onwards I shall strenuously perform the
worship. From today, О Sankara, you arc my master and I am
your devotee.”
128. After having thus become a regular worshipper, the
Kirata returned home.
Nandi saw everything scattered here and there by the Kirata.
129. Nandi became anxious and worried: ‘What flaw is
this that has befallen me? Many obstacles have been mentioned
in the case of one who is engaged in the worship of Siva. Owing
to my misfortune all those obstacles have beset me.’
130. After pondering thus for a long time, he washed the
temple of Siva. Nandi then returned to his house along the path
by which he had gone.
131. The priest approached Nandi (as he was found) dejec­
ted in his mind. He spoke these words: “Why have you become
dejected in your mind?”
132-133. Nandi then spoke these words to his priest: “O
brahmana, impure things have been seen by me today in the
vicinity of Siva. T do not know at all by whom this has been
caused.”
134-140. Then the priest spoke these words to Nandin:
“The person by whom the offerings of gems etc. have been scat­
tered is a deluded one. There is no doubt. He is a stupid fellow
not aware of what should be or should not be done. Hence, О
lord, do not worry in the least. Be pleased to go to that temple
of Siva in the morning along with me in order to see that wicked
fellow. Thereafter, 1 shall do what should be done.” On hearing
these words of his priest, Nandin remained in his house during
the night with his mind extremely pained.
When the night passed, he called the priest and went to the
temple of Siva. Nandi went there along with that noble-souled
one. Thereafter, what was done by that wicked one the previous
day was seen.
Nandi performed the worship elaborately with different
kinds of gems for the requisite things. The five Upacaras (modes
of service in the course of the worship) and recitation of Rudra
hymns eleven times while bathing the god were duly performed.
38 Skanda Purana
He eulogized Girina with various hymns and prayers in the com­
pany of brahmapas. Two Yamas (i.e. six hours) were thus spent
by Nandi engaged in eulogy.
141. Indeed, at that time, there arrived (the Kirata called)
Mahakala who was of the same form (as before). He was extre­
mely powerful, very hideous and dreadful like the god of Death.
He was valorous and armed with a bow in his hand.
142. On seeing him Nandi was excessively frightened and he
cried. The priest too was suddenly struck with fear.
143. Everything was done by the Kirata scrupulously as
before. With the forepart of his foot he kicked aside the (pre­
vious) worship by Nandi and offered leaves of Biha (instead).
144. The bathing rite was performed by means of the
mouthful of water. The Naivedya (food offering) was the piece
of flesh. Thus the Kirata offered everything to Siva.
145-147. He prostrated himself on the ground like a staff of
wood. Then he rose up and went to his abode. On seeing that
extremely wonderful incident, he (Nandi) thought about it for a
long time. Along with the priest, Nandi was agitated in his mind
as he pondered over this. Many brahma^as, expounders of the
Vedas, were invited by him. He recounted to them everything
performed by the Kirata and asked them : “What should be done,
О brahmai3Las?Tet everything be explained accurately.”
148. All of them met together and ascertained the matter
from the point of Dharma Sastra. Then, all those brahmaijas
spoke to Nandin who was extremely frightened and suspicious:
149. “This obstacle that has sprung up cannot be warded
off even by Devas. Hence, О excellent vaisya, bring that Lifiga
to your own abode.”
150-151. He honoured their suggestion saying, “So be it” .
Then Nandi dug out that Sivalifiga, brought it to his own house
and consecrated it duly after placing it on a golden pedestal
rendered splendid by means of the nine precious stones. He then
performed the Puja with various kinds of rites and articles of
worship.
152. The next day the Kirata came to the temple of Siva
and on glancing about could not see the Lifiga of Isa.
153-157. Breaking his silence suddenly he shouted loudly
and spoke thus: “O Sambhu, where have you gone? Reveal your­
 I.i.5.158-173 39

self to me now. If you are not seen now, I will give up my body.
О Sambhu, О lord of the universe, О destroyer of Tripura, О
Rudra, О Mahadeva, reveal your form yourself.”
Thus, by means of sweet words of apparent rebuke Sadasiva
was disrespected by the Kirata. Then that heroic forester tore up
his belly with his nails. Stroking his arms he said angrily, “O
Sarhbhu, reveal yourself. Where will you go abandoning me?”
158. After scolding thus, the Kirata cut the flesh all round
and took out the intestines. With his hand he threw them
suddenly into that pit.
159-161. He steadied his heart and took bath in that lake.
Similarly he brought water and Bilva leaves hurriedly. He wor­
shipped the lord duly and prostrated on the ground stretching
himself like a stick of wood. Thereafter the Kirata remained there
in the presence of Siva engaged in meditation. Thereupon, Rudra
surrounded by Pramathas, revealed himself to him.
162. The moon-crested lord Rudra who was white like cam­
phor and who was refulgent with matted hair, grasped him by the
hand and assuaged him consolingly.
163. “O heroic one of great intellect, you are my
devotee. Choose a boon conducive to your own welfare. О highly
intelligent one, (speak) whatever is intensely desired by you.”
164. On being addressed thus by Rudra, Mahakala became
joyous. Endowed with great devotion, he fell down on the ground
like a stick of wood.
165-167. Then he spoke to Rudra: “I request for the boon.
О Rudra, there is no doubt about (the fact) that I am your slave.
You are my lord and master. Realizing this, grant me devotion
unto you in every birth. You are my mother. You are my father
too. You are my kinsman and friend. You are the preceptor. You
are the great Mantra. You are always worthy of being known
through the Mantras. Hence in the three worlds there is nothing
else than you.”
168. On hearing these words of the Kirata, devoid of desire,
Siva granted him the position of the chief of his attendants and
the post of his doorkeeper.
169-173. Then the three worlds were filled with the sound
of Damaru (a kind of drum), with the booming sound of the big
drum Bherl and the sound of conchs. Then thousands of Dun-
 40 Skanda Purana
dubhis and Pafahas (different kinds of drums) were sounded. On
hearing that sound Nandi was surprised. He hurried to the place
in the penance grove where Siva was present surrcfunded by
Pramathas. The Kirata too was seen exactly like that by Nandi.
Nandi who was surprised much, spoke these words humbly. He
became desirous of eulogizing the Kirata with great intentness:
“ Sambhu was brought here by you. О scorcher of enemies, you
are (his real) devotee. 1 am your devotee and have come here.
Mention about me to Sankara.”
174. On hearing his words, the Kirata grasped Nandi by the
hand and hurriedly approached Sankara.
175. Lord Rudra laughingly spoke these words to the
Kirata: “Who is this person brought by you in the presence of
the Ganas?”
176. Sankara, the benefactor of all the worlds, was then in­
formed by the K irata:
Kirata said:
This is your devotee, О lord. He is always engaged in your
worship.
177-178. Everyday you have been worshipped by him with
gems and rubies, flowers of various kinds, with his own life as
well as wealth. There is no doubt about this. Hence know that he
is my friend, Nandin, О lord favourably disposed towards your
devotees.
Mahadcva said:
179. I do not know, О highly fortunate one, Nandi, the
vaisya mentioned (by you), (but) О Mahakala of great intellect,
(I shall accept him) because you are my devotee as well as friend.
180. Those who are free from fraud, and are of lofty mind,
are dear devotees of mine. They are excellent men.
181. Heisyour devotee and hence he is a dearer friend tome.

Thus both of them were accepted by Sambhu as his atten­

dants.
182. Then many aerial chariots of great lustre arrived there.
That excellent vaisya was redeemed by that excellent Kirata of
great refulgence.
 I.i.5.183-197 41

183. By means of aerial chariots of great speed both of

them arrived at Mount Kailasa. They attained the state of hav­
ing the same form as that of the noble-souled Tsvara.
184. Waving of the light was performed by Girija to both
of them along with Siva. Thereupon, the goddess with a graceful
gait of an elephant laughingly said to Siva:
185-188. “Just as you are, so also are these, undoubtedly
in form as well as mode of walking. They are well-honoured with
smiles and friendliness. Hitherto you alone had been served by
me, no doubt.”
On hearing the words of the goddess, the Kirata and the
vaisya turned their faces aside immediately even as Sankara was
observing. (They said:) “We are to be sympathized by you alone,
О three-eyed lord. We shall perpetually stand at your door.
Obeisance, obeisance to you.”
189. Knowing their intention, Bhava laughingly said: “On
account of your great devotion may your desire be fulfilled.”
190. Ever since then both of them became the gatekeepers.
They stood at the doorway of Siva, О brahmapas. They had the
vision of Siva during midday.
191. One was Nandi and the other Mahakala. Both of them
were lovers of Siva. Both of them joyously talked to Sadasiva
who was one.
192-193. Mahadeva talked to them lifting up one of his
fingers. Similarly Nandi said lifting up two of his fingers. Thus
with the gestures and signs they stand at the entrance to the
abode of the noble-souled (lord) Sankara. О highly fortunate
sages, listen.
194-197. Formerly the unlimited pious rites of Siva had
been proclaimed by Sailada out of sympathy, О brahmapas, for
evil-minded living beings, sinners, impious people, blind ones,
dumb beings, lame ones, those of ignoble births, evil-minded
ones, can^alas, and other persons whatever their nature may be.
If they are endowed with devotion to Siva, they go to the pre­
sence of the trident-bearing lord of Devas. Those learned men
who worship a Linga made of sand, go to Rudraloka un­
doubtedly.
 42 Skanda Ригала

CHAPTER SIX

Curse to Brahma and Others

The sages enquired:
1. How did the pre-eminence of Lihga, exclusive of Siva,
come to be established? О highly fortunate sage, let this be
narrated to us who are eagerly desirous of learning it.

Loma&a said:
2-4. Lord Sambhu wandered about in the forest Daruvana
for the sake of begging alms.1 The sole lord of the worlds with
quarters for his garments (i.e. naked), having the cluster of his
matted hair loosened, that lord who can be understood only
through Vedanta (i.e. Upani§ads), the great lord, the greatest
among leading Yogins, the sole supporter of the group of worlds
is greater than the greatest. He is the great lord of the worlds
with exalted dignity. That noble-souled Isvara assumed the form
of a mendicant; begged for alms in the Daruvana forest.
5. At midday the sages, О brahmanas, went to the sacred
places (for bath) from their hermitages. At that very time, all the
wives of those sages came there.
6-8 On seeing Sambhu they spoke to one another, “Who is
this personage of uncommon appearance, who has come here in
the form of a mendicant? We along with our friends shall give
him alms.” Saying, “So be it” , they went home and joyously
brought various kinds of food as alms. They were fine and
delicate. They offered everything in accordance with their
capacity but with due honour and gentle behaviour. The alms
begged for by the Trident-bearing Lord of Devas were (duly
given to him).
9-12. One of the ladies who was struck with wonder asked
Sambhu who endeared himself very much to her: “Who are you,
О excessively intelligent one? Why have you come here as a
mendicant? This is the sacred hermitage of sages. Why do you
1. The story of Siva’s visit to Daruvana and dropping of his Phallus
when cursed by sages, is found in other Purinas also (e.g. KP II.3.8-39,
BdPI.ii.27). The peculiar behaviour of Siva is called Dvara in Pasupata
Sutras.
I.i.6.13-23 43

not sit here in our hermitage?” On being asked thus by her,

Sambhu said laughingly:
“I am Isvara, О lady with excellent tresses; I have come to
this holy place.” On hearing the words o f Isvara (Siva) the wife
of the sage asked him:
“(You say that) you are Isvara (Siva), О gentle Sir, of
exalted fortune. You are the lord of the Kailasa mountain. But,
О lord, how does it happen that you are begging for alms alone
and single?”
13-14. On being asked thus by her, Sambhu said to her once
again these words: “Tam bereaved of Dak§ayanl. Hence I wander
about nude for the purpose of begging alms, О lady of excellent
hips. I am free from any wish or desire or any expectation of
advantage from anybody. О beautiful lady, without Satl all the
women in the world do not at all appeal to me. I am speaking
the truth to you, О lady of large eyes.”
15-16. On hearing the words spoken by him, the lotus-eyed
lady said: “There is no doubt that women really accord pleasure
by their touch unto man. Such pleasurable women, О Sambhu,
have been eschewed by a learned man like you!”
17-21. In this manner all young women gathered together
at the place where Sankara was (standing). The alms-bowl of
Sambhu was filled with cooked food of very good quality. Four
types of foodstuffs with all the six tastes filled his bowl.
When Sambhu was desirous of returning to the Kailasa
mountain, all those wives of brahmanas joyously followed him
forsaking their domestic duties. With their minds attached to
him, they walked on and on (after him).
When all those wives (of sages) had left thus, the excellent
sages reached their hermitages and found them empty and
vacant. They spoke to one another, “Where have all these women
(our wives) gone? We do not know by what damned fellow they
have been abducted.” Pondering and deliberating thus they
searched here and there.
22. Thereupon they saw that they had been following Siva.
On seeing Siva, the sages angrily closed in upon him.
23. Standing in front of Siva, all of them said with impetuo­
sity, “What has been done by you, О Sambhu (who profess to be)
 44 Skanda Purana

detached and noble-souled? You are no doubt the kidnapper of

the wives of others, i.e. of us, the sages.”
24. Although rebuked thus, Siva silently went oh towards
his mountain. Then that immutable Mahadeva was overtaken
by the sages. (They then cursed him thus:) “Since you are the
abductor of (our) wives, be instantaneously a eunuch.”
25. Thus cursed by the sages, his penis fell down on the
ground. As soon as it reached the ground, it became very large
immediately and it increased in size (enormously).
26-31. From beneath and above, the Linga covered the seven
Patalas in an instant. Then it pervaded the entire earth and
enveloped the firmament. All the heavens were covered. Then
it rose beyond the heavens. There was no earth, no quarters,
neither water nor fire, neither wind nor ether, neither Cosmic
Ego (Ahmkard) nor the Great Principle (Mahat), neither the Un­
manifest One (Avyakta) nor the Time and no great Primordial
Matter (Prakfti). There was no dualistic division. Everything
became merged in an instant. Since the entire universe became
Lina (merged) in that Linga of the great Atman (it came to be
called so).
"Learned men say that it is called Linga because of
Layana (merging of the universe). On seeing such a Linga rising
further and further, the celestial sages, Brahma, Tndra, Visriu,
Vayu, Agni and the Guardians of the Quarters and the serpents
were filled with surprise in their minds. They spoke to one an­
other:
32. “What is the length (of this Linga)! What is its girth?
Where is its top? Where is its pedestal?” All the Suras who were
worried with thoughts like these then said to Vis$u:
Devos said:
33. Its root must be seen by you, О Vi§riu, О lotus-born
Brahma, its head must be seen by you.1 Then you can justifiably
be called protectors.

1. This legend explains why the leaf of Ketaki is not used in Siva’s
worship and why god Brahma is not generally worshipped. This legend has
no basis in Mahobharata and Valmiki’s Ramayana. Here gods requested
Vi§pu to trace the root of the Linga as he was a Varaha and due to Brahmas
 I.i.6.34-45 45
34. Vi$riu and the Lotus-born god Brahma both of whom
were (gods) of exalted fortune, heard this. Vi§nu went to the
nether worlds and Brahma went to heaven.
35. When he reached heaven, Brahma eagerly looked (every­
where) but that clever (lord) did not see the top of that Linga.
36. So the Lotus-born (Lord) returned along the path he
had gone and reached the topofM eru. There he was seen by
Surabhi (Divine Cow).
37. She was standing in the shade of a Ketaki plant and
spoke to him in sweet words. On hearing her words, the grand­
father of all the worlds spoke laughingly to Surabhi in deceptive
words:
38-41. “An extraordinarily wonderful Linga which has per­
vaded the entire region of the three worlds was seen; I was
deputed by Devas to see its top. I am extremely worried as to
what I should report in the presence of Devas as the top of
that all-pervading Linga of the noble-souled (lord) was not seen.
Though it is untrue, you should tell Devas that the top
of the Linga has been seen. Tf all the groups of Devas like
Indra and others were to ask you, ‘Have you witnessed?’, you
shall say quickly, ‘Tn this matter, О Devas, there are witnesses’.
In this matter, О lady of good holy rites, you do be my wit­
ness along with the Ketaki flower.”
42-43. Accepting the suggestion of Brahma Paramesthin
with her head (bent down respectfully), Surabhi in the company
of the Ketaki flower honoured it. Arriving thus in front of
Devas, Brahma spoke:
Brahma said:
44. I have seen the wonderful top of the Linga, О Devas.
It was duly worshipped by me with Ketaki petals. It is large,
soft and spotlessly pure.
45. It is beautiful and fascinating. It is wonderfully lustrous
and excessively refulgent.

association with swans, the latter was sent to explore the top. In other Pura-
pas we are told that Siva appeared in the form of a column of fire to resolve
the conflict between Brahm& and Vi$pu about personal superiority and
showed them that he was superior to them both.
 46 Skanda Parana

46. Such a Linga was seen by me. bike that I have not seen
anything else anywhere else.

On hearing the words of Brahma, Devas were struck with

wonder.
47-52. Even as the groups of Devas beginning with Tndra
stood thus filled with wonder, Visiju, the lord of all, the bestower
of spiritual illumination, came there from Patala. Immediately
he reported to all: “(Although) I was eager to see its end, it (the
end of the Linga) has not been seen by me. As I was moving further
from Patala, I was struck with great wonder. I went through
At ala, Sutala, Nitala, Rasatala, Patala and Tala and Talatala.
Everything appeared empty and void. Even the most vacant
place of all was examined well. But it has neither root nor
middle nor top. Mahadeva by whom this universe is sustained
is the one in the form of Linga. It was due to his grace that you
and the sages were born.”
53. On hearing his words Suras and sages honoured him.
Then Vi§nu spoke thus laughingly to Brahma:
54. “If, О Brahma, the top has been truly seen by you, who
are the witnesses you have had in this matter?”
55-58. On hearing the words of Vi$pu, Brahma, the grand­
father of the worlds, hurriedly said, “Ketaki and Surabhi. О
Devas, these two may be known as my eye-witnesses.” On hear­
ing the words of Brahma, all Devas hurriedly sent for Surabhi
along with Ketaki. The two instantaneously came there for the
work of Brahma.
Thereafter Surabhi was asked by Devas beginning with
Indra. She said thus together with Ketaki: “Indeed, О Devas,
The top of the Linga was seen by Brahma and worshipped with
the petals of K etaki”
59-60. Even as all of them listened, an ethereal voice was
heard from the sky: “ Understand, О gods, that what is deposed
by Surabhi and Ketaki is a false statement. Its top has not
been seen (by Brahma).”
61. Then all Devas along with Indra and Vi$au angrily
cursed Surabhi who was intent to utter falsehood:
62. “ O splendid one, today a lie has been thus uttered by
I.i.6.63—I.i.7.3 47

your mouth, b et your mouth be unholy and impure. Let it be

excluded from all religious rites.
63. Even though fragrant, О KetakU you shall be unsuitable
for the worship of Siva. There is no doubt about it, О good
lady, that you have lied.”
64-68. Then the ethereal voice cursed Brahma: “O stupid
one, why has falsehood been uttered childishly by you? (Why
have you done this) along with Bhrgu, the sages and the priest?
Hence you will never be worthy of worship. You will suffer from
pain. The sages (who ought to be) virtuous will be excluded from
truthful statements. They will be deluded, engaged in disputes,
jealous and unaware of true knowledge. They will be beggars
and worthy of being cut to pieces. They will perpetually ruin
their own knowledge. They will boast rof themselves. They will
be stubborn and will censure one another.”
Thus Devas beginning with Brahma, as well as the sages were
cursed. All of them, cursed by Siva sought refuge in Linga.

CHAPTER SEVEN

Worship o f the Linga

Lomasa said:
1. Then all those Suras and even the sages became fright­
ened. Brahma and others who became perturbed and distressed
on account of their knowledge (of their mistake) eulogized the
Linga of Lord Siva.
Brahma said:
2. You who have assumed the Linga form, are of great
miraculous power. You who are of the form of the Supreme
Soul, are knowable (only) through Vedanta (Upanisads). It
is by you who is ever engrossed in Bliss that the universe which
is rooted in you, has been created.
3. You are the witness unto all the worlds. You are the
 48 Skanda Purdrut

annihilator of all. You are the protector, О Mahadeva. You

are Bhairava, О lord of universe.
4. This unit of the three worlds has been pervacted by you
in the form of Lifiga. О lord, we are insignificant creatures
whose minds arc deluded by Maya.
5. We, viz. T, Suras, Asuras, all the Yaksas, Gandharvas
and Rak$asas, serpents, Pisacas and these Vidyadharas, are all
deluded.
6-7. You are the creator of the creators of the universe.
You are indeed the lord and ruler of the universe. You, the
Supreme Person, are (both) the creator and annihilator of the
universe.
Protect everything belonging to us. О Mahadeva. Obeisance
to you, О god of Devas.

Thus the great lord in the form of Lifiga was eulogized

by Brahma.
8. The sages who were desirous of eulogizing Mahesvara,
the sinless one, eulogized with very great eagerness and respect
by means of excellent words recorded in the Vedas.
The sages said.
9. We are all ignorant. On account of lust, we do not re­
cognise your status. Indeed you are the Soul, the Supreme Soul.
You are the Prakrti, the evolver (of everything).
10. You are our mother. You alone are our father. You
are our kinsman. You alone are our friend. You alone are
Isvara. You are conversant with the Vedas. You are always
meditated upon by persons of great magnanimity.
11. You are the immanent Soul of all living beings, like
flame of all fuel. Since everything takes its origin from you, you
are forever Sarva.
12. The lord is called Sambhu because йот (happiness)
takes its origin from him.
13. All of us, Devas and others (such as) sages, celestial
Gandharvas, Vidyadharas, great serpents have resorted to your
lotus-like feet.
14. Hence, with mercifulness, О Sambhu, О lord of the
universe, protect us.
I л.7.15-24 49

Mahadeva said:
15. Listen to my word now. Let it be carried out immedia­
tely. May all of you pray to Vi^ui,1 О ascetics, with immediate
effect-
16. On hearing the word of the noble-souled Sankara, all
those Suras bowed down to Visnu and eulogized him.
Devas said:
17. Vidyadharas, groups of Suras, all the sages, everyone
has been saved by you today, О sole kinsman of the universe.
In that manner, О merciful one, О lord of the three worlds, О
lord of the universe, О abode of the universe, protect all the
people.

18-19. Lord Visriu laughed loudly and spoke these words

then: “Formerly you were oppressed by Daityas and protected
by me. But today a great danger of everlasting nature has
arisen from this Linga. It is not possible for me to protect
you, О Suras, from the danger from this Linga.”
20. On being told thus by Vi$$u, Devas became worried.
Thereupon an ethereal voice spoke thus, consoling all the Suras:
21. “O Janardana, choose this Linga for worship. Becom­
ing a mass of refulgence, О mighty one, protect the mobile and
immobile beings.”
Saying “so be it” and honouring it,Lord VIrabhadra worship­
ped it.2
22. At that time, the noble-souled VIrabhadra, having the
moon for his crest and engaged in carrying out the orders of
Siva, was worshipped by the groups of Suras beginning with
Brahma, collectively. VIrabhadra was a favourite of Siva and
was on a par with Kudra in the three worlds.
23-24. Then VIrabhadra was absorbed in worshipping the
Linga. It (the Linga) had the same form wherefrom the entire
universe takes it origin, derives sustenance and gets merged with
it. The excellent ones among those who are the knowers of the
1. This is how Purarias tried to bring together followers of Saivism and
Vai$navism.
2. Or, was VIrabhadra worshipped by them? The next verse shows that
VIrabhadra was worshipped by Suras.
 50 Skanda Ригала

Reality call it Linga, because of its being a place of rest (to the
absorbed).
25. The Linga became pervaded by the spheres of the
Cosmic Eggs. It was embellished with Rudrdksas. It grew so
large that it could not be surpassed by anyone.
26-27. Then all Devas and sages of great lustre eulogized
the great Linga by means of the Vedic words (Mantras) sepa­
rately :
“O lord, you are minuter than the atom. So also you are
greater than the greatest. Hence, О lord Siva, you must make
such arrangements as to make the worship of the Linga easy for
everyone.”
28-35. At that time itself, many types of Lingas were evolv­
ed by Sarva (Siva)1, viz. the BrahmeSvara Linga in the world
called Satya (god Brahma’s region), SadaSiva Lingain Vaikuptha,
a well-established Linga named AmareSvara in Amaravati
(Indra’s capital), VaruyeSvara Linga in the city of Vafuija, Lord
Kalesvara in the city of Yama, Nairrtefoara Linga in the city of
Nirrti, Pavane§vara Linga in the city of Vayu, in the Mrtyu-
loka2 Kedara Linga as well as Amaresvara, Omkara Linga as well
as Mahakala in the Narmada (region), Lord Visvesvara in KasI,
Lalitesvara in Prayaga, Triyambaka in Brahmagiri (Nasik Dis­
trict) as well as Bhadrehara in Kali, Drak?arame§Vara' Linga
in the place of the Union of Ganga with ocean, the Linga
remembered as SomeSvara in Saura$tra, Sarve&vara Linga
on the Vindhya, SikhareSvara Linga on Srlsaila, Mallalanatha3
(?) in Kanti, Sirhhanatha in Sihgala (Simhala), so also many
Lingas such as Viriipaksa Linga, KoJiSahkara, Tripurantaka,
Bhime§ay Amaresvara, Bhoge§vara and HafakeSvara in Patala.
These and many other Lingas of this sort were installed in all
the three worlds by Devas for helping the entire universe.

1. The list of Lingas and their locations shows that the Linga is worship­
ped in the three worlds and by great gods like BrahmS, Vi$pu, lndra and
others.
2. This list covers most of the Jyotirlingas in India.
3. G.M. (Guru M a n ila edition of SkP) reads instead: kamadam malli-
natham ‘MallinStha who confers desired objects*.
 L i.7.36-46 51
36. And thus all the three worlds became full of great
Lingas. Similarly, gods created VlrabhadramSas (portions of
Virabhadra) for worship.
37. There were twenty-eight Somskaras (consecratory rites)
there in the process of worship of Linga. They were mentioned
by Sankara himself.
38-41. There are eternal Sivadfiarmas mentioned by Rudra
where Virabhadra, Rudra and other Gurus (preceptors) are re­
membered. The sons of Gurus also have become famous in the
three worlds as Gurus. Only Nandi knows factually the great­
ness of Linga. So also lord Skanda and those others who bear
his names.
All the Sivadharmas have been glorified as mentioned by
Nandi, the son of Silada. Many wonderful persons of exalted
nature have been glorified as bearers o f Lingas.1
Linga is held above a dead body by the ancient people.
42. Living with Linga and dying with Linga—these virtuous
rites have been established by Sailada (Nandin).
43-45. The religion of the Pasupata established by Skanda
is the most excellent one. The five-syllabled Mantra (Na-mahm
Si-va-yd) is the purest. Then comes the Prasadl (Omkara)
Mantra. The six-syllabled Mantra (От, na-mah-Si-va-ya) is the
illuminator of the Pranava.2
From Skanda it was acquired by the noble-souled Agastya.
Afterwards due to the difference in the preceptors, many Agamas
were composed.
46. Of what avail is much talk? Those who utter the two

1. This is not a reference to the Lingayata cult. Inscriptions from North

Karnatak and (western) Andhra testify to the existence of a &aiva cult
(Simha Pari?ad) of Kashmira Brahmins who followed Lakulagama. They
worshipped Siva in the Linga-form and wore Linga on their persons. They
received royal grants for conducting Pafha&alas to teach Veda, Vedanta,
Yoga. Their temples and Mashas along with educational institutes were
taken over by Lihg&yatas in the 13th century. (Vide S.C. Nandimath, A Hand
Book o f Vira&aivism, Dharwar 1942.) I have dealt with this problem in my
work Saiva Philosophy which is being published by МЕР (Marathi Encyclo­
paedia of Philosophy) Council, Pune. (Translator)
2. In Mantra tfastra, Omkara Blja is called Prdsada.
 52 Skanda Purdria

syllables $i-va everyday are Rudras themselves.1 There is no

doubt in this matter.
47. Those who follow the path of good people are alt
Purantakas (Siva). They should be known as heroes of Mahes-
vara.2 They destroy the sins of men.
48. Those who perform rites of devotion incidentally, as a
consequence of something else, by chance or as an act of faith,
attain the goal of the good.
49. Tisten. I shall narrate an old legend in this connection.
Sweeping was performed formerly by a female bird in a temple
of Siva.
50. It had come (into the temple) for the sake of food. The
Naiveclya was offered by someone. When it fluttered its wings,
the dust particles happened to be swept away.
51. As a result of that meritorious deed, she went to the
excellent heaven. After enjoying the heavenly pleasures, she came
back to the fierce world once again.
52. She was born as the daughter of the king of Kasi. She
became famous by the name Sundari. Thanks to the previous
experience, that girl of auspicious features became a great chaste
lady.
53. Early in the morning, the lady of slender limbs was
always present at the doorway of the temple of Siva. With great
devotion she used to sweep the premises.
54. The gentle princess, Sundari, did everything herself. On
seeing her in that activity, Uddalaka, the sage, enquired:
55-56. “O girl of splendid features, you are delicate in body.
Why do you sweep yourself, О girl of bright smiles? О gentle
lady, you have in front of you many men and women servants.
At your bidding they will do all the sweeping work etc.”
57. On hearing those words of the sage, she laughingly
said thus:
58-60a. “The men and women who render service to Siva,
those who are prompted by devotion to Siva, do go to the

1. The importance of uttering God’s name has been emphasized all over
India by Saints and Ac&ryas even today.
2. Vira Mahesvarah. Is the term (name of a sect) ‘VIra-Saiva* derived
from this?
 I.i.7.60b—I.i.8.5 53
world of Siva. The sweeping must be done by one’s own hands.
One should go to the temple on one’s own foot. Hence, sweeping
is done by me unweariedly. I do not know anything else, except­
ing the single act of sweeping.”1
60b-62. On hearing her words, the sage pondered: ‘Who is
she? What has been done by her previously? By whose favour
(did she get all these)?’ Then everything was understood by the
sage through the eye of (the power of his) spiritual knowledge.
63. Struck with wonder, he became silent. After knowing
it, he became surprised. Thinking about the power of Siva,
Uddalaka, the most excellent among the learned ones, attained
the greatest enlightenment. He became calm and quiescent.

CHAPTER EIGHT

The Story o f a Thief: Incarnation o f Rama

Lomasa said:
1-3. О Brahmaiias, once there was a great sinner.2 He was
a thief. He was excommunicated from all religious rites. He was
a Brahmana-slayer, a drink-addict and a thief of gold. He sought
the company of excellent women in an illicit way. He was stupid
and slow and always engaged in gambling along with gamblers
and cunning fellows. Once while playing, he lost wonderfully
(large amount). Smashed and hit by rogues and gamblers, he did
not speak anything.
4-5. Though he was harassed and tormented, he kept quiet.
Then that great sinner was asked thus by them : “You have lost
this much wealth in the game of dice. Are you going to give it
or not? О wicked fellow, let this be told immediately and

1. The fruit of rendering slightest service to Siva, even unknowingly, is

highly efficacious. The Purapa abounds in such legends.
2. Lord Siva is extremely kind even to wicked robbers. The superb
magnanimity of Siva is illustrated in this story in which a gambler-thief is
elevated as his Gaga by Siva.
 54 Skanda Purdna

precisely.” Then he said: “What has been lost by me, I shall

give at night.”
6. Thanks to that statement, he was released by them. Those
gamblers and rogues then went away. Then at mid-night he
went to the temple of Siva.
7. Climbing on to the head o f Sambhu, he attempted to
take the bell. At that time on the peak o f Kailasa, Sambhu said
to his servants :
8. “What has been done by this fellow today is far superior
to anything done by anyone on the earth. He is the most excel­
lent one among all my devotees, hence he is my great favourite.”
9. After saying this, he commanded the Ganas beginning
with Virabhadra to bring him (the thief-gambler). They hurriedly
started from Kailasa, the favourite (resort) of Siva.
10. The three worlds were filled with the sound of Damarus
by all of them. On seeing them, the evil-minded thief got down
suddenly from the top of the Lirtga and took to his heels im­
mediately.
11-14. On seeing him fleeing, Virabhadra called him: “Whom
do you fear, О stupid fellow? Mahesvara, the lord of Devas,
has been pleased with you, as he is very liberal-minded.”
After saying thus and placing him in the aerial chariot, he
came to Kailasa. The thief was made an attendant by that noble-
souled (lord).
Hence, devotion to Siva must be preserved and cultivated by
ail embodied beings. Even animals will be worthy o f being wor­
shipped thereby. What to say of men on the earth?
15-16. The followers of Tarka-§astra are engaged in abstract
reasoning and arguments.1 So are the followers of the Mimamsa
School. They go on arguing and disputing among themselves.
And there are others who deliberate on and discuss about the
existence, nature etc. of the Soul, but never reach any unanimity,
or reconciliation of (their) differences. They are excluded from
the worship of Siva. Without Siva, of what significance are
they, by whom only arguments are forwarded?
17. Of what avail is much talk? All mobile and immobile
beings, all animals too, are born bearing the Linga.
1. Devotion to God is superior to learning. This teaching has been incul­
cated by all Indian saints since the days of this Purflpa.
I.i.8.18-28 55

18. Just as the Linga is placed (and consecrated) in con­

junction with the Рщф (globular solid pedestal), so also men
are endowed with Lingas and women are Pinfis.
19. The entire universe consisting of the mobile and
immobile beings is endowed with (the union of) Siva and Sakti.
Those are foolish fellows who, out of delusion, eschew devotion
to such Siva and worship others.
20. Their Dharma is extremely insignificant, perishable and
momentary. He who is Vi§pu should be known as Siva. He
who is Siva is Vispu alone.1
21. The pedestal is the form of Visnu and Mahesvara is in
the form of Linga. Hence the worship of Linga, О Brahmanas, is
excellent for everyone.
22. Brahma worships a Ruby-Linga always, Indra worships
a Linga made of gems and Candra (the Moon-god) one of pearls.
23. Bhanu (the Sun-god) always worships a splendid copper
(-coloured) Linga. Kubera worships a golden Linga and Varupa
a Linga red in colour.
24. Yama worships a sapphire Linga, Nairrta worships a
silver Linga, Pavana (Wind-god) always worships a saffron Linga
of the lord.
25. Thus, all Guardians of the Quarters including Indra have
been characterised as worshippers of Linga. So are all (persons)
in the nether world and also Gandharvas and Kinnaras.
26-27. Among Daityas, О Brahmanas, there are certain
devotees of Vi$pu, the chief of whom was Prahlada.2 So also
among Raksasas, those having Vibhisapa as their leader.
So also (were) Bali, Namuci, Hiranyakagipu, Vr$aparvan, Vr$a,
Samhrada and Baria.
28. These and many others who were the disciples of the
intelligent Sukra were engaged in worshipping Siva. All these
Daityas and Danavas (were devotees of Siva).

1. The identity of Siva and Vi$pu is repeated ad nauseam. The pedestal

which was stated as Sakti above in v. 19, is now stated to be Vi?pu and the
Linga is Siva. Thus Siva and Vi$pu become identical and therefore Vai$na-
vas are advised not to express a\ersion to Siva.
2. As Vi$yu and Siva are united in the Linga and its pedestal, worship of
Siva-LiAga is automatically the worship of Vi$yu who is there as the pedestal.
So the Vaispavas need not entertain any aversion to Zj/fca-worship.
56 Skanda Purdna

29-32. All the following were Rak$asas and they were al­
ways engaged in the worship of Siva. They were: Heti, Praheti,
Samyati, Vighasa, Praghasa, Vidyujjihva, Tik§$adam$tra, Dhum-
rak§a of terrible valour, Mali, Sumali and the extremely terrible
Malyavan, VidyutkeSa, Ta^ijjihva, Ravana of great strength, the
invincible КишЬЬакагца and Vegadarsi of great valour. These
were great Raksasas, who were always engaged in worshipping
Siva. After worshipping the Linga formerly, they had always
attained SiddhL
33. A severe penance unbearable to all was performed by
Ravana. Then Mahadeva, the lord of penance, became much
pleased.
34-35. He granted him boons very difficult to be achieved
by all others. Wisdom with perfect knowledge was obtained by
him from Sadasiva. He further obtained (invinicibility) in battle
and twice the number of heads (as those of god Siva), for Maha­
deva had only five faces, whereas Ravana had ten faces.
36. Thanks to the grace of Mahesa, that powerful (Rak-
sasa) defeated Devas, sages and manes by means of his penance
and became superior to all.
37. He was made the great king and ruler of Trikuta by
Mahesa. He occupied the greatest and most excellent position
(seat) among Raksasas.
38. It was for testing (the enduring capacity of) the sages
that he harassed them. Violence towards the sages was indulged
in, О Brahmanas, by Ravaija who was himself an ascetic, only
because he wanted to test them.
39. Ravapa who made the whole world cry and scream, be­
came great and invincible. Thanks to the grace and favour of
Sankara, another creation was evolved by him.
40. The guardians of the worlds were conquered by that
ascetic by means of his valour. Brahma too was subdued by him
only through great penance.
41. By becoming the nectar-rayed one, he conquered the
Moon, О Brahmanas. Through the power of burning, the Fire-
god was conquered and Isa (himself) was conquered by lifting
up Kailasa (mountain).
42. Indra was conquered by means of his AUvarya (power
and prosperity). So also Vi$$u, the omnipresent one. By wor­
Lj.8.43-53 57

shipping and propitiating the Linga, all the three worlds were •
controlled by him.
43. At that time, all the groups of Suras, with Brahma and
Visnu as their leaders, gathered together on the top of Meru
and began their deliberation and discussion:
44-45. “We have been tormented by Rava$a through his
penance, very difficult to be performed (by others). О Devas, let
this wonderful story be listened to. On the mountain named
Gokarria, worship of the Linga itself was performed by that
noble-souled (hero). What could be known only through know­
ledge, what could be achieved only through knowledge, whatever
great miracle was there, that which is very difficult to be surpas­
sed by everyone—all these were done by Havana alone.
46. He had adopted the greatest vairagya (detachment) as
well as liberal-midedness greater even than that (vairagya). The
feeling of mamata (mineness) was eschewed by the noble-souled
Havana.
47. After a period of a thousand years, that (hero) of great
arms cut one of his own head and offered it with his own hand,
for the sake of worshipping the Linga.
48. Havana's body short of one head stood in front of it in
the vicinity. It was endowed with Yogic dharana (steady abstrac­
tion) and the greatest samadhi (concentration).
49. Fixing his attention deeply on the Linga after about a
kala, he cut off another head and worshipped Siva with it. Such
(performance of) worship was never done by any sage nor by any­
one else.
50. Thus many heads were chopped off and offered by him
in worshipping Siva. Again and again he became a headless
body. Then Siva became a bestower of boons.
51. ‘Formerly without being myself transformed into a
Pirttfl.. -1 0 descendant of Pulastya, choose boons as you please.
I shall grant you the same.’
52-53. Then Siva of greatest auspiciousness was requested
by Havana: ‘If Your Lordship are pleased, the excellent boon
should be given to me. I do not wish to seek any other boon. If
you have merciful favour towards me, you should give me such a
boon whereby I (always) resort to your feet.’
1. Some lines are missing in the text.
58 Skanda Puraria
54. Then Ravaria who made the world cry and scream was
told by SadaSiva: ‘By my favour, you will obtain .everything
mentally desired by you.’
55-59. It was thus, О leading Suras, that everything was
obtained by Ravana from Siva. Hence this Ravana should be
subdued by you all only through great penance. This is what I
think.”
On hearing the words of Acyuta, the groups of Devas begin­
ning with Brahma became anxious, because all of them had been
addicted to sensual pleasures.
Brahma was overpowered by sexual desire and he attempted
sexual act with his own daughter. Indra was an adulterer.
Candra (the Moon-god) defiled the bed of his Guru (preceptor
Brhaspati). Yama has been avaricious and stingy. Sadagati
(the Wind-god) has been fickle. Pavaka has been indiscriminate
in eating anything and everything. The others among the groups
of Devas (had similar defects). Hence, all these were incapable
of conquering Ravana who had become very great by means of
penance.
60. Sailada was an elderly excellent Gana of great splend­
our. He was intelligent, an expert in adopting the right course of
action, highly powerful and very valorous.
61-62. He was a favourite of Siva and was identical with
Rudra. The noble-souled one asked all of them led by Indra,
“Why have you all come here in great excitement? Let the whole
thing be reported in detail.”
On being asked by Nandi, all of them hurriedly said then:
Devas said:
63. All of us along with the sages have been conquered by
Ravana. We have come to propitiate Siva, the lord of the lords
of the worlds.

64. Lord Nandi laughed and said to Brahma: “Where are

you? Where is auspicious Sambhu? (There is a world of differ­
ence between you two.) By means of great penance, he should
be seen seated in the middle of the heart- He cannot be seen
today.
65. As long as the emotional attitudes are too many, the^
 I.i.8.66-79 59

objects of senses are plentiful and there is the feeling of mine-

ness, so long Iga is very difficult to be attained.
66. Siva in the form of the Linga is easy of access to those
noble-souled ones who have subdued the senses, are quiescent
and have stabilized themselves in him. He is very difficult to be
obtained by you all.”
67. Then Brahma and other Devas as well as the learned
sages bowed down to Nandi and said:
“Why do you have the face of a monkey?1 Tell us everything
about it. Tell us about the power of the penance of Rava^a.”
Nandisvara said:
68-70a. Kubera had been made by the noble-souled Sankara
the over-lord of wealth and assets. Ravaija came here to see him,
riding in his own vehicle. He was in a hurry. On seeing me, he
said furiously: “Did Kubera come here? Was he seen by you
here?Tet this be told immediately.”
70b-72. He was asked by me: “What have you to do with
Dhanada (Kubera) today?”
Then Rava$a of great splendour, who made the world scream,
said: “At the outset he (Kubera) had been indifferent towards
me. He did not care for me. Addicted to sensual pleasures, as he
is, he has been highly arrogant. He began to teach me saying,
‘O lord, it should not be done like this. Just as I am
endowed with glory and splendour, just as I am rich and strong,
so also you do become, О fool. Do not get into delusion and
stupidity.’
73. I have been made a fool and a deluded person by the
noble-souled Kubera. On being turned out by me angrily, that
Guhyaka (i.e. Kubera) performed penance.
74. Did that Kubera come, О Nandi, to your abode? Tet
that Kubera be handed over (to me). You need not hesitate in
this matter.”
75-79. On hearing the words of Ravai^a, I hurriedly replied:
“You are a Lifigaka (worshipper of Linga) , an exalted one. I too

1. A story to explain why Vi$pu incarnated in human form as Rama and

with his army of monkeys killed R&vapa. This story, as in SkP, here, has
no basis in Valmiki Ramdyana.
 60 Skanda Purdria

am one like that. Knowing the equality between us both you are
prattling in vain, О vicious one.”
As he was told thus, he in his arrogance due to his might,
asked me about my face in the same manner as I have been asked
about my face by you noble-souled ones. The old story was re­
counted by me about the benefit of the holy rite of the worship
of £iva. “SarUpya (having the same form as that of the lord) was
granted by Siva, but it was not accepted by me then. The face of
a monkey was requested by me from Sambhu. It was then gran­
ted to me kindly by Siva who is by nature compassionate.
Those who are devoid of false prestige, those who are free
from arrogance and those who have no property or possessions,
should be known as favourites of Sambhu. Others are excluded
by Siva.”
80-86a. Then Havana said to me: “On the strength of my
penance, I had been sensible enough to request for ten heads.”
At his derisive statement, Ravaija who made the world scream,
was cursed by me then:
“When an excellent man of great penance accompanied by
those who have faces like this (monkey faces like mine) (comes
to your city) keeping me at the head, he will undoubtedly kill
you.”
Thus, О Brahma, Ravaija who made the world scream,
was cursed by me. Only the Linga was worshipped by Havana
without the noble-souled Vi§$u stationed in the form of the
pedestal, О excellent Suras. Hence, О excessively fortunate
ones, Mahesvara, Mahadeva, the lord of Devas, in the form of
Vi$flu will carry out everything. May all of you pray to Visiju
lying within the cavity of the heart of everyone. Therefore, I
shall be at the head of all Devas.

86b. On hearing the words of Nandi, all of them became

joyous in their minds. They came to Vaikujitha and began to
eulogize Vi$flu by means of (good) words.
Devas said:
87. Obeisance to you, the lord, О lord of Devas, О lord of
the universe. This entire universe consisting of mobile and
immobile beings has you for its basis and support.
 I.i.8.88-100 61
88. This Linga has been held by you, О Vi$iju, in the form
of the Рщф, (globular pedestal). In the form of Mahavi$nu (the
demons) Madhu and Kaitabha were killed by you.
89. Similarly, in the form of a tortoise, the Mandara moun­
tain was held up and supported by you (at the time of churning
of ocean for nectar). Assuming the form of a boar, Hira$yak$a
was killed by you.
90. Hiranyakasipu, the Daitya, was killed by you by
assuming the form of Njhari (Man-lion). Bali, the Daitya, was
held and bound by you in the form of Vamana (Dwarf).
91. The son of Kftavirya (Sahasrarjuna) was killed by you
after taking birth in the family of Bhj-gus. Hereafter too, О great
Visnu, protect us in the same manner.
92. It behoves you to protect us instantaneously from the
fear of Ravana.

93. On being entreated thus by Devas, the lord Vasudeva,

the sanctifier (the creator) of all living beings, who is immanent
in the universe, said to all those Suras:
94. “O Devas, let this important statement he heard. It is
relevant to this occasion. With Sailadi (Nandin) as your head
(leader), all of you immediately take incarnations in the form
(bodies) of monkeys.
95. I shall become a human being enveloped by Ajnana
(Ignorance). I shall be born in Ayodhya in the abode of Das'a-
ratha for the attainment of your objectives. I am having Brahma­
vidya (the knowledge of Brahman) as my assistant.
96. Brahmavidya herself will be born in the abode of
Janaka.1 In fact, Ravana is (my) devotee as he is directly engag­
ed in the meditation on Siva.
97. When a man endowed with great penance desires for
Brahmavidya, he can be easily managed and won over by means
of virtue.”
98-100. After saying this, lord Vi$$u, the highly auspicious
one (vanished).
1. Viilmiki R am dyanal.l. 27-30 compares Slta to Devam&ya (devamayeva
nirmita) but our text claims her as an incarnation of Brahma-vidyd as a
suitable consort to Vi$pu (the future R&ma). The important persons in the
Ramaynria are incarnations of various gods.
62 Skanda Ригй$а

Vail was born of a part of Indra. Sugriva was the son of the
Sun. Jambavan, the leading Rk$a (bear), was born of a part of
Brahma. Nandi, the son of &ilada, who was a favourite follower
of Siva, incarnated as the great monkey Haniiman for rendering
assistance to Vi§iju of unmeasured splendour.
101. The monkeys beginning with Mainda were all the ex­
cellent Suras. Thus, all Suras incarnated in a befitting manner.
102. Similarly, Vi§riu was born as one who increased the
delight of Kausalya. He is called Rama by learned men, be­
cause he pleased and gratified the entire universe.
103. Due to his devotion to Vi$riu, Sesa descended on
the earth by means of the power of his penance.
104. The mighty arms of Visriu incarnated as the valorous
(Princes) named Satrughna and Bharata well-renowned in the
three worlds.
105. She who was mentioned as Brahmavidya by the ex­
pounders of the Vedas, incarnated as the daughter of the ruler of
Mithila for the fulfilment of the task of Suras. She was born from
a furrow arising from the ploughing of the field with the plough­
share.1
106. Hence, she became famous as Sita. She was the Science
of Metaphysics (personified). Since she was born in Mithila, she
is called Maithili.
107. She was born in the family of Janaka. Hence, she is
well-known as Janakatmaja (Janakl). This Brahmavidya, the
destroyer of sins, was formerly known as Vedavatl.
108-110. She was given by Janaka himself to Vi$$u, the
Supreme Soul. Along with her, the Vidya (incarnated), Vi$iju
the greatest among the auspicious ones, the lord of Devas, the
lord protector of the universe, became engaged in a severe
penance. As he was desirous of defeating Rava^a for the sake of
the fulfilment of the task of Devas, the lotus-eyed Rama stayed
in forest (for the same purpose).

1. Sita means ‘a furrow'. In Rgveda IV.57.6, Sita is invoked as a presid­

ing deity of Agriculture. In Vajasaneyl Samhita XII.69-72 Sita (a furrow) is
personified. Here, Sita is said to be ‘bom’ of the furrow while ploughing. She
is called the incarnation of Anvikfiki and Brahmavidya.
I.i.8.111-123 63
111. Though the great incarnation of £e$a, (Lak$mana)
performed an exceedingly difficult penance by means of his great
tSakti (power), for the sake of the fulfilment of the task of
Devas.
112-115. Satrughna and Bharata too performed very great
penance. Rama who was thus endowed with the power of
penance and was assisted and accompanied by those groups of
Devas, killed Ravajia along with his followers within six months.
Killed by Visnu by means of weapons, О sages of holy rites, he
attained Sarupya (having the same form as the god) of Siva,
along with his kinsmen and followers. By the grace of Siva, he
became (realized) the entire Dvaitadvaita (the essence of the
philosophy of dualism and non-dualism).12 Even the sages are
deluded in the matter of discrimination between dualism and
non-dualism. Men who are engaged in worshipping Siva derive
all those things.
116. Those who continuously worship Siva in the form o f
Linga, whether they be women or sudras or capdalas or other
low-caste people, do attain Siva, the destroyer of all miseries.
117-118. Even animals have attained the supreme lord. What
then to say about human beings? The twice-born castes who
have practised great penance observing the vow of celibacy and
who have performed Yajnas for many years have attained (mere­
ly) Svarga (Heaven).
119-123. There are many Yajnas2 such as Jyoti$foma, Vdja-
peya, Atiratra and so on. These Yajnas undoubtedly do bestow
heavenly pleasures on those who perform them. After enjoying
the heavenly pleasures, when their merits become exhausted,
those sacrificers come back to the mortal world. Having descend­
ed to the world, they are born in the different species with their
1. The Ригйра-writer has respect for Dvaitadvaita philosophy. This
school holds the reality of both Dvaita (dualism between man and God) and
Advaita (non-dualism between them). NimbSrka (11th cent. A.D.) in his
Com. Vedanta-Parijuta-Saurahha on the Brahma Sutra has advocated this
doctrine. But this theory is older than the Brahma Sutra itself, as we find
such views of Aucjulomi, Asmara thya quoted by the author of the Brahma
Sutra.
2. VV 119-128 emphasize the Liriga-worship as superior to performance
of sacrifices. Sacrifices lead to a temporary stay in Svarga, while the Linga-
worship dispels Maya and leads to Mok$a.
 64 Skanda Purd^a

intellect of the nature of the three Gunas of Sattva, Rajas and

Tamas. Thus, many souls wander about in cycles of birth and
death. By chance or as good luck would have it, some of them
serve Siva.
124. Instantaneous removal of Мауй takes place in the case
of men who are engaged in regular meditation on Siva and who
have restrained their minds and not otherwise.
125. When Maya is dispelled, the three Gunas perish. Then
a person transcends the three Gums and becomes liberated
thereby.
126-128. Hence, the worship of Lifiga should be thought of
and pursued by all embodied beings. Siva assumes the form of
Linga and protects all mobile and immobile beings.
Formerly I have been asked by you about how Siva assumed
the form of Linga. Everything has now been truthfully spoken
(by me), О Brahmanas.
How Siva, the great lord of the worlds, swallowed poison
(Halahala), may be listened to, О Brahmanas, I shall recount it
to you as it actually took place.

CHAPTER NINE

The Churning o f the Ocean1

Lomafa said:
1-2. On one occasion Indra, the lord of Devas, was seated
in the middle of the assembly surrounded by the guardians of
the worlds, Devas and Sages. He was encircled by bevies of
celestial damsels and was honoured by Gandharvas. Songs in

I. This is a favourite topic o f Ригйпа-writers as can be seen from its

description in Mbh, Adi. 18, VR 1.45.17-18, BhP VIII.5.11-18, BdP
I.ii.25, MtP 249-250 to mention a few. The background of the churning
of the ocean is different in our text. It is for the recovery of the gems of
Indra which were sunk into the sea that Devas and Asuras agreed to churn
the ocean. In Mbh it was god Niriiyana who advised god Brahma to
churn the ocean for getting Amrta {Adi. 17.10-13).
IJ.9.3-15 65

praise of his conquest were being sung by Siddhas and Vidya-

dharas.
3. At that time Brhaspati who was the scholarly preceptor
of the king of Devas and was of exalted fortune and liberal-
minded, came there surrounded by his disciples.
4. On seeing him Devas who had been sitting there prompt­
ly bowed down to him. Indra too had seen Vacaspati’s (Bfhas-
pati’s) arrival.
5. But the vicious-minded lord did not utter a single word
in his honour. No word of welcome, no offer of seat, no formal
permission to leave was accorded to him.
6. Knowing that Sakra had become arrogant and evil-
minded due to royal authority, Brhaspati became angry and he
vanished.
7. When the preceptor of Devas had departed, Suras be­
came dejected. Yaksas, Serpents, Gandharvas and sages also be­
came depressed in mind, О Brahmanas.
8. At the end of the music recital, Indra (as it were) regain­
ed consciousness. He asked Suras immediately, “Where has (the
preceptor) of great penance gone?”
9-10. At the very same time, Sakra, the lord of Devas, was
informed by N arada: “The preceptor has been insulted by you.
There is no doubt about it. О slayer of Bala, your kingdom has
gone due to the disrespect (shown by you) to the preceptor.
Hence, by all means, you have to plead to him for forgiveness.”
11. On hearing these words of the noble-souled Narada,
Sakra suddenly got up from his seat. Surrounded by all of them
(Devas etc.), he hastened to the abode of his preceptor promptly
(without any slackness).
12. He bowed down to Tata at the outset and asked her,
“Where has (our preceptor) of great penance gone?” Tara star­
ed at Sakra and said, “ I do not know.”
13-15. Thereupon, Sakra became worried and returned to
his own house. In the meantime, there appeared mysterious ill-
omens in heaven, causing misery to everyone including the
noble-minded &akra himself.
All the activities of Sakra were known to Bali who was statio­
ned in the nether worlds. Surrounded by Daityas, he went from
 66 Skanda Purana

Patala to Amaravati. Thereupon a great fight ensued between

Devas and Danavas.
16-18. Devas were defeated by Daityas. Instantaneously
the whole of the kingdom of Sakra, the deluded and evil-
minded one, was conquered by them and everything (belonging
to Sakra) was quickly carried to Patala. It was by the grace of
Sukra that all of them became victorious. Sakra became bereft
of glory and splendour. So he was utterly abandoned by Devas.
The goddess (of fortune) with lotus-like eyes vanished.
19. The great elephant Airavata, the horse Uccaihsravas
and many other precious things and jewels were taken away
immediately by Daityas of evil behaviour due to greed.
20. The good ones among them fell into the ocean. Bali
who was surprised at this, remarked to his preceptor:
21. “It is mysterious that many jewels brought by us after
defeating Devas have fallen into the ocean.”
22-23. On hearing the words of Bali, Usanas (i.e. &ukra)
replied to him : “One can attain the heavenly kingdom only
through performance of a hundred horse-sacrifices. There is
no doubt about it that it will be acquired by one who is
initiated in it. Hence, the enjoyer is also he himself. Without
performing a horse-sacrifice, heavenly pleasures cannot at all be
enjoyed.”
24. Understanding the utterance of his preceptor, Bali be­
came quite silent. What was proper and befitting was carried
out through and along with Devas.
25. Indra too, on attaining a miserable plight, went to
Paramesthin (Brahma) and informed him of everything, such
as the danger to his kingdom and other things.
26-28. On hearing the words of Sakra, Paramesthi said:
“We shall gather together all the Suras and go immediately along
with you to Visnu, the lord of all lords, in order to propitiate
him.”
Saying “ So be it” all those guardians of the worlds beginning
with Sakra went to the shore of the Milk Ocean with Brahma
at their head. After sitting there all of them began to eulogize
Hari.
I.i,9.29-40 67

Brahma said:
29-31. О lord of the universe, О lord of Devas bowed down
to by Suras as well as Asuras, obeisance to you, О great
Atman, of auspicious reputation, О infinite one, О immutable
one, free from decay.
You yourself are Yajha. You are of the form of Yajna, О
consort of Lak$mi. Hence, be the bestower of boons unto the
Devas.
By insulting his preceptor, Indra has lost (everything)
from his kingdom along with the celestial sages. Hence redeem
him.
The Lord said:
32. There is no wonder in the fact that everything perishes
by insulting the preceptor. Those who are sinners, who are
completely engaged in evil activities, who indulge only in sensual
pleasures and by whom parents are censured, are undoubtedly
godless ones.
33. Immediately he has acquired the fruit, О Brahma, of
what he has committed. Difficulty and misfortune have befallen
all due to the act of this Sakra.
34. When a person faces adverse circumstances, they say
that, he must be friendly with all living beings in order to achieve
all his purposes.
35. For that reason, Indra, do as I suggest. For the realiza­
tion of your purpose, alliance should be formed by you with
Daityas.

36. On being commanded by the lord, the highly intelligent

Sakra left Amaravatl and went to Sutala along with Devas.
37. On seeing that Indra had come, Indrasena became
furious. Along with his army, he was desirous of killing Indra.
38. Then by means of different types of (consoling) words,
Daityas and Bali, the most excellent one among strong persons,
were prevented from killing him by Narada.
39-40. At the instance of that same sage, Bali controlled
(abandoned) his anger. Indra then came in along with his army.
He was seen by Indrasena surrounded by the guardians of the
worlds.The king of Daityas hastened to tell him laughingly:
68 Skanda Parana

41. “Wherefore have you come here to Sutala, О Sakra?

Let it be mentioned.” On hearing these words, he said smilingly:
42. “We are the descendants of Kasyapa. All of you are
also so. Just as we are, so also you are. Clash and quarrel is
meaningless.
43. As fate would have it, my kingdom was seized by you
instantaneously. So also many gems were taken away by you.
Though brought with very great effort, they too have gone.
44. Hence a learned person must deliberate and ponder.
One gets knowledge by means of deliberation and liberation
originates from knowledge.
45. But alas! of what avail is my utterance in front of you?
I do not know. I have approached you along with Suras as a
person seeking refuge.”
46. On hearing these words of Sakra, the intelligent (Daitya),
the most excellent one among knowers (learned), the most excel­
lent one among those who know what to say, said laughingly to
Sakra:
47. “ For what purpose, О Devendra, you have come, I do
not know,”
48. On hearing those words, Sakra’s eyes became filled
with tears. He did not say anything. Narada spoke to him the
following words:
49. “O Bali, don’t you know the difference between right
and wrong activities? This is the virtue of great men. They pro­
tect those who seek refuge in them.
50. Those who do not protect the one who seeks refuge, a
Brahmana, a sick man and an old man, are (really) slaughterers of
Brahmanas.
51-52. He has come to your presence with words asking for
refuge. He is worthy of being protected by you. There is no
doubt in this matter.” On being told thus by Narada, the lord of
Daityas himself pondered over everything with great understand­
ing regarding what was right and what was wrong. With great
respect, he honoured Sakra along with the guardians of the
worlds as well as the groups of Devas.
53. For the sake of credence, Puranadara performed many
good holy observances of the Sattvika quality which created con-
fidence in Bali.
 I.i.9.54-68 69

54. Thus Sakra entered into an agreement with Bali in order

to further his selfish ends. That great lord stayed with Bali solely
devoting himself to the (precepts in the) science of political
economy.
55. Thus Indra passed many years living in Sutala. Remem­
bering the words of Vi§iju and pondering over them again and
again, he thought of a plan.
56. Once the king of Devas himself was sitting in the middle
of the assembly (of Bali). Conversant with the right policy, he
spoke laughingly these words to Bali:
57-58. “ Many gems and jewels, elephants etc. have dropped
into the ocean, while you were bringing them here. They belong­
ed to us then. They should be recovered from the ocean by you
as well as by us, О heroic one.
59. We must hurry up in exerting ourselves to recover those
jewels from the ocean. Hence, it must be churned by you for
the purpose of achieving the desired result.”
60. Induced thus by Закга, Bali, the slayer of Suras,
spoke to Sakra immediately, “By whom and with what should
the churning be done?”
61-63. Then an ethereal voice with the majestic rumbling
sound of cloud said: “O Devas, ODaityas, do churn the Ocean
of Milk. There is no doubt about this that your strength will
increase. Make the Mandara mountain the churning rod and
Vasuki the requisite rope. Afterwards, О Devas and Daityas,
join together and let the ocean be churned.”
64. On hearing the words of that ethereal voice, all Suras
exerted themselves along with Daityas.
65. Those Suras and Asuras came out of Patala. They all
came to the matchless, excellent mountain Mandara.
66. Daityas were ten million in number. So also were Devas
undoubtedly. Preparing themselves, they came to Mandara hav­
ing golden lustre.
67-68. It abounded in gems and precious stones. It was
globular in shape. It was very big and exceedingly lustrous.
Many gems were (lying scattered) all round. It had many trees
such as sandal tree, Parijata, Naga, Punnaga and Campaka. It
was full of various kinds of animals and deer, lions and tigers.
70 Skanda Puraya

69. On seeing such a great mountain, all the excellent Suras

joined their palms in reverence and said:
Devas said:
70. О mountain, all of us, the Suras have come here to
submit to you. Listen to it, О great mountain, the helper of
others.

71-72. On being requested thus by Devas and Daityas then,

the mountain Mandara came out in an embodied form and in
that form the mountain Mandara said: “What for have all of
you come to me? Let that be mentioned.”
73. Then Bali said these words befitting the occasion. Indra
too hurriedly spoke these courteous and sincere words:
74. “O mountain Mandara, you cooperate with us in a
great undertaking. О observer of holy vows, you should be the
churning rod for the production of nectar.”
75. Saying “So be it” and honouring their words, because
it was for the accomplishment of the task of Devas, he spoke
these words to Devas and Asuras and particularly to Indra:
76. “My wings have been cut (by you) with the thunderbolt
of hundred spikes. How is it possible for me to go for realizing
your purpose?”
77. Then all Devas and Asuras praised the mountain. They
then uprooted that incomparable and wonderful Mandara
mountain.
78. But, though they were desirous of taking it to the Milky
Ocean, they proved incapable of doing it. The mountain fell on
Devas and Daityas.
79. Some were crushed. Some died. Some fell into a swoon.
Some of them began to blame and censure and some suffered
great pain.
80. Thus, Asuras, Suras and Danavas failed in their attempt.
When they regained consciousness, they eulogized the Lord of
the universe:
81. “Save us, save us, О great Vi§riu, О lord compassionate to
those who seek refuge. The entire world, mobile as well as im­
mobile, is pervaded by you.”
82-83. Then Hari appeared before them for the accomplish-
J.i.9.84-94 71
ment of the purpose of Devas. Vi$$u who was seated on Garutfa,
saw them and suddenly and sportingly lifted up the excellent
mountain and placed it on Garuda.1 Then, the lord granted all
of them protection from fear.
84. Rising from there (and taking leave of) those Devas,
he took the old mountain to the northern shore of the Ocean of
Milk. After placing it in the waters, he went away from that
place.
85. Then all those groups of Suras arrived there along with
Asuras, taking Vasuki with them. Then they made the agreement.
86. After making Mandara the churning rod and Vasuki
the rope, all of them, Suras and Asuras, churned the Ocean of
Miik.
87. As the Ocean of Milk was being churned, the mountain
sank deep into Rasatala. At that very instant, the Lord of Rama,
Vi$nu, became a tortoise and lifted it up. That was something
really marvellous.
88. When the mountain rotated, it was further pulled and
pushed by Suras and Danavas. Now it rotated without any basis,
like the understanding without a preceptor.
89. Vi§flu, the supreme soul, then became the basic support
of the Mandara mountain. With his four hands he gathered it
up and churned pleasantly.
90. Then all Suras and Asuras churned the Ocean of Milk
after uniting together. Very powerful themselves, by uniting
together, they became all the more powerful.
91. The excellent mountain had adamantine strength. It
rolled on the back, neck, thighs and the space between the knees
of the noble-souled tortoise. Due to the friction of these two,
submarine fire was generated.
92. The Halahala poison too emerged and it was seen by
Narada. Thereafter, the celestial sage of unmeasured splendour
spoke these words:
93-94. “The churning of the ocean should not be carried on
by you all now. О Devas, all of you pray to §iva.*2 Have you

]. In Mbh, Adi 18.8 it was the serpent Se$a who carried Mt. Mandara
to the sea. Here the credit is given to Garuda, Vi$mTs vehicle.
2. Our text is a propagandist of Siva. In the Mbh it is NSrdyana who
 72 Skanda Purana

forgotten the sacrifice of Dak§a and what Virabhadra did there?

Hence, let Siva be immediately remembered, О Devas.
He is greater than the greatest; he is beyond the greatest. He
is the embodiment of supreme bliss. He is worthy of being medi­
tated upon by Yogins; he has no form. (As a matter of fact)
however, he is formless and unmanifest (or without diversity).”
95. Devas were eager to achieve their purpose. Therefore,
they hurriedly went on churning the ocean. All those who are
overwhelmed by desires do not listen (to the advice of others),
because they become irrational and stupid.
96. They should not be given many pieces of advice and
instructions. They are subject to Raga (desire) and Dvesa (hat­
red). All of them are averse to 3iva.
97. With their sheer continuous exertion, they churned the
Ocean of Milk. Due to excessive churning, the poison called
Halahala was generated from the Ocean of Milk.1
98. It was strong enough to burn down the three worlds.
It came up to kill the heaven-dwellers. Tt went up still further
and spread to all quarters. The entire sky was pervaded by it.
The Kalakuta poison advanced to consume all the living beings.
99. They observed the huge king of serpents grasped by
their own hands. They left him there along with the mountain
and then went (immediately) away. They fled along with Asuras.
100. So also the sages beginning with Bhj-gu, sages in
hundreds (fled in all directions). It was like what happened at
the sacrifice of Daksa.
101. Earnestly urged by Bhfgu, all of them went to Satya-
loka: “This poison Kalakuta will be quelled by means of various
Vedic Sentences. О Devas, there is no doubt in this matter. It is
true; I am speaking the truth unto you.”

guides Devas and Asuras in churning the ocean. J§iv:i is not mentioned at all
in this context (Mbh, Adi 18).
1. VV 97-113 describe the disastrous effect of the poison Kalakuta, viz.
burning down of the entire three worlds. The author’s object is to heighten
the greatness of Siva in drinking the poison (see the next chapter). Mbh
sums it up in one line:
pragrasal loka-rak$artham brahmano
vacanac chivah (Adi 18.42b)
«At the instance of god Brahma, Siva consumed it (the poison) for saving
the world.’
 I.i.9.102-113 73

102. On hearing these words uttered by Bhfgu, all of them

distressed by the poison Kalakuta went to Satyaloka and sought
refuge in Brahma.
103. Brahma saw the blazing Kalakuta with sparkling lustre.
He found that Suras and Asuras were ignorant of their duties.
He was about to curse them, but he was prevented by Narada.
Brahma said:
104. О Devas, what a wrong thing has been committed by
you? Why has this explosive thing cropped up? Tt is ISvara’s
anger. My speech cannot be otherwise.

105. Thereupon, surrounded by Devas, the Vedas, the

Upanisads and the different kinds of Agamas, he proceeded ahead
out of fear of the Kalakuta.
106. Then, Devas who were worried said to to one another,
“We are enveloped in Avidya (nescience) and lust. How can we
do anything to Sankara?”
107. Then Devas kept Brahma at their head and hurriedly
went to Vaikuotha, because they were afraid of Kalakuta.
108. Brahma and others as well as the groups of sages
sought refuge in the great lord Visnu, the primordial Puru?a, the
mighty lord who had resorted to Vaikuntha,Madhava, Adhok$aja.
The groups of Suras and Asuras sought refuge in lord Vi§$u.
109. By that time, the great poison Kalakuta came there.
After burning Brahma’s world at the outset, it burned Vaikujitha.
110. Vi§ци who dwells in the cavity of the heart of every­
one, was burned by the fire of Kalakuta also with his attendants.
Immediately he acquired the colour of Tamala.
111. Vaikufltha also became blue in colour. It was surroun­
ded by all the worlds. Hence, all the worlds became encircled by
the poisonous substance from the waters.
112. The wonderful poison of the waters reduced to ash the
whole of the Cosmic Egg with its eight outer coverings and along
with Brahma.
113. There was no earth, no water, no fire, no wind, and
no ether. There was neither Ahamkara (Cosmic Ego), nor Mahat
(the Great Principle). There was no MUlavidya. On account of
Siva’s wrath, the entire universe became reduced to ash.
 74 Skanda Purdna

CHAPTER TEN

Siva Swallows the Poison

The sages said:
1. О holy Sir, you said that the Cosmic Egg including the
mobile and immobile beings was entirely reduced to ash by the
fire of Kalakhta on account of the wrath of Rudra.
2-4. But, we consider Rudra to be within the Cosmic Egg.
Then the mobile and immobile beings with Brahma and
Vi$iju as leaders were destroyed and reduced to ash through the
wrath of Rudra. How was creation resumed and made to func­
tion? Wherefrom did Brahma, Visrm and other Suras and Asuras
with the Moon at their head (originate again)? Where did they
get merged? Where were they reduced to ash? What happened
after that? It behoves you to recount everything.
5. By the grace of Vyasa you know everything. No one else
knows it. Hence you understand the holy scripture full of know­
ledge as no one else does.67

6. Asked thus by all those sages of sanctified souls, Suta

bowed down to Vyasa and spoke these words:
LomaSa said:
7. When Devas beginning with Hari and Brahma, stationed
in the middle of the Cosmic Egg, as well as the guardians of the
worlds including Indra were enveloped by the fire of poison,
Sambhu was informed by the noble-souled Heramba (Ga^esa):
Herarhba said:
8-9. О Rudra, О Mahadeva, О Sthanu, the lord of the uni­
verse, an obstacle very difficult to be surmounted has been creat­
ed for them by me by way of amusement.1 There are persons
who start an enterprise, but either because of their fear or
through the delusion of their minds, they do not worship you
or me. The distress unto them will be very great.
1. The destruction of the universe by KalakQfa is a ‘diversion’ {yinoda)
to god Gagesa, because people do i.ot worship him and Siva through,
delusion.
I.i .10.10-19 75

10-11. On being requested thus by the over-lord of Ga^as,

who dispels obstacles like the sun dispelling darkness, the Pinaka-
bearing Lord with a bull for his emblem, the Lord Nilalohita
with matted hair, the lord devoid of ailments, the lord in the
form of Linga, the unsullied lord without form or features,
the sky-haired lord Siva, Sambhu spoke thus:

Mahesvara said1:
12-14. О Hcramba, listen to my words with great faith and
attention. This universe consisting of the mobile and immobile
beings is of the form of Ahamkara (Cosmic Ego). This Ahamkara
creates, sustains and destroys. At the beginning of the universe,
О Ganapati, Vijnapti (Intelligence, Consciousness) alone (remai­
ned). It was devoid of Maya. It was quiescent and of the form
of Dvaita and Advaita (duality and non-duality). It was in
the form of intelligence alone characterized by existence and
eternal bliss.
Ganapati said:
15. If you are the sole Atman, characterized by supreme
bliss, О Scorcher of foes, then there is nothing other than you.
16. Then how did the different forms originate, differentiat­
ed as Suras and Asuras? It is of variegated form observed by
the three Devas. It is the cause of delusion.
17. The cycle of worldly existence originated as different
from Nitya (eternal) and Anitya (transient). It consists of four
types or species of living beings endowed with many distinctive
features etc.
18. People are deluded by various doctrines and tenets of
knowledge antagonistic to one another. Some are devoted to
the doctrine of Karman. Some resort to their (intrinsic) qualities.
19. A few are adherents of the path of knowledge but they
are opposed to one another.
О Bull-bannered Lord, thus I have been overwhelmed by
doubts. Save me (by dispelling the doubt).

1. One wonders whether this was the proper occasion for expounding
the Dvaitadvaita philosophy when the entire universe was being burnt down
by KalakOfa.
76 Skanda Ригйпа

20. Where do I and the Gapas belong to? Whence is this

bull, О Lord? From where are these and many others born?
Where (do they go)?
21. Whence are all these exceedingly fortunate ones made
into Sattvikas, Rajasas etc.?
Lord Sambhu laughed and began to speak to Ga$e£a:
Mahesvara said:
22. Rajas, Sattva and Tanias are produced by Kalaiakti
(Power of Time). The entire universe including Devas, Asuras
and human beings is enveloped by them.
23. This (world) that is being seen is imperishable ultimately,
but, understand that as an evolved effect it is perishable. Tt is
evolved by means of all Siddhis.
Lomasa said:
24-25. While Sadasiva of Cosmic Form and in the form of
theLinga was conversing with Ganesa, His Power (Sakti called
Siva), the source of the universe of the nature of cause and effect
was born of Sadasiva. At the same instant, the'Lord in the
form of the Linga became submerged.
26. The single supreme Sakti, characterized as the Annan
of Brahmavidya abided (there). Overwhelmed by wonder,
Ganesa became engrossed in looking (at that form).
The sages asked:
27. If this entire universe consisting of the mobile and immo­
bile beings is included within Prakfti, how is it then that Ganesa
was able to preserve his separate entity? Let this be explained.
Lomasa replied:
28. Lord Gariesa was directly born of Prakrti herself.1
Ganesvara has the same form as that of Siva himself.
29-30. A battle ensued between Siva and that noble-souled
one who had been Prakfta (born of Prakrti) due to ignorance.
That battle continued without a break for a long time.
1. W 28-38. This is another version how Gape&a became elephant-headed
and why he is called ‘the king of obstacles and difficulties/
 L i.10.31-40 77

On observing that he was invincible as long as he was riding

an elephant, jSambhu hit him with his trident and toppled him
down along with the elephant.
31. Then Mahadeva the scorcher of enemies, was eulogized
by the Supreme Power (Prakfti). The lord then said to the great
Sakti, “O splendid lady, choose your boon.”
32-33. Then an excellent boon was chosen from Maha­
deva : “O lord, he who was killed by you was undoubtedly my
son. Being born of ap art of Prakfti, he is deluded. Hence he
does not know you. In order to gratify me, resuscitate this son
of mine.”
34. Lord Rudra laughed loudly and revived the son of Maya.
He fixed the head of an elephant to his body.
35. Thus the elephant-faced lord was born by the grace of
Sankara. Although he was the son of Maya, he was free from
the clutches of Maya and became endowed with (spiritual) know­
ledge.
36. He was perpetually contented with the nectar of the
knowledge of Atman. He was free from ailments. Sitting in deep
meditation, he became very fierce and then destroyed Kala (god
of death) of black complexion.
37. He pulled out his own huge tooth for the sake of
Yogadantfa1 (the mystic wand of Yogic practice) and held it in
his hand. He was the presiding deity of the Gagas. He surpasses
the Sabdabrahman (the Vedas or the supreme spiritual know­
ledge expressed in words). Though accompanied by both Rddhi
and Siddhi, he shines in his aloneness.
38. The groups of Gagas and Vighnas (obstacles) and many
others superior to these—whatever there was on the earth, he
became the lord thereof. He was made so by Sambhu then.
39. Hence he was able to see Prakfti which has the Cosmic
form. He remained separate and was able to realize the Linga as
well as the Prakfti. He saw the pure Linga naturally abiding in
the Prakfti.
40. Heramba who was equipped with perfect knowledge

1. In BdP ParaSurama is said to have cut down one of GajieSa’s tusks

with his axe <IX.iii.4J .2-4), Here it is self-extraction of the tusk by Gage£a
himself.
 78 Skanda Purana

saw himself along with the Gagas as well as the three worlds
entirely merged in the Linga.
41. Though he was endowed with perfect knowledge, he
lost his consciousness. He regained it with very great effort. The
lord of the Gagas bowed down his head to those two supreme
powers.
42. Then he saw there itself Brahma, Rudra, Visgu and
Sadasiva in the form of the annihilator of the worlds.
43-45. He saw some beings resembling ghosts. They were the
Lihga§aktis. He saw crores of spherical Cosmic Eggs like so
many atoms. They were getting merged and dissolved in MaheSa
who was in the form of a Linga.
The Linga was inside the Prakrti and the Prakrti was within
the Linga. The whole of the Linga was seen covered by iSakti.
The Sakti was covered by the Linga. Thus the two encompassed
each other.1
46. The whole world consisting of the mobile and immobile
beings stayed supported by both 6ivas (i.e. Siva and Sakti). Only
Gagesa and none else, though great, had that knowledge.
47. The presiding deity of the Gagas (Lord GageSa), of
great splendour, accompanied by the Gagas eulogized with great
strength, the Lord accompanied by Sakti.
Ganesa prayed:
48. I bow down to the god accompanied by His fSakti
(Power)—the Lord who is the embodiment of knowledge, who
is kindly disposed (but) beyond the ken of knowledge and of the
form of supreme bight, who transcends forms, is the Supreme
Reality incarnate, who is beyond the principles (categories of
Sankhyas), supremely auspicious, who is called Bliss undivided
and uncontaminated by sorrow.
49-50. The fire in (a ball of) iron is beyond smoke (smoke­
less), but it appears as though filled with smoke. You who are the
source of knowledge, appear to be within Prakrti. You who are
present within the Prakrti by Maya, are spoken of as manifested.
You whose nature is such, О lord, create, annihilate
and protect the universe by your Maya. On account of this
1. This peculiar mutual relation between Siva and Sakti shows the influ­
ence of Trika Saivism of Kashmir.
I.i.lO.Sl-fi2 79

poison, the entire universe consisting of the mobile and immobile

beings and accompanied by Brahma, Vis$u and Indra, has been
destroyed.
51. You are lord Mahesa. You are the lord of the three
worlds. You are the immanent soul of the mobile and immobile
beings. The mobile and immobile beings along with the
vestures of individual souls, have been completely burnt down.
Please revive them quickly and make it (the world) as it was
before.
Lomasa said:
52-54. On being eulogized thus by Gai;esa, the 'Lord (Siva),
the sanctifier of all living beings, assumed the form of a Linga
and consumed the Kalakiita that arose there and caused the
destruction of all the worlds. He made everything free from
impurities. Since the lord was endowed with great compassion
and considerateness, all Devas, Asuras and human beings and all
the three worlds were instantaneously saved.
Brahma, Visriu, Surendra, the Guardians of the Quarters
along with the sages, Yaksas, Vidyadharas, Siddhas, Gandharvas
and groups of celestial damsels—all of them got up as though
from sleep.
55. They were struck with wonder. They were agitated and
frightened. All Devas and Asuras said in dismay:
56-62. “Where is that immense Kalakuta by which we had
been compelled to flee and made almost dead along with the
Guardians of the Quarters?” So said they, but Daityas remained
silent. The Guardians of the Quarters beginning with Sakra, who
were able to regain strength and happiness with god Brahma as
their leader, said this after honouring Vi§nu, the lord of all lords:
“By whom has this been caused? We do not know as we are
deficient in intelligence.” Then Visiju laughed at Brahma and all
those (Suras). All of them then began to meditate with great
concentration of their minds. О Brahmaijas, that dispelled base
emotions such as lust and anger as well as other feelings by
means of the knowledge of Reality. Then Devas and others saw
the Linga present in their own Atman (Soul). Keeping Vi§xiu at
their head, they eulogized the Tord for the attainment of the ulti­
mate tru th :
 80 Skanda Purт а

“Yogins worship the Supreme Soul through their own souls.

The Linga alone is the greatest knowledge. The Lihgh alone is
the greatest penance. The Linga alone is the greatest Dharma,
The Linga alone is the greatest goal. Hence, there is nothing at all
which (can be called) greater than the Linga.”
63. After saying thus, Suras and Asuras along with the
Guardians of the Quarters and sages kept Visnu whose complexion
is dark like the Indian cinnamon, at their head. They then sought
refuge in Sambhu who is worthy of being resorted to :
64. “Save us, save us, О Mahadeva, О merciful lord, О
Supreme God. It behoves you to save us as we had been saved
before (by you).
65. О "Lord of Devas, your lotus-like feet possess greatness
befitting our repeated service. They have infinite forms. We have
resorted to them. (Save us) with the greatest mercy. Obeisance
to you, О excellent one among Devas. Be pleased.”
66. Lord Ramapati (Visnu), the sanctifier of the living be­
ings, stood in the middle of the form of Linga along with all the
groups of Suras and spoke thus:
67-69. “You are the Lord in the form of the Linga. You
bestow protection from fear on all the worlds. All those who
died on account of the poison, have been saved. Hence, О Lord,
the conqueror of Mrtyu (Death), save us, save us. О Mahakala,
the destroyer of Tripura, obeisance to you.”
On being eulogized by Vis^ui, Lord Mahesvara in the form
of the Linga appeared before them along with Amba (goddess
Parvati). He appeared to awaken (i.e. enlighten) those Suras:
70-74. “O Vi$nu, ye all Suras and Sages, let this be heard.
Ordinary people think that the worldly existence is eternal, while
it is only transitory. Thereby, they are agitated. О Devas and
others, of what avail are the Yajnas, austerities and activities
connected with holy rites, if one does not perceive the (Supreme)
Atman by means of (his individual Atman)! There is no benefit
therefrom, whether they are performed collectively or separate­
ly. All of you joined together and carried out a very difficult
task, namely the churning of the ocean. T, you did for the sake
of getting nectar. But why was it performed after rejecting
Mftyunjaya and always disrespecting me? Hence all of you un­
doubtedly felPinto the mouth of Death.
I.i.10.75-86 81

Tord Gaijesa has been created by us for the purpose of

achieving success in an undertaking.
75. Those who do not bow down to Ganesa as well as
Durga of similar nature will be victims of distress. There is no
doubt about this.
76, All of you are sinful and stubborn. You profess to be
learned without knowing what is right and what is wrong. You
are deluded by mere false prestige.
77-78. All of you, groups of Dcvas beginning with Indra,
arc devoted to the Vedas. All those beginning with Indra are
mediocres, pleasure-seekers, praise-mongers and useless ones. О
consort of §aci (i.e.lndra), you do not understand yourself on
account of delusion.
79. A great effort has been made by you for getting nectar,
О rogue. You attained a kingdom by performing a hundred horse-
sacrifices. Even that is under the control of your enemies now.
О vicious one, you do not know that.
80. О deluded one, you have been eulogized by ascetics
through the Vcdic statements {hymns). Those ascetics are fools.
They propitiate you, because they arc prompted by different
passions.
81. О Visnu, on account of your partiality you do not know
what is good and what is otherwise. Some persons are killed by
you. О Vi§nu, and some have been protected.
82. You are desirous of certain things in this matter. You
are always childish in your activities. Why talk of all the other
Guardians of the Quarters?
83. If a matter is pursued in a way other than what is pro­
per, the result is bound to be in a way other than (what is expec­
ted). You all forgot that thing whereby your efforts are crowned
with success.
84-85. It is he by whom all (of you) have been saved from
the great fear of Kalakuta today. It is he by whom you have
been saved from a poison by which Vi§rui is turned blue (dark-
complexioned), by which all of you were defeated and by which
all the worlds have been reduced to ash. Hence, the worship of
that noble-souled Ganesa should be performed by you.
86. If at the beginning of any holy rite, people do not wor-
 82 Skanda Purana
ship Ganadhipa (Ga$esa), they will never realize their objectives
as in your own case.” #
87, On hearing these words of Mahesa, Suras, Asuras,
Kinnaras and Caracas asked Girisa about the method of worship
in the proper manner.

CHAPTER ELEVEN1

Procedure o f Ganesa Worship: Manifestation o f Laksmi

Mahesvara said:
1. In every fortnight Ganesa should be worshipped on
the fourth day. (But) in the bright half of the month a devotee,
after taking bath, should worship always with white sesamum
seeds.2
2. After finishing all necessary daily routine religious duties,
the devotee should perform the worship of Ga#e£a with great
care, by means of scents, garlands, ak$atas (raw unbroken rice
grains) etc.
3. At the outset, meditation on Ganesa should be perform­
ed in accordance with scriptural injunctions.
1. The chapter consists of two topics:
(i) The procedure of worshipping Gaijesa.
(ii) The emergence of various “Gems” during the churning of the ocean.
2. VV 1-18 describe the procedure of worshipping Gape£a. It may briefly
be outlined as follows:
(1) Special day—every fourth day in a fortnight (vv 1-2).
(2) Materials of worship (v 3).
(3) Names of Ganesa (v 5).
(4) The five faces of GaneSa—their different complexions etc. (vv 7-8).
(5) Weapons, in Gaoesa’s ten hands.
(6) Three types of Ganesa image for meditation:
(A) Sattvika(yy ll-12a).
(B) Rdjasa (vv 12b-13).
(C) Tamasa (v 14).
(7) Offering of twenty-one Dtirva grass blades—one pair of blades per
name of Ganesa and Modakas (sweet eatables) (vv 15 and 16).
(8) Ten names of Gape£a for worshipping as above (w 17-18).
 I.i.l 1.4-15 83
4. As the worshippers are of various types having Taniasa,
Sattvika and Rajasa traits, the names also (of Ganesa) became
many in number according to their class (characterized by a
particular Guna).
5. They are as follows: Pancavdktra (Five-faced), Ganddhya-
ksa (Chief of the Ganas—Siva’s attendants), DaSabahu (Ten-arm­
ed), Trilocana (Three-eyed), Kdntasphatika-sanka&a (Resembling
a shining crystal), Nildkantha (Blue-throated), Gajanana (Ele­
phant-faced).
6. I shall describe his five faces correctly.
7. The middle face is fair in colour with four teeth and three
eyes. It is beautiful with a long trunk. Tn the trunk he keeps a
modaka (a round piece of sweetmeat).
8. The other faces of Gaiiesa are yellow, auspicious blue,
tawny and grey. The faces are splendid and characterized by
good features.
9-10. I shall tell you the weapons in the ten hands (of
Ganesa). They are: noose, axe, lotus, goad, tusk,rosary, plough­
share, pestle, varada(mudrd—gesture) (the hand indicating
bestowal of boons) and a vessel containing modakas. One should
meditate that he is holding the vessel in his hand.
11-14. The meditation is of three types. In Sattvika medi­
tation contemplate thus: (He is) (Pot-bellied). F/rw-
paksa (of uneven eyes -three-eyed), Nivlta (sacred thread worn
like a garland). He is having a girdle. He is seated in the Yogic
posture; the crescent-moon adorns his head.
Rajasa meditation is as in the case of men. The deity has
pure golden complexion. (He is) elephant-faced and super-natu­
ral. He has four hands, three eyes, one tusk and huge belly.
In Tamasa meditation he holds a noose and a goad (in his
hands). The lord holds a tusk and a vessel of modakas. He is
blue in colour.
Thus there are three types of Dhyana. Thereafter, the wor­
ship should be begun quickly by you all.
15. Twenty-one Durva grass-blades are (to be) taken. Two
blades of grass are offered after uttering one name. (Thus ten
names are uttered and twenty blades of grass are offered.) In the
end, all the names are uttered and one blade of grass is offered
to the Lord of Gajjas.
84 Skanda Purana

16. Similarly twenty-one modakas should be offered. I shall

mention the ten names intended for worshipping separately.
17-18. The names are: 1. Ganadhipa (Lord of Ganas)*
2. Umaputra (Son of Uma), 3. Agha-na&ana (Destroyer of sins),
4. Vinayaka, 5. Isaputra (Son of “Lord Siva), 6. Sarva-siddhi-
pradayaka (Bestower of all Siddhis), 7. Ekadanta (One-tusked),
8. Ibha-vaktra (Elephant-faced), 9. Miisaka-vahana (Mousc-
vchicled) and 10. Kumara-guru (The elder brother of Kumara).
At the end of every word namastestu (Obeisance to you) should
be added. In the case of the last, the words Kumdragurave tubh-
yam namo'stu, ‘Obeisance to you, О Kumaraguru’ should be
uttered. Thus Gariesa should be worshipped with care.
19-20. After speaking thus to Suras, Sadasiva, Sambhu,
the highly splendid lord, eagerly embraced Visnu who abides
in the cavity of heart, as well as Brahma, and (he) immediately
vanished. All of them bowed down to Sarhbhu and then became
engaged in worshipping Ganadhyaksa (Ganesa).
21. After worshipping him in accordance with the injunc­
tions, they became engaged in honouring him with various Upa-
caras (ways of service) and the DGrva grass blades separately.
22. Ganesa who was contented and delighted (by their wor­
ship) bestowed boons on Devas. They circumambulated him,
bowed down to him and propitiated him.
23. Asuras who possessed only Tamas Guna did not worship
Ganesa.1 The excellent Asuras were engaged in ridiculing Devas.
24-25. Devas finished worshipping the son of Sankara and
went to the Milk Ocean once again. Brahma, Visnu, the excel­
lent Suras, Devas, Daityas and sages made Mandara the churning
rod and Vasuki the churning rope. Keeping Vi§riu near them,
Devas began the churning.
26. When the ocean was being churned, it was the Moon
that came out at the outset,2 for the purpose of realizing the
objectives of all Devas. He was full of nectar.

1. Due to their negligence in worshipping Gapesa, Asuras did not get the
fruit (Ratnas—jewels) of their labour of churning the ocean.
2. The following is the serial order of the ‘Gems* that were churned out
from the ocean:
1. The Moon
 Li Л 1.27-37 85
Катака said:
27-29. О sage of holy rites, was the Moon formerly placed
in the ocean? By whom was he placed? It was told by you
formerly that the excellent gems like the elephant etc. (had been
cast into the ocean). О lord, tell me all these things briefly in the
beginning. After understanding these, all of us shall later describe
them.

On hearing their words, Sutabegan his narrative:

30. Candra (the Moon) is watery by nature, О Brahmanas.
He was born as the son of Atri. He was endowed with all good
qualities. He was born of Anastiya from a part of Brahma.
Durvasas was born from a part of Rudra and Dattaka (i.e.
Datta) was born from a part of Visflu.
31. On seeing the Milk Ocean being churned, Candra be­
came delighted. On seeing the Moon, the Milk Ocean too became
extremely attached to him.
32. Since both of them liked each other, Candra entered the
Ocean, bet this be heard, О excellent Brahmarms. In front of and
in the presence of Devas, Candra became filled with nectar.
33. On seeing the splendour of Candra, the Nirajana rite
(waving light around the face) was immediately performed by
the groups of Devas with respect to Candra, along with the loud
and tumultuous sounds of musical instruments, drums of many
types and conchs.
34. They all then bowed down to him along with Suras,
Asuras and Danavas. Then they asked Garga about the genuine
inherent power of Candra.1
35-37. Thereupon, Garga told them, “All the Planets are
powerful today. All the excellent Planets are in their central2345678

2. Surabhi—Wish-yieiding cow and other cows

3. Kalpavfksa (Wish-yielding divine trees)
4. Kaustubha, Cintamani
5. UccaifiSravi horse
6. Airavata elephant
7. Wine and intoxicants
8. Lak$ml
1. This is known as kCandra-bala\ AH Planets became favourable due to
this.
 86 Skanda Purana
positions. (Therefore they are beneficial) to you. Guru
(Jupiter) has come in conjunction with Candra (the Moon).
Budha (Mercury) has also come in his contact. So also the Sun,
Sukra (Venus), 3ani (Saturn) and the great Planet Aiigaraka
(Mars). Hence the power and influence of Candra is very excel­
lent for the realization of your objectives. This Muhfirta (auspi­
cious time) named Gomanta1 is the bestower of victory.”
38. At this encouraging assurance of the noble-souled Garga,
the mighty Devas began to churn the ocean vigorously and roar­
ed (lustily in their eagerness).
39. Remembering MaheSa and Gayega again and again,
those noble-souled (Devas) of firm holy rites attained double
strength.
40. During churning, Surabhi (divine cow) came out
directly for the sake of the accomplishment of the tasks of
Devas, from the ocean that was roaring with a rumbling sound
on all sides.
41. Tawny in colour and with quite heavy udders, the cow,
in a contented mood, came very slowly floating ovei the waves.
42. On seeing Kamadhenu (Wish-yielding Cow) coming up,
all Suras and Asuras showered flowers on that (cow) of un­
measured splendour.
43. Various kinds of trumpets and musical instruments were
played and drums were beaten. She was brought from the
middle of the waters (though) surrounded by hundreds of cows.
44. Among them there were cows of various colours such a&
blue, black, tawny, partridge-coloured, smoke-coloured, dark-
coloured, red ones, wood-apple-coloured and reddish-brown
ones. Surabhi was seen accompanied by these cows.
45. Sages who were delighted instantly entreated Devas and
Asuras (to give to them) Kamadhenu which was closely sur­
rounded by them (Devas and Asuras).
46. “These cows along with Surabhi should be given to all
Brahmayas belonging to various Gotras. There is no doubt
about it.”
47. On being requested by them, Suras and Asuras gave
those cows to them in order to gratify Siva. Those Surabhis.

1. Gomanta—It may mean at the time of sunrise.

 I.i Л 1.48-61 87

(cows) were accepted by the noble-minded sages of great auspi­

ciousness and excessive merit.
48. Then Punyahavacana1 (the formal religious declaration
‘This is an auspicious day’) was performed for Suras by all those
sages in order to enable Devas to achieve their objects and to
cause the destruction of Asuras.
49-50. All of them once again exerted themselves very well
and churned the Milk Ocean. From the ocean that was being
churned rose up Kalpavrk$a, Parijata, Ciita and Santanaka.
They set apart those trees on one side, like the city of Gandhar-
vas. Immediately those wise (Suras and Asuras) resumed the
churning of the Milk Ocean powerfully in all earnestness.
51. From the ocean that was being churned emerged a high­
ly refulgent, extremely bright, most excellent gem having the
brilliance of the Sun. It was called Kaustubha.
52-53. With its brilliance, it illuminated the three worlds.
Keeping the Cintamani (a miraculous stone) in front, they saw
the Kaustubha brightening the worlds. All those Suras gave the
Kaustubha to Visnu. Suras and Asuras of enhanced strength
lustily roared again and began to churn the ocean keeping
Cintamani in the middle.
54-58. From the ocean that was being churned rose up
Uccaihsravas, the wonderful gem of a horse, and then Airavata,
the gem of an elephant, along with sixty-four other white ele­
phants each with four tusks and in the rut. They set apart all
these in the middle and churned once again. Many precious
things then arose from the ocean that was being churned, viz. the
wine Vijaya, Bhrhgi, garlic, turnip, the poisonous and highly
intoxicating Dhattiira (Datura Alba) which causes too much
of madness, and Puskara. All these were placed on the shore
of the ocean without any hurry. Again those great Asuras churned
the ocean along with the excellent Suras.
59-61. As the ocean was being churned once again, that

1. Punyahavacana—When a person intends to perform an auspicious

rile, he invites Br&hmanas, honours them, requests them with palms folded:
“ May you declare the day auspicious for such and such a rite”, and the
Br&hmanas respond *'Om, may it be auspicious.” Each of the Brahmanas is
to repeat it with words, ‘Svastr, tPunyaharn>and *rddhim' (ApastambaDh. 5 .
1.4.13.8; cf. Baudhayana Gr. Se?a Sutra 1,10).
88 Skanda Ригала

divine Laksmi,1 the sole protector of the worlds, rose up from it.
Those who are the knowers of Brahman call her Anvik^ikl
(Metaphysics). Others praise her as Mulavidya. Some com­
petent persons call her Brahmavidya. Some call her Siddhi
(Success), Rddhi (Prosperity), Ajna (Command) and Asa
(Hope). Some Yogins call her Vai$wvi. Some exponents of
Maya always engaged in Yogic practice call her Maya. All
people call her Kenasiddhantayukta (the one associated with
Brahman—the Principle spoken of in the Kenopani$ad). Those
who are equipped with the power of knowledge call her Yogamaya.
62-69. They saw MahalaksmJ coming slowly. She was very
fair, youthful and tender with the filaments of the lotus for her
ornaments. She was sweetly smiling with beautiful teeth. A lady
of slender shade, she had the fresh youthfulness as an adorn­
ment. Her garments and ornaments were variegated with the
refulgence of many gems. Her lips were red like the Bimba
(Memordica Mcnadelpha) fruits; the nose was very beautiful
and the neck and the eyes were very splendid. She was very
slender with fine waistline and splendid buttocks. The hips were
large. Her lotus-like face was brilliantly illuminated by means of
a number of gems that served the purpose of the lights in a Nira-
jana rite for her face. Her face was fascinating and delightful.
She was remarkably splendid with her necklaces and anklets. An
umbrella was gorgeously held above her head. She was being
fanned with chowries gently shaken by the waves of Gaiiga. She
was riding a white elephant and was being eulogized by great
sages. With the ends of her hands, she held a garland of the
flowers of heavenly trees along with jasmine flowers.
On seeing her Devas were eager to look at her at close quar­
ters. But she, Mahalaksmi, the chaste Slady, looked at Devas,
Danavas, Siddhas, Caranas and Serpents in the same manner as
a mother looks (affectionately) at her children.
70. Devas were glanced at by that Ъак$гт. So they became

1. Laksmi is identified with Brahma-vidyd, Anvik$ikl, Vai§navi, Rddhi,

Siddhi and also with Uma as in the Kenopanifad 25 (umdm haimavatim). She,
being the mother-goddess looked with affectionate glance at all beings but
married Vi$nu.
 I.i.l 1.71-79 89

prosperous instantaneously and were characterized by those

indications of attainment of the kingdom. Daityas who were not
glanced at by TaksmI became devoid of splendour (royal glory).
71-72. She glanced (lovingly) at Mukunda who was blue in
complexion like Tamala (Xanthochymus Pictorius), whose cheeks
and nose were very handsome, who shone brilliantly with his
superior person and was characterized by Srivatsa and looked
(at everyone mercifully).
On seeing him, Taksmi suddenly got down from her elephant
with the garland of forest flowers (still in her hands). With a
broad smile, she put round the neck of the Supreme Being Visiju,
the garland that was wreathed by Sri herself and wherein bees
swarmed together.
73. She then sat there leaning on the left side of the great
Atman. On seeing them both, Suras and Daityas experienced a
wonderful joy. So also Siddhas, Apsaras (celestial damsels),
Kinnaras and Caranas.
74. At that union of Xaksmi and Narayana, the delight of
everyone was very great. All the worlds, all the people every­
where were simultaneously happy and joyous.
75. Mahavisnu was sought and wooed by Laksmi. Laksmi
was wooed by him alone. Thus through mutual love they became
absorbed in looking at each other.
76. The sound of the various musical instruments and drums
such as Pajahas, conchs, Mrdangas, Anakas, Gomukhas, Bheris
and Jharjharfs was very tumultuous.
77-79. The songs of the musicians were immensely splendid.
With the four types of musical instruments, viz. Tata, Vitata,
Ghana and Susira, the groups of Gandharvas and celestial dam­
sels propitiated the all-pervading Tord Hari in every way. Gan­
dharvas, being proficient in the art of music delighted the lord.
Narada, Tumburu and other Gandharvas and Yaksas then sang
sweetly. The groups of Suras and Siddhas served thus lord Nara-
уаца who is in the form of the Supreme Atman and whose
enlightenment was boundless, deep and profound.
90 Skanda Рига па
CHAPTER TWELVE

Devos Taste the Divine Nectar1

Lomasa said:
1. After bowing down to Janardana, the Supreme Being*
along with Rama, the groups of Suras and Asuras once again
churned the ocean for the sake of Nectar.
2. From the ocean that was being churned, came out a
youthful person of very great fame, well-known as Dhanvantari.2
He was the great conqueror of Mrtyu (Death).
3-4. He held in his hands a pot filled with nectar. While all
Suras were (gladly) looking at the fascinating Lord Dhanvantari,
Daityas wanted to attack him in a body and snatch away the pot
(of nectar) that had been held in the hands of Dhanvantari.
5. The excellent physician surrounded by a scries of waves
was advancing slowly when he was seen by Vrsaparvan.
6. The pot that was in his hand was forcibly taken by him
(Vrsaparva). Thereupon, Asuras roared in a terrific manner.
7. Seizing and taking the pot filled with nectar, the impa­
tient Daityas came down to Pat ala. Then Devas became confused
and embarrassed.
8. They (Devas) who were well-prepared and ready for a
battle, pursued them with a desire to fight. Turning towards.
Devas, Bali spoke thus:
Bali said:
9. О Devas, we are contented and gratified with the nectar
only. You excellent Suras do go back quickly.
10. Please go back to Trivistapa (Heaven) joyously. Of what
avail are we to you? Formerly we entered into a friendly alliance

1. This chapter describes how Asuras were cheated by Vi$nu by assuming

the form of an enchantress and were deprived of their share o i Amrto.
2. Dhanvantari: Mbh, Adi 18.38 also states that Dhanvantari came out
of ocean along with a pot of Amrta. He is regarded as an incarnation of
Vi$ou. This divine physician Dhanvantari is different from Dhanvantari,
the physician-king of Varanasi. He learnt Ayurveda from sage Bharadvaja
and composed a systematic work of eight parts on Ayurveda and taught it to
different disciples (BdP II.3, 67.1-24).
 Li. 12.11-20 91

with you only because we wanted to realize our common objec­

tives. Now it has been known to you. Do not have any doubt
in it hereafter.

11. Thus rebuked and repulsed by Bah, those excellent Suras

went back to "Lord Naraya^a along the path by which they had
come.
12. On meeting him, all the Suras whose desires were frus­
trated, were consoled by Visnu with various kinds of words cap­
able of pacifying them :
13-14. “In this matter, do not be afraid unnecessarily. I shall
bring back the nectar” , said Lord Vi§$u, the refuge of those who
are helpless. The stayer of Madhu (Vi§£u) having asked all the
Suras to stay there itself, assumed the form of a charming lady,
Mohini, and appeared before Daityas.
15. By that time Daityas had become highly excited and
agitated. They spoke to one another (about this). For the sake of
nectar, all the Daityas began arguing with one another.
16-17. While this was going on, fortunately they saw a wo­
man fascinating the minds of all living beings (who had assumed
the form of Mohini). They were struck with wonder and with
covetous eyes (they staled at her). Honouring her, Bali, the king
of Daityas, said:
Bali said:
18. О highly fortunate lady, this nectar should be (properly)
distributed by you, so that it can reach all. Be quick about it. Do
as I request.

19. On being requested thus, she smilingly said to Bali:

“Women should never be trusted by a wise man.1
20. The following are the inherent natural defects of wo­
men: Falsehood, daring, deception, foolishness, excessive greed,
uncleanliness and ruthlessness.

1. These traditional verses are meant for creating disaffection about

Samsara. Mohini (Vi$pu) cleverly uses them to create confidence about her
in the gullible Asuras. The whole chapter shows how Mohini cunningly
appeals to the noble qualities of Asuras and cheats them.
92 Skanda Ригала
21. Lack of genuine affection as well as mischievous cunn­
ingness should also be known as existing in them, in fact. These
defects should undoubtedly be known as existing (evQp) in one’s
own wives.
22. Just as wolves among beasts of prey, crows among birds
and foxes among wild animals are given to killing, so also wo­
men among human beings should always be understood by the
wise as exceedingly mischievous and cunning.
23. How can there be friendship and alliance between me
and you all. Should this not be considered? Who are you and
who am I?
24. Hence everything should be done by you after careful
consideration with your keen intellect. Of course, you are very
efficient in knowing what should be done and what should not
be done, О excellent Asuras.”
Ball said :
25-26. The women mentioned by you are the uncivilized
ones of the rural area. They have no culture and they are the
favourites of the vulgar and the rustic people. But, О splendid
lady, you are not one among those women mentioned (by you).
Why do you talk much? Do according to our directions.

After Bali had spoken, Mohini said this:

27-29. “O lord, I shall follow your instructions whether
they are good or bad.”
Bali said:
Today distribute the nectar among all in a befitting manner.
We shall take what is given by you. It is true. I am speaking the
truth.

On being told thus, goddess Mohini who was auspicious in

every respect, spoke to all the Asuras desirous of following the
conventional propriety:
The Lord (i.e. Mohini) said:
30-32. By a stroke of good luck, all of you have become
blessed and achieved your desired objective, О excellent Asuras.
I.i. 12.33-45 93
Do observe fast today and let the preliminary consecratory rite
of the nectar be performed. Something is yet (to be observed)
with a desire for your welfare. Tomorrow you can have the
Parana (ceremonial breakfast). Your desire for observances and
worships (is commendable). For the sake of propitiating Isa, the
Vinivoga (ceremonious disposal) rite should be performed by an
intelligent (devotee) with a tenth part of the amount legally and
justifiably earned by him.

33. Saying “So be it” , they all honoured whatever was said
by Devamaya. Deluded and not being very proficient and ex­
perienced, they did everything advised by Devamaya.
34. Very big, fascinating, lustrous and rich mansions were
built by the Asura, Maya.
35. They sat in those abodes after taking bath and adorning
themselves befittingly. Excited much, they placed the full pot (of
nectar) in front of themselves.
36. With very great joy, all of them kept vigil during the
night. At dawn, they engaged themselves in taking early morning
ablutions.
37. After finishing all necessary daily routine duties, Asuras,
the chief of whom was Bali, sat in rows in due order. They were
eager to drink (the nectar).
38-41. The following were the important ones among
Daityas etc.: Bali, Vrsaparvan, Namuci, Sankha, Sudamstra,
Samhladl, Kalanemi, Vibhisaria, Vatapi, Ilvala,Kumbha, Nikurii-
bha, Pracchada, Sunda, Upasunda, Nisumbha, Sumbha, Mahi§a,
Mahisak$a, the valorous Bidalaksa, the mighty-armed Cik§ura,
Jrmbhana, Vf$asura, Vibahu, Bahuka, Ghora, Ghoradarsana,
Rahu and Kctu. These and many other Daityas, Danavas and
Rak§asas sat there in due order.
42-43. There were rows and rows of those Daityas number­
ing crores and crores.Now, О Brahmanas, listen to what happen­
ed thereafter and what great things were done by that goddess in
the matter regarding (the distribution of) the nectar.
44-45. All were informed by her immediately (to be ready).
She took up the pot. That Vigvumohini was endowed with the
greatest splendour. The goddess appeared splendid with the pot
resting in her hands. The (goddess) conducive to the auspicious­
 94 Skanda Purana
ness of all auspicious things in the universe shone with the great­
est lustre.
46. At the very same instant, all the Suras who had halos
around them, came to the place where those excellent Asuras
were present.
47. On seeing them, Mohini, the most excellent one among
young women, said immediately:
Mohini said'.
48. These (people) should be known as guests. They are
conducive to the accomplishment of every thing virtuous. If you
keep the promise given to me, something should be given to
these in accordance with your capacity. You are the authority in
this regard. Do everything now. Do not delay.
49. Those who render help to others in accordance with
their capacity are blessed ones. They should be known to be very
pure and protectors of the worlds.
50-51. Those who endeavour only for (filling in) their belly
should be known as destined to suffer. There is no doubt about
this. Hence, О (friends) of auspicious rites, this should be divided
by me. You give Devas whatever you like or dislike.
52. When these words were spoken by the goddess, the
energetic and alert Asuras did so. The Asuras invited all Devas
including Vasava.
53. All of them sat, О Brahmaijas, for the sake of receiving
the nectar. While they were occupying their seats, Mohini who
was conversant with all holy rites and virtuous acts, smilingly
said to the Asuras these great words:
Mohini said:
54-55. The Vedic Text prescribes that the guests should be
honoured at the very outset. Hence, you who are all devoted to
the gods and the Vedas speak out immediately. So whom shall I
give the nectar at the very outset? Indeed, let those whose leader
is Bali, let those persons of exalted fortune say.
56. Then the goddess was told by Bali. “ (Do) what appeals
to your mind. О lady of beautiful face, you are our mistress.
There is no doubt about it.”
 1ЛЛ2.57-68 95
57-58. On being honoured thus by that Bali of pure soul, the
goddess hurriedly took up the pot for the purpose of serving.
A silk cloth shone over her thighs resembling the trunk of a
royal elephant. She walked rather slowly on account of the (huge)
buttocks. Her limbs were agitated and excited due to inebriation.
With the tinkling of the golden anklets, she appeared to be coo­
ing (like a cuckoo). Her breasts resembled pitchers. With the
pot (of nectar) in her hand, she entered (the place where they
were seated).
59-60. Then the goddess Mohini proceeded serving the group
of Devas directly. She showered on Devas the juice of the nectar
again and again as though their sole diet consisted of this nectar.
The groups of Devas, the chief among whom was Devendra, and
the groups of Gandharvas, Yak$as and celestial damsels along
with Guardians of the Quarters swallowed again and again the
juice of nectar served by that great (goddess) of cosmic form.
61. All Daityas, the chief among whom was Bali, О leading
Brahmaijas, continued to be seated there. They were anxious and
afflicted with hunger. The resolute Daityas kept quiet and were
engaged in meditation.
62-63. On seeing those Daityas in such a plight after resort­
ing to a delusion, the two leading Daityas Rahu and Ketu assum­
ed the forms of Devas and hurriedly sat in the row of Devas for
receiving the nectar.
64-65. The exceedingly invincible Rahu was desirous of
drinking the nectar. When this was reported to V i^u of un­
measured splendour by the Sun and the Moon, the head of Rahu
of deformed body was cut off. The head went up into the sky.
The headless body dropped down on the earth. Rolling down, it
crushed many mountains into small particles.
66-68. The entire world including the mountains was reduc­
ed to fine dust. On seeing that the entire universe consisting of
mobile and immobile beings was smashed to fragments by her
(i.e. Mohini) through that body (of Rahu), Mahadeva stood
above it. The abode of all Devas was at the soles of her feet. The
affliction (?) was near her, hence the name Nivdsa1 (abode)
(obscure).
1. T he nam e Nivdsa rem inds o ne of N evasa, a village in A hm ednagar
D istric t in M a h a ra sh tra w here th e incident is tra d itio n ally said to have taken
 96 Skanda Purana
69. Since her lotus-like feet had been the abode (alaya) of
great ones (mahatam), the enchantress of the three worlds became
reputed as Mahalaya.
70. Ketu vanished into the sky in the form of smoke. It was
after handing over the nectar to the Moon that he vanished thus.
71. Vasudeva is the origin of the universe. He is the sup­
reme cause of all the worlds. It was due to Visnu’s grace that
everything took place favouring the realization of Devas*
objectives.
72. Since the fate was adverse, the enterprise of Mohini was
conducive to the destruction of Asuras. Understand that all exer­
tions without (favourable) fate are useless.
73. The churning of the ocean was conducted by all of
them simultaneously. But, it ended in the success of Devas, while
Asuras failed (in their objective).
74. Therefore, they were furious at the excellent Devas.
Daityas who were deluded took up many weapons and missiles.
When Visnu went away they began to roar.

CHAPTER THIRTEEN

The Fight between Devas and Asuras

Lomasa said:
1-2. Then (those Asuras) roared at the Suras, the chief
among whom was Indra, and whose strength and valour was
great. They challenged them for a fight. The noble-souled son
of Virocana got into his aerial chariot. He was accompanied by
Daityas who were very powerful and who came in various
(groups). With his entire army he rushed at Suras in a terrible
way.
3. They had assumed their (original real) forms. They
place. T here is an old tem ple of M ohini (Mah&las&, Оуй). A rchaeologically
th at is a very ancient site in M ah arash tra. If the conjecture be correct, the
au th o r m ight have probably belonged to this p a rt of the country. B ut w 66-
68 m ention the nam e o f S om anatha (Saurashtra).
1л-13.4-15 97
attacked (the enemies) in thousands. Some of them rode on
tigers and others on buffaloes.
4-6. Some of them rode on horses, others on elephants;
while some others rode on lions, panthers and Sarabhas (eight­
footed mythical animal), peacocks, royal swans, cocks,
horses, elephants, camels, mules and asses. Some drove in carts.
Many Daityas came on foot with swords, javelins and daggers
in their hands.
7-8. There were demons with iron bars as weapons. Others
had nooses, javelins and iron clubs in their hands. Some had
thin-bladed swords. Others had bhusundl(a sort of missile) and
iron bolts as their weapons. Others came on horses, chariots
and elephants and began to strike. Thousands of Asuras, the
chief among whom was Bali, rode in aerial chariots.
9. They vied with one another roaring frequently. Vr$aparvan
then said to Bali, the leading D aity a:
10. “O mighty one, an alliance was entered into with Indra
by you. One should not place too much of faith in an evil-mind­
ed person.
11-12. By no means should one trust and enter into an
alliance with a base person, even if one happens to be weak and
inferior. Friendship must be formed with an intelligent person.
In case of emergency (he will help one) to make the mishap in­
effective.
One must not believe in a person who has been an enemy
previously. It is because of you, О Bali, that we have been defea­
ted now ! Why should those chronic rogues not try to undo what
has been agreed upon?”
13. Those (sturdy Asuras) who could not be thwarted and
were desirous of fighting said thus and arrayed themselves suit­
ably. They adorned the battlefield with banners, umbrellas and
flags.
14-15. They covered all the quarters with chowries. The
battlefield was completely covered up.
Similarly all Suras were also eager to (fight with) Daityas.
Those persons of exalted fortune drank the nactar, put on the
coats of mail and got on their respective vehicles. Mahendra,
the valorous one with vajra (thunderbolt) in his hand, rode on
 98 Skanda Purarta

his elephant. The Sun was seated on Uccaiftsravas and the

Moon rode on a deer.
16. They were equipped with umbrellas and chowries. They
were rendered splendid by the martial glory born of victory.
Desirous of victory, all those persons beginning with Tndra bowed
down to Vi$nu.
17-18. Permitted by Vi§flu, they angrily (rushed at) Asuras.
Asuras of huge body, terrible eyes and dreadful exploits (with­
stood them). The fight of Devas with Danavas was very terrible,
tumultuous and exceedingly dreadful, instilling fear into all liv­
ing beings.
19-20. Arrows were continuously showered. Everything be­
came excessively wonderful. The rough and harsh noise like
Cafacata reverberated in all the ten directions.
Within a moment, they were wounded by arrows. Struck and
hurt by arrows, iron clubs, javelins and iron-tipped missiles,
they fell on the ground.
21-22. Even as they were being split and pierced, they split
and tore others in the battle. They were shattered with Bhalla,1
arrows and smashed to pieces by Naracas (iron-tipped arrows).
Some of the Daityas, Danavas and Uak§asas were hit with many
Ksurapras (arrows with horseshoe-shaped tips) and they appear­
ed to be torn with them. Some Danavas were shattered and kill­
ed by Silimukhas (sharp-pointed arrows).
23. On seeing the army of Danavas broken up thus, Devas
roared and moved all round. Delighted, they assembled together
and celebrated the victory they had gained.
24-26. The three worlds were filled with the sounds of conchs
and musical instruments. Danavas of great strength became
furious with Devas. Bali and all the others rose up once again
with great excitement. They were equipped with many aerial
chariots resembling the sun. With a desire to conquer each
other Devas and Danavas engaged themselves in tumultuous
duels.
27. Mahendra fought with Bali, the lord of Danavas. Simi­
larly, Yama of great and powerful arms met Namuci in combat.

1. Bhalla, Ndrаса, Kfurapra, Silimukha are different kinds of arrow s.

I.i.13.28-39 99

28. Nairjta fought with Praghasa. Varuita clashed with

Kumbha. Sadaraya (Wind-god) fought with Nikumbha.
29. Rahu fought a very terrible combat with Soma (the
Moon). The Amrta (nectar) arising from the body of the Moon
was imbibed by Rahu. Due to the contact with nectar (another
figure) like Rahu rose up.
30-32. All these things were seen by Sambhu, the great lord.
“ There is no doubt about this that I am the base and support
of all living beings. 1 am affectionate and dear to all, Asuras as
well as Suras.” On being told thus Rahu bowed down to Siva. The
Moon stationed on his crest discharged nectar out of fear. On
account of it, many such heads were produced simultaneously.
Sambhu made them into a beautiful garland and tied it to his
head like a (decorative) head-ornament.
33. By swallowing Kalakuta for the purpose of accomplish­
ing the objective of Devas, he became blue-throated with a gar­
land of skulls (thus) made.
34. Mahesvara wore the garland of skulls.
35. By means of that garland shone the noble-souled Нага,
the primordial lord of Devas, the destroyer of Tripura. He is the
lord by whom the great demon Gaja (Elephant) was struck
down and the huge (demon) Andhaka was reduced to dust.
36-37. It was Siva by whom Ganga was held in the middle
of his head. He, the dispeller of fear, kept the Moon on his
crest. Vedas, Puranas, Agamas, different kinds of Srutis
and scriptures argue and discuss variously in accordance with
difference in their respective texts. In the course of their discus­
sion they become dumb. Siva, the sole friend of the universe, is
being investigated and described differently according to the
opinion of the preceptors of different Agamas.
38. Abandoning the eternal lord Siva, the supreme spirit
that could be comprehended only through the Vedas, deluded
people commit blunders. They do not realize Siva of the form
of the Great Spirit.
39. Siva is the Paramatma (Supreme Soul) by whom every­
thing is created and sustained. He pervades everything and
evolves everything. The entire universe is a part of this'Lord.
He may, perhaps, be comprehended through the Vedanta.
 100 Skanda Ригйпд

40. A person always engaged in devotion to Siva is un­

doubtedly Siva, whether he is rich or poor, noble or base.
41. If a person becomes delighted on seeing the splendid
worship of Siva performed by others, he gets a gift (i.e. merit)
equal to his (i.e. that of the worshipper).
42. People should offer rows of lamps in the month of
Karttika with great faith. A devotee who offers lamps thus is
honoured in heaven for as many thousands of Yugas as the
number (of hours) during which those lamps burn in front of
the Liriga.1
43. If the lamps with safflower oil are offered in the temple
of Siva, those who offer them rejoice in Kailasa in the presence
of Siva.
44. If the lamps with linseed oil are offered in the temple
of Siva, those who offer them rejoice in Kailasa in the presence
of Siva.
45-46. As a result of the offering of lamps, people become
Jnanins (endowed with perfect knowledge).
Tf the lamps with gingelly oil are offered in the temple
of Siva, they (the offerers) go to Siva in the company of a
hundred members of their family.
47. Those by whom lamps are filled with ghee and lit in the
temple of Siva, go to the highest abode in the company of a
hundred thousand members of own family.
48. Those who worship Siva always with camphor, aloe and
incense and those who perform the rite of waving lights every­
day along with camphor, attain Sayujya (identity with the
Divinity). There is no doubt about it.
49. Those who worship the Lihga once, twice or thrice a
day with care are Rudras (themselves). There is no doubt about
it.
50. If the devotees wear Rudrak§a beads2 at the time of the

1. I t is an age-old practice to illum inate tem ples w ith oil-lam ps in the

m o n th o f K & rttika (N ovem ber-D ecem ber). W 42-47 describe the ‘fruit* of
using different kinds of oil for these lam ps.
2. R udr3k$a is the ‘berry ’ o f Elaeocarpus Qanitrus. It is of different kinds,
•one-faced’, ‘five-faced* etc. G enuine ‘one-faced’ Rudrfik$a is rare and is
 I.i.13.51-61 101
worship of Siva, when charitable gifts are offered, when penance
is performed, in the holy spots and during festive occasions with
care, their merit is infinite, О Brahma^as.
51. Listen, О excellent Brahmagas, to what Siva has said
about Rudrak§a beads. There are Rudrak$as with one face, two
faces etc. up to sixteen faces. Among these, two should be known
as the most excellent ones, О Brahmanas, which redeem
(devotees).
52. They are the five-faced Rudraksa and the singlc-faced
Rudraksa. Those men who always wear the single-faced Rud­
raksa, go to the world of Rudra and rejoice in the presence of
Rudra.
53. Japa, penance, holy rites, yogic practice, holy bath,
charitable gift, worship etc.—if these splendid rites arc perform­
ed while wearing Rudraksa beads, these rites yield infinite results.
54. If a Rudraksa bead is tied round the neck of even a dog,
it will be redeemed thereby. There is no doubt about it.
55. Due to the association of the Rudraksa bead one’s sin
will be destroyed. Knowing this one should perform auspicious
rites after wearing a Rudraksa bead.
56. If the devotees have Tripuntfra (three horizontal parallel
lines on the forehead) (marked) with Vibhuti (sacred ash) sancti­
fied by Mantras, they will undoubtedly become Rudras and
(rejoice) in the world of Rudra.
57. The dung of a tawny-coloured cow should be gathered
before it touches the ground. It must be dried and burned by the
devotees of Siva for preparing Vibhuti.
58-59. It is called Vibhuti. It destroys all sins. At the out­
set, a single line should be drawn carefully with the thumb on the
forehead. Then, two lines should be drawn, one above and one
below the previous line by means of two fingers avoiding the
middle finger. If the three lines are clearly visible on the fore­
head, that person is a devotee of Siva. He should be known as the
destroyer of sins by (his) mere sight, like Siva.
60-61. Those devotees of Siva who keep matted hair, keep
five, seven or nine such clusters. Those who do so in accordance

valued highly. VV 50-55 describe th e sp iritu al im portance of wearing

R u d ra k sa .
102 Skanda Purana
with the injunctions in Saiva treatises, do attain Siva. There is no
doubt about this. Kudrak§a beads should be worn particularly
by Siva’s devotees.
62. Sadasiva can be worshipped with a very little quantity
(of materials) or with profusely rich material. The devotee
redeems thereby ten million members of his family and rejoices
with Siva.
63. Hence, О excellent Brahmaijas, there is nothing greater
than Siva. When this is told in the scripture (it must be known
that), everything has Siva for its cause.
64. Indeed Siva is the bestower of the worlds. He is the
maker of the worlds. He rejoices along with (his devotees).
Know, О excellent Brahmarias, that the whole universe consists
of both Siva and Sakti.
65. The two-syllabled name Si-va saves one from very great
danger. Hence, О excellent Brahmanas, let Siva be contemplated
upon and remembered.
The sages said:
66-68. The greatness of Somanatha has been understood.
It was due to his grace that all were saved from the fear of the
heads of Rahu by Parame$thin. Suras beginning with Indra
and others (were saved by the lord) in that dreadful battle.
Thereafter, what did all those Suras do? it be narrated.
Everything about the greatness of Siva as narrated by you was
heard directly (while) uttered by you orally. Let the narration of
the battle be made exactly as it happened.
LomaSa said:
69. When Suras were defeated by Daityas, all of them sought
refuge in Sambhu. The excellent Suras bowed down to Siva. Ail
of them immediately decided to fight,
70. Similarly, all Daityas who were very powerful and
enthusiastic began to fight. Equipped with great missiles, they
came into contact with Devas and fought again and again.
71. Thus, all Suras and Asuras who were desirous of victory
and who were exceedingly furious, fought with one another with
javelins, swords, spears, iron bars and axes. Being struck down
and hit by Suras with many great arrows and missiles combined
 I.i. 13.72-86 103

with one another Asuras (though) indomitable fell down in the

same manner as Hons falling into Ganga.
72. They made the entire earth muddy with flesh and blood.
They made the entire earth including oceans, forests, mines,
trees and mountains (full of blood and flesh).
73. Deep rivers of blood lashed and swept heads, headless
bodies, great armours, flags, chariots, banners and heads of
elephants and horses.
74. These rivers instilled fear into the minds of cowards.
Brahmaraksasas crossed these bloody rivers and made the other
goblins, ghosts, Pramathas and Rak§asas cross them.
75. There were groups of female devils such as Sakinis,
Dakinis etc. and thousands of Yak§inis. Rejoicing in the com­
pany of each other, they were engaged in various sports.
76. Thus, in that highly dreadful battle Devas and Asuras
clashed directly with one another. There Bhiitas, Pramathas and
Rak^tsas continued their sports.
77. Devendra of wonderful exploits fought with Bali. The
infuriated son of Virocana (Bali) struck Devendra with a javelin.
78-79. Mahendra of quick and nimble steps dodged that
javelin. He struck Bali, the lord of Daityas, with great effort and
force with his great thunderbolt of sharp edges The valorous (lord
of Devas) cut off his (Bali’s) arms. (Thereupon) he fell down
dead on the ground from his aerial chariot resembling the sun.
80-81. On seeing Bali fallen, Vrsaparvan furiously shower­
ed Mahendra and his elephant with a volley of arrows like
the cloud showering a mountain. Mahendra bore the sharp
arrows. Then a terrible battle ensued between Mahendra and
Vj*$aparvan.
82-85. Indra, the tormentor of the enemy’s army, caused
Vrsaparvan to fall down. Then he killed Danavas in the battle
with his great thunderbolt. Some were pierced through the head.
Some were hit in the neck. Some were rendered bewildered and
afflicted by the furious Indra. Similarly, Danavas were killed by
Yama, Vayu and Уапща. Others were killed by Kubera and
Nairrta. Some were killed by Agni and torn asunder by Isa.
86. Thus the powerful Asuras of great exploit were killed by
Suras and the guardians of the worlds. It was due to the favour
of Siva that they were killed then.
 104 Skanda Purana

87. Then the great and excellent Daitya who was equipped
with excellent missiles and weapons came in to kill th^ excellent
Suras. The evil-minded demon who was very cruel in his heart
advanced alone.
88. Armoured and armed with a trident, he rode on a lion
surrounded by one hundred millions of Daityas, all riding on
lions.
89. All those lions of great strength and exploit were equip­
ped with coats of mail. The great Daityas riding on those lions
were also equal to them.
90. On seeing the entire army of Daityas, that was adorned
by lions and led by Kalanemi, advancing, the Devas with Indra,
their leader, became exceedingly frightened. Then they began to
ponder.
91. ‘What shall we all do now? How will we conquer this
wonderful and countless army surrounded by lions?’
92-93. When they were thinking thus, Narada happened to
come there. The old story of Kalanemi’s power of penance was
told to Mahcndra by Narada. He told him about his invincibi­
lity in battle, by virtue of the power of boons granted to him.
94. “ O Devas, we are not competent to conquer (this army)
in the battle ground without Vi$riu’s help. Hence, let the great
lord Visnu, the lord dark in complexion like the Tamala leaves,
the bestower of boons, be remembered by (all of you) desirous
of conquest.”
95. On hearing the words of Narada, Devas hurriedly medi­
tated on Mahavi§iiu, the tormentor of the enemy’s army, the
Supreme Soul. Remembering the lord, they prayed to him thus:
Devas said:
96. Obeisance to you, the lord, the cause of the auspici­
ousness of the universe. О Srinivasa (Abode of Sri), obeisance
to you. О Sripati (Consort of Goddess Tak$mi), obeisance,
obeisance to you.
97. Today we are exceedingly frightened. We are oppressed
by the fear of Kalanemi. It behoves you, О lord, the bestower of
freedom from fear to Devas, to save us from the Daitya.

98. On being meditated and remembered thus, the dark-

 f.i. 13.99-107 105

complexioned Hari, the bestower of freedom from fear to all the

worlds, appeared before them riding on Garuda.
99. The lord with the discus in his hand came there for the
victory of Devas.
They all saw Mahavi$nu seated on Garuda and stationed in
the firmament, the invincible lord Srivasa (the resort of Sri) who
was desirous of fighting,
100. On seeing the lord like that, Kalanemi who was very
mighty and highly infuriated, said laughingly (loudly): “ Who
arc you, О exalted one of great fortune? You are excellent
in form and features. You are young and dark-complexioned
and possess the valour of an elephant in rut. A sharp-edged
brilliant discus is held by you in your hand. Why? Let me know,
О Lord.”
The Lord said:
101. I came here for the purpose of fighting, for the fulfil­
ment of the cause cf Devas. Be steady, О stupid one, I shall un­
doubtedly burn you now.

102. On hearing the words of the Lord, the valorous

Kalanemi became angry and said to lord Adhoksaja (Vi§nu):
103. “You are the lord and root-cause of Devas. You are
highly proud of your ability to fight. If you are a brave warrior,
fight with me now.”
104-107. Lord Mahavisnu of great lustre laughed and said:
“ Either you be stationed in the sky, or I shall be stationed
on the earth. О mighty one, fight i either in the sky or on the
ground, so that the battle will not be on uneven planes and
blameworthy.”
Saying “So be it” theDaitya of great mangificence, surroun­
ded by one hundred million Daityas who were dignified and
glorious and seated on lions, who were powerful and
ruthless, rose up in the sky slowly. He was accompanied by the
groups of Asuras. He was desirous of killing (Vi$gu) the lord of
cosmic form. He took up another fierce trident with a desire to
fight with Hari. His mouth and face had a hideous form due to
his (curved ferocious) teeth as well as (his desire to send) an oral
message (to his followers).
 106 Skanda Puraruг

CHAPTER FOURTEEN

Resuscitation o f Dead Daityas

Loma§a said:
1-2. Then the fight between Asuras and Vi$nu became ex­
ceedingly terrific. The exceedingly wonderful winged lions equip­
ped with armours and ridden by Asuras tore up Garuda- The
lions too were pierced and torn to pieces by him.
3-4. Then Daityas were cut into pieces by Visnu with his
discus. On seeing Asuras killed, the valorous Kalanemi, with his
eyes full of wrath, struck Vi§rui with his trident. Mukunda(Vi§nu),
the support of those who are helpless, caught hold of the trident
as it rushed at him.
5. Vi$iju playfully caught hold of Kalanemi, the Asura of
great power with his trident, by his left hand sportively. Being
struck with the self-same trident, he suddenly fell down senseless.
6-7. The fallen Daitya came to senses again and slowly
opened his eyes. Regaining consciousness, he saw Visnu stand­
ing in front of him—Visnu, the lord abiding in the cavity of the
heart of everyone. Kalanemi of great strength then spoke these
w ords:
“I will not offer to fight with you. I have no desire for worlds,
(and worldly pleasures).
8-9. According to the words of Brahma, those Asuras who
are killed in the battle will attain the Aksaya (Everlasting) world.
Immediately they will come into contact with Indra. Enjoying
various kinds of worldly pleasures, they will roam about like
gods along with Indra. Then they will fall down to the earthly
world.
10. Hence, I do not desire death in battle. It is of a momen­
tary nature. О heroic lord, it behoves you to grant me Kaivalya
(salvation) alone, the great benefit, in the course of my next
birth, of course, as a result of an inimical attitude.”
11. Saying “So be it” , the Supreme Being, the bestower of
the greatest benefit, caused the excellent Daitya to fall down.
Having given Sudhd (nectar) to Devas (before) and having grant­
ed freedom from fear to Devas (now) (the lord saved them).
12. Kalanemi, the great Daitya who was like a dart, was.
 I.i.l4.13-26a 107

killed by Visriu, the powerful lord. Devas became rid of thorns

(enemies).
13-14. The lotus-eyed "Lord vanished immediately.
Having caused extremely wonderful (terrific) havoc among
Daityas, Indra also continued the slaughter of Daityas who were
fallen, cowardly like eunuchs, broken (in spirit) and frightened
in mind, and had their garments and tufts of hair loosened.
15. The liberal-minded consort of Saci (Indra), who was like
the god of Death unto Daityas and who could never be conquer­
ed (did all these things), because, he was devotedly following the
(instructions laid down in the) Arthasastra.1
16. While Asuras were being killed like this, the holy lord
Narada came there in order to make Indra desist from it.

Narada said:
17. Many heroic Asuras have been killed fighting in the
battlefield. Why do you kill the frightened ones after that?
18. The haughty and arrogant ones who cause the death of
those who are afraid and those who seek refuge should be known
as murderers of Brahmanas. They are guilty of great sins.
19-20. Hence, even mentally injury should not be caused by
you.

On being told thus by the noble-souled Narada, Indra imme­

diately came back to Trivi$tapa (heaven) accompanied by the
armies of Suras. Then all the groups of Suras, all the Yak§as,
Gandharvas and Kinnaras became joyous. Along with their
friends, they enjoyed the company of one another.
21-26a. Then Indra was crowned in Amaravati along with
§aci by leading celestial sages and leading Brahmana sages. It
was due to the favour of Sankara that Sakra attained victory.
Then, О Brahmanas, there was a great celebration in the
world of Devas. Then conchs and different kinds of drums like

1. ArthaSastra— A treatise o n political econom y. It is th e title o f a

fam ous w ork of K au tily a o r A rya C ap ak y a who m asterm inded th e rev o lu tio n
in P a ta lip u tra (M agadha), u p ro o te d the N a n d a d ynasty and installed C andra-
g u p ta M aurya as the K ing. K au tily a refers to m any predecessors. H ence th e
ArthaSastra m entioned here m ay be a m ore ancient w ork th a n th a t o f K autilya.
 108 Skanda Purana
Pafahas, Mrdangas, Murajas, Anakas, Bherls and Dundubhis
were sounded simultaneously. Gandharvas and Kinnaras were
the musicians. The groups of celestial damsels danced1! Siddhas,
Caranas and Guhyakas sang praises.
Thus Sakra, the lord of Devas, attained victory.
26b-27a. At that time, the noble-souled Daityas, the chief
among whom was Bali and who had been killed by Devas, fell
down lifeless on the surface of the earth.
Formerly the Brahma^a Bhargava (accompanied by his dis­
ciples) had gone to mount Manasottara for performing penance.
Hence he was not aware of that battle.
27b-29. Those Daityas who had survived approached Bhar­
gava. The news of the great destruction of Asuras was conveyed
to him. On hearing it, the son of Bhrgu became furious. He
returned surrounded by his disciples. With the Vidya (magic
formula) called Mrtajivini (‘Resuscitator of the dead’), he revived
the Asuras who had fallen dead.
30. Then those Asuras got up as though they had awakened
from sleep. Bali who rose up, said to Bhargava of unmeasured
splendour:
31. “Of what avail is it to me today to be revived back to
life? There is no benefit to me. I have been struck down by the
lord of Devas like a mean contemptible wretch.”
32-33. On hearing the words uttered by Bali, Sukra spoke
these words: “Those heroic persons who are high-souled and
intelligent, who are learned, and who fall down dead in battle on
being struck by a weapon go to heaven. This is undoubtedly the
statement of the Vedas.”
34. Thus, the son of Bhrgu consoled Bali. He then performed
various kinds of penance conducive to the achievement of Siddhis
by Daityas.
35. All the Daityas urged by Bhygu went to Patala. All the
Daityas, the chief among whom was Bali, stayed in Patala in
happiness.
 I.i.15.1-11 109

CHAPTER FIFTEEN

Nahusa and Yayati: Their Indrahood and Fall

The sages enquired:
1-2. It has been mentioned by you that Devendra regained
kingdom without his preceptor. It was on account of disrespect
to his preceptor that he had been dethroned from his kingdom.
Urged by whom did he retain his position for a long time? Do
tell us all these things quickly. We are very eager to hear it.
Lomasa replied:
3-4. The consort of Saci (Indra) ruled over the kingdom (of
heaven) without his preceptor (Brhaspati). The great Indra
(could) continue (to rule) over the kingdom due to the (religious)
performance in accordance with the injunctions of Visvarupa.
5-6. О Brahmanas, Visvarupa,1 a great king, was the son of
Visvakarma. He became the preceptor and performer of sacrifices
for Закга.
In that Yajna, Trisiras (one with three heads) performed the
worship with partial oblations separately for Asuras, Suras and
human beings.
In the direct presence of Indra everyday he used to give
ladles (full of Soma) to Devas with a loud shout, to Daityas
silently, and to human being in a fallen middle tone.
7-8. Once he was detected due to his partiality (regarding
relative importance of oblations) by Indra who remained concea­
led and unobserved. Then the desired object (of TriSiras) was
understood (by Indra).
(Devendra thought) ‘He is making this piecemeal offering for
the sake of accomplishing the task of Daityas. He is our preceptor,
but gives the benefit to (our) enemies/
9. After thinking thus, Sakra cut off his heads instantane­
ously by means of his Vajra (thunderbolt) of hundred spikes. The
death was instantaneous.
10-11. The Kapinjala (a sort of partridge) birds were born

1. ViSvarQpa alias T risiras was the son o f Tva?tr- H e was killed by In d ra

fo r his fra u d described here. Vide also M bh, Udyoga 9.
по Skanda Ригйпа
from the face with which he drank Soma juice. Then from the
other face with which he drank liquor, the Kalaviiika .(sparrow)
birds were born. From the other (third) face, the Tittira birds of
various forms were born. Thus, Vi^varupa was killed by Sakra,
the ill-fated one.
12-14. The female fiend (born of and called) Brahmahatya
(‘Brahmana-murder’) manifested there. She was terrific and un-
thwartable. She was evil-faced, wicked, full of C ab ala impurity
and could not be blocked or defeated.
The terrible sinners are those who slay Brahm ans, those who
drink liquor, those who steal (gold etc.) and those who defile
and outrage the modesty of the preceptor’s wife. The means of
expiation for these sinners is the utterance of the names of Visnu,
since the mind has him for its object.
The three-headed fiend with smoke-coloured hands rushed
forth to swallow Indra.
15. Thereupon (Indra) fled from there out of great fear. On
seeing him fleeing, the terrible (devil) chased him.
16-17. Wherever he ran, she too ran after him. If he stood
anywhere, she too stood beside him. She behaved in the manner
of a shadow of one’s own body. When she came so close as to
envelop him, Indra sank beneath the waters suddenly, О Brah-
manas, like an old aquatic being.
18-19. Thus three hundred divine years passed since the
consort of Sacz (Indra) began staying (beneath the waters) with
great misery. A terrific state of anarchy spread throughout
heaven. Thereupon Devas, sages and ascetics became anxious
and worried. All the three worlds were overwhelmed by adver­
sity, О Brahmai^as.
20. Even if there is a single Brahma^a-slayer in a kingdom
staying there with impunity, untimely death of good men will
take place there.
21. The king of the state wherein he (the Brahma$a-slayer)
lives, becomes contaminated by the sin. There will be (preva­
lence of) famine, death and calamities.
22. There will be many misfortunes causing the destruction
of the subjects. Hence, Dharma should be practised by a king
with great faith.
23. Similarly, the ministers of the king too should be
 I.i.15.24-36 111
installed with purity. Sin was committeed by Indra and due to
that sin, О Brahma^as, the whole of the universe met with
calamities along with great distress of diverse kinds.
Saunaka enquired:
24. It was by performing a hundred horse-sacrifices that the
great realm of Devas was acquired by him, О SQta. Why then
did Sakra meet with obstacles, О highly fortunate one? Do tell
us exactly as it happened.
Suta replied:
25. In the case of Devas, Danavas and particularly that of
human beings, Karman alone is undoubtedly the cause of happi­
ness and misery.
26-27. An immensely reprehensible act has been committed
by Indra, О Brahmanas. He insulted his Guru (preceptor Brhas-
pati). Visvarupa was slain. The wife of Gautama, his Guru
(preceptor, elderly one), was carnally approached. It was the
fruit of all these sins that was reaped by Mahendra for a long
time. There was no way of atonement for the same.
28. If persons committing wicked and sinful deeds, do not
perform expiatory rites (for the same), they do incur miseries
just like Indra, (though) he had performed a hundred sacrifices.
29. If sins are committed, atonement should be performed
instantaneously in accordance with the injunctions, О Brahma$as,
for the sake of quelling alJ the sins.
30-32. If minor sins are repeatedly performed, they turn into
major sins. Those men who steadfastly cling to their duties of
the morning, midday and dusk can get their sins destroyed. They
attain the excellent world. There is no doubt about it. Hence,
this person of evil conduct (i.e. Indra) reaped the fruit of his
karman.
33. All the Guardians of the Quarters hurriedly deliberated
together. They approached Brhaspati and reported to the precep­
tor about Indra everything they had in their mind.
34. On hearing the words uttered by Devas, Bfhaspati, the
intelligent (preceptor), thought about the anarchy that had begun
to spread.
35-36. ‘What shall be done now? How will they secure
 112 Skanda Purana
welfare—Devas, the worlds and sages of sanctified souls?’ In his
mind, he thought over the details of what should and what
should not be done. Accompanied by Devas, the pitceptor of
great fame went to Indra.
37. They reached the lake where Purandara (Indra) was
lying (hidden) and on the bank of which was staying the (devil
of) Brahmana slaughter terrible like а СащШи
38. All the Devas, accompanied by the groups of sages sat
there. Then Sakra was called by the[preceptor himself.
39. Thereupon, Indra got up and saw his preceptor. With
tears flowing over his face, he spoke to Brhaspati.
40-41. He bowed down to all the persons assembled there.
He pondered over the great (blunders) committed by himself
before, as a result of ignorance. He joined his palms in reverence
and with a piteous face spoke: “O Lord, tell me what should be
done by me just now?”
42-43. The holy lord Bfhaspati of liberal mind laughed and
said: “O Indra, this is the result of that act of yours committed
previously against me. Only by experiencing its result, can it
be annihilated. But, no atonement for Brahma^a-slaughter has
been seen (i.e. laid down) by the authors of Smfti texts.
44. Expiation has been prescribed by those conversant with
Dharma Sastras (Code of Laws) for the sin committed unknow­
ingly. There is no atonement for an offence wilfully committed.
45. A sin committed by a person intentionally does not
become one committed unintentionally. Expiation is laid down
for both based on the differences in the objects.
46. If a sin is committed wilfully (deliberately), the expiation
is to be performed up to death. Atonement is laid down in case
of sins committed unknowingly.
47. Since this has been intentionally done by you, since the
twice-born, the learned priest has been killed, there is no atone­
ment.
48. Stay in the waters here and wait for your death.
49. The meritorious deed of yours termed ‘performance of
one hundred horse-sacrifices’, О evil-minded one, has already
been destroyed at the very moment when the twice-born was kill­
ed by you.
50. Just as not a drop of water remains in a pot with holes,
 I.i Л 5.51-62 113
similarly meritorious deeds of a sinner go on reducing every
moment.
51. Hence, by good luck, if heaven etc. are attained, those
can be retained only by really righteous ones. There is no doubt
about it.”
52. On hearing his statement, Indra spoke these words: “Un­
doubtedly this has fallen to my lot through my own misdeeds.
53. Hasten to Amaravati along with the celestial sages, О
Brhaspati. For the purpose of accomplishing the tasks of the
worlds as well as of Devas, О sage of great fortune, crown as
Indra, anyone whom you approve in your mind.
54. Enveloped by the great devil of Brahmahatya, I am just
like one who is dead. I have been overwhelmed by the sin arising
from Raga (attachment) and Dvesa (hatred).
55. Hence hasten all of you to make someone king of Devas.
You have my permission for the same. la m speaking the truth
to you.”
56. On being told thus, all those (Devas) with Bj-haspati at
their head came to Amaravati immediately and coolly told Saci
everything about Indra’s activities as they had taken place.
57. They consulted one another and began to deliberate
thus: kWhat should be done for the sake of the kingdom?’
58. While Devas were thus deliberating, Narada, the celestial
sage of unmeasured splendour, came there by chance.
59. On being honoured, he asked Devas: “Why are you
all sad and perplexed?”
On being enquired (thus) they spoke everything about Sakra’s
activities:
60. “Indra’s status of being the lord (of Devas) has come to
an end on account of a great sin.”
Thereupon Narada, the celestial sage, spoke these words to
those Devas:
61-62. “You are omniscient Devas endowed with the power
of penance and valour. Hence Nahu^a,1 born in the Lunar race,
1. N ah u $ a—S on of A yu o f th e L u n a r race. H e was elected as In d ra by
gods (M bh, Udyoga 11.9, Santi 342.44-52). H e w anted In d ra ’s wife Sac! and
w ent to h e r in a p a la n q u in borne by Seven Sages. W hen h e p ro d d ed A gastya
to go quickly ‘sarpa’ he was cursed by A gastya to be a p y th o n ( sarpa) an d
he fell fro m heaven (M bh, Udyoga 17.14-18).
 114 Skanda Purana
should be made Indra. He should be established in this realm,
О Devas, immediately. Ninety-nine horse-sacrifices have been
performed by thatnoble-souledNahu$a,0 highly fortunate ones.
Nahusa was a regular performer of Yajnas.”
63-67. That statement coming out of the mouth of Narada
was heard by Sacl. With her eyes filled with tears and not engag­
ed in anything (seriously), she went into the inner apartment.
On hearing the words of Narada, all the Devas congratu­
lated him. They approved of his suggestion to make Nahusa the
ruler of the realm unanimously. Then, king Nahusa was brought
to Amaravati and the kingdom of Mahendra was given to him
by all the Suras and great sages.
Then all of them served Nahusa. Agastya and others (sages),
Gandharvas, Apsaras, Yaksas, Vidyadharas, the great serpents,
Raksasas, the birds of bright wings (supernas like Garuda) and
other heaven-dwellers (served him).
6tt. Then in the city of Devas, there was a continuous grand
celebration. Conchs, musical instruments, Mrdangas and Dun-
dubhis sounded simultaneously.
69. In that grand celebration of the kingdom of Devas,
musicians sang songs, players of instruments played on them
and dancers danced.
70. Then he was coronated there by the sages, of whom
Brhaspati was the foremost.
71. He was worshipped with De\a-Sukta and was made
to perform the worship of Planets in due procedure and with
formalities.
72. The great king Nahusa was duly honoured and respected
by the learned sages of sanctified souls and by all others also. As
the king of Suras, he sat on the throne of Indra. He had the
same features as those of Indra. Endowed with the greatest
splendour, he was eulogized by all.
73. Dressed in excellent sweet-scented bright garments and
with his person adorned excellently with ornaments and articles
of enjoyment, Nahusa appeared resplendent as he was being
eulogized by prominent sages and leading Devas.
74. Thus the great king Nahusa who was endowed with
great ingenuity and worshipped by groups of great Devas and
sages, became severely tormented at heart by intense passion (lust).
 Li. 15.75-87 115

Nahusa said:
75. How is it that Indraru does not come near me? Call her
quickly. It does not behove you to delay.
76. On hearing the words of Nahusa, the liberal-minded
Brhaspati went to Sad’s abode and spoke in detail:
77. “It was on account of the calamity fallen on Indra that
Nahusa was brought here for the sake of the kingdom. О beauti­
ful lady, occupy half of his seat.”
78-79. §acl laughed and spoke to sinless Brhaspati: “He has
occupied the seat of Indra without completing the quota of
(hundred) Yajhas. Only ninety-nine horse-sacrifices have been
performed by him. Hence, he is not qualified enough to obtain
me. Let this be thought over truthfully. If this senseless
fellow still continues to be desirous of me, wife of another per­
son, let him obtain me by coming here by means of a vehicle that
is carried by undeserving carriers.”
80. Saying “So be it”, Brhaspati returned hurriedly to
Nahusa who had been distressed through intense lust. He repor­
ted to him what was spoken by Sad in her own words.
81-84. Saying “So be it”, Nahusa who was deluded by lust,
thought over it. He deliberated on this intelligently: ‘Who can be
the carrier not worthy of being so?’ After thinking about it intel­
ligently and trying to remember for a long time (he decided
thus): “The Brahmanas and the ascetics are not usually thought
of as carriers. I shall make two of them bear me in order to
reach her. This is my decision.” So (the king) who was deluded
by lust gave the palanquin to two Brahmanas.
Seated in that palanquin with great concentration, he urged
them on with the words “Sarpa, sarpa” (Move on, move on).
(Sarpa means ‘serpent’ also.)
85. Agastya who had been one of the palanquin-bearers
became infuriated and cursed the king. “You are a lunatic and
despiser of Brahmarias; you be a python.”
86. Immediately, after the utterance of the curse by the
Brahmaria, the king became a python and fell from there itself.
Indeed the curse of a Brahmana is untransgressable.
87. Just as Nahu$a became (a python), so also all like him
fell into dirty hell by disrespecting Brahmanas.
 116 Skanda Ригала
88. Hence, in order to attain benefits here and hereafter, a
wise, circumspect person who has achieved a position of impor­
tance, should refrain in all possible ways from committing'blunders.
89. Nahusa became a serpent in a very dreadful forest.
Hence there prevailed anarchy in the world of Devas.
90. Similarly, all the Devas were struck with consternation.
“Alas! What a wretched condition the king has fallen into!
91. This evil-minded fellow has obtained neither the mortal
world nor the heavenly world. His (fund of) merits has been
instantaneously burnt down.
92. If there is any other person who has performed (many)
Yajhas, let him be named, О great sage.”
Then the excellent sage Narada of great splendour said:
93. “O highly fortunate ones, hasten to bring Yayati.1”
Messengers of Devas went immediately and brought Yayati
quickly.
94-95. The noble-souled (Yayati) got into an aerial chariot,
and went to heaven accompanied by the messengers of Devas.
He was then honoured and received by the excellent Devas as
well as Serpents, Yak§as, Gandharvas and Siddhas. He arrived
at Amaravatl and was then propitiated by Devas. He seated him­
self on the throne of Indra and was immediately addressed.
96. He was told thus by Narada: “You are a king who has
performed Yajnas. By insulting good people Nahu$a attained
the status of a venomous serpent.
97-98. Those virtuous persons who attain the highest posi­
tion by means of good luck, become deluded too, on account of
previous Karman. They do not see (distinguish between) auspici­
ousness and inauspiciousness. Those stubborn persons fall into
terrible hell. There is no doubt about it.”

1. Y ayati— S o n o fN a h u $ a . M arried to S u k ra’s d au g h ter D evayani and

D aity a K ing V r$aparva’s d au g h ter S arm istha. O u t of jealo u sy o f Sarm i-
$fha, D evayani insisted u p o n S ukra to curse Y ayati w ith old age. T h e la tte r
was condem ned but was em pow ered to borrow the y o u th of his son. H e reali­
zed the folly o f carnal enjoym ent an d retu rn ed his youthfulness to his son
PDru. H e was a pious king but fell from heaven d u e to his boastfulness (M b h f
Adi 88). B ut n eith er M b h n o r V R know s o f the offer of In d ra h o o d to h im
as m entioned in this Ригйра (vv 94-95). T he b o ast of Y ayati in one verse
in M bh, Adi 88.2 is expanded here in vv 99-107.
I.i.15.99-109 117
Yayati said:
99. Obstacles beset those persons too who have performed
unmeasured and limitless meritorious deeds. They were by no
means in small measures, О celestial sage. Know that everyone
of those deeds of mine was very great.
100. Great charitable gifts have been offered along with the
gifts of food. Many gifts of cows have been made along with the
gifts of lands too.
101. Similarly, all excellent (religious) gifts mentioned by
learned persons have been given by me then and there at the
proper time, and in accordance with the great injunctions.
102. The sacrifices Vajapeya, Atiratva, Jyotistoma, Rajasuya,
Horse-sacrifice etc. as mentioned in the Sastras—all these have
been performed by me. The earth has been adorned all round
with sacrificial posts.
103. The “Lord of the universe, the Lord of Devas has been
worshipped in many ways. This daughter Madhavl1 was given
to Galava in the city.
104. Daughters were given to four persons as wives, О sage,
for the sake of the intelligent preceptor of Galava, viz. Visvamitra.
105. These and many other meritorious rites have been
performed by me formerly. They are great and numerous. It is
impossible to recount all of them.”
106. That king was again asked by all the Devas: “Were all
these holy rites performed secretly by you and properly too? We
all wish to hear the truth. О Yayati, we are all desirous of hear­
ing too.”
107. On hearing the words of Devas, Yayati of unmeasured
splendour described everything regarding the remaining part of
his meritorious deeds.
108. Everything was described without leaving anything.
Everything was severally mentioned in detail. Recounting his
own merits, Yayati fell down on the earth.
109. At that very instant, even as all the Suras went on
watching (Yayati fell down). Thus anarchy was produced and
spread quickly.
1. M adhavf becam e an ascetic. S he gave h a lf o f h e r m erit o f penance to
h e r fa th e r Y ayati w hen he fell from svarga (M b h , Udyoga 120, 5-11, 25).
 118 Skanda Purana
110-111. None else was seen by them deserving to be crowned
in the place of Sakra on account of his being a Yajna-pgrformer.
Let this be heard, О excellent Brahmanas.
All the Suras, Sages, great and leading serpents, Gandharvas,
Yaksas, Khagas (Birds), Caracas, Kinnaras, Vidyadharas, groups
of Suras and celestial damsels—all these became full of anxiety.
So too were the human beings.

CHAPTER SIXTEEN

Dadhtci's Gift o f His Body

Lomasa said :
1-9. Thereupon Saci spoke to them the following words full
of virtuous advice : “O Devas with Brhaspati as the head, do
not get despondent. All of you hasten to the place where the
excellent Sura (lies hidden) on being attacked by the devil of
Brahmana’s slaughter. Hurry up, О clever ones, to see Sakra. It
was for the sake of many (i.e. all gods etc.) that the dull-witted
VisvarQpa was killed by Mahendra. But, he was banished by all
(of you). Hence, all of you should go to the place where the lord
(is lying hidden). О sinless one, previously Mahendra had dis­
regarded you. On account of that disrespect you became agitated
and cursed Purandara. Similarly, О Brhaspati, you have been
cursed by me. Though (Sakra) has been dismissed, you be loyal
(to him) till the end. Just as two persons were brought for my
sake even though Sakra is alive, so also, О Brahmana, even
while you are alive (someone else) will do your job. Some person
of exalted magnificence and felicity will procreate a son of great
renown in your wife.1 There is no doubt about this. Go imme­
diately along with Suras. Bring Indra. Do not delay. If you do
not hasten to go, I will curse you once again.”
10. On hearing the words uttered by Saci, he went there

1. Seduction o f T a ra (B fh asp ati’s wife) is a ttrib u te d to Saci’s curse in

th e text.
 I.i.16.11-21 119
along with Suras. All of them went to Purandara (Indra) who
had been afflicted with the devil of Brahmana’s slaughter.
11. After reaching the shore of the lake, they made obeisance
to Sakra. All of them were seen by Sakra who was staying in the
waters.
12. The lord of Devas spoke to them : “ Why have you all
come here? Iam staying here in the waters being overwhelmed
by the sin of Brahmana’s slaughter, alone and engaged in
penance, О Devas.”
13. On hearing these words of Indra, all the Devas became
perturbed. They spoke to the king of Devas (these) amazing
(words) :
14- “ Words like these should not be uttered by you. Such of
your activities as killing of Visvariipa had been done for the sake
of helping others.
15. A mysterious sacrifice was performed by the son of
Visvakarma, whereby Devas and the illustrious sages would be
ruined.
16. It was for this reason, О lord, that he was killed by you
for the sake of helping others. Thereupon, all of us have come
to you to take you to Amaravati.”
17-19. While Devas were discussing this matter, the devil of
Brahmana’s slaughter hurriedly said: “I am chaimingDevendra.”
Then suddenly Brhaspati spoke these words:
Brhaspati said:
We shall now make arrangement of dwellings for your stay.
Thus the devil of slaughter was pacified by Devas on account
of the importance of that matter.
20. All those Suras, the intelligent sages, Yaksas, Pisacas,
serpents, birds as well as all the celestial Siddhas and Caracas
deliberated on this matter and divided the sin of slaughter into
four parts.1
21. At the outset, all the heaven-dwellers spoke to Ksama
(the Earth): “O Earth, for the sake of realizing (our) objectives a
1. T he distribution o f the sin o f B rahm in-slaughter am ong women, fire,
trees and cows as briefly m entioned in M b h , Santi 342.53 ( vanitagnivanaspati-
go$u) is expanded in vv 21-41 here but the sin is distributed am ong th e
earth , trees, w aters, and wom en in our text.
 120 Skanda Purana
portion of the sin of ВгаЬтаца-slaughter should be accepted by
you.”
22-23. On hearing those words of Suras, Dharitrl (the Earth)
trembled and said: “Let it be pondered as to how a part of the
sin of Brahmana-slaughter can be taken over by me? I am the
mother of all living beings. I sustain this universe. But, if I
come into contact with sin, I will become exceedingly impure.”
24. On hearing those words of the Earth, Brhaspati said to
her: “Do not be afraid, О lady, beautiful in every limb. You are
sinless. It cannot be otherwise.
25. When Vasudeva1 of great glory is born in the family of
Yadus, you wiJl become free from sins when his feet are placed
(upon you).
26. Do carry out our request. You must not hesitate in this
respect.”
27. On being told thus, the Earth devoid of sins did accord­
ing to their instructions (i.e. accepted a part of the sin).
Then all those Devas called Trees and spoke these words:
28. “A part of the (sin of) slaughter should be taken up by
you for the purpose of realizing the objectives (of all the Devas).”
On being told thus, all the Trees who had come there said to
Devas:
29-30. “ We are all of this nature that we regularly provide
ascetics with fruits. If we are tainted by the (sin of) slaughter,
all the ascetics too, of great fortune, will become sinners. Hence,
let everything be thought of.”
Thereupon, all the Trees that had come there were told by
the preceptor Brhaspati :
31-32. “None of you need worry about this. If you are cut
olf into several parts, you will grow further with many branches
by the grace of Indra. Then you will be permanently endowed
with (possession of branches).” On being told thus, all of them
partially accepted the (sin of) the slaughter.
33. Then they called the Waters and all the heaven-dwellers
spoke thus to the Waters: “ Let a part of the (sin of) Brahmana’s
slaughter be taken up by the Waters for the sake of realizing the
objectives (of Devas).”

1. T he influence o f K r$pa cu lt is obvious.

 I.i. 16.34-48 121
34-35. Then all the Waters joined together and said to the
priest (Brhaspati): “Ail the living beings enveloped by sins sanctify
themselves by dispelling whatever sins and evils they are tainted
with, by coining into contact with us, through ablutions, cleansing
processes and drinking.”
36-38. On hearing their words, Brhaspati said: “O Waters,
do not be afraid of the sin, though it is difficult to be crossed. Let
the Waters sanctify all living beings, mobile and immobile.”
Then Brhaspati called women and said: “Now itself a part
of the (sin of) Brahma^a-slaughter should be taken up for the
sake of realizing the objectives of all.”
On hearing the words of Guru (Brhaspati), all the women
said:
39-40. “This is the injunction of the Vedas that if a woman
commits a sin, other (many) members of her family become tain­
ted with it and not otherwise. О priest, has this not been heard
by you? Let it be pondered over.”
On being told thus by the women, Brhaspati said:
41-42. “Do not be afraid of this sin, О ус ladies of beautiful
eyes. This (act of yours) will bestow benefits on other ladies of
the future. The part of the (sin of) slaughter will benefit everyone.
(Further) you will have Yathakamitva (‘ability to love to the
heart’s content’).” Thus, four parts of the sin of slaughter were
allotted by Suras. The sin of slaughter stayed in those beings, О
excellent Brahmarias.
43. Mahendra then became free from sins and he was crow­
ned in the city of Devas by the groups of Devas along with the
sages.
44. Accompanied by Sacf, the noble-souled Purandara be­
came the overlord of the universe. He was accompanied by
Devas, the leading sages of great magnanimity and groups of
Siddhas too.
45. Then, fires and winds became splendid. All the planets
were lustrous and quiescent. The earth shone with great splend­
our; so also the mountains yielded gems and jewels.
46-48. The minds of learned men became delighted. Rivers
flowed with nectarine waters. Trees yielded fruits perpetually.
Planets and medicinal herbs grew and matured without being
cultivated. They were comparable to nectar (in taste and effect).
 122 Skanda Purana
The inhabitants of Indra’s world were all enthusiastic and ex­
ceedingly joyous.
Lomasasaid :
49. In the meantime, Tvastr who witnessed the celebrations
in honour of Indra became exceedingly infuriated and was afflict-
ted with sorrow for his (dead) son.
50-51. With great dejection, he went (to forest) for perform­
ing a severe penance. Brahma, the grandfather of the worlds,
became pleased with that penance. Being delighted he said to
Tvastr, “O (Tva§tr) of good holy rites, choose your boon.”
Thereupon, Tvastr chose a boon that caused fear to all the
worlds:
“A son who will be terrifying Dcvas should be given as boon.”
52. Saying “So be it” , the boon was granted by Brahma
Parame§thin. No sooner had the boon been granted than a per­
son appeared there.
53. He was a wonderful Daitya named Vrtra. Everyday, the
Asura increased by a hundred Dhcmus (1 Dhanus ~ about 2
metres) in stature and size.
54. Those Daityas who had been killed by the groups of
Suras at the time of the churning of the Milk Ocean and were
resuscitated to life quickly by Bhrgu, came out of Patala.
55. The whole of the earth was pervaded by that Asura of
great soul.
56. Then, all the sages who had been hurt and injured and
all the ascetics hurriedly reported to Brahma about the calamity
that had befallen them. So also did Indra and other Devas and
Gandharvas along with the groups of Maruts,
57. Everything that Tvastr intended to do was told by
Brahma.
58-59. “By performing very severe penance, a great overlord
of all Daityas called Vrtra, of great refulgence, has been created
for killing you (all).
Still endeavour may be made to see that this Daitya is
killed.”
On hearing the words of Brahma, Devas including Vasava
spoke these words:
Li. 16.60-71 123
Devas said:
60. When Indra was absolved of the sin of Brahmapa-slaugh-
ter and established (as a ruler) in the heaven, something which
should not have been done and which is hard to be born, had
been done by us.
61. Many weapons and missiles had been foolishly thrown
in the hermitage of Dadhica. What shall we do now, О Brahma?
62. On hearing those words, Brahma laughingly said to
Devas: “They have remained there for a long time. Enquire
and return, О Suras.”
63. All the Devas went there, but could not see their res­
pective weapons. They asked Dadhici and he replied: “I do not
know.”
64-65. Again they came to Brahma and all of them told him
what the sage said.
Brahma then said to Devas: “Request him for his bones
for the sake of accomplishing the objectives of all (of you). He
will undoubtedly give (them).”
66-67. On hearing the words of Brahma, Sakra spoke: “O
lord, for the sake of accomplishing the objectives of Devas,
Visvarupa was killed. But I alone was made the most (condemn­
ed) sinner by Suras, О Brahma.
68. Further, at the very same instant, I was made nihsrika
(‘devoid of glory and splendour') by my preceptor. It was indeed
a good luck that I have now entered my mansion.
69. Even if, after getting Dadhici killed, many of his bones
(are taken) and weapons are made from them, those (bone-made)
weapons will be inauspicious, О "Lord.
70. Thus, I am perpetually in fear of sin. How can I kill
this king of Daityas named Vrtra who has been begotten by
Tvastr?”
•*«
Hearing the words of Закга who was perpetually in fear of
sins, god Brahma spoke th u s: He enlightened (Indra) through
the instruction of Arthasastra.
71. “One can withstand and even kill a desperado whether
he be a Brahmana or an ascetic in case he rushes at one and
desires to kill one. One does not become a Brahma$a-slayer
thereby.”
124 Skanda Рига па
Indra said:
72. I am afraid of causing the death of Dadhlca, О
Brahma. There is no doubt about this that a great sin tvill result
from thatBrahma#a-slaughter.
73. Hence, Brahmanas should not be slighted or insulted by
us. Many defects result from insulting (them). It cannot be
otherwise.
74. Only that which brings about great merits should be
done by a wise man. Only such acts should a learned man think
of doing (and plan).
75-77. On hearing his disinterested words, Brahma spoke to
him:
“O Sakra, make use of your own intelligence. Go to Dadhici
quickly. Request for Dadhici’s bones in view of the gravity of
the matter.” Saying “So be it” , Sakra, accompanied by his pre­
ceptor and Devas, went to the auspicious hermitage of Dadhlca,
which contained different kinds of animals devoid of their natural
animosity.
78-80. Cats and mice were joyous in each other’s company.
Lions and shc-elephants along with their young ones found joy
in remaining in the same place. Different species of animals were
engaged in sports in one another’s company- Serpents and mon­
gooses were playing about in one another’s company. Devas
who saw these and many other miraculous things in that hermit­
age were surprised very much.
81-82. They saw the pre-eminent sage seated in his excellent
seat. He was shining with great splendour like the sun or like a
second fire. The excellent sage was accompanied by (his wife)
Suvarca, just as Brahma is accompanied by Savitri.
83-85. After bowing down to him Devas spoke these
words:
“You are a donor (famous) in the three worlds. (Hence) we
have come to you.”
On hearing the words of those Devas, the sage spoke: “O
excellent Suras, tell me what for have all of you come. I shall
give it. There is no doubt about it. My word cannot be other­
wise.”
Then all those Suras in a body said to Dadhici, as they were
seekers of their own selfish interests:
I.i. 16.86-96 125

86-88. “We have been desirous of seeing you as all of us are

(mortally) afraid of dangers, О Brahmana. Hearing about you
as a saviour, Brahma has urged us. So we have come. Under­
stand all these things. О sage of good holy rites, it behoves you
to give us.”
On hearing their words (the sage said): “ Let it be mentioned
what should be given?”
89-90. Then Devas said: “O Brahmana, give us your bones
for the sake of making weapons in order to destroy Daityas.”
Then the Brahmariical sage laughed and said: “Wait fo ra
moment, О Devas. I shall myself give up my body today.”
91-93. After saying this to them, he called his wife Suvarca.
The sage of great splendour said: “ Listen, О gentle lady of pure
smiles. I have been requested by Devas for my bones. I am for­
saking this body. I shall go to the world of Brahma by means of
profound meditation. There is no doubt about this that when I
have gone to the world of Brahma, you will also attain me there
by means of your own virtue. Do not become worried over this
unnecessarily.”
94. After saying this to his wife, he sent her to his own
hermitage. Then, the Brahmaria went into a state of concentration
in the presence of the Devas,
95. By means of the greatest concentration of mind, he cast
off his own body. Immediately he went to the world of Brahma
from where no one returns.1
96. The most excellent one among the groups of sages, nam­
ed Dadhici was a favourite (devotee) of Siva. He was initiated
(in the cult) of Siva. It is for the sake of helping others that the
Brahmapa quickly abandoned his body at that time.

1. The supreme sacrifice of Dadhica in giving his bones for making a

weapon ( Vajra) out of them for killing Vrtra is mentioned in Mbh, Salya
51 but it does not mention his wife Suvarc&. As a propagandist o f Saivism,.
our text claims Dadhica as Siva’s devotee.
 126 Skanda Purana

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN

Vftra Killed: Bali Prepares for War

Lomasa said:
1-3. Then on seeing him absorbed (in the Supreme Spirit),
the groups of Suras began to th in k :‘How do we make (the wea­
pons out of this body)?’ Then the consort of Sacicalled Surabhi
(the divine cow) and said: “At my instance lick up the body of
Dadhica.” Saying “So be it” and honouring his words, Surabhi
licked the body at the same instant. The body was immediately
made rid of all flesh by that cow.
4-5. Suras picked up those bones and made weapons
out of them.1 The weapon Vajra (thunderbolt) was made out of
his backbone and the weapon Brahmasiras was made out of his
skull. Suras picked up many other bones of that sage (and
made weapons out of them). Similarly, Suras who were naturally
inimical to Daityas, made nooses out of his clusters of nerves and
veins.
6. After making the weapons, all Suras of great strength and
exploit hurried back, eager to kill Vrtra.
7. Then Suvarca, the wife of Dadhici, who had been sent
away for the purpose of accomplishing the objectives of Suras,
came back to that place and saw the dead body of her husband.
8. On coming to know that everything had been the work
of Suras, the chaste lady became immediately infuriated. The
chaste lady Suvarca, the wife of the excellent sage, became ex­
tremely enraged and pronounced a curse:
9. “O Suras, all of you are very wicked. All of you are weak
and greedy. Hence, from today onwards all the heaven-dwellers
shall be issueless.”
10. Thus, that ascetic lady cursed those Suras and then came
to the root of an Asvattha tree, (the Indian fig tree) There she
tore up her belly.
11. From the belly, the foetus of the noble-souled Dadhica

1. VV 4-5 describe the different weapons made out of the bones of

Dadhici.
I.i.17.12-19 127
came out. It was Pippalada1 of great lustre. He was a direct
incarnation of Rudra.
12-13. With eyes (flared up) with wrath, the mother Suvar­
ca laughed (in derision) and spoke to Pippalada, the foetus:
“Stay here for a long time near this Asvattha, О highly magni­
ficent son. Be fruitful unto all.” Speaking thus to her son, that
chaste lady Suvarca followed her husband by means of the great­
est Samadhi (concentration).
14. Thus, that wife of Dadhica went to Heaven along with
her husband.
!5. After making the missiles and the weapons, Devas
of great might and exploits, who were eager to (fight) with Dait-
yas, returned with Indra at their head.
16. Honouring Guru and abiding by his bidding, the many
groups of Suras, of great strength and exploit—all of them
equipped with great weapons and missiles, came to the earth, the
Middle Land (world), and spoke (among themselves).
17. On hearing that Devas with Indra as their leader had
come, Vrtra2, the great Daitya, went (there) accompanied by the
groups ofDaityas.
18. Just as the peak of Meru is completely visible, so
appeared that great son of Visvakarman, with great refulgence.
19. Mahendra was seen by him. The great Asura was seen
byMahendra. The meeting of Devas and Danavas was exceeding­
ly wonderful.
1. Pippalada—There arc different persons—sages—of this name. One is a
teacher of Brahma-vidyd in Prasna Upanipad (1.1); another in Atharva-
iikha mentioned along with Sanatkumara. This may be the same men­
tioned in the Guru-Parampara (Teachers’ list) of the Atfutrvaveda. The
Pippalada of our text is different. He is the son of Dadhici and Suvarca.
Mbh, Santi 47.9 mentions one Pippalada, but he seems to be a different
person.
2. Vftra—The Vedic Vrtra is transformed beyond recognition in
Puranas. In his previous birth he was Citraketu (according to BhP
VI. 14.10), a Gandharva who, due to his criticism of Sankara's public
dalliance with Parvati, was cursed by her to be an Asura. He was born of
Tvastr who got the boon from god Brahma of having an Indra-satru as his
son. But due to his wrong accent, he, instead of asking ‘Killer of Indra’ as
his son requested a son whose killer is Indra. Both Mbh ( Vana 101.15,
Santi 283.59-60) and our text send him to the higher world (Vaikuntha as
per Mbh and Siva-loka as per our text) after his death.
 128 Skanda Puraya

20. Devas and Daityas who had harbored bitter hatred for
one another became furious with one another.
21. During that encounter between Suras and Asuras, terri­
ble, high-sounding instruments of martial music were played
everywhere and their majestic loud report was heard everywhere.
22. As the instruments were being played, all of them hurri­
edly and powerfully struck one another with many groups of
weapons.
23. In that war between Devas and Asuras, all the three
worlds including mobile and immobile beings, were over­
whelmed by great fear and became unconscious.
24. Some were cut and broken into two with the weapons.
Some were injured by means of arrows and some cut into pieces
with Nardca arrows, weapons and missiles.
25. Some of the heaven-dwellers were maimed and crippled
with Bhallas (arrows with crescent-shaped heads). They moved
about like the streaks of lightning from clouds that shine in the
sky.
26-27. Many heads fell from the sky like stars as though the
great confusion and consternation of Mahdpralaya (the great
annihilation) had overrun the Middle World, causing the destruc­
tion of all living beings. Then Namuci fought with Sakra.
28-29. The king of Devas himself hit Namuci with great
force by means of his Vajra.Ybxit not even a single hair of the
Asura Namuci was cut by that Vajra. All the Asuras and Suras
were much surprised at this. Mahendra became ashamed.
30. He struck Namuci with his club, but as soon as that
club came into contact with Namuci’s body, it was smashed into
pieces and fell down on the earth.
31. Similarly, Purandara struck him with a great spear. That
spear colliding with Namuci’s limbs split into a hundred pieces.
32-33. Thus, the slayer of the enemies of Suras struck him
with various kinds of weapons. But, Namuci went on smiling and
laughing. He did not strike Purandara.
Beset with great worry and thought, Indra kept quiet. He did
not know what should be done or what should not be done.
34. In the meantime, during that terrific gieat battle, an
ethereal voice was heard immediately, addressing Indra:
35-36. “Kill this Daitya today immediately, О Mahendra.
I.i.17.37-49 129
He is getting terrible and striking terror into the heaven-dwellers.
Kill this great leader of Asuras quickly by means of the foam
which is near the waters and which is hard to be borne. If struck
with any other weapon, he can never be killed. Hence, О lord of
Devas, make all possible endeavour to kill this evil-minded
Namuci.”
37. On hearing the divine speech that was characterized by
truth, that caused perpetual delight and was conducive to auspi­
ciousness, (Indra) who was the most excellent one among those
who endeavour, went to the other shore of the ocean and attemp­
ted (to kill Namuci) as he had infinite fund of vigour.
38. On seeing him to have come there, Namuci became ex­
ceedingly angry. He struck Devendra with his spear and laugh­
ingly asked:
39. “Why have you resorted to the shore of the ocean? You
have left the battlefield. You have even abandoned your weapon.
40. О evil-minded one, what (harm) has been done to me
even by your own Vajral
41-42. Similarly many other missiles and weapons had been
taken up by you previously to kill me, О dull-witted one. Now
what will you do to kill me? You have come here to fight, but, О
fool, with what weapon do you wish to fight in this battle?
43. I will kill you today itself, if you stand here in the
battle. If not, go, being set free by me. bive long and be happy.”
44. On hearing these arrogant words of that (Daitya) who
shone in the battle, Mahendra too became furious. He took up
the mysteriously wonderful foam.
45. On seeing the foam in his hand, Asuras laughed.
46. Namuci said (to himself), ‘He has exhausted his weapons.
Therefore, Purandara wishes to kill me today by means of this
foam alone. Indeed Satakratu (Indra) is liberal-minded.’
47-48. He thus slighted Purandara laughingly. Namuci, the
great Daitya, stood in front of him displaying his contemptuous
disregard. At that very moment Indra killed him quickly with the
foam.
49. When Namuci was killed, all the Devas became
delighted. The sages honoured (Indra) with the words “Well
done, well done.”
 130 Skanda Parana

50. After the killing of Namuci in the battle, all Devas be­
came victorious. Daityas were excited with anger. They were
furiously desirous of fighting (with Devas).
51. The battle was resumed. Devas fought with Danavas
equipped with many kinds of weapons and missiles. Both were
desirous of killing one another.
52. When those Asuras were being struck down again and
again, Vrtra, of great refulgence, approached Satakratu (Indra).
53. On seeing Vrtra, all of them including Suras, Asuras and
human beings were overcome by great fear. They fell on the
ground and lay there.
54. When all the Suras and Siddhas became frightened, the
valorous Indra (came there) riding on Airavaija (i.e. Airavata)
(armed) with the thunderbolt in his hand.
55. He shone by an umbrella that was held (over him) and
the chowries (by his side) too. He was accompanied by all the
Guardians of the Quarters. He was endowed with great power of
exploit.
56. On seeing Vrtra, all the great Devas and the Guardians
of the Quarters became terrified. All of them sought refuge in
Siva.
57. All of them mentally contemplated Sankara, the bene­
factor of the worlds. Mahendra who was desirous of victory, duly
worshipped the Lihga.
58. This was understood immediately by Guru (Brhaspati).
With great confidence, the highly intelligent Brhaspati said to
Sakra:
Brhaspati said:
59-60. The bright half of the lunar month of Karttika
(October-November), Saturday and Trayodasi (thirteenth day)—
when all these are concurrent, it is undoubtedly conducive to the
accomplishment of everything. On that day, at the time of dusk,
Sadasi va should be worshipped in the form of Lihga, О Devendra,
for the accomplishment of all desired objectives.
61. The devotee should take his bath at midday and worship
Siva with sweet scents, fragrant flowers, fruits etc. together with
gingelly seeds and emblic myrobalan.
Li Л 7.62-72 131

62. Afterwards, at the time of dusk, he should worship an

immobile Lihga, whether it is self-existent or an installed one,
whether it is man-made or of divine origin.
63. The devotee should worship that Lihga with great devo­
tion, whether in the midst of people or in a lonely place, in a
forest or in a penance-grove. He should particularly worship at
the time of dusk.
64. If the Lihga is stationed outside a village, it is a hund­
red times more efficacious than when it is in the village. The merit
of the worship of the wonderful Lihga in a forest is one hundred
times more than when it is outside the village.
65. If the Lihga is worshipped on a mountain, it is a hundred
times more efficacious than when it is worshipped in a forest. If
the Lihga installed in a penancc-grovc is worshipped, it yields a
great benefit. It is ten thousand times more efficacious than the
Lihga stationed on a mountain.
66. Hence the worship of Sivalihga should be performed
efficiently by wise men on the basis of this difference. A holy dip
in the sacred spot and other similar rites should also be diligently
performed.
67. If the devotee offers five pirufas (rice balls) accompanied
by holy dip alone, it is splendid. One should perform the holy
ablution in a well especially with the water drawn.
68. One should perform the holy dip in a lake after offering
ten piridas. The holy dip in a river is especially superior and
particularly so in a great river.
69. The holy dip in Ganga is superior to that in all the other
holy spots and waters. If the holy dip is performed in a Devakhata
(natural pond or reservoir) it is equal in efficacy to a dip in Ganga.
The devotee should perform the rite of holy ablution in a praise­
worthy manner.
70. Illumination should be offered to god Sadasiva with a
thousand lamps or a hundred lamps or a series of thirty-two
lamps.
71-72. For the sake of Siva’s gratification, the devotee should
illuminate the lamps with ghee. For the attainment of all desired
objects Sadasiva should be worshipped at the time of dusk, in the
form of a Lihga, by men with fruits, lamps, food-offerings, sweet
132 Skanda Parana
scents, incense and all the sixteen Upacaras1 (i.e. modes of render­
ing service during worship) for the fulfilment of all objects.
73. The devotee should circumambulate (Siva) one hundred
and eight times. He should as well exert himself to perform as
many prostrations (before Siva).
74. Sadasiva should be honoured and worshipped by means
of circumambulations and prostrations. Rudra should be eulogiz­
ed by reciting his hundred names.
75. “Obeisance to Rudra, to Bhima (the terrible one), to
Nilakantha (blue-throated god), to Vedhas (the creator), to
Kapardin (one having matted hair), to Sure&a (the lord of Devas);
obeisance indeed to Vyomake&a (sky-haired);
76. to Vysadhvaja (bull-bannered god), to Soma (one ac­
companied by Uma), to Nilakantha, to Digambara (one with the
quarters for garments), to Bharga (refulgent one), to Umakanta
(the husband of Uma), to Kapardin;
77. to Tapomaya (one who is of the nature of penance), to
Vyapta (one who is pervaded). Obeisance indeed to Sipivista (one
who is pervaded by rays), to Vydlapriya (one who is fond of
serpents), to Vyala (one who is identical with serpents); obeisance
to the lord of serpents,
78. to MahTdhara (one who supports the earth), to Vydghra
(the tiger); obeisance to the lord of Pasus (individual souls),
to Tripurant akasimha (leonine destroyer of Tripura), to Sardu-
logra-rava (one whose roaring sound is as dreadful as that of a
tiger);
79. to Mina (fish), to Minanatha (to the lord of fishes), to
Siddha, to Parame$(hin, to Kdmantaka (the destroyer of Kama),
to Buddha (the enlightened one); obeisance to the lord of the
intellect,
80. to Kapota (pigeon), to Vi§ista (superior one), to
(of good discipline), to Paramatman (the Supreme Soul), to Veda,
to Vedabija (seed of the Vedas); obeisance indeed to Devaguhya
(secret known only to gods);
1. They are: Avahana (invitation), Asana (offering seat), Pddya, Arghya,
Acamaniya (offering water to wash feet, to sip etc.), Snana (bath), Vastra
(offering clothes) and Yajnopavlta (sacred thread), Gandha (ointment, sandal
etc.), Pufpa (flowers), DhUpa (incense), Dipa (lamp), Naivedya or Upahara
(food, eatables), Namaskdra (bowing), Pradakfind (circumambulation),
Visarjana (send-off).
 I.i.17.81-89 133

81. to Dlrgha (long one), to Dirghadirgha (longer than the

long one), to Dlrghargha (one of long respectable offering), to
Maha (festival); obeisance to Jagatpratitfha (one who is establish­
ed in the universe); obeisance indeed to Vyomariipa (one in the
form of the firmament);
82. to Gajasuravinasa (one who has destroyed the demon
in the form of an elephant), to Andhakasurabhedin (one who
has split the demon Andhaka), to Nilalohitasukla (one of blue,
red and white colours), to Can<fa-Mun4apriya (one who is fond
of Canda and Muri^a);
83. to Bhaktipriya (one who is fond of devotion), to Deva
(resplendent lord), to Jnanajnana (knowledge of knowledges)
to Avyaya (the immutable), to Mahesa (the great lord), OMaha-
deva. Obeisance to you, to Нага (the destroyer);
84. to Trinetra (the three-eyed god), Triveda (one who is
eulogized in the three Vedas); obeisance, obeisance to Vedanga
(the embodiment of Vedas), to Artha (wealth), to Arthariipa
(one who has the form of wealth); obeisance indeed to Para-
martha (the Ultimate Reality),
85. to Visvarupa (one who has the cosmic form), to Visva
(the universe). Obeisance indeed to Vi§vanatha (lord of the
universe), to Sankara (the benefactor), to Kala (god of Death),
to Kalavayavarfipin (one who is in the form of the units of
time);
86. to Arupa (formless), to Siikfma (the subtle one). Obei­
sance indeed to the subtler than the subtlest. Obeisance to you
who reside in the cremation ground; obeisance to you, wearer of
the elephant hide,
87. to Sasahka-Sekhara (one who has the moon as the crest-
jewel), to Rudra, to Visva§raya (the support of the universe), to
Durga (unattainable), to Durgasara (the essence of the un-
attainables), to Durgavayavasaksin (one who is witness unto the
limbs of Durga);
88. to Lihgarupa (one who is in the form of the Linga), to
Linga; obeisance to the lord of Lingas; obeisance to Omkara;
obeisance indeed to Pranavartha (the meaning of Prapava).
89. Obeisance, obeisance to you, the cause of the causes, to
Mrtyunjaya (the conqueror of Death), to AtmasvarUpin (one who
is in the form of the Soul), to Bhava-svariipin (one who is
 134 Skanda Parana
of the form of the world), to Triyamba (one who has three eyes),
О Asitakantha (dark-throated), OBharga (refulgent one).#
О Gauripati (Consort of Gauri), obeisance to Sakalamafigala-
hctu (the cause of all auspiciousness).”
Brhaspati said:
90. The hundred names of Mahega should be repeated al­
ways by a Vratin (‘observer of holy vows’) along with circum-
ambulations and prostrations of that number with great effort.
This should be done at the time of dusk for the sake of grati­
fying Sankara,
91. Such is the holy observance fully explained to you, О
Sakra, of great intellect. Perform this quickly. О lord of exalted
fortune, fight only afterwards, O bord.
92. By the grace of Sambhu, victory etc. will come to you.
93. This highly refulgent Daitya has formerly propitiated
god Siva by (performing) penance on mountain Gandhamadana.
94. There was a king named Citraratha. Know, О Indra,
that his park was near the city of Siva. His park was named
Caitraratha.
95. О Indra of exalted fortune, the six infirmities of human
beings (viz. grief, delusion, old age, death, hunger and thirst) do
not find a place in that park. Hence that park named Caitraratha
was exceedingly auspicious.
96. A wonderful vehicle had been given to that king by
Siva himself. The vehicle could go wherever one desired to go. It
was fitted with small ornamental tinkling bells and was attended
upon by Siddhas and Caranas. It was rendered resplendent by
Gandharvas, Apsaras, Yak§as and Kinnaras.
97. Once he was wandering round the earth, big mountains,
different kinds of islands etc.
98-99. Once in the course of his wanderings, the great king
named Citraratha came to Kailasa. There he saw an exceedingly
wonderful assembly hall of Mahesa, that shone on account of the
Ganas. He saw Mahesvara also who looked splendid with the
goddess adhering to half of his body.
100-101. When he saw Sadasiva accompanied by the god­
dess (as well as closely joined to the goddess), he spoke these
words: “We, the ministers etc. and others, О iSambhu, cling to
I.i.17.102-112 135
worldly pleasures- Others there are who are enslaved by (and
enamoured of) women. We are indeed ignorant too, but out of
shyness we do not enjoy the company of women in the midst of
people.”
102-104. On hearing these words, Mahesa laughingly said
in a just and proper manner, even as all were listening: “All are
afraid of popular censure and not otherwise. The poison Kala-
kuta which could not be digested by anyone was swallowed (by
me). Still a mocking criticism about me was made by this king.
This is difficult to be digested by me.”
Girija called Citraratha and spoke these words:
Girijci said:
105. О evil-minded one, О ignorant fellow, why was Sankara
mocked at and ridiculed along with me? О dull-witted one, you
will see the consequences of your action.
106. He who mocks and ridicules equanimous and even-
minded good people, whether he is a Deva or a human being,
should be known as the meanest of all mean people.
107. These leading sages of great magnanimity, those ancho­
rites steeped in the Vedas and these (philosophers) Sanaka and
others, worship Siva. Are they ignorant ones?
108. О confounded one, among all the people (you suppose
that) you alone are Abhijna (one with rich experience and pro­
found knowledge) and not other people. Therefore, I shall make
you a wiseacre Daitya excluded (excommunicated) by Devas and
Brahmanas.
(Bfhaspati continued:)
109. On being cursed thus by goddess Bhavani, the excellent
king Citraratha, immediately fell from heaven.
110. He took birth in the race of Asuras and came to be
known by the name Vrtra. He was gradually made to perform
penance by Tvastr.
111-112. It is said that Vrtra became invincible on account
of that great penance. Hence worship god 3ambhu now during
the time of dusk in accordance with the prescribed method.
Then kill Vrtra, the great Daitya, for accomplishing the cause of
Devas.
On hearing these words of his preceptor, Indra said: “Tell me
 136 Skanda Parana

the mode of the performance of the worship of (Siva) during

Pradosa (dusk time) along with its Udyapanavidhi (the concluding
rites).”1
Brhaspati said:
113. In the month of Karttika when Saturday and Trayodasl
(13th day) coincide, all the requirements are complete for the sake
of getting the benefit of the entire holy rite.
(Procedure o f worshipping god Siva)
114-115. A silver bull should be made. There must be a good
Pitha (seat) upon its back. The devotee must keep the Three-eyed
Lord, the consort of Uma, upon it. The lord must have five faces
and ten hands. Half of his body must be the chaste daughter of the
Mountain. Thus both Uma and Mahesa should be made of gold
by the learned devotee.
116. All these (the bull etc.) must be placed in a copperplate
and covered with a cloth. The Lihga must be placed along with
Uma with all the necessary offerings of enjoyment (food offerings,
scents, incense etc.).
117. During the night the devotee should keep a vigil in
accordance with the injunctions and with great faith.
At the outset the bathing rite should be performed with
Pancamrta (five sweet ingredients in fluid form). (Then the follow­
ing Mantras should be recited in offering each.)
(The Mantra at the time o f bathing the god with cow's m ilk’?)
118. “O lord of Devas, О lord of the chiefs of Devas, bath­
ing is offered by me with cow’s milk. Accept it, О Paramesvara
(great Tord).”
(The Mantra while bathing the god with curds:)
119. “OUord, bathing is performed by me now with curds.
Accept what has been offered by me. Be highly delighted now.”

1. VV 112-135 give details of Sivа-worship on the 13th day of the bright

half of Karttika. The success of Indra is attributed to Indra’s observance of
this Vrata and Vjrtra’s negligence of the same. The whole episode is meant
to glorify the Vrata of god Siva.
 I.i.17.120-127 137

(The Mantra at the time o f bathing with ghee:)

120. “ O Lord, bathing is performed by me now with ghee.
Accept what has been offered with faith for the sake of gratifying
you.”
(The Mantra for bath with honey :)
121. “This honey is given by me for the sake of your pleasure.
Accept it, О Lord of Devas. Be the bestower of tranquillity on
^
me.»*

(The Mantra while offering bath with sugar:)

122. “O lord, bathing is performed by me now, О lord of the
chiefs of Devas, with sugar. Accept this which has been offer­
ed with faith. О Lord, be delighted.”
123. Thus the Bull-bannered Lord must be bathed in Рапса-
mjrta. Afterwards Arghya (materials of worship) must be offered
by the intelligent devotee in a copper vessel with this following
Mantra for the gratification of the consort of Uma:
(Mantra fcr offering o f Arghya:)
124. “You are the most befitting person for being worship­
ped by this Arghya, О consort of Uma. Accept this, О Lord,
offered by me. Be pleased, О Sankara.”
(Mantra for offering Padya:)
125. “Accept, О Lord of the chiefs of Devas, the Padya
(water for washing the feet) offered by me to you along with
fragrant flowers and sweet scents. Be pleased. Be the bestower of
boons.”
(Mantra for offering a seat:)
126. “A seat along with another seat has been offered by
me, О Lord, for the sake of your peace and calmness. О Lord of
Devas, always be the bestower of boons on me.”
(Mantra at the time o f offering Acamaniya!)
127. “Acamaniya (i.e. water for the ceremonial sipping) has
been given to you. О Lord Visvesvara, accept; О great Шпа, be
delighted with me today, О Lord. ”
 138 Skanda Purana
(Mantra while offering the sacred thread:)
128. “A golden sacred thread which consists of Brahma-
granthi (knot) and which causes all holy rites to function is offer­
ed by me to you, О Lord.” 1

(Mantra while offering sandal paste :)

129. “Sweet scents and sandal paste have been offered by
me, О Lord, with great devotion. О Sambhu, Bhava, make me
fragrant.”

(Mantra while offering a lamp .)

130. “O Sambhu, an excellent lamp2 kindled with ghee has
been offered by me. Accept it, О Lord of Devas. Be the bestower
of knowledge on me.”

(Mantra while offering incense:)

131. “Excellently superior lamp3 invigorated with all medi­
cinal herbs (has been offered by me). Accept it, О great Tsana, for
the sake of my peace and calmness.”

{Mantra before Arati— Waving o f lamps '.:)

132. “O Paramesvara, accept the row of lamps offered by
me. By virtue of my offering of waving of lights, be the bestower
of splendour on me.”

133. By persons who are conversant with injunctions

(regarding worship) the Lord should be (carefully and) deligently
worshipped on that night (by offerings) in the following order:
fruits, lights etc. food-offering, betel-leaf etc.

1. V.L.
Yajhopavltam sauvarnam maya dattam ca Sankara/
gfhana paraya tusfya, tu?to bhava tu sarvadd!/
“О god Sankara, a golden sacred thread has been given by me. Please
accept it with great satisfaction. Please be for ever gratified.”
2. Offering incense precedes the offering of a lamp in Тща. Verse 131
should have come here.
3. Dhilpam is the correct reading and not Dlpam as the offer o f incense
precedes the offer of lamps.
 I.i.17.134-146 139
134. The devotee must keep awake thereafter whether in
a house or in a temple. The canopy over the dais must be put
up with various, wonderful decorations. God Sadasiva should
be worshipped by means of songs, musical instruments and
dance.
135. It is in accordance with these injunctions that the con­
cluding rites in the worship at Pradosa should be performed duly
for the sake of the fulfilment of all objects.

136. Satakratu (Indra) performed everything mentioned by

Guru (Brhaspati). With him as his main help, Indra engaged him­
self in the battle.
137. Satakratu fought against Vrtra along with Suras. The
fight between Devas and Danavas was fierce.
138. In that exceedingly fierce battle that caused destruction
among'Devas and Daityas, the duels were extremely terrifying
and tumultuous:
139-142. Vyoma fought with Yama. Tiksnakopana fought
with Agni. Mahadamstra fought with Varuna and Mahabala
fought with Vayu. All those engaged in duels were desirous of
(suppressing) the strength of one another. The excellent Devas of
powerful arms were heroic in battle. They became victorious then.
All the leading Daityas met with very great defeat on all fronts.
On seeing the leading Daityas defeated by Suras, running away as
fugitives, Vftra of great strength spoke these words with extreme
wrathfulness:
Vftra said:
143. О Daityas, why are you greatly distressed? Why are
you so frightened? All of you are running away abandoning the
war of wonderful (events).
144-145. О heroes, resolve to fight. Display your respective
valour. О mighty ones, kill the groups of Suras with maces,
spears with sharp edges, swords, javelins, iron clubs, mallets,
swords with thin edges, small javelins hurled at the enemies,
nooses, maces and even your fists.

146. Then Devas fought Asuras with great weapons and

missiles made out of Dadhici’s bones. They tore up Asuras.
 140 Skanda Puraria
147. This was repeated often. Again and again Daityas were
killed by Devas. They met with defeat. Again and £gain, they
were urged by Yftra to fight Suras.
148. The excellent Daityas were being killed by the leading
Suras. They fled in all directions. Some of the Danavas were
frightened so much that they appeared to be eunuchs.
149-153. The leading Daityas were rebuked and censured by
furious Vrtra: “O Puloman of great fortune; О Vf§aparvan,
obeisance to you. О DhQmraksa, О Mahakala, О Vrkasura, the
great Daitya, О Sthulaksa, the eminent Daitya, О Sthuladamstra,
obeisance to you. The excellent battlefield is the gateway to
heaven for Ksatriyas of great magnanimity. "Why do you aban­
don it and run away? Those who meet death in the battle­
field attain the greatest position. A learned man must desire to
die in battle. Those who forsake the battle(field) certainly go to
hell.
154-155. If men who have committed great sins fight in a
battlefield with weapons in their hands for the sake of Brahma-
oas, their servants or for their own sake and get killed being hit
with weapons in the battle, they go to the highest region. There
is no doubt about it.
156. Those whose bodies are cut off by means of weapons
for taking up the cause of cows or their own masters, those who
die or those who are wounded in war do attain the greatest goal
(heaven).
157. If persons of great heroism are killed in battle, they
attain the greatest region even if they be sinners. They attain the
region not easy of access even to the learned men.
158-159. Pilgrimage to holy places, study of the Vedas, wor­
shipping of the deities, performances of Yctjnas and other diffe­
rent kinds of holy rites conducive to welfare—all put together do
not deserve even a sixteenth part of the holy action of those
who fall in battle. This has been laid down in all the sacred
treatises.
160. Hence the valorous and glorious act of fighting should
be carried out by you without suspicion or fear. It should not
be otherwise, because the Vedic statements are authoritative.
161. All of you belong to the profession of heroes. You
.are magnanimous and dignified due to nobility of birth and
I.i.17.162-172 141
course of conduct, but if you run away from the war-zone like
cowards, you are sure to go to those worlds of cowards like them.
162. According to Smrtis, all of them (cowards) certainly
go to the world of sinners (i.e. hell).
163. Those worst sinners who adhere to unrighteous things,
the slayers of Brahmapas and the defilers of the preceptors’ bed
go to hell. In the same manner those who stray away (desert)
from war, incur the same sin and go to hell.
164-165. Hence you people who are capable of bearing the
burden of the work of your master must fight.”
On being told thus by the noble-souled Vrtra, the Asuras
carried out his words. They fought a furious battle with Suras
terrifying all the worlds.
166. When that tremendous and tumultuous battle ensued,
Vrtra, the sole lord of the great Daityas, who was overwhelmed
by extraordinary wrath, said to Indra accompanied by the ex­
cellent Devas:
Vrtra said:
167. Listen to the words uttered by m?. It is conducive to
your welfare. It is connected with virtuous objects. Although you
are the lord of Devas, you do not know what is good and what is
not.
168. What were your objectives for which ViSvarupa was
killed by you?
169. Whatever these persons do for the accomplishment of
their tasks is futile: Those who do not see far into the future,
those who are foolish and confounded, those who are excluded
from piety and virtue and those who are incompetent. Know all
these, О Devendra. Let it be pondered over mentally.
170. Hence be virtuous and free from the taint of sin. Then
fight with me. You are the slayer of my brother, О Indra. Hence
I will kill you.
171. Be steady. Do not run away surrounded by Devas.

On being told thus by Vrtra, Sakra became exceedingly

furious. He mounted on the elephant Airavata and went ahead
with a desire to kill Vrtra.
172. On seeing Indra coming, Vrtra, the most excellent one
142 Skanda Purana

among the powerful persons, said laughingly even as all the

others were listening (to it):
173. “Strike me at the outset. Then I shall kill you.”
174. On being told thus, Devendra hit hard with his mace
Vrtra of great strength and the most excellent one among those
who possess power at the knee.
175. Seeing that mace coming, Vrtra caught hold of it
sportively. "With that very same mace, he struck back immediately
Indra, the king of heaven.
176. That Gadd (mace, iron club) knocked down Purandara,
along with his Vajra. On seeing Sakra fallen, Vrtra spoke to
Suras:
177. “ O Devas, take your lord to your own city Amaravati.”
178-179. On hearing these truthful words of the noble-soul-
ed Vrtra, all the Suras did so. Eagerly they removed him even
while he was seated on the elephant, from the battlefield and
surrounded him with fear. All those Suras left the battlefield and
went to heaven.
180. When Devas had departed, the great Asura Vrtra
danced and laughed loudly and thereby the quarters were filled
with that (sound).
181. The entire earth including the mountains, parks and
forests shook and trembled. All mobile and immobile things be­
came agitated.
182. On hearing that Devendra had gone (from the battle­
field), Brahma, the grandfather of the worlds, came near him.
With the water from his Kamanfalu, he touched (sprinkled)
Devendra. At that very same instant, Purandara regained cons­
ciousness.
183. Seeing Brahma in front of him, Indra became ashamed.
Brahma, the grandfather, said to Mahendra who felt ashamed:
Brahma said:
184. Vrtra is endowed with the power of penance (done by
himself). He is endowed with the power of penance of Tva$tr also.
He abides by the holy rite and vow of celibacy. This Vftra of
great fame has become invincible due to his severe penance.
Hence conquer him by means of penance.
 Li.17.185-195 143

185. Vftrasura, the lord of Daityas, can be conquered only

through great penance, О Sakra.

On hearing the words of Brahma, Hari (i.e. Indra) remem­

bered the Bull-bannered Lord.
186. The noble-souled Purandara urged by his (preceptor)
Brhaspati began to eulogize (“Lord Siva) with a prayer.
Indra prayed:
187. Obeisance to lord Bharga, who is very difficult to be
approached by Devas. О lord of Devas, be the bestower of boons
for the sake of the accomplishment of the tasks of Devas.

188. The liberal-minded consort of SacI was thus engaged

in eulogy. Indeed he was very prompt and skilful in matters con­
cerning himself. He was slow-witted but was certainly devoted to
worldly (pleasures).
189. Deluded persons devoted to worldly pleasures do not
attain the highest region of Isa, even if they are engaged in devo­
tion to Siva (as) they are passionate and sensualist.
190-192. Those people who are free from impurities, egotism
and arrogance and who worship Mrda (the Gracious), Isa (the
Supreme Lord), Sambhu, the greatest lord, who bestows perfect
knowledge are really great people. Sankara is the bestower of
boons on them both here and hereafter.
Mahendra was a great sensualist. Sarva had been eulogized
by Mahendra who was passionate.
There is no doubt that Sambhu can rarely be approached by
sensualists. Hence Sadasiva can always be visualized directly by
non-sensualists.
193. Indeed the king of Suras was exceedingly passionate.
He (professed to be) very efficient in accomplishing his own tasks.
Hence Sacipati (Indra) (had) always to strain and exert himself.
He was perpetually indulgent in his own lust and similar emotions
of the heart.
194-195. On account of the seriousness of the matter,
Mahesa, of the form of the Linga, who was the seer and vision of
all, understood (everything) and spoke to Indra who was eulogiz­
ing : “O Indra, go to Vjtra, the D£nava, along with Suras. О
 144 Skanda Ригала

Satakratu (Indra), he can be conquered in the battle only through

the power of penance.”
Indra said :
196. By what means can this great and excellent Daitya be
conquered? О Sambhu, let that be mentioned immediately where­
by my success can be (achieved).
Rudra said:
197. He cannot be killed in battle even by the excellent
Devas. Hence a mean act (of trickery) must be performed by you
today.
198. Formerly this (demon) had been cursed by Parvati in
my presence. (At that time) he had been a king named Citra-
ratha, well reputed in all the three worlds.
199. He was wandering (here and there) in an excellent
refulgent aerial chariot given by me. The leading Daitya had to
be born of this womb (of a Daitya) because of his satirical
ridicule.
200-201. Hence, О excellent one among those who are ex­
pert in wars, know him to be invincible in war.

Thus Mahendra was told by iSambhu, the greatest Yogin.

Saying “So be it” and honouring it, Sakra took up devout obser­
vances and restraints.
202. О highly fortunate sages, he made up his mind to stay
near Vrtra for a thousand years waiting for a weak and vulnera­
ble point in order to kill Vrtra.
203. With the permission of Guru (Brhaspati), his priest,
the thunderbplt-armed Indra stood out of Antaredi and carried
on his activities vigorously.
204. Once Vrtra, the Daitya Chief, surrounded by all
Daityas casually came to Narmada.
205-206. V|tra endowed with manliness, always thought
thus : ‘Indra has met with defeat and discomfiture. He has been
taken to heaven by Devas. All my enemies have been struck
down. There is no one like me.* Thinking thus, О Brahmaijas,
he came to Narmada at the time of dusk.
207. At that time of dusk, the very great (Daitya) V^tra, the
I.i Л7.208-220 145
most excellent one among powerful persons, surrounded by
Asuras, was seen by Indra.
208. On that day, Trayodati (thirteenth day) was in con­
junction with Saturday. Brhaspati caught hold of the hand (of
Indra). Indra was urged by Guru (to perform the worship of
Siva).
209. At that time, the Lifiga-form Omkara (a famous Jyotir-
lingo) on the bank of Narmada was worshipped by Indra by
means of circumambulations, prostrations (etc.) in accordance
with the injunctions (of sacred scriptures).
210. Due to the greatness of the holy rite during the dusk
hours as well as the grace of Sankara, the valorous (lord) armed
with the thunderbolt became (very powerful) instantly.
211. Though he was endowed with the (power of) penance,
the great Vrtra was overcome by sleep during the time of dusk.
He was roused (from sleep) by Sunda.
212. Since he slept during the time of dusk, the merit that
had been earned through penance was ruined at the very same
instant He became devoid of splendour.
213-215. On account of the curse of the goddess too, Vrtra
became disappointed in his desired object. (More than) a quarter
of the duration of the dusk had passed, when Vrtra entered the
holy waters surrounded by different kinds of Daityas with diverse
kinds of weapons. iSatakratu, the consort of Sack.who was seeking
the w'eak and vulnerable points, understood the same and so
slowly approached him to kill his enemy.
216-217. By that time all the excited and terrible Daityas of
horrifying exploits stood up simultaneously unable to bear (the
attack of) Satakratu. Thereafter ensued a battle with them as
they had a very strong army. Then all Devas came there for
rendering assistance to Indra.
218-220. With very great speed and force Daityas and
Devas fought (one another). The battle that was fought during
the night resulted in the crushing and destroying of both, Suras
and Asuras. The battle became extremely terrible as many wea­
pons and missiles were used by them. When the war of exceed­
ingly severe and terrible nature went on thus, Vftra took up his
exceedingly powerful spear and got ready. He faced Indra and
 146 Skanda Pur aria

roared terrifically. The reverberation of the loud shout frightened

all the three worlds.
221-222. Mahendra mounted on (his elephant). Airavana
shone then with the umbrella that was refulgent like the disc of
the moon, being held high up above him. Even as he was being
fanned by chowries, he spoke to the great Daitya:
Indra said:
223. О Vrtra, you are surrounded by a great army (although)
you are the hero of heroes on account of your great penance.
Fight with me.

224. On being told thus by him, Vrtra spoke these words:

“O Indra, strike me first. Afterwards I shall kill you.”
225. Saying “So be it” and thinking about it, Purandara
was desirous of discharging the exceedingly unbearable thunder­
bolt of a hundred sharp edges. But he was prevented by that priest
of great lustre, the most excellent one among the intelligent
persons. Thinking that it should be so, Indra did accordingly.
226-227. The lord of Devas took up an iron club and struck
Vrtra with it. Vrtra warded it off like a miser dodging a guest.
On observing that his iron club had been futile, Indra became
full of anxiety.
228. As he was thinking thus, Vrtra spoke to him rebukingly:
“O Sakra, has the wonderfully contemptible vulgar act perform­
ed by you been forgotten? It was on account of it that you have
become a thousand-eyed one due to the curse of the great sage
Gautama.
229-230. Those heroic persons who restrain their different
sense-organs do attain victory and not others like you. Undoubt­
edly the battlefield is extremely terrible unto sinners.”
231. Thus the great Daitya rebuked Devendra. The lord
of Devas then shook his trident that was on a par with lightning.
232. With that great spear, Vrtra of wonderful exploits
shone like Rudra, the destroyer of (creation at the end of)
Yugasy by means of his penance.
233. On observing him in that posture, Satakratu, the lord
of Devas, rushed at Vrtra, the great Danava, with a desire to
kill him.
Li. 17.234-247 147

234-236a. On seeing Purandara rushing at himself with a

desire to kill him (Vftra) laughed loudly instilling fear in Sakra.
Opening his mouth very widely, the lord of Daityas with great
splendour came there suddenly to swallow Sakra He grabbed
into his mouth, Sakra along with his elephant, thunderbolt and
crown. He then danced and roared
236b-238. Within a moment, Purandara was (completely)
swallowed.
There was a great shout of Alas! Alas! from the Devas who
watched it. There was an earthquake and thousands of meteors
fed The entire universe consisting of mobile and immobile
beings was enveloped in darkness. Vrtra who was dancing then
became exceedingly brilliant.
239. Being pierced (in the heart), all the Devas came to
Brahma and reported to him everything that was done by the
Asura Vrtra.
240-241. On hearing it lord Brahma became distressed and
surprised very much: ‘How has this wonderfully serious crisis in
the case of Mahendra taken place?’ Then, along with Devas,
Brahma, the grandfather of all the worlds, eulogized Lord Girisa
with great concentration of mind.

Brahma eulogized:
242-247. Ош, obeisance to Mahadeva whose form is Lihga.
I bow to the lord of cosmic form. Obeisance to VirQpaksa (of
uneven thi ee-eyes). Save, О lord of the three worlds. Save Puran­
dara who has been swallowed by Vrtra.

At that time a very clear, fine, ethereal voice spoke even as all
were listening. It referred to the process of the worship of
Lihga. It was addressed (to everyone) desirous of his welfare:
“What has been done by Indra who has undertaken the holy
Prado$a rite is incomplete and imperfect in regard to Nirmalya
(remainder of the previous worship), РцЫка (pedestal), Chaya
(shadow) and Prasada (palace). The pedestal has been crossed
by him as he was circumambulating.
Those confounded persons who cross it are undoubtedly
worthy of being punished by Can^a, the chief of Ganas.
 148 Skanda Puraria

Hence circumambulations and prostrations should be carefully

performed along with the worship of the Linga.
Indeed the worship of the Linga should be carefully perform­
ed by those who have had the initiation for the sake of quelling
all the sins. It should be performed with the sole intention of
attaining spiritual (welfare).”
248. On hearing those words not originating from any em­
bodied being, Suras beginning with Brahma asked with palms
joined in reverence to the ethereal voice, the cause of everything
auspicious:
249. “How arc we to worship the Linga? By what method
or procedure? (When should it be:) in the morning, at midday or
in the evening?
250. What are the flowers to be used in the evening as well
as at midday? Are they the same as in the morning? Say exactly
as it is.”
251-254. Then the ethereal voice said in detail: “The follow­
ing flowers can be used on all the three occasions: Karavlra
(oleander, nerium odorum), Arkapuspa (gynandropsis penta-
phylla), Brhati Puspa (solanum indicum) Dhattura (the white
thorn-apple), Lotus, Aragvadha (cathartocarpus fistula), Punnaga
(calophyllum inoplyllum), Bakula (mimusops elengi), Nagakesara
(mesua roxburghii), whiteTotus, Kadamba and Mandara (ery-
thrina indica). Many other excellent flowers and many varieties
of lotuses should be known as always sacred by learned men,
255-256. Jatl, Mallika (Jasmine varieties), Mogaraka flowers,
Nila flower (blue flower), Kutaja (wrightia antidysenterica),
Karnikara (cassia fistula), Kausumbha (wild safflower) and red
lotus. These are the flowers for the worship of the Linga during
midday. They are mentioned as the best by me. Now I shall tell
you about the evening (worship).
257. Carhpaka flowers are undoubtedly sacred on all the
three occasions. At night Mogaraka flowers are very sacred,
There is no doubt about it.
258. After knowing these differences in the modes of wor­
shipping the Linga, the due process of worship, should be follow­
ed by those who are conversant with the injunctions. The worship
shall always be in the temple of Siva.
259. One shall not perform circumambulation through the
I.i. 17.260-272 149

space between the bull and Lihga. Nor should one go beyond the
Plthika. If that is done, one shall incur a sin.
260. Further the circumambulation was performed by Sakra
with Rajasa trait of character. Hence it has become fruitless.
261. Purandara has been swallowed today by Vrtra along
with his elephant. That action whereby Indra is released should
be performed by you people.
262. You must perform the rite in accordance with the in­
junctions in Maharudra. He shall become liberated at the same
time. О Devas, Purandara will thus become liberated. There is
no doubt about it.”
263. Following those words, Devas scrupulously worship­
ped Rudra as per the injunctions (and reciting) Rudra-sukta.1
264. Suras worshipped Rudra with eleven recitations of the
Rintra-sukta. They performed Havana (fire offerings) rites to the
extent of one-tenth (of the recitations). О excellent Brahmanas.
265. Desirous of setting Purandara free suddenly, Devas
performed Japa, Puja and Havana. Then the king of Devas, by
the grace of &ambhu, came out after breaking open his belly.
266-268. On seeing that the lord of Devas had come out by
means of his prowess, along with his elephant, thunderbolt, crown
and ear-rings and Purandara of great prowess had regained his
great glory, many of the celestial wardrums and conchs were
sounded. Gandharvas, celestial damsels, Yaksas and the sages be­
came joyous. Immediately after Purandara got liberated, all the
heaven-dwellers became extremely delighted.
Then Saci came to the place where Purandara got liberated.
269. There he was crowned along with &aci by the great
sages. The auspicious rite of Punyahavdcana (repetition of the
words ‘Today is an auspicious day’ etc.) was performed with
great effort by everyone.
270. Thus Mahendra was crowned by the sages then. The
earth became extremely auspicious then, О excellent Brahmanas.
271. The quarters became clear. The sky was rid of its
impurities. Then the fires became tranquil, so also the minds of
exalted souls.
272. When Satakratu was liberated, these and many other
miraculously wonderful auspicious omens occurred.
1. Tait. S. IV. v and vii corresponding to Vaj. S. chs. XVI and XVIII.
150 Skanda Parana
273. When the great festivities of those exalted persons were
taking place, Vrtra’s dreadful body fell down.
274-277. There itself the extremely sinful Brahmcthatya fell
on the ground. The space between Ganga and Yamuna is called
AntarvedU It is well-known as a sacred land (Punyabhumi), It is
famous as the sanctifier of the worlds. The land where the Vrtra-
hatya (Brahma-hatya) fell dead is a sinful region. Since there was
a great deal of impurity (Maid) that place is glorified as Malava.1
The great head of Vrtra fell on that ground of impurity within
six months after being cut off by all the Devas including Vasava.
Thus by slaying Vrtra Sakra attained victory.
278. The consort of Saci sat on the throne of the overlord
without any mental worry or agony.
In the meantime Daityas approached Bali who was staying in
Patala and recounted to him all the activities of fSakra.
279. On hearing their words the son of Virocana became
angry. He asked Sukra how Indra could be won over.
280. This was said to Bali by him : “O king, perform a great
Yajna today for the acquisition of the chariot of victory. Your
victory will be achieved by means of that.”
281. Bali who was making preparations for the Yajna,
was told by Bhrgu thus. The liberal-minded son of Virocana
quickly gathered together whatever materials were required for
the Yajna and kept them in store.
282. The great Yajna was started by the noble-souled son
of Bhrgu. Bali took up the Dlk?a (initiation) and performed the
Нота in the sacred fire.
283. When the Нота was duly performed in the sacred fire
in the course of the holy rite in accordance with the injunctions,
a miraculously wonderful chariot came out from that fire for
Bali.
284. It was yoked with four horses. The emblem was that
of a lion of great lustre. It was adorned by means of white horses.
The chariot was glorious and equipped with weapons and missiles.
285. Then, urged by Sukra, he performed the Avabhrtha
(Valedictory) bath. After worshipping the chariot, Bali rode in it.
1. A popular etymology of Malwa, a part of Madhya Pradesh. As a
matter of fact, the land where the tribe or people called M&lavas settled is
Malwa.
Li. 17.286—I.i.18.5 151
286. Surrounded by Daityas and desirous of fighting Puran-
dara, Bali, the great son of Virocana, immediately went to
heaven.
287. After coming there along with his army, he laid siege
to Amaravati. On seeing that their city had been besieged, all
the excellent Suras pondered and deliberated on it for a long
time and said to Brhaspati :
288. “What shall we do now? О highly fortunate one, the
chief Daityas have come. All of them are exceedingly terrible,
very efficient in war and desirous of fighting.”
289. On hearing their words Brhaspati said :
290. “O Suras, these terrible (Daityas) beginning with Ghfta
(?) have been incited by Bhrgu. All of them have become invin­
cible by penance as well as valour.”
291. On hearing these words full of good qualities, all the
Suras became ashamed. Indra too lost his sense on account of
worry. He became ashamed on being openly rebuked.

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN

Vamana's Arrival at Bali's Sacrifice

Lomasa said:
1. Overwhelmed by his own Karman, Mahendra spoke to
Brhaspati, his preceptor: “What is that rite whereby we can
surmount a distress without any very great effort? May it (please)
be explained” .
2. Brhaspati said thus: “We shall abandon Amaravati.
Desirous of victory, we shall go elsewhere along with our
families.”
3. All the Suras did so. Assuming the form of a peacock
Purandara left Amaravati and went away immediately.
4. Yama assumed the form of a crow. The lord of wealth
(Kubera) himself became a chameleon. Agni became a small
pigeon and Mahesvara became a frog (and went away).
5. N airjta became a dove at that very instant and then
 152 Skanda Pttrana
went away. Pas! (Varuija) became a Kapinjala bird and Vayu
became a turtle-dove. 0

6-7. Assuming various bodies, they thus abandoned heaven

and went away. In their great fright, they went to the holy hermit­
age of Kasyapa.
All of them informed their mother Aditi of the activities of
Daityas.
8-9. On hearing that unpleasant news, Aditi who was very
fond of her sons, spoke to Kasyapa about the critical danger of
the Suras. “O great sage, let my words be listened to. After hear­
ing them it behoves you to do (what should be done about) them.
Devas have been defeated by Daityas. They have abandoned
Amaravati and have come to your hermitage. Protect them, О
Prajfipati.”
10. On hearing her words, Kasyapa spoke these words: “O
slender-bodied beautiful lady, understand that Asuras are uncon­
querable on account of their great penance. О chaste lady, they
are being approved and encouraged by Bhrgu.
11-12. Indeed their conquest (is possible) only through first
undertaking a'severe penance, О beatiful lady. Observe this holy
rite and vow as quickly as possible, О lady of exquisite fortune,
for the accomplishment of the tasks of Suras. I shall explain (the
rite) conducive to the realization of your object. Perform it, О
splendid lady, with great effort and care, in accordance with the
injunctions mentioned.
13. In the month of Bhadrapada (August-September), О
gentle lady, on the Dasaml (tenth) day, be pure (in body and
mind) with self-restraint.1 The rite of Ekabhakta (taking only
one meal a day) should be performed for propitiating Visnu.
14. Lord Hari who himself is the direct granter of everything
that is desired, should be requested prayerfully by his devotees
.with the following Mantra, О lady of excellent complexion and
good fortune:
15. Mantra: ‘la m your devotee, О lord. I shall perform
this holy rite over three days beginning with DaiamU О Visriu, it
behoves you to grant (me) permission.’
16-17. The lord of the universe should be prayed to only

1. W 13ff. This is Ekada&l Vrata to be observed for full one year.

 I.i.18.18-25 153
with this Mantra. (The devotee) should take only a single meal.
That cooked rice without adding salt should be eaten from a
plantain leaf. He shall perform the rite of observing fast on the
eleventh day with great care.
18. He (or she) should keep awake during the night with
great effort, О lady of excellent waistline. The Parana (ceremo­
nial breaking of the fast) should be performed carefully on the
twelfth day in accordance with the injunctions. After feeding
excellent Brahmanas, the Parana should be observed along with
kinsmen.
19-21. The devotee should perform the holy rite thus over
twelve months without any lethargy or sluggishness. When the
month of Bhadrapada arrives (at the end of the year), he should
worship Visriu on the Ekadasi (eleventh) day. The (idol of) Vi$nu
should be placed above a Kalasa (pitcher) made of gold or silver
in accordance with one’s own capacity. The Dvadasi coinciding
with Sravana constellation is an auspicious day destructive of all
sins. The devotee should observe fast scrupulously for the sake
of quelling all defects and mistakes.”
On hearing what was told by Kasyapa thus, Aditi performed
the holy rite over a year with strict adherence to the rules.
22-23. Janardana was pleased with (Aditi’s) holy rite that
lasted a year. He appeared before her, О Brahmai.ias, on the
Dvadasi day which coincided with Sravana constellation.1 The
lord of Sri (Laksmi) had the form of a Brahmacarin (religious
student). He was two-armed and had lotus-like eyes. He had the
colour of the flower of AtasI (hemp). He was adorned with a
garland of sylvan flowers.
24. On seeing him in the middle of her worship, Aditi was
struck with wonder. Along with Kasyapa that lotus-eyed lady
eulogized him:
Aditi said:
25. Obeisance to you, the cause of all causes, to the soul of
the universe, to the creator of the universe, to the lord in the

1. 12th day in tho bright half of Bhadrapada is the birthday (Jayanti) of

Vamana. Mbh, Sabha 38 does not give these details of sending his weapons
to kill Bali as here in vv 31-35.
 154 Skanda Purana
form of Cit (i.e. animating spirit of life), to the lord of excellent
form, to the greatest Atman (Soul) not inferior to anyone.
(Repeated) Obeisance to the lord of unhampered enlightenment.
26. On being remembered thus by Aditi, Acyuta, the lord
of Devas, laughed and said to Aditi, the mother of Devas:
The Lord said:
27. I have been propitiated and pleased by your greatest
penance, О sinless lady. (I have come) for accomplishing the task
of Devas by means of this body alone.
28. On hearing the words of the lord, Aditi said to him : “O
lord, Devas have been defeated by Asuras who are much more
powerful (than Devas). О Janardana, save all those Suras who
have sought refuge (in you).”
29-30. On hearing her words, Vispu, the sole overlord of
Vaikuntha, understood all the activities of Suras and everything
Bali had intended to do.
31-32. Visnu, the great Atman, then pondered over every­
thing: ‘What should be done by me today whereby Devas can
conquer and the excellent Daityas maybe defeated?’
Then the lord said to his Gada (ironclub): “Go now, О
weapon of great fortune, to the son of Virocana to bring about
his death; kill him quickly.”
The Gada of a beautiful form, laughingly said to Hrsikesa:
“It is impossible for me to kill him. Indeed Bali is a great Brah-
manya (well-versed in the Vadas, friendly and hospitable to
Brahmanas).”
33. Then Visnu said to his Discus pacifyingly (i.e. persuading
it): “O Sudarsana, you go quickly to Bali to kill him.”
34. Then Sudarsana said hurriedly to Cakrapaiji (Vi$nu, the
wielder of discus): “O great lord, it is not possible for me to kill
Bali.
35. Just as you are Brahmanya, О Visnu, so is this great
Daitya also.”
Sarngaparii (Vi§jju, the wielder of the iSarnga bow) was told
the same by his bow. He was then struck with wonder. He began
to think about it in diverse ways, pondering over it for a very
long time.
I.i. 18.36-47 155
Atri said:
36-39. At that time, what did all those Asuras do? Let it be
mentioned:
Loma§a said:
Then, all those Asuras beginning with Bali, desirous of fight­
ing with Purandara, besieged the beautiful city in heaven. All
those Asuras were not aware that Devas had gone away from
heaven towards the hermitage of Kasyapa assuming different
forms.
They climbed the rampart wall with great excitement. When
Daityas, desirous of killing Suresa, entered Amaravati, they
found it vacant. They became delighted in their minds.
40. Then Bali was crowned in Indra’s throne by Sukra in
accordance with the injunctions regarding the ceremony of coro­
nation. He was surrounded by all the Asuras.
41. Bali, the great son of Virocana, established in the realm
in that manner, shone with the greatest prosperity in the authori­
tative position of Mahendra.
42. He was served by Nagas and groups of Asuras. Like
Mahendra, the divine tree (Kalpaka), the divine cow Kamadhenu
and the jewel were all won over by him.
43-44. Those people who have gained the title of a Danl
(Donor) have done so with limited donations. But Bali the great
was a donor unto all living beings. Whatever anyone desired was
immediately given by him. The overlord of Danavas distributed
liberally to everyone what he sought.
Saunaka said:
45. О excessively fortunate one, Devendra never gave any­
thing to anyone* How is this that Bali became a donor? Describe
it truthfully.
Lomasa said:
46. Whatever man does after exerting himself yields either
good or bad results. This shouid be known by a learned person.
47. Indeed Sakra who performed a hundred horse sacrifices
and gained the realm in Amaravati was addicted to worldly
pleasures only.
 156 Skanda Ригала
48-49. A man seeks something and gains his object. Know
that immediately (after getting the result) a sort of nigg^dliness
besets him. Afterwards he dies and his merit becomes exhausted.
As a result of this, Indra may turn into a worm and a worm may
become Indra. Hence there is nothing more conducive to libera­
tion than charitable gifts.
50. From charitable gift knowledge is acquired and from
knowledge liberation is achieved undoubtedly. Devotion unto
the Trident-bearing Lord (Siva) is greater than liberation, О
Brahmanas.
51. Sadasiva, the lord of all, gives away everything when
his mind is pleased. Sankara becomes satisfied with even a very
little thing that is offered, say, even water of a very little quantity.
52. In this connection they cite this ancient legend. This has
been undoubtedly done by the son of Virocana.1
53. There v/as a roguish gambler, a great sinner. He used
to censure Devas and Brahmanas. He indulged in great fraud
and dishonesty. He was an adulterer.
54-59. Once much wealth was earned by him through great
sins and gambling. He took with him flowers, betal lca\es and
sandal paste for giving them to a prostitute, (On the way rob­
bers took away all his garments and ready cash.) The gambler
was left with only a loin cloth. Scents, garlands etc. which he
had taken with him to be offered to the courtezan, were
still with him. He clasped his shoulders with crossed hands, there­
by making a Svastika sign to cover the*, nakedness of his body.
Taking the scent etc. he was running towards the house. He
stumbled on the way and fell on the ground instantaneously.
After the fall he swooned. After some time he regained consci­
ousness. Although he was a sinner causing unpleasantness (trouble)
to others and though he was dull-witted, suddenly his intellect
was directed towards good thoughts. Evidently it was the result
of his previous deeds. The gambler was exceedingly disgusted
with worldly objects. He was repentant and miserable for what he
had done so far. The scent, the flowers etc. that had fallen on
1. VV 52-81. This story of the previous birth of Bali as a gambler-donor
is given tc explain Bali’s nature of thoughtless liberality, his atidana. The
story however glorifies the liberality of the gambler to the detriment of god
Yama.
 L i Л 8 .6 0 -7 2 157
the ground were dedicated to Siva by that gambler unconsciously
and unintentionally.
60-64. By this meritorious deed (something good happened).
He was taken to the abode of Yama by the attendants of Yama.
Yama who is dreadful unto all the worlds said to him after call­
ing him a sinner: “O stupid fellow, you are to be cooked in the
great hells.” On being told by Dharmaraja thus, the gambler
spoke these words: “ О lord, no evil conduct has been practised
by me. О Yama, let my meritorious deeds be truly considered.”
Citragupta spoke:
Something had been given by you to Siva, the great soul.
What fell on the ground was given to Siva at the time of your
death. Due to that meritorious deed, understand, you will attain
the position of Indra undoubtedly for three Ghatikas (1 Ghafika
- 24 minutes).
65. At that time the lord came there accompanied by all the
Suras. Hiding on Airavata, this gambler was taken to Sakra’s
abode. Закга was them enlightened and advised by Brhaspati of
sanctified soul:
66. “O Purandara, for a period of three Ghatikas this
gambler should be installed in your seat at my bidding.”
67. On hearing the words of his preceptor, he betook (res­
pected) them on his head (i.e. bowed down his head to signify
assent). Sakra went elsewhere and the gambler was ushered into
the wonderfully furnished abode of the king of Devas.
68. He was crowned and installed on the throne of Sakra.
He attained the kingdom of Satakratu, because he had offered
scents to 3ambhu along with flowers and betel leaves.
69-70. What then in the case of those people who are actua­
ted by faith to offer large quantities of scents, flowers etc. always
with great devotion to Siva, the Supreme Spirit? (I.e. they deserve
much greater reward.) They will attain Sivasayujya (identity with
3iva).They will be accompanied by Siva’s army (Gartas) and
acquire great joy. Indeed Sakra is the servant of such people.
71-72. The happiness that people of quiescent minds engag­
ed in the worship of Siva attain is very great. It is rare and diffi­
cult of achievement even by Brahma, Sakra etc. Those who are
158 Skanda Рига па
covetous of sensual pleasures are deluded. They are poor and
pitiable. They do not know (these things).
Mahadeva is (i.e. deserves) to be saluted and Sadasiva to
be worshipped.
73. Mahadeva is to be worshipped and adored by all living
beings knowing the truth. Thus the gambler attained the status
of Indra for a period of three Ghafikas.
74. On being crowned by the priest, he occupied the seat of
Purandara. At that time, this gambler of great fame was told by
Narada:
75. “Bring Indrani by whom the kingdom is rendered very
splendid.” Then the gambler, the lover of Siva, laughed and said:
76. “I have nothing to do with Indrani. This ought not to
have been mentioned by you, О highly intelligent one.”
After saying thus, the gambler began (to give) charitable gifts.
77-80. The lover of Siva gave Airavata to Agastya. The
gambler of liberal-minded nature gave ‘Visvamitra the horse nam­
ed Uccaihsravas. The gambler of great fame gave Kamadhenu
and Cintama^i of great lustre to Vasistha. The gambler of great
splendour gave Galava the divine tree Kalpataru. The gambler
of great fortune gave Kauridinya a house.
Joyously he gave these and many other jewels of diverse kinds
to sages. He gave everything for the pleasure of Siva.
81. The lord continued his charitable gifts over a period of
three Ghatikas. After the period of three Ghafikas was over, the
previous lord arrived.
82. Purandara was seated on his own throne in Amaravati.
He was being eulogized by the sages. He was accompanied by
Saci also.
83. The evil-minded one said to Saci: “O splendid and
beautiful lady, you have been enjoyed by that gambler; were you
not? Tell me the truth fully.”
84-86. Then the lady without blemish said to Purandara:
“Everywhere you see things and persons on the analogy of your
own self, О Purandara. He is a noble soul in the form of a gambler.
By the grace of §iva, he has been the knower of the reality and
ultimate truth. He is high-minded and detached (from worldly
pleasures). He forsook for the sake of others the kingdom and
other things that had come to him. All those great things were
 I . i . l 8 .8 7 -1 0 2 159

considered binding nooses causing delusion. Hence he gave them

to others. (Hence) he has become victorious.”
87. On hearing the words of Indra$I, Purandara, the lord of
Devas, became ashamed. He sat silently in his seat.
88-91. The most excellent one among those conversant with
arguments said to Brhaspati: “Airavata is not to be seen. So
also Uccaihsravas, the horse. By whom have Parijata and other
objects been taken away?”
Then Guru (Brhaspati) said to him the great thing done
by the gambler. As long as he had power, he gave away (those)
to the sages. Those who are not influenced by and not attached
to their own great power and position, those who are continuously
engaged in meditation on Siva are the favourites of Sankara.
Abandoning the fruits of the Karmans, they attain the
greatest region by resorting to Jnana (knowledge) alone.”
92-93. On hearing the words of Brhaspati, Indra said these
words: “Mostly these things Yama will say, for the sake of his
own prosperity.”
Thinking that to be so, 5akra, the king of Suras, suddenly
went accompanied by Brhaspati. Purandara who desired his own
objectives, went to the city of Samyaminl.
94o On being welcomed and honoured by Yama, Sakra said
these words: “My position and region was given to the evil-
minded gambler by you.
95. But this highly despicable action has been committed
by him. All jewels and fine things belonging to me were given to
different persons by him. О Dharma, know this exactly.
96. Your name is Dharma. How did you give the gambler
(this position) ? Everything has been done by you for destroying
my kingdom.
97. О highly fortunate one, fetch the elephant and other
things back quickly. Other things, jewels etc. have been given
to different persons. ”
98. On hearing the words of Sakra, Yama spoke these words
to the gambler furiously: “ What is this that has been done by you,
a great sinner?
99-102. Sakra’s kingdom was given to you for your enjoy­
ment. But it has been given to Brahmarias. A great thing has
been done otherwise. What should not be done has been commit*
160 Skanda Purana
ted by you, (viz.) the removal (stealing) of other people’s wealth,
0 foolish one. You will go to hell because of this sin.” On hear­
ing the words of Yama, the gambler said: “The fact that I am to
go to hell does not deserve anxiety. As long as I had the posses­
sion of Sakra’s throne, something was given to the Brah-
maiias.”
Yama said:
103-104. Charitable gift is commended on the earth where
the fruit of Karman is had. In heaven charitable gift should
never be given to anyone by anyone at any place. Hence, О stu­
pid one, you are worthy of being punished. What is opposed to
the injunctions of the scriptures has been perpetrated by you.
The preceptor is the chastiser and guide of those who are wise
and self-possessed. The king is the chastiser of evil-minded persons.
1 am undoubtedly the chastiser of all persons of sinful conduct.

105. After rebuking that gambler thus, the lord of Dharma

(i.e. Yama) himself spoke to Citragupta: “Let him be cooked in
the hell.”
Then Citragupta laughed and said to Y am a:
106-108. “How can this gambler be sent to hell? The great
elephant Airavata has been given to Agastya by him. The horse
that came out of the ocean (Uccaihsrava) has been given to the
noble-souled Galava. Welfare unto you, Cintamarii of great
lustre has been given to Visvamitra.1These and other jewels have
been given away by this gambler. As a result of that Karman,
he is worthy of being praised and worshipped in all the three
worlds.
109. Everything that is given away with 5iva in view either
in heaven or in the mortal world by men is, it should be known,
everlasting. It is called a flawless Karman. Hence there is no
question of this gambler falling into hell.
110-111. Whatever sins the gambler committed have all
been reduced to ash by remembering Sambhu. He has become a
noble souL Thanks to the grace of Sambhu, many merits have
been acquired by him at the same instant.” On hearing these

1. Cp. vv 77-80 which state it differently.

I . i . 1 8 . 1 1 2 -1 2 2 161

words of Citragupta, the king of the departed spirits bent down

his head. He laughed and said this to Satakratu (Indra):
112-114. “Indeed you are the king of the leading Suras.
(Though) old you are too covetous of the kingdom. One good
thing of the whole of your life has been earned by you by means
of a hundred sacrifices. There is no doubt about it.
You have to request all those sages, Agastya and others, parti­
cularly by falling at their feet or offering them monetary com­
pensation in order to get back the elephant and other jewels,
whereby you can become happy. You are to hasten.”
115. Thinking that it should be so (after hearing) those
words, Purandara of indiscriminate vision went back to his city.
With his neck bent down in humility, he requested the sages.
Then he got back (the tree) Parijata.
116. In the same manner, Purandara got back the whole of
the kingdom. He became (once again) the king in Amaravati
along with noble-souled (persons).
117. A rebirth was granted to the gambler by Yama. A sa
consequence of some noble action, he became the son of Virocana.
118. Suruci, the daughter of Vrsaparvan, the principal queen
of Virocana, became the mother of the gambler. He remained in
the womb of that noble-souled lady.
119. From the son of Prahlada and from Suruci, he inherit­
ed the great inclination for virtue and charitable gifts.
120. Even as he was staying in the womb, his own mind was
made excellent by the gambler. What is difficult of access even
to learned men, О Brahmaflas, has been accomplished by that
gambler.
121. Sakra once went to Virocana, the lord of Daityas,
in the guise of a Brahmaija beggar.1 He was desirous of killing
him.
122. After reaching Virocana’s abode, Indra spoke these
words on assuming the guise of an old Brahma^a: “O king of
good holy rites, О lord of Daityas, you are (the most celebrated)
learned man and donor in the whole of the three worlds. Give
me (what I am going to ask).

1. VV 121-136 describe how Bali’s father Virocana offered his own head
to Indra in the guise of a Br&hmagh.
162 Skanda Purana

123. Standing in the midst of assemblies, О king of excellent

fortune, Brahmanas extol your wonderful life-story and spotless
fame. I am a beggar, О lord of Daityas of good hojy rites; it
behoves you to give me (what I beg).”
124. On hearing his words, the lord of Daityas spoke
these words: “O holy lord, what should be given (to you). Tell
me quickly.”
125-126. Indra in the form of a Brahmana spoke to Virocana:
“ It is a humiliating thing, yet I beg of you. Whatever is highly
pleasing and dear to you, should be given to me. There is no
doubt about it.”
The Asura, the son of Prahlada, laughingly spoke these
words:
127. “If you desire, О Brahmana, I shall give you my head.
Even this kingdom (I shall give) without any strain. This glory
and prosperity shall not go to others. I shall undoubtedly offer
ever) thing to you.”
128. On being told thus by the Daitya, Indra pondered over
it and said: “Give me your own head adorned with the crown.”
129. When these words were spoken by Sakra in the
form of a Brahmana, the Asura, the son of Prahlada, joyously
hurried up and cut off his own head with his own hand and gave
it to Mahendra.
130. The virtuous action performed by Prahlada previously
was (of course) very difficult to do, but by resorting to Bhakti
(devotion) alone of Vi$iiu, it was done by him with his mind
devoted to him.
131. There is nothing greater than a charitable gift any­
where. That charitable gift offered to persons in distress is highly
meritorious.
132. Anything whatsover within one’s capacity, (if offered)
is capable of infinite results. There is nothing greater than charit­
able gift in all the three worlds.
133. There are three types of charitable gifts, viz. Sdttvika,
Rajasa and Tamasa. That charitable gift which is characterized
as Sattvika, was performed by him.
134-135. The head was cut off and given to Indra who was
in the guise of a Brahmana. The crown fell down there. So also
I.i.1 8 .136-148 163

the gems and jewels of great lustre fell down simultaneously for
the purpose of the groups of Daityas, kings and serpents.
136. That charitable gift of Virocana became well-known in
all the three worlds. Even today poets sing about (the charitable
gifts) of the noble-souled king of Daityas.
137-138. This gambler of great refulgence became the son of
Virocana. He was born after the father had died. His mother, a
chaste lady, forsook her body and attained the world of her
husband. Then in the very same throne of his father, he was
crowned by Bhargava (Sukra).
139. He earned great fame and he became well-known by
the name Bali. All the groups of Suras of very great strength
were terrified by him.
140. It has already been mentioned that they went to the
auspicious hermitage of Kasyapa. At that time Bali of great fame
became Indra in the city of Devas.
141. By means of his penance, he became the Sun-god him­
self and blazed. The Asura became Isa himself and stayed in the
north-eastern quarter protecting it, keeping watch over it.
142. Similarly he himself became Nairrta and Varuna, the
lord of the waters. Bali then stayed in the north as the lord
of wealth (Kubera). Thus Bali directly enjoyed the three worlds
himself.
143. Thus, О Brahmanas, Bali became eagerly devoted to
and engaged in munificent charitable gifts due to the previous
practice which the gambler had, because he was engaged in the
worship of Siva.
144. Once he was seated in the middle of the assembly along
withBhrgu. The glorious lord was surrounded by the leading
Daityas. He spoke these words to Sai^la and Marka:
145. “Take up your residence along with the Asuras here
itself near me. Leave off Patala today itself. It does not behove
you to delay.”
146-147. On hearing it, Bhargava laughingly said: “One is
honoured in the heavenly world only through different kinds of
Yajnas. Heaven can be enjoyed, О great king, only by those
who perform Yajnas. О king, my words cannot be otherwise.”
148. On hearing the words of the preceptor, the lord of
 164 Skanda Purana
Daityas spoke these words: “Let all the great Asuras live in
heaven for a long time, by virtue of the Karman performed by
me- There is no doubt about this.”
149. Thinking that Bali was childish, Sukra, the holy lord
of Bhrgu clan, whose power of penance was very great and who
was the most excellent one among the intelligent people, laughed
and said:
150-151. “O Bali, the words uttered by you do not appeal
to me. If you wish to come here itself and stay, О Daitya of
good holy rites, worship the Fire-god with a hundred horse-sacri­
fices after going to the land of Karman (i.e. the earth). It does
not behove (you) to delay.”
152. Thinking that it should be so, the noble-souled Bali
abandoned heaven. The learned leader of Daityas went to the
earth accompanied by Daityas, the preceptor and all attendants.
153. On the banks of the river Narmada there is a great
holy spot of exalted refulgence named Gurukulya. After con­
quering the entire surface of the earth, the noble-souled lord of
Daityas went there.
154. Urged by his preceptor, Bali, son of Virocana of great
fame, who was very efficient, had the great initiation. He who
was the most excellent one among truthful persons worshipped
through many horse-sacrifices.
155. He kept a Brahma^a as his Acarya (preceptor). He
had sixteen Rtviks. All of them were well-tested by the noble-
souled Bhargava.
156. Bali, who was readily initiated, performed ninety-nine
Yajnas. He decided to complete the hundredth horse-sacrifice
too.
157-158. By the time the full merit of the hundred sacrifices
was to accrue, the excellent Vrata of Aditi as mentioned by me
before, was also completed. The powerful lord Hari was delight­
ed at that Vrata. He became Aditi’s son in the form of a great
religious student.
159-162. The sacred thread ceremony of the lord was perfor­
med by Kasyapa himself. When the rite was completed, Brahma,
the grandfather of the worlds, also came there. A sacred thread
was given by Brahma, Parame$thin. A staff was given by the
noble-souled Soma (Moon). A girdle was brought and a
 I . i . 1 8 .1 6 3 -1 7 2 165

wonderfully potent deer-hide too. Similarly two sandals were

given to the noble-souled boy by the Earth. Alms were brought
by BhavanI for the sake of the realization of his desired object.
Thus (everything) was given to Visnu who was in the form of a
Bafu (religious student).
163. The lord of Sri, in the form of Vamana (Dwarf), bowed
down to Aditi and Kasyapa. The lord of great refulgence went
to the sacrificial chamber of Bali for the sake of deceiving Bali,
it is said.
164. Then that great lord went to heaven shaking the earth
with the weight of the forepart of his foot. That Lord Vamana,
Visrtu himself in the form of the religious student, the Supreme
Soul (did so) for the cause of Suras.
165. The noble-souled lord was eulogized by means of truth­
ful words by the people, leading sages and groups of Devas.
Proceeding quickly the lord, the sole kinsman of the universe,
reached the sacrificial chamber.
166. Since the lord was in the guise of а Вд/м, he sang the
Saman hymns loudly. It was the lord himself, lord Hari who can
be realized only through the Vedantas, who was being sung
about in those Saman hymns.
167. Vamana whose refulgence was very great had assumed
the form of a Batu. He stood at the entrance and saw that great
horse-sacrifice of Bali.
168. The whole of the cardinal points were pervaded by the
great Brahminical splendour of the noble-souled Vamana, the
Ba(u9the sanctifier of everything.1
169. On hearing it, the intelligent Bali told 5ац<^а and
Marka: “ Let it be looked into as to how many Brahma^as have
come.”
170. Thinking that it should be so, both !§ащ!а and Marka
hurriedly got up. They came to the entrance of the hall erected
for the performance of the sacrifice.
171. They saw the noble-souled Sri Hari in the form of a
Bafu. They returned quickly in order to intimate it to Bali.
172. “A certain Brahmacarin (a religious student) alone has

1. Or by the loud sound of the Vedic Pa vamana hymn recited by the

noble-souled Vamana.
166 Skanda Purana
come. There is no one else. He has come to your presence, О
great king. (He is engaged) in reciting etc. Why he has come to
you, we do not know. Know it yourself, О highly intelligent
____ »»
one.
173. When these words were spoken by both of them, that
high-minded (Daitya) stood up immediately for seeing that
Barn.
174. The great son of Virocana, of excessive refulgence,
prostrated himself on the ground like a rod on seeing the Ba(u.
He bowed down to the Bafu with his head.
175. He immediately took the Bafu in and made him sit on
his own throne. After offering Arghya, Pddya etc. duly, he
honoured and worshipped the Bafu.
176. With his neck drooping down due to modesty, lie spoke
in polished soft words: “ Whence have you come, Sir? What for
have you come? Whose (son) are you? О lord, let these things
be mentioned.”
177. On hearing the words of the son of Virocana, Vamana
was delighted. He began to speak.
The Lord said:
178. You are the king and overlord of the three worlds. No
one else deserves to be so. If on account of a person the family
becomes weaker and deficient, that person is remembered as
Kapurusa (‘contemptible one’).
179. If on account of a person the family continues to be in
the same position or becomes better and superior, that person is
a true man. The Karman performed by you has never been done
by your ancestors.
180. Hiranyakasipu and others were the most excellent
ones among Daityas. Hiranyakasipu performed great penance
for a period of a thousand divine years.
181. As he was engaged in the great penance his body was
eaten by many ants and covered with biting gad-flies.
182. On coming to know of it, Surendra formerly went to
his city and besieged it with a great army.
183-184. In his presence all the Asuras were killed by the
enemy of Daityas. His queen Vindhya1 was being taken away*
J. KayadhQ according to BhP.
I .i . 1 8 .1 8 5 -1 9 5 16 7

but, О King, was prevented by Narada who was desirous of do­

ing something. By the grace of Sambhu, all those things which
had been desired mentally by the lord of Daityas were wort over
by means of penance alone.
185-186. Her son was that person of great-splendour (i.e.
Prahlada) by whom his own son, i.e. your father who was a
favourite of his father, was led to the Assembly, О King of great
fortune. Your father was known by the name Virocana. It was by
that noble-souled (Daitya) that the learned Indra was propitiated
by the offer of his own head. О King, you are his son. Great
fame has been earned by you.
187. By the great lamp of your fame, Suras have been burnt
like locusts and fireflies. There is no doubt about this that even
Indra has been conquered by you.
188. All your activities have been heard by me, О Daitya of
good holy rites. I am a small insignificant person clinging to my
vow of celibacy.
189. For the sake of a hut give me some ground, О most
excellent one among the kings of earth.

On hearing the words of that Bafu, Bali spoke:

190-191. “O Bafu, you are a scholar. What you have spoken
before, you yourself do not know, because you are only a child.
On hearing it, I think that it is truthful.
Speak quickly, О highly fortunate one, how much ground
shall I give you? Ponder over it quickly in your m ind/’
192. Then Vamana spoke these sweet words smilingly:
“Those Brahmanas who are not contented are undoubtedly
doomed.
193-194. Those агеВгаЬтацая who are contented, not others.
They are Brahmanas in disguise. They (i.e. real Brahmanas) are
engaged in their own duty, OKing. They are devoid of arrogance.
They have no hindrance (of any kind). They are free from jeal­
ousy. They have conquered anger and are liberal-minded, О high­
ly intelligent one. They are real Brahmarias, О highly fortunate
one. This earth is sustained by them.
195. You are lofty-minded. You have plenty. You are the
sole donor in the three worlds. Still the ground measured up to
three paces should be given to me.
168 Skanda Purana

196. I have nothing to do with plenty of earth, О slayer of

Suras. It will serve as a hut with a mere entrance.
197. Three paces of ground are enough for our purpose.
There is no doubt about it. I shall take the steps and give me the
ground as much as I cover. Only that number (of steps) need be
given to me if you are a real donor.”
198. Bali, the son of Virocana, laughed and said this :
“I shall give you the entire earth including mountains, parks
and forests.
199-202. О highly fortunate one, take this which belongs to
me and given to you by me. See, О Bafu, you are the person who
is an entreater and that you are begging of a Daitya. Whether the
beggar is insignificant or not, the donor sees himself (i.e. consi­
ders his capacity) and gives away things to those who seek them.
He is the real liberal-minded person who gives away commen-
surately with his own status. Hence a suppliant who is un­
fortunate should not go abegging. О Bafu, I shall give you the
entire earth today, including the mountains, parks and forests
and oceans. My statement cannot be otherwise.”
203. The Bafu said once again to the son of Virocana: “ My
(need) is fulfilled, О great Daitya, by taking land covered in
three steps.”
204. On hearing those words, Bali, the lord of Asuras, spoke
these words laughingly: “bet the space adorned by three steps
and given by me, be accepted.”
205. On being told thus, Vamana laughingly said to the
Asura: “Intending the whole of the earth (for dana), it behoves
you to give it, О Daitya of good holy rites.”
206. Thinking that it should be so, Vamana, the great son
of Kasyapa, was adored well by Bali. Bali was then eulogized
well by the sages and leading ascetics.
207. While after worshipping Vamana, Bali was about to
give (the gift), that great son of Virocana was prevented by his
preceptor.
208. “This gift should not be offered by you to Vi$riu in the
form of a Ba\u. He has come here for the sake of Indra. He will
create obstacles in your Yajna. Hence Vi$nu, the illuminator of
spiritual life, should not be worshipped by you.
209-211. Formerly much has been done by this one assuming
 U 1 9 .1 - 7 169

the form of Mohini, the enchantress. Nectar was given to Devas

and the great Rahu was killed. Daityas were routed. The power­
ful Kalanemi was killed. Such is he. He is the noble-souled
Parusa. He is Шага. He alone is the lord of the universe. Ponder
over everything, О highly intelligent one, mentally. It behoves
you to do what is conducive to your welfare or otherwise.”

CHAPTER NINETEEN

Sukra Curses Bali: Vamana Grants Boon to Bali

Lomasa said:
1. On being addressed thus by his preceptor Bhargava, the
Daitya laughed and spoke these words in a voice as majestic as
the (thundering) sound of the cloud:
2. ‘T have been moved by those words with which I have
been addressed by you for the sake of my welfare. Your statement
may be for my happiness and welfare. But it is sure to go against
my welfare.
3. I will surely give what has been begged of (me) to Vi§#u
in the form of a Bafu. This Visnu is the lord of the fruits of all
Karmans.
4-6. Certainly, those people in whose heart Visnu is station­
ed, are the most deserving persons. Everything seen in this
world, is called holy by his name. This Hari is the lord of the
universe. Vedas, Yajnas and these things beginning with
Mantras, Tantras etc., become perfect and complete on account
of him. Lord Hari, the soul of everyone has come here out of
sympathy for me, in order to redeem me. There is no doubt about
it. Understand this truthfully.”
7. On hearing these words of his, Bhargava became furious.1
He began to curse the lord of Daityas, fond of virtue and piety:

1. &ukra, Bali’s preceptor, warned that Vamana, the Bafu, was Vi$ou and
the proposed gift of three paces of land should not be given. When Bali
refused to obey, Sukra cursed him. In the end Vftmana committed a disin-
 170 Skanda Purdna

8. “О suppressor of foes, you wish to offer the gift, trans­

gressing my directives. Hence, О stupid one, become „devoid of
good qualities; be rid of all your glory.”
9. Thus (Sukra) cursed his noble-souled disciple, conversant
with the ultimate truth and possessing unfathomable knowledge
and understanding. MahaKavi (‘the Great jSukra’), the most ex­
cellent one among those who know virtue and piety, hastened to
his own hermitage.
10. When Bhargava had departed, Bali, the son of Virocana,
worshipped Vamana and began to offer the earth.
11-12. Vindhyavali, the resplendent better-half of Bali, came
there and washed the feet of the Batu. He (Bali) gave the earth
to Visnu along with the riteof Samkalpa (‘ritualisticproclamation
of the intention*) as he was an expert in the procedure (for holy
rites). By his determination, the unborn Lord increased in size.
13. When the lord increased in size, the whole of the earth
was covered with one of his steps by Visiju who was powerful. All
the Svargas (Heavens supposed to be twenty-one in number) were
covered with the second step by that Supreme Soul.
14. The foot of Visiju that went as far as Satyaloka, was
washed by Paramesthin (i.e. Brahma) with the water from his
Kamandalu (‘water-pot’).
15-16. From the water that came in contact with his feet was
born (the sacred river) Bhagirathi who was auspicious unto all,
by whom all the three worlds were rendered sacred and pure, all
the Sagaras were uplifted and the matted hair of Sambhu was
filled. By Bhagiratha the first and foremost of all the holy waters
named Ganga was made to descend. It was connected with
Visiju’s foot by Brahma.
17. The greatest Atman came to be known by the name Tri-
vikrama, because of his three steps. Then all the three worlds
were covered up by the steps taken by Trivikrama.
18-19. Or (it is better to state that) the whole of this uni­
verse including mobile and immobile beings was completely
covered up by means of two steps.

genuous fraud of demanding three paces of land of his Visvariipa, when the
promise was made of the Baiu's small three paces and Bali was bound down
for non-fulfilment of the pledge.
L i. 1 9 .2 0 -3 2 171

Janardana, the lord of Devas, cast off that form (i.e. the cos­
mic size) and again assumed the form of the Bafu. He took his
seat (as before). At that time Devas, Gandharvas, Sages, Siddhas
and Caranas came to the place of Bali’s Yajna in order to see the
lord, the presiding deity of Yajhas.
20. Brahma came there and eulogized the Supreme Spirit.
Other leading Daityas also hastened to the place of Bali.
21. Vamana sat there in the abode of Bali surrounded by all
these. Then he said to Garuda:
22-23. “In his childish ignorance, sufficient ground to be
covered up by three steps was offered by him to me. Two steps
have been taken by me. One step that had already been promis­
ed, this evil-minded fellow does not give me. Hence the third
step must be taken up by you.”
24. On being told thus by Vamana of great soul, Garuda re­
buked the son of Virocana and spoke these words:
25. “O stupid Bali, why is this despicable thing committed
by you? When you do not have sufficient material what will you
give to the Supreme Soul? Of what avail is a (show of) liberal­
mindedness by you, an insignificant person now?”
26. On being told thus, Bali was overcome (by grief) but
smilingly he spoke to Garutman, the lord of birds, the following
words:
27-28. “I am (really) capable, О (bird) of huge wings. I am
not a miser. What can I give him by whom all these have been
created ? О dear one, I have been made incapable by this noble-
souled lord.”
Then Garuda of noble mind spoke to Bali:
29. “Indeed you know (everything), О lord of Daityas. You
were prevented by your preceptor. Yet you offered the earth to
Visnu. Is this important thing forgotten by you?
30. That step, the third one that has been promised to Vi$rm
must be given to him. How is it that you do not give it, О hero?
You will fall into hell.
31. How is it that you do not give the third step to my
master? I will take it forcibly, О foolish one.” Saying this he
bound the great Asura, the son of Virocana, by means of nooses
of Varu#a.
32. Garuda, the most excellent one among conquerors, be­
 172 Skanda Purana

came very ruthless (and did like this). On seeing that her husband
had been bound, Vindhyavali came there.1
33. She placed (her son) Ваца on one side and stood in front
of Vamana. It was enquired by Vamana, “Who is this (lady)
standing in front of me?”
34. Then Prahlada of great splendour, the lord of the Asuras,
spoke: “This is Vindhyavali, the chaste wife of Bali. She has
come to you.”
35. On hearing the words of Prahlada, Vamana spoke these
words: “Say, О Vindhyavali, what shall I do for you?” On being
told thus by the lord, Vindhyavali spoke:
Vindhyavali said:
36. What for has my husband been bound by the noble-
souled Garuda?Tet it be explained immediately, О Janardana of
exalted fortune?

Then Hari of great splendour, who had assumed the guise of

a Ba\u said:
The Lord said:
37. Ground measured by three steps had been offered to me
by him alone. The whole of the three worlds has been covered up
by me with two steps.
38. The third step has to be given to me by this (Daitya)
your husband. Hence, О chaste lady, he has been bound by me
through Garutfa.

39. On hearing the words of the lord, she spoke these great
words:
“What has been promised by him, О lord, is not given to you.
40-41. All the three worlds have been covered up by you of
valorous form. Therefore (everything) that we had in heaven as

1. Vindhyavali, the Queen of Bali, who saw through Vi^gu’s fraud, rose
to the occasion and told Vi?pu (Vamana) to take still three paces [by placing
them on the head of Bali, of herself and of her son B&pa. The great Vi$nu
was vanquished. He restored Bali to his kingdom in Sutala and became his
doorkeeper.
I .i . 1 9 .4 2 -5 2 173-

well as on the earth has been hindered and obstructed by you.

That was why something has not been given to you, О Lord, О
Lord of the universe, О Lord of Devas.”
Then the lord laughed and said to Vindhyavali:
42. “Three steps have to be given to me today. Why (were
they not given) now? Tell me quickly, О lady of large wide eyes,
what have you in your mind?”
Then that chaste lady stood steady and said to Urukrama
(‘one of large step’ i.e. Vamana):
43. “Why was the whole of the three worlds, О lord of the
universe, occupied by you with large steps? Therefore, О sole
kinsman of the universe, has everything to be given to you of
matchless form by us?
44. Hence leave it off, О Visnu and do thus now. Three steps
had been promised by my husband now. My husband will give
(those promised steps) now to you. You need not worry about it.
45-46. Place a step on my head, О lord, the most excellent
one among Devas. Place the second step, О lord of the universe,
on the head of my child (Bana). Place the third step, О lord of the
universe, on the head of my husband. Thus I shall give you three
steps, О KeSava.”
47. On hearing her words, Janardana became delighted. He
spoke these gentle and soft words to the son of Virocana:

The Lord said:

48. Go to Sutala, О lord of Daityas. Do not delay. It does
not behove you to delay. Live long and be happy along with all
the groups of Asuras.
49. I am delighted and contented, О dear one. What shall I
do for you? You are the most excellent one among all donors, О
highly intelligent one.
50-51. Choose a boon. Welfare unto thee. I shall give you
everything you wish.
On being told thus by Trivikrama, the son of Virocana was
released (from bondage) and embraced by the Discus-bearing
Lord of Devas. Then Bali, an expert in the use of words, spoke
these words:
52. “It was by you that the whole of this universe consisting.
 174 Skanda Purana
of mobile and immobile beings was created. Hence I do not wish
for anything except your lotus-like feet, O bord.
53. bet my devotion be to your lotus-like feet, О ford Janar-
dana. Let it flourish again and again, О lord of Devas. b et my
devotion (unto you) be everlasting.”
54. Thus requested by him, the lord, the sanctifier of all liv­
ing beings, became exceedingly pleased then and spoke to the son
of Virocana:
The Lord said:
55. О Bali, go to Sutala surrounded by kinsmen and relatives.
On being told thus by him the Asura spoke these words:
56. “What have I to do in Sutala, О lord of Devas? Tell
me. I shall stay near you. It does not behove you to say other­
wise.”
57. Then Hrsikesa, the merciful (lord), said to Bali: k‘0
King, I shall always be near you.
58. О lord, I shall stand at the entrance to your (abode) and
stay there perpetually. О Bali, the most excellent one among
Asuras, be not afflicted and distressed. Listen to my clear and
open statement. I shall be the bestower of boons on you. Along
with the residents of Vaikujritha, I shall betake myself to your
abode.”
59. On hearing those words of Visriu of matchless splendour,
the Daitya went to Sutala surrounded by Asuras.
60. He stayed there along with his hundred sons, the chief
(eldest) of whom was Bana. The (Daitya) of great might was the
greatest among all donors, their ultimate resort.
61. All the beggars and mendicants of the three worlds went
to Bali. Vi§nu who stood at the entrance to his abode, granted
to them whatever they desired to get.
62. Some of them were desirous of worldly pleasures. Others
were desirous of liberation. He gave them everything. He gave it
to those persons in whose Yajnas they officiated as the Brahmana
priests.
63-65. It was by the favour of Sankara that Bali became
thus.1 In his former birth as a gambler, fragrant flowers, scents
1. One fails to understand where Siva’s favour comes in this episode^
L i . 1 9 .6 6 -7 2 175

and other great things that had fallen on dirty ground were offer­
ed by him to the great Atman. What had fallen down was dedi­
cated to Siva, the great spirit by him. What then in the case of
those who worship Mahesvara with the greatest devotion? Those
who devoutly offer sweet scents, flowers, fruits or even water go
to Siva’s presence.
66-67. There is no greater (deity) worthy of being worship­
ped than Siva. Those who are dumb, blind, lame and sluggish,
those who are devoid of nobility of birth, Candalas, dog-eaters
and even low-born mean fellows, always attain the greatest goal
if they are engaged in devotion to Siva.
68. Hence Sadasiva should be worshipped by all learned
men. Sadasiva should be worshipped, adored and venerated.
69. Those who are aware of the ultimate truth think about
Mahesa stationed in the heart. Wherever there is the individual
soul, Siva too dwells there.
70. Everything without Siva becomes inauspicious instan­
taneously. Brahma, Visnu and Rudra—these carry on their acti­
vities through the Gunas.
71. Brahma possesses Rajas Guna. Visnu has Sattva Guna.
Rudra resorts to Tamas Guna. Mahesvara is beyond all the
Gunas.
72. Mahadeva should be worshipped in the form of Linga
by those who desire salvation. There is no greater bestower of
worldly pleasures and liberation than Siva.

The author, a propagandist of Siva, however, gives Siva the credit of Bali’s
ultimate victory.
176 Skanda Parana
CHAPTER TWENTY

The Nirgunatva o f the Siva Lihga:

The Manifestation o f Bhavanl
The sages said:
1. Brahma, Visi>u and Rudra were mentioned by you as
(deities) possessing Gunas. Similarly Isa has Lihga for his form.
How is he beyond Gunasl Tell us.
2. This universe consisting of mobile and immobile beings
is pervaded by the three Gunas. Whatever is great, pervasive or
small—everything is of the nature of Maya and appears so.
Whence and through what does it appear without the Lihga?
3. Whatever is visible whether great or small is perishable,
О Suta, because it is created.
4. Hence, О Suta, it behoves you to ponder over everything,
critically examine it and dispel our doubts. By the grace of Vyasa
you and none else, know everything.
Suta said:
5. In this matter everything has been told (explained) by
Vyasa to Suka.
Suka enquired:
Sambhu has Lihga as his form. How is he described as free
from Gunas by you? О dear father, it behoves you to dispel this
doubt of mine completely.
Vyasa explained:
6. Listen, О dear one. I shall tell it. It was formerly explain­
ed by Nandi to Agastya who asked about it. О Suka, everything
was heard by him.
7. Know that the Great Atman is devoid of Gunas but it is
in the form of Lihga. Similarly Sati, the greatest and eternal Sakti%
should also be known as devoid of Gupas.
8. It is by her that this ultimately perishable universe con­
sisting of mobile and immobile beings and evolved out of the
three Gunas, has been created.
9. The Atman alone, the greatest unsullied Lord in the form
L i .2 0 . 1 0 -2 2 17 7

of Linga (is eternal). Those three Gunas got merged into it (the
Supreme Atman) along with Prakftu
10. It was hence called formerly Linga because of Lay ana
(‘merging’). Even the Para Sakti gots merged into the Linga.
What of others?
11. At the instance of Rudra, the Gunas whereby mobile
and immobile beings are bound, become merged, О highly fortu­
nate one. Hence one should worship Linga.
12. Know, О excellent Brahmarias, that Linga is devoid of
Gunas. It is on account of the merging of the Gunas that the
Linga is glorified.
13. Sankara is described by learned men as the bestower of
happiness. He is called Sarva, О Brahmarias, as he is indeed the
support of all.
14-15. О Brahmanas, he is called Sambhu because he is one
from whom auspiciousness originates. Thus all the names of the
great Atman are meaningful. The entire universe is enveloped by
that Sambhu, Parame§thin (the Supreme God).
The sages enquired:
16-17. Sati of great fortune, the daughter of Daksa, fell into
the sacred fire of the holy rite of Yajha of Dak§a. When did she
appear again, О Suta? Let it be described now by you. How did
the greatest Sakti rejoin Mahesa?
18. All these incidents of yore, О (Sage) of great fortune,
should be described to us truthfully. There is no other person to
recount it.
Siita replied:
19-21. О Brahmanas, when Daksayai^I got her limbs (i.e. body)
burnt in (the fire of) the Yajhaf Mahesa was left without Sakti.
Hence he performed a great penance on the Himalaya
mountain with a body playfully assumed by him. He was sur­
rounded by Bhrngl, Visva, Nandi, Сад^а, Muruja and other
Batus1 (young boys in the stage of religious students). He was
surrounded by ten crores of Ganas (i.e. attendants).
22. The Bull-bannered Lord was surrounded by other Gajias
numbering one crore and sixty thousand.
1. V.L. Bahubhih (‘by many others’).
 178 Skanda Purana
23. The Supreme Atman thus engaged in penance suddenly
went to the top of Himalaya surrounded by his Ganas, the chief
of whom was Virabhaiira. He was alone, being bereft of the
Mulavidya.
24-26. In the meantime, Daityas were born of Avidya. Bali
was bound by Vi$nu. Then those powerful Daityas became tor­
mentors of Indra, О Brahm ans. They were Kalakhanjas, the
exceedingly terrible Kalakayas (? Kalakeyas) and others. There
were Nivatakavacas and those named Ravaravakas. There were
many other Daityas causing the massacre of the subjects.
27. Taraka, the son of Namuci, propitiated Brahma by means
of a great penance. Brahma was pleased with him.
28. He granted to the evil-minded Taraka boons just
accordingto his wish. He said: “Choose your boon. Welfare
unto you. I shall give you all that your desire.”
29. On hearing those words of Brahma Parame$thin, he
chose a boon that instilled terror in all the worlds:
30. “If you are pleased with me, grant me freedom from old
age and death and give me invincibility too as you know it.”
31-32. On being told thus by the evil-minded Taraka,
{Brahma) laughingly spoke these words:
“Wherefrom can you have immortality? Know it as a fact
that certain indeed is death unto one who is born.” Then Taraka
laughed and said: “Then give me invincibility.”
33. Brahma then said to the Daitya: “Invincibility has been
granted to you, О sinless one, except from an infant An infant
will defeat you.”
34. Then Taraka bowed down and said to Brahma: “Olord,
О lord of Devas, I am blessed and contented by your grace now.”
35. Having acquired the boon thus, Taraka, theAsura of
great strength, challenged Devas for war and fought with them.
36-38. Resorting to Mucukunda,1 Devas became

t . Mucukunda: Son of King Mandhata of the Solar Race. He heiped

Indra to defeat Asuras. He wanted a boon of sound sleep and the ability to
burn whosoever disturbed his sleep. Kr$na while pursued by K&ayavana
entered the cave of Mucukunda and lay concealed. Kalayavana, thinking
Mucukunda to be Krspa, kicked him and got burnt (BhP X.51.14-23).
When Kr$na came forward, he praised him and went to Badarika&rama for
penance (BhP X. 52.1 -4).
 L i.2 0 .3 9 - 5 1 179

victorious. Although Devas were repeatedly attacked and

tormented by Taraka, they gained victory through the power of
Mucukunda. ‘What is to be done by us? We are being continu­
ously attacked and dragged into war.’ Thinking thus, Suras
including Vasava (Indra) went to Brahma's region. Going in
front of Brahma, they spoke thus:
Devas said:
39-40. Madhustidana is staying in Patala along with Bali.
Without Visnu, all those, Vrsa and others have fallen on account
of the enemies, the leading Daityas. О highly fortunate one, О
lord, it behoves you to save us.

Then an ethereal voice spoke to them consolingly:

41-46a. “O Devas, let my suggestion be carried out exactly
and immediately. О Devas, when an exceedingly powerful son is
born to Siva, he will undoubtedly kill Taraka in battle. Take such
a course of action that lord Sambhu, dwelling in the cavity of the
heart of everyone, takes a wife unto himself. Let a great effort be
made by you all. These words cannot be otherwise. Know this, О
ye Devas.” So said the unembodied voice. Struck with wonder,
Devas spoke to one another. After hearing the ethereal voice, all
the Devas of great fortune came to Himalaya keeping Brhaspati
at their head. They spoke these words to Himalaya on account of
the seriousness of the matter:
46b-47. “O Himalaya of great fortune, let our words be
heard now. Taraka terrorizes us. Render assistance in killing him.
Be refuge unto us and to all the ascetics. It is for this that we have
come here accompanied by Mahendra, О lord.”
Lomasa said:
48-51. On being requested thus by Devas, Himavan, the
most excellent among mountains spoke these words laughing­
ly to Devas. Himavan, the most excellent one among those con­
versant with the (use of) words, was full of satirical laughter
against Mahendra: “O Suras, it was by Mahendra himself that
we have been made incapable of anything. What task of Suras
can we do in this matter of killing Taraka? If only we had our
wings, О excellent Suras, we would have killed Taraka along with
 180 Skanda Purana
his kinsmen. I am anAcala (immobile; mountain). la m a Vipakfa
(devoid of wings; belonging to the opposite side); what shall I do
unto you all?”
52-53. On hearing his words, all the Devas spoke to him:
“All of you and all of us are incapable of killing Taraka, О high­
ly fortunate one. Let the means whereby Taraka, our enemy of
great power, can be brought under control, be thought off.”
Then the highly refulgent Himavan spoke to Suras:
54. “By what means, О Devas, do you wish to kill Taraka?
Be pleased to tell me quickly so that I can understand the matter
on hand.”
55. Then everything that had been previously declared by
the (ethereal) voice in regard to their duty was mentioned by
Suras. When it was heard by the Mountain, the Himalaya moun­
tain spoke these words:
56-57. “When Taraka, the Daitya of great soul, is to be
slain by the intelligent son of Siva, every objective of Suras shall
be auspicious. What has been said by the ethereal voice shall be­
come true. Hence let that be done by you, which makes Mahesa
take up a wife unto himself. Who is that girl suitable to Siva? Let
that be ascertained by Suras now.”
58. On hearing his words, Suras laughed and said: “For the
sake of Siva and for accomplishing our task, a daughter has to
be begotten by you.
59. О Mountain of great intellect, carry out the suggestion
of Suras. You will undoubtedly become the support of Devas.”
60-63. On being told thus by Devas, the lord of mountains
went to his house. He said to his wife Mena: “The task of Suras
has become our responsibility. For the accomplishment of the
task of Devas a good daughter has to be begotten. It is for the
benefit of Devas, sages and ascetics. (Of course) the birth of a
daughter may not be pleasing to women. Still, О lady of splendid
face, a daughter has to be procreated.”
Mena laughed and spoke to her husband Himalaya: “What
has been spoken by you (is true), bet my words be heard by you
now.
64. О my lord, a daughter is the cause of misery unto men.
So also, О highly intelligent one, she causes sorrow unto women.
Hence ponder over this for a long time yourself with your keen
I .i .2 0 .6 5 — I .i.2 1 .2 181

intellect. Let what is conducive to our welfare be told, О lord of

Mountains.”
65. On hearing the words of his wife, the intelligent Hima-
van spoke these words motivated by a desire to help others:
66. “By an intelligent person, that whereby others can sus­
tain themselves, should be done.
67. The same should be done by a woman also, viz. that
which helps others.” Thus his queen was made to comply by
the Mountain. Then the lucky Mena conceived a girl in her
womb.
68. She was the great Vidya, the great Maya, the embodi­
ment of the highest intellect. She was Amba, the great daughter
of Daksa, Rudrakali, Sati.
69. The chaste lady of beautiful eyes and excellent fortune,
Mena, bore in her womb that highest glory of large eyes.
70. Then Devas, sages, Yak$as and Kinnaras eulogized Mena
of excessive fortune and the Mountain Himavan.
71-74. In the meantime, their daughter named Girija was
born. When the goddess, the bestower of happiness on all, mani­
fested herself, divine drums were sounded; celestial damsels
danced; lords of Gandharvas sang; Siddhas and Caranas
eulogized (her); Devas showered plenty of flowers. Then every­
thing, the entire unit of the three worlds became delighted. When
the great Sati, Girija, incarnated herself, Daityas became exces­
sively frightened. The groups of Devas, the great Sages, Caranas
and the groups of Siddhas attained great joy.

CHAPTER TWENTYONE

ParvatVs Penance
Lomasa said:
1. The chaste girl grew up day by day and shone very much.
Living in the house of Himalaya, she reached the age of eight
years.
2. At that time Mahe£a was performing a great penance in a
182 Skanda Ригала

valley of Himalaya. He was surrounded by all the groups of

Ganas, Virabhadra and others.
3. Accompanied by Parvati, the intelligent Himavan went to
Mahes'a engaged in this penance, in ordef to see his sprout-like
feet.
4. When he arrived thus in order to see (the Lord), he was
stopped by Nandin who was standing at the entrance. Then for a
moment he stood steady.
5. The mountain Himavan informed through Nandin.
jSambhu (i.e. Siva) was informed by Nandin that the Mountain
had come to see him (i.e.Siva).
6. On hearing his words, Paramesvara spoke these words to
Nandin: “Bring the Mountain here.”
7. Saying“So be it” and honouring (his words) Nandin
brought the Mountain Himacala to Sankara, the benefactor of
the worlds.
8-10. He saw (Siva) the lord of everyone engaged in penance
with his eyes closed. He had matted hair with the digit of the
moon as an ornament. He could be understood only through the
Vedanta and was stationed in the Supreme Soul. On seeing him.
Mountain Himacala of unimpaired inherent strength, bent down
his head and saluted him. He then attained the greatest joy.
Himalaya, the foremost among those conversant with the use of
words, spoke these words to the "Lord who is the sole cause of
auspiciousness to the universe:
11-13. “I am lucky, О Sankara, the great lord, thanks to
your grace. I shall come here everyday, О lord, to pay a visit
along with this (daughter of mine). It behoves you, О lord of
Devas, to grant me permission.”
On hearing his words, Mahesvara, the lord of Devas, (said):
“O Mountain, you may come here everyday to meet me after
keeping this girl in the house. Otherwise there would be no
audience with me.”
14. With his neck bent down the Mountain replied to
Girisa: “Why should I not come along with this (girl)? Let that
be told.”
Sambhu who was performing the holy rites, laughingly spoke
these words to the M ountain:
15. “This slender-bodied girl of good lips and exquisite
L i .2 1 . 1 6 -2 6 183

speech should not be brought near me. I am forbidding it

repeated ly.”
16. She heard Sambhu’s harsh words, devoid of blemishes
and free from any desire. On hearing the words uttered by that
ascetic, Gaurl laughed and spoke to Sambhu:
Garni said:
17-18. О Sambhu, you are endowed with the power of
penance. You are performing a great penance. This inclination
for performing penance you have because you are noble-souled.
But let this be pondered over: Who are you? Who is the subtle
Prakrti, О holy lord?
On hearing those words of Parvati, Mahesa spoke these
words:
19. “I am destroying Prakrti by means of the greatest
penance itself. In fact, О lady of good eyebrows, I will stay with­
out Prakrti. Hence nothing that has been evolved out of Prakrti
should be accumulated together at any time by Siddhas.”
Parvati said:
20. What has been said by you, О Sankara, by means of
‘Para speech, is it not Prakrtil In that case how are you beyond
it?
21-22. О lord, of what avail is our,disputation and argument?
Whatever you hear, whatever you see and whatever you eat, О
Sankara, is entirely the evolute of Prakrti. An untrue speech is
meaningless. Why should penance be performed after going
beyond Prakrtil
23. О Lord Sarhbhu, just now on this mountain Himalaya
you have met Prakrti. But you cannot understand it, О Запкага.
What have we to do with (i.e. What is the propriety of) oral
dispute and argument, О Lord?
24. If your statement that you are beyond Prakrti be true*
you need not be afraid of me now, О Sankara.
25. Then Lord (Sankara) laughed and replied to Girija :
Mahddeva said:
26. Serve me everyday, О Girija of excellent speech.
 184 Skanda Puraria

27. After saying thus to Girija, Mahesa spoke these words

to Himalaya: “Here itself, on this very ground, I shall perform
a great penance with concentration on the ultimate truth.-
28. Permission should be granted to me for performing the
penance, О Lord of Mountains. Without (your) permission it is
not possible to perform penance.”
29. On hearing these words of the Trident-bearing Lord of
Devas, Himavan laughed and spoke these words to Sambhu:
30. “The entire universe along with Devas, Asuras and
human beings belongs to you. I am an insignificant person, О
Mahadeva. What can I give you?”
31. On being told thus by Himavan, Sankara, the bene­
factor of all the worlds, laughed and respectfully said to the Lord
of Mountains: “You may go.”
32. Permitted to go by Sankara, Himavan went to his abode.
Everyday he came there along with Girija to pay a visit.
33-35. Thus some time passed when the father and the
daughter continued their visits and service. But Sankara
was difficult to be tackled and won over. Suras began to worry
about Parvati. ‘How will Sankara join Girija?’ was the thought
worrying the minds of Suras. They asked: “O Brhaspati, what
should we do now? Tell us. Do not delay.”
36-37. Brhaspati spoke the following good words (of advice)
to Mahendra: “O Mahendra, this must be done by you. Let it
be heard. This task can be carried out only by Madana (the god
of Love), О King. None else will be competent for it in all the
three worlds. The penance of many ascetics has been upset by
him. Hence Mara (god of Love) should be requested (in this
matter) immediately.”
38. On hearing the words of Guru (Brhaspati, the preceptor)
Indra sent for Madana. Madana who accomplished (his) tasks
came there on receipt of the call.
39. Accompanied by Rati and Madhava (i.e. the Spring season)
the flower-armed deity came to the assembly in front of
Mahendra and spoke these proud words in a manner captivating
the minds of the people:
40. “Why have I been called today, О Sacipati (i.e. Indra)?
Tell me what work should I do? Do not delay.
41. The moment they think about me, the ascetics meet
 I .i.2 1 .4 2 - 5 3 185

with their downfall. You do know, О Indra, my valour and

prowess.
42. Parasara, the son of Sakti, knows my power and vigour.
Thus many other sages such as Bhjgu do know it.
43-44. Brhaspati too knows it, as well as the wife of
Utathya.1 Bharadvaja was born of her begotten by Guru and
was thus illegitimate. Guru had then said, Bharadvaja [‘Bear
two (sons) simultaneously (conceived)’]. Prajapati (Brahma)
knows my heroism and powerful valour.
45. Krodha (Anger) is my kinsman. He has great strength
and valour. By both of us, this great universe consisting of
mobile and immobile beings has been conquered (and liquidated,
i.e. excited and stirred up). Everything beginning with Brahma
and ending with a blade of grass, the whole world of mobile and
immobile beings, has been (flooded and) overwhelmed by us.”
Devas said:
46. О Madana, you are capable of always conquering us.
(But) go immediately to Mahesa for accomplishing the task of
Suras. Unite Sambhu with Parvati, О highly intelligent one.
47. On being requested thus by Devas, Madana, the en­
chanter of the universe, went away (from that place) immedi­
ately in the company of celestial damsels.2
48. That wielder of a great bow made the twanging sound
of his flowery bow. He took with him charming and fascinating
arrows. That hero, the sole conqueror of the worlds, the most
excellent one among warriors, Sinara, was then seen on the
grounds of the mountain Himavan.
49-50. Then all these celestial damsels came there, viz.
Rambha, Urvasf, Punjikasthali, Sumloca, Misrakesi, Subhaga
and Tilottama. There were others also to render different kinds
of assistance to Madana. These damsels were seen by Ga$as
(attendants of Siva) along with Madana.
51-53. All the Gajias were suddenly enchanted by Madana.
Rambha (was approached) by Bhfngi, UrvasI by Сад^а, Menaka
1. This refers to Brhaspati’s rape of his pregnant sister-in-law (brother
Utathya’s wife).
2. W 47-58 give a beautiful description of the romantic transformation
o f Siva’s penance-grove.
 186 Skanda Purana
by Virabhadra and Punjikasthall by Сац$а(?). Tilottama and
others were surrounded by the Ganas then, who had become
mad and abandoned all shame although they were high-minded
and learned.
The whole of the earth was pervaded by cuckoos, though it
was not the proper season (i.e. the spring).
54-55. Aioka, Campaka, mangoes, Yuthis (jasmine), Kadam-
bas (Nanclea Cadamba), Nlpas (Ixora Bandhucca), Priyalas
(Buchamania Latifolia), Panasas (jack fruit trees), Rajavfksasy
Carayanas (?), vine creepers, and Nagakesaras (Mesua Rox-
burghii), plantains, Ketakis (Pandanus Odoratissimus) etc.—all
these trees were in full bloom and they were rendered beautiful
by bees.
56-58. By the contact of Madana Kalahamsakas (swans)
became intoxicated in the company of female swans, he-
elephants with she-elephants and peacocks with peahens. Though
all these had been free from lust due to the qualities arising from
contact with Siva, they now became excited.
The highly refulgent Nandi, the son of Sailada and of im­
measurable (infinite) valour, pondered over this: Why have
these become so all of a sudden? This must be the working of
Raksasas or of gods.
59. In the meantime Madana took up his bow and fixed five
arrows to it, О Brahmarias. He resorted to the shade of a Deva-
daru tree.
60-62. He saw Sambhu performing his penance. The Lord
was seated on an excellent seat. He was the lord of all Parames-
thins (creators). He kept Ganga (within his matted hair). His
throat was blue in colour like Tamala (dark-barked Xanthochy-
musPictorius). He had matted hair. He had the crescent moon
(as an embellishment). All his limbs were marked by the coiled
bodies of many serpents. He had five faces. His gait was in long
strides like that of a lion. He was fair in complexion like cam­
phor. He was accompanied by Para. Madana was desirous o f
piercing the fierce ascetic Mahesa, very difficult of access and the
most excellent among highly refulgent ones. In the company of
Madhava (Spring) he was about to hit Siva with his arrow when
Girija, the mother of the universe, came there. She was surroun­
 I . i . 2 1 .6 3 -7 3 187

ded by her friends. She approached SadaSiva, the most auspicious

of all auspicious ones, for the sake of worship.
63. She placed a garland of golden flowers on Nilakaijtha.
At that time she had a rare splendour. She appeared very beauti­
ful with white rays (diffused all round). The mother of all people
looked (lovingly) at the handsome face of Siva. Then her eyes
bloomed and expanded widely as she smiled.
64. At that time Sambhu was hit and pierced with the arrow
called Mohana (‘the Enchanter’) suddenly. On being hit, Sambhu
opened his eyes slowly. The lord saw Girija like the ocean view­
ing the digit of the moon.
65-67. She had a beautiful delightful face. Her lips were
like the Biriiba fruit (Momordica Monadelpha). Her eyes
brightened with her smile. Her teeth were fine and excellent. She
appeared as though she had come out of fire (i.e. she was resplen­
dent). She had a slender body with a beautiful and wide face.
Gauri had all the signs of pleasure (within). She was capable of
enchanting the entire universe. It was she who created the three
worlds along with Brahma and others. Making use of the quali­
ties of Rajas, Satlva and Tomas, she caused the origin, sustenance
and annihilation (of the worlds). That enchanting goddess, the
sole cause of auspiciousness of all auspicious things, was seen in
front by Нага who was awakened.
68. On seeing Girija, the sanctifier of all the worlds, lord
Bhava became fascinated. At her sight he was afflicted by
Madana. Siva’s eyes suddenly became expanded due to surprise.
69. The lord of the universe, the lord of Devas (began) to
look around. With the mind pained much, Sadagiva said thus:
70. “I am engaged in penance. I am devoid of blemishes.
Yet how was I enchanted by this girl? Whence, why and by whom
was this done causing my displeasure ?”
71-72. Then Sambhu looked in all directions earnestly.
Madana was seen by him in the south with the bow lifted up. The
god of Love bent his bow like a circle; kept it ready, drawn in
order to pierce and wound Sadasiva. But by the time he was able
to discharge the arrow, О Brahma^as, he was stared at by MaheSa
angrily.
73. He was looked at with the third eye by the greatest lord.
188 Skanda Purana
Madana was instantly encircled by clusters of flames. There was
a loud wailing among Devas who stood there watching.
Devas said:
74. О Mahadeva, lord of Devas, be the bestower of boons
on Devas. It was to help Girija that Madana had been sent
now.
75-81. In vain was Madana of great lustre burned by you. It
is by you alone, the sole kinsman of the universe, that the task
of Suras should be carried out by means of your great splendour.
О lord Sambhu, (a son) will be born of her and by him alone can
our objective be achieved. О Mahadeva, Devas are very much
afflicted by Taraka. For that purpose grant life unto this (Madana)
and woo Girija, О lord of exalted fortune. (Please) be capable of
accomplishing the task of Devas. All of us, the heaven-dwellers,
were protected by you from the demon in the shape of an
elephant. Certainly we have been saved from the Kalakuta
poison (by you), not otherwise (by anyone else). Undoubtedly wc
have been protected from Bhasmasura by you, О Lord of every­
one. This Madana came here for accomplishing the task of
Suras. Hence he should be protected. That will be a great help
to us (also). Without him, О Sankara, the entire universe will
be ruined. How can you also be devoid of Kama (Love)? Let
this be pondered over by your own intellect.

82-88. Then Mahesvara who was overwhelmed by anger,

spoke to Devas: “You must all be without Kama. It cannot be
otherwise.
It was when Kama was kept at the head, that all the Devas
including Vasava had a fall from their positions. They were over­
whelmed by misery and became wretched.
Certainly Kama is the cause of a fall into hell in the case of all
living beings. This Ananga (‘Bodiless one’) is an embodiment of
misery, understand what I say. Taraka too whose conduct of life
is very bad will be devoid of Kama. How can a man commit a sin
without Kama! Hence for the sake of peace and calmness unto
everyone, Kama was burned by me. Let the mind be directed
towards penance by you all, Suras, Asuras, the great sages
and other living beings. The entire universe has been ren-
I .i.2 1 .8 9 - 9 9 189

dered by me rid of love and anger. Hence I will not resuscitate

this sinner, the cause of misery, О Suras; keep waiting for that
sole form which is not other than (you all), which yields spiritual
pleasure and enlightenment and which is characterized by bliss.
It is difficult to guage its depth.”
89. On being told thus by Sambhu Paramesthin, all the
great sages spoke to Sankara, the benefactor of all the worlds :
90. “What has been said by Your Honour, О Sambhu, is
indeed exceedingly conducive to our welfare. But we shall say
(something) which may be listened to attentively and compre­
hended fully.
91. This universe was permeated by Kama and Krodha (anger)
even while it was being created. Indeed the whole of it is in the
form of Kama. That Kama is not killed.
92. О Mahadeva, it was by Kama that the four (aims in life)
named Dharma (Virtue), Artha (Wealth), Kama (Love) and
M o k s a (Salvation) have been given a single (composite) form.
That Kama is not killed.
93 It was by Kama that the universe of the nature of every­
thing from Brahma to an immobile being has been united to­
gether. How was that Kama, very difficult to be tackled indeed,
burned by you?
94. The universe decays and declines due to Kama. The
universe is protected and sustained by Kama. The universe is
produced by Kama. Hence Kama is very powerful.
95. It is from Kama that the fierce Krodha (anger) takes its
origin. You yourself have been won over by Krodha. Hence, О
Mahadeva, it behoves you to resuscitate Kama.
96. Indeed, О lord, the mighty Madana has been brought
under control by you. Only a man of power can exercise his
power because of being powerful.”
97. Though he was entreated thus by the sages, Hara’s
anger became doubled. He became desirous of burning (every­
thing) by means of his third eye.
98. The Pinaka-bearing, Bull-emblemed Rudra, Sadasiva
was bowed to and eulogized by the sages, Caracas, Siddhas and
Ganas.
99. On account of his anger, after burning Madana and
190 Skanda Ригащ

leaving off that Mountain named Himavan, he vanished immedia­

tely.
100. The lofty-minded goddess Girija saw that the Lord
had vanished and that Manmatha had been burned along with
the cuckoos, mango trees, bees and Campaka flowers.
101. On seeing Madana burned down, Rati began to cry for
a long time shedding tears. The goddess pondered over this with
great dcjcctedness. She was anxious as to how to win over Rudra.
102. After pondering over this for a long time, the chaste
lady Girija fainted. Rati saw Girija whose beauty was very great,
who was high-minded and crying, and spoke:
103-104. “Dear friend, do not get dejected. I shall resuscitate
Madana to life. For your sake, О wide-eyed lady, by means of
penance I shall propitiate, Нага, Rudra, Viriipaksa, the lord of
Devas, the sire of the universe. Do not be anxious, О lady of
beautiful lips and buttocks. I shall revive Madana back to life.”
105. After consoling thus the daughter of the Mountain the
chaste lady Rati immediately (proceeded to) perform a great
penance. The lady of excellent waistline performed the penance in
order to get back her husband.
106. She performed the penance at the very same place where
Madana was burned by Rudra, the Supreme Soul. Narada saw
her performing the penance.
107-108. He hastened to the side of the beautiful lady Rati
and said: “Whom do you belong to, О lady of wide eyes? What
for are you performing the penance? You are a young woman
richly endowed with beauty and great conjugal felicity.”
On hearing the words of Narada, she became very angry. She
spoke these harsh words in a sweet manner:

Rati said:
109. You have been recognized by me; you are Narada.1
Undoubtedly you are a bachelor. О (sage) of holy rites, it behoves
you not to show your form (V.l. you desire to have a look at
the women of others).

1. Rati rebukes Narada for his overtures (w 109-111). Narada takes

revenge by instigating Sambara, King of Daityas, to abduct Rati. He made
her the chief of his kitchen under the name Mayavati (vv 113-125).
 I.i.21.110-123 191

110. Go back along the path you have come by. Do not
delay. О Bafu, you do not know anything. You are only a great
quarrel-monger.
111. You are a leader among the following groups of people:
Those who are passionately devoted to other men’s wives, insigni­
ficant persons, libertines, those who indulge in vices, those who
are stubborn and those who do not perform any holy rites.

112. On being rebuked thus by Rati, the excellent sage

'Narada himself hurriedly went to Sambara, the leading Daitya.
113-114. He intimated to the king of Daityas that Madana
had been burned by Rudra who had become furious. Then he
continued: “His wife is a noble-minded lady. Bring her here, О
highly fortunate one. Make her your wife, О mightlyone. Among
all those beautiful ladies who have been brought by you, that Rati,
the wife of Madana, will be the most beautiful one.”
115. On hearing these words of the celestial sage of sanctifi­
ed soul, he went to that place where the highly splendid lady was
staying.
116. On seing Rati, the large-eyed enchantress of Madana,
J§ambara, the cause of the grief of Devas, laughingly said these
words:
117. “O slender-bodied lady, come along with me. Enjoy
my kingdom and its pleasures as much as you wish, О gentle
lady, by my favour. Of what avail is the penance?”
118. On being told thus by Sambara of great soul, that
slender-bodied queen of Madana spoke these words in sweet
voice:
119. “I am a widow, О mighty one. It does not behove you
to speak thus. You are the king of all the Daityas with all the
(royal) characteristics.”
120. On hearing these words, Sambara who was deluded by
lust, became desirous of catching hold of her hand. He was pre­
vented by Rati.
121-122. She pondered over his invincibility mentally and
said: “ O foolish one, do not touch me. You will be burned (by
the fire) arising from my contact. My words cannot be other­
wise.” Then Sambara of great splendour said laughingly:
123. “O proud lady, do you want to terrify me with many
 192 Skanda Parana

threats (like these)? Go ahead to my abode quickly. Of what

avail is so much talk?”
124. The slender-bodied, lofty-minded lady \vas forcibly
taken to his great city by Sambara who was addressed thus (by
Rati).
125. She was made the head in charge of his kitchen, under
the name Mayavati.

The sages asked:

126. Was everything authorized by Parvatl regarding bring­
ing Madana back (to life) ? The slender-bodied beloved of Madana
was abducted by Sambara. Subsequent to this, О Suta, what
happened there? Let it be described.
Suta said:
127. On seeing that Siva had gone away after burning
Madana with his great prowess, the beautiful lady Parvatl stayed
there itself and engaged herself in penance.
128. The slim lady was enquired1 by her father and mother:
“O girl, come back to our abode quickly. Do not exert yourself.
It does not behove you to strain yourself.”
129-132. On being told thus by both of them, Girija spoke
these words :
Parvatl said:
I am not coming home, О mother, О father. Listen to me
clearly. This is a true statement of mine full of Dharma (virtue)
and Artha (prosperity), whereby you will be contented and
delighted.
Sambhu is greater than the greatest. The mighty Madana
was burned by him. I shall bring that Siva to my presence here
itself. Sambhu is difficult of access to those beings who wish for
a home (and homely comforts). Hence, О mother, I am not com­
ing home. Let all these things be pondered over.

133. Himavan of great refulgence then said,* to his daughter :

1. If the reading Vicaritd is emended as Nivarita, the meaning would be

‘was prevented”.
 I.i.21.134-145 193

“ Siva who is bowed down to by Devas themselves cannot easily

be propitiated. Indeed it is impossible for you to attain him.
Hence you go back to your own abode.”
134. With her throat choked up by and filled with tears
Mena said to her daughter: “O slim girl, proceed homewards
quickly.”
135-136. Then Parvatl laughed and said to her mother:
“Listen to my vow, dear mother. Indeed, with my great penance
I shall fetch that clever (lord) here itself and woo him. О lady of
excellent complexion, I shall destroy the Rudratva (dreadfulness)
of Rudra.”
137. Abandoning all pleasure, the lofty-minded daughter
of the Mountain performed the propitiation of Sambhu by means
of profound meditation.
138-140. Many of Girija’s friends attended upon her, viz.
Jaya, Vijaya, Madhavi, Sulocana, Susruta, Sruta, SukI, Pramloca,
Subhaga, Syama, Citrangi, Caruni, Svadha and many others such
as the beautiful lady Devagarbha etc.
For performing the great penance, the lady of sweet laughter
built an altar exactly at the place where Madana was burnt by
the noble-souled Rudra. She established herself upon it.
141-142. She refrained from drinking water and subsisted
on leaves. Thereafter, she avoided green leaves and took up only
dried ones. Later on she stopped eating the dried leaves too
when the lady of slender waist became famous as Aparna-1
143. After a lapse of a great deal of time, the chaste daughter
of the Mountain gave up drinking water and became engaged in
subsisting on air only. Then she supported her body on a single
big toe.
144. With the greatest contentment, the chaste lady propitia­
ted Sankara by means of austere penance, for the sake of the
delight of Sankara too.
145. Resorting to the noblest of mental feelings, (the god­
dess) the cause of the auspiciousness of all auspicious things, per­
formed the greatest penance for the delight and pleasure of
Mahesa.

1. Explanation of Parvati’s epithet ‘Aparna.' Cf. Kalidasa's Kumara -

sambhava V. 28.
 194 Skanda Purana

146-147. Thus she performed the penance for a thousand

divine years. Then, accompanied by his wife, Himalaya came
there to his daughter Parvati who had determined (t<j practise
penance). (In the capacity of a) trustworthy adviser, he spoke to
Mahasati (i.e. Girija):
“Do not get afflicted and don’t strain yourself, О Mahadevi,
0 beautiful one, by performing this penance.
148-150. Where is Rudra seen? О girl, undoubtedly he is
devoid of love and attachment. You are very young and slim.
Due to this penance you will become confounded undoubtedly.
1 am speaking the truth. Hence, О lady of excellent complexion,
get up and go home immediately. What have you to do with that
Rudra by whom formerly Madana has been burnt because he
was devoid of any feeling? О sinless one, how will (i.e. can) you
solicit him (as a husband)?
151. Just as the moon stationed in the sky cannot be grasped,
so also Sambhu is difficult to be attained. О girl of pure smiles,
understand this.”
152-153. Similarly, the chaste lady was told so by Mena,
Sahya Mountain, Mcru, Mandara and Mainaka.
On being urged thus by these, the slim girl Parvati of pure
smiles, who was engaged in the penance, spoke to Himavan laugh­
ingly:
154. “Has what had been said by me before been forgotten
by you, father? О mother, has it been forgotten by you? О my
kinsmen, listen to my vow now itself.
155-158. By means of my penance, I will gratify Sankara,
the benefactor of the worlds, (although) this great lord is detach­
ed and devoid of attachment because Madana has been killed by
him. All of you go. You need not worry in this matter. By means
of my penance I will bring him here; I will bring (that lord) by
whom Madana was burnt and by whom the forest of the moun­
tain was burnt. Indeed SadaSiva can be conveniently served
through the great power of penance. Understand him, О exceed­
ingly fortunate ones. It is true. I am saying the truth.”1

1. Parvati, being Sakti, speaks so confidently, as she knows her close

relation of being identical with Siva.
 I.i.21.159-172 195
159. That daughter of the king of Mountains—she who habi­
tually spoke very little—conversed thus with her mother Mena,
(father) Himalaya and also with Meru and Mandara.
Then those Mountains went away the way they had come
while glancing (this way and that).
160. When all of them had gone, the chaste lady with the
greatest being as her object of desire, performed the penance sur­
rounded by her friends.
161. By that great penance the entire universe consisting of
mobile and immobile beings became scorched. At that time all
Suras and Asuras sought refuge in Brahma.
Devas said:
162-164. О lord, the whole of this universe, mobile and
immobile, has been created by you. It behoves you to save us,
Devas. None other than you can be capable of protecting us.
On hearing these words, Brahma pondered over them ment­
ally. He understood that a great fire had been produced by the
great penance of Gjrija. Having realized it, Brahma immediately
went to the wonderful Ocean of Milk.
165-171. There he saw Lord Visnu sleeping on his excellent
and exceedingly splendid couch named §esa. The pair of his feet
was continuously served (kneaded) by Laksmi. He was served by
Tarksya (Garuda) with stooping neck and standing a little away.
He was also served by Sri, Kanti, Ksanti, Vrtti, Daya and others.
Visnu was accompanied by the nine Saktis. He was surrounded
by his Parsadas (attendants). Xumuda, Kumudvan, Sanaka,
Sanandana, Sanatana of exalted fortune, Prasupta, Vijaya, Arijit,
Jayanta, Jayatsena, Jaya of great lustre, Sanatkumara of excellent
power of penance, Narada, Tumburu and others served him and
attended upon him. The great conch of Vi$flu, named Pancajanya,
his iron club Kaumodaki, the discus Sudarsana and the exceed­
ingly wonderful bow Sarhga—all these were seen in embodied
form by Parame$thin.
All the Suras and the Danavas came very near Vi$nu, the
great Atman. On the shore of the Ocean of the great Atman,
they spoke to Vi$rui, the lord of all Paramesthins:
172. “Save, save us, О great Vi§nu, save us who have been
scorched and who have sought refuge in you. We have been
 196 Skanda Purana

scorched by the severe and dreadful penance of Parvati.” The

great Lord sat up on his couch Se$a and said:
173-174. “I shall go to the Supreme Tord 3iva along with
you all. О Suras, we shall pray to Mahadeva in the matter of
Girija. There itself, we shall do something so that the Pinaka-
bearing Lord of Devas will be led to grasp her hand and marry
her.
175. Hence we shall go to that place where the great Lord
Rudra is seated, where the greatest cause of auspiciousness (viz.
Siva) is engaged in a severe penance.”
176-177. On hearing the words of Visnu, all Surasand Asuras
said: “We will not approach the Uneven-three-eyed god (Viru-
paksa) of great lustre. He will burn us in the same manner as he
has burnt the unconquerable Madana formerly. There is no
doubt in this matter.”
178-180. Lord Visnu, the great lord, laughed and said: “All
of you need not be afraid. Sadasiva is the embodiment of auspi­
ciousness. He is the destroyer of fear of all Devas. He will not
burn (you). Hence, О clever ones, all of you must go along with
me.
I seek refuge in Sarhbhu who is the ancient Puru§a. is the
overlord of excellent form, who is greater than the greatest and
is engaged in penance. His form is the greatest one and he is
greater than the greatest.”

CHAPTER TWENTYTWO

Sankara's Revelation of Himself to Parvati:

Their Dialogue
Suta said:
1. On being told thus by Visnu, theParamesthin, all of them
went ahead desirous of seeing the Pinaka-bearing Mahesa.
2. On the other shore of the Ocean, iSariibhu was engaged
in supremely profound meditation seated in the pedestal of Yogic
posture. He was surrounded by the Gaijas.
Li,22.3-14 197
3. As a sacred thread he was wearing Vasuki, the king of
serpents, as well as theNagasKambala and Asvatara on his chest.
4 Karkotaka was worn by him in the ears as ear-rings and
Pulaha as bangles round his arms.
5. He appeared brilliantly shining with Sankhaka and Pad-
maka as his anklets. Suras saw the blue-throated mysterious lord,
the most excellent one among Devas, white in complexion like
camphor and accompanied by the bull.
6. Then Brahma, Vispu, the Sages, Devas and Danavas
eulogized him with various hymns from the Vedas and the Upani-
sads.
Brahma said:
7-9. Obeisance to Lord Rudra, the destroyer of Madana; to
Bharga of plenty of excellence and fortune; to the three-eyed
lord of heaven; to Bhlma (the terrible one) enveloped in rays. О
5esa-sayin (lord identical with Visnu lying on the serpent 5esa),
obeisance, obeisance to you.
Obeisance to the three-eyed creator of the universe having
cosmic form. You are the creator of all the worlds. You are the
father, mother and the lord. You are endowed with the greatest
mercy. О Supreme Lord, protect us.

10-11. While Devas eulogized thus, Nandin asked them:

“What have you come for? What is in your mind?”
They said: “We have come to request 3ambhu regarding
(accomplishing) the task of Devas.” In order to accomplish the
task of Suras, Mahadeva who was engrossed in meditation was
informed by Nandin, the noble-souled son of filada:
12-14. “The groups of Suras beginning with (headed by)
Brahma, the groups of gods and Siddhas, О most excellent one
among Suras, are particularly desirous of seeing you. They are
seeking (your help) in their task. They are being threatened by
the excellent Asuras and are being tormented by enemies. They
have come here.
Hence, О lord of Devas, Suras must be protected now by
you.” Thus, О Brahmapas, Sambhu was informed by Nandin.
Sambhu of excessively furious nature, gradually came back
<to normal state) from his spiritual trance.
198 Skanda Purana
The great lord, the Supreme Atman said:
Mahadeva said:
15. О highly fortunate ones, what have you come here for?
These Devas beginning with Brahma have come near me. Tell me
the reason for the same now (itself).

16-18. Then Brahma spoke about the great task of Devas:

“O Sambhu, an extra-ordinarily painful and distressful situation
has been created by Taraka for Devas. О lord, we have come here
to respectfully inform you about it. О £ambhu, he can be killed
by a son born of you. Taraka, the enemy of Devas, can be killed
only thus. My word cannot be otherwise. So, О lord Sambhu,
Girija should be held by you with your right hand (in marriage)
when offered by the Lord of the Mountains. Make her (your wife)
by marriage, О lord of great magnanimity.”
19-20. On hearing the words of Brahma, Siva said laughing­
ly: “(If and) when the most beautiful daughter of the Mountain
is made my wife by me, all the leading Suras, sages and ascetics
will become passionate and lustful. They will be incapable of
traversing the great path (of salvation).
21-22. Indeed Madana has been burnt by me for the purpose
of accomplishing the task of all. The slim daughter of the Moun­
tain, Parvatl of excellent waistline, has been already authorized
by me then. О Brahma, she will revive Madana back to life. There
is no doubt about it.
23. Having this in view deliberation on what is to be done
should be had, О Devas. A great and important work of Suras
was accomplished by Madana when he was burnt.
24-25. All of you have been undoubtedly made free from lust
by me. By putting in effort, all of you, О Suras, can become
endowed with the greatest power of penance, just like me. We can
accomplish even difficult tasks (thereby). All of us shall become
happy and blessed with the greatest bliss.
26. You (can achieve everything) through penance. This has
been forgotten by Madana. Kama leads to hell. It is from it
{Kama) that anger is produced.
27. Confusion and bewilderment result from anger. The
mind whirls on account of this bewilderment. Both lust and anger
Li.22.28-37 199

should be avoided and abandoned by you all, excellent Suras. Ail

of you should honour and abide by my advice and not otherwise,
anywhere.”
28. Announcing thus the Bull-emblemed Lord enlightened
Suras, the groups of sages and ascetics.
29. fSambhu became silent and resumed his meditation once
again. As before, he remained there surrounded by the Ganas.
30. On seeing (the lord) engrossed in meditation, Nandin
dismissed all those Devas including Brahma and Indra, saying to
them laughingly :
31. “All of you go along the path you have come by. Do not
delay.” Thinking that it should be so, all of them went back to
their respective abodes.
32. When all of them had gone away, Bhava (Siva) engaged
himself in meditation keeping the Atman within the Supreme
Atman and starting his thoughtful concentration.
33. The "Lord identified himself with the Supreme Being that
is greater than the greatest, that is very clean, free from all im­
purities, that has no hindrance whatsoever, that is unsullied,
commits no fallacies and in which even poets and learned men
lose their sense and become confounded.
34. No sun illuminates it, nor the fire nor the moon nor any
other luminous body.1 No wind (blows over it). It is not the ob­
ject of thought or deliberation. It is beyond the subtle ones and
the subtler ones.
35. It cannot be specifically pointed out. It is unimaginable.
It is devoid of all aberrations. It is free from ailments. It is in the
form of pure knowledge. Those who set aside (and renounce
everything) go there (i.e. attain it).
36. It is beyond all words and sounds, having no Gurtas or
decay and decline. It is (of the form of) the pure existence com­
prehensible through perfect knowledge. It is not easy to attain. It
is that real thing which is mentioned by the Agamas that are
superior to the Vedas and constitute the Mantras.
37. The Pinaka-bearing'Lord, the Bull-bannered Isvara, by
whom the Shark-bannered (god of Love) was directly killed and

1. Cf. Kafka Upani$ad 5.15.

 200 Skanda Purana

who was Isvara performing the penance, identified himself with

the Supreme Being.

Lomasa said:
38. At that time the goddess Girija performed a very great
penance. By that penance even Rudra reached the height of fear.
39. By means of her great penance goddess Parvati conquer­
ed Sambhu, the bcstower of all wealth, Sthanu, the sole being
having his own form.
40-44. When the Bull-bannered Lord was won over by means
of her penance by the goddess, the Pinaka-bearing Lord of Devas
became shaken from his spiritual meditation. H j hastened to the
place where Parvati was staying. There he saw the goddess sur­
rounded by her friends and attendants. She was seated on an
altar. She resembled the digit of the moon. Immediately after
seeing her, the god became a Batu.1 In the form of a Brahmacarin
(young celibate) Lord Bhava. the great Lord went in the midst of
the attendants (of Parvati). The Lord in the form of a Batu
spoke to them: “Why is this lady of slender body, beautiful in
every limb, seated in the middle of the attendants? Who is she?
Whom does she belong to? From where has she come? Why is
this penance being performed?Let everything be described to me
now, О friends, exactly as it has happened.”
45-47. At that time Jaya told Rudra about the ultimate
cause of the penance: “This is the daughter of the Himalaya
Mountain. She is desirous of getting Lord Rudra as her husband
by means of penance. She sat here and performed a very great
penance which cannot be excelled by anyone else, О Bafuy under­
stand my words, T hey cannot be otherwise (i.e. are perfectly true).
48. On hearing her words, Mahesa in the form of a Batu
laughed and said thus, even as all the attendants were listening:
49. “O friends, this Parvati is foolish indeed. She does not
know what is beneficial and what is not beneficial. Why should a
penance be performed for the attainment of Rudra?
50. That Skull-bearing fellow is inauspicious. He has the

1. Cf. The dialogue between Siva, the Batu, and Parvati in Kalidasa’s
Kumarasambhava V. 30-86. This does not mean that Kalidasa borrowed it
or based it on SkP as Kalidasa lived before the compilation of SkP.
 I.i.22,51-63 201

cremation ground as his abode. He is Aiiva (inauspicious) but he

is spoken of as Siva (the auspicious one) in vain.
51. If Rudra, wooed by her were to join her, О friends, this
slim lady will undoubtedly become inauspicious.
52. By Daksa’s curse, he has already become deformed. This
rogue has been excluded from Yajnas. Highly poisonous serpents
have become the very limbs of Sarva.
53. Rudra (smears himself) with the ashes of dead bodies;
he wears the hide of an elephant as a cloth. He is very inauspici­
ous. He is always surrounded by Pisacas (vampires), Pramathas
(ghosts) and Bhiitas (goblins).
54. What has this lady of dehcate features to do with Rudra?
She is as though desirous of putting an end to her life like a
Pisaca. Let her be prevented by (you, her) friends.
55-56. She is setting aside Indra who is charming, Yama who
has great lustre, Nairrta of large eyes, Varujia the lord of waters,
Kubera, Pavana (the Wind-god) and Vibhavasu (the Fire-god).”
Paramcsvara said these and many other similar words in the
place where she (Girija) was engaged in penance even while her
friends were listening.
57. On hearing these words of Rudra, in the form of a Baft*,
the chaste lady Siva became angry with Mahesa who had assumed
the form of a Ba\u.
58. “O Jaya, О chaste lady Vijaya, О beautiful Pramloca, О
highly fortunate Sulocana, what has been done to me is not pro­
per indeed!
59. What have you all to do with this Ba{u, here now? A
censurer of Devas has assumed the form of a Ba\u and come here.
60. Let this boy be dismissed, dear friends. Of what avail is
he?”
(After saying this) she angrily spoke to Rudra who was in the
form of a Batu.
61. “O Batu, go away quickly. You must not stay here now.
Of what use is your non-sensical talk? It does not serve any
purpose.”
62-63. Even after being rebuked by her thus, the Bafu stood
there itself steadily, laughed and spoke these words to Vijaya
slowly and tiuthfully without delay:
“O slim lady, why is she angry? What is the reason thereof?
202 Skanda Puran a

64. Only that should be spoken to all which is nice, pleasing.

Why was that slender-bodied lady rendered furious b£ the afore­
said (true) words?
65. He who is called Sambhu in this world is a mendicant,
fond of mendicants. The anger would have been justified if a lie
had been uttered by me.
66. This girl has lovely features but Sadasiva has ugly and
hideous features. This lass has (lovely) large eyes but Bhava has
deformed (uneven-three) eyes.
67. How can she be fascinated by Rudra of such features as
these? The husbands of women should be fortunate and always
fond of love-making.
68. This girl has all good qualities in her. How is she
charmed by one devoid of any quality? By whom has not Siva
been heard, seen or understood ?
69. Sadasiva is difficult of access to all living beings who are
swayed by love. This lady of excellent waistline has become
rather proud of her great penance.
70. Sthanu is always devoid of restraint. How will she attain
him as her husband? О lady of large eyes, what has been said
by me for which you are furious now?
71. As long as there is anger in men and particularly in
women, the whole of the merit acquired by them will become
reduced to ash on account of that anger.
72-73. О slim and chaste lady, what is said is true. Kama
(love), Krodha (anger), Lobha (greed), Dathbha (arrogance),
Matsarya (jealousy), Hithsa (violence), Ir$ya (envy) and Prapanca
(fraud)—everything (good) perishes on account of these bad
qualities. Hence it is proper on the part of ascetics to avoid love,
anger etc.
74. If at all Isvara is to be meditated on, he should be
meditated on in the middle of the heart by learned men in the form
of pure knowledge. Then he should be adored strictly adhering
to the regular practice of sages by the ascetics. He should not be
thought of otherwise.”
75. On hearing these words of Sambhu, Vijaya spoke to
Sarva: “Go away. There is nothing to be done here by you. О
childish one, do not speak any other word.”
76. Thus Vijaya who was efficient in the use of words dis­
 I.i.22.77-88 203

missed Sadasiva who had assumed the form of a Ваш and was
engaged in arguments and disputes.
77-80. Mahesa suddenly vanished from there. But he appear­
ed again to Girija alone without being seen by any of those friends
and attendants. Paramesvara assumed his own form and appear­
ed in front of her suddenly. When the goddess meditated upon
him in her heart, the lord of Devas stationed in her heart appear­
ed in front of her, before her physical eyes, in the same form as
she meditated upon. That chaste lady opened her eyes. Girija of
large wide eyes saw the lord of the chiefs of Devas, the great lord
of all the worlds, with a single face and two arms. He was wonder­
fully clad in elephant’s hide. He had matted hair with the crescent
moon above it. He had covered his body with the skin of an
elephant.
81. The great serpents Kambala and Asvatara were stationed
in his ears (as ear-rings). The lord of great lustre had Vasuki, the
king of serpents, as a necklace.
82. Even the bangles were made with serpents. These
bangles of great value were made by Hudra very splendid and
refulgent.
83. 3ambhu who appeared like this in front of Parvati,
hurriedly spoke to her: “O beautiful lady, choose your boon.”
84-86. Overcome by great shyness, the chaste lady said to
Sankara: “O lord of Devas, you arc my husband. Has this been
forgotten by you that formerly you had destroyed Dak$a’s Yajna
and the reason why it had been destroyed, О lord? I am the same
woman now born of Mena for the sake of the accomplishment of
the task of Devas,1 regarding the slaying of Taraka, О lord of the
chiefs of Devas- A son will be born of me to you.
87. Hence, О Mahesvara, my suggestion should be carried
out by you. You must go to Himavan. You need not hesitate in
this matter.
88. Accompanied by the sages, you request him for my
hand,2 О Mahadeva. There is no doubt about it that my father
will act according to your request.

J. One is amused to hear Parvati telling this to the omniscient Sankara.

2. This is called *Vara-prefapa\ This custom was in vogue since the
Vedic times (vide RVX.85.8-9).
204 Skcmda Pur ana
89. Formerly when I was Dak$a’s daughter, when I was
given to you by my father, the marriage rite was not performed
by you in accordance with the injunctions laid down (in
scriptures).
90. The Planets were not worshipped by the noble-souled
Daksa. As it had been a matter concerning the Planets, the defect
therein was very great.
91. Hence, it behoves you, О lord of good holy rites and
great fortune, to perform the marriage rite in accordance with
the injunctions for the accomplishment of the tasks of Devas.”
92-96. Then Mahadeva said to Girija laughingly: b*The
entire great universe consisting of mobile and immobile beings,
that is born was by its very nature deluded by you and enve­
loped by the three Gunas.1
О Parvati, the principle of M ahat was born of Ahamkdra (i.e.
Cosmic Ego), Tamas was born of the principle of Mahat. Ether
was enveloped by Tamas.
Vayu was born of Ether; Agni was born of Vayu. Waters
were born of Agni and Earth was born of waters. The earth and
other (elements) are mobile as well as immobile, О lady of
excellent face. Everything that is visible is perishable. Know this,
О proud lady.
The one being has become many. The being devoid of Guna
has become enveloped by Gunas. The self-luminous one that
blazes always, has become joined with Parajyotsna (great Moon­
light). The independent one has become dependent. О goddess, a
great thing has been achieved by you.
97-102. The entire universe has become pervaded by Maya.
By means of the great intellect, it has been thoroughly compre­
hended. It had been covered up by groups of Indriyas (sense-
organs) by persons of good deeds, the souls of all oriented to­
wards the highest good, (obscure)
What arc those planets? What are those groups of stars? What
things created by you are affected? Everything has been set free,
О lady of excellent complexion, for the sake of Sarva. Our mani­
festation takes effect in the context of the Gunas and their effects
(products). Indeed, you are the Prakfti of the nature of Rajas,
1. VV 92-105. The Sankhya-Vedanta theory of creation etc. seems here
just out of place.
I.i.22.103-114 205

Sattva and Tamas. Hence you are capable of action continuously

(i.e. are ever active). О lady of excellent middle, I am not. I will
not go to Himavan. I will not request at all. By uttering the word
‘give’ a man attains insignificance and disrespect immediately.
Understand these things, О gentle lady, and say what should be
done by us at your bidding. О gentle lady, it behoves you to say
everything.”
On being told thus by him, the lotus-eyed chaste lady said:
103. “You are the Atman- I am PraJcrti* There is no doubt
about it Still, О Sambhu, the great rite of marriage alliance
should be performed.
104. The physical body is produced by Avidya. You are the
great Being devoid of physical body, indeed. Still adopt a cover­
ing in the form of a physical body in this manner.
105. At my instance, О Lord 3ambhu, create diversity and
manifoldness. Request for me (my hand) and grant me (conjugal)
felicity-”
106. On being told thus by her to follow (the conventions
of) the world, the noble-souled Mahesvara accepted (her sugges­
tion) saying “So be it” and laughingly went to his own abode
(where) he was adored duly by the excellent Devas.
107-108. In the meantime, Himavan who was in a hurry to
see Parvatl came there along with Mena, his wife, surrounded by
his sons and (other) Mountains.
109. Then Himavan was seen by Parvatl along with the
Mountains. The chaste lady stood up to honour him. She bowed
down her head to her parents, brothers and all kinsmen.
110-111. The Mountain Himalaya of great fame embraced
his daughter and placed her in his lap. With tears in his eyes he
spoke these sweet words: “What is being done by you, О chaste
lady of great fortune? Uet everything be told to us who desire to
hear it.” On hearing those sweet words, she spoke to her father:
112. “With great penance the destroyer of Madana has been
solicited. My great task has been concluded, which is rather diffi­
cult for all to carry out.
113-114. Mahadeva was satisfied. He came to woo (to grant
the boon). Then Sambhu was tcid by me, ‘How is my marriage
being performed, О Sambhu, without my father now?’ Then the
slayer of Tripura went away along the path he had come by.”
206 Skanda Purana

115. On hearing those words of hers, he attained great joy.

The virtuous-souled one spoke to his daughter once again, in the
company of his own kinsmen:
116-117. “We shall all go to our own abodes—we and all the
Mountains. The Pinaka-bearing, Bull-emblemed Lord has already
been propitiated by her.” So said all the Suras with Himalaya at
their head. All of them together eulogized Parvati with glorious
and reverential words.
118. Even as she was being eulogized, Himalaya placed that
lady of excellent complexion on his shoulders. All the Mountains
eagerly surrounded her and brought her to his (Himalaya’s)
abode.
119. The divine Dundubhidrums were sounded. Conchs and
many musical instruments were played.
120. With a great shower of flowers she was brought home
by him.
121. She was duly worshipped by many of them. The ascetic
lady shining with great splendour, was worshipped by Devas,
Caracas, the great sages and all the groups of Siddhas.
122. On being worshipped, the goddess said to Brahma,
Devas, Pitfs, Yaksas and all others who had come:
123. “ All of you who have come here, go to your respective
abodes. 'Let Paramesvara be served to your fullest satisfaction.”
124. Thus then, Parvati who had gone to her father’s abode,
shone splendidly with great refulgence. She was adored by the
excellent Devas—she who ever remained thinking of Sada&va
mentally.
I.i.23.1-9 207

CHAPTER TWENTYTHREE

diva's Marriage1
Lomas a said:
1. In the meantime, the sages deputed by Mahesa came there
to Himalaya suddenly.2
2. On seeing them, the Mountain Himalaya got up imme­
diately. With a delighted mind, he worshipped all of them and
with his neck bowed down, he spoke to them respectfully:
3-4. “Why have all of you come? Tell me the reason for
your visit.” Then the Seven Sages said: “We have been sent by
Mahesa. We have come to you in order to see the girl. О Moun­
tain, understand us. Show us your daughter immediately.”
5. Saying “So be it” to the group of Sages, Parvati was
brought there. Himavan, the lord of Mountains, who loved his
children, placed Parvati in his lap3 and said laughingly:
6-9. “This is my daughter indeed. But listen to my words
again. Siva is the most excellent one among ascetics. The destroyer
ofM adana is devoid of attachment. How does he by whom
Smara (Madana) has been made Artafiga (bodiless), seek a
marriage alliance?
Offering the daughter in marriage to the following persons is
not recommended : one who is very near (i.e. closely related),
one who is very far off, one who is extremely rich one, one who
is devoid of wealth, one who is unemployed and a foolish fellow.
One shall not offer one’s daughter in marriage to a stupid
person, to a person who is devoid of attachment, to a self-esteem­
ing person, to a sick man and to a madcap. Hence, О excellent

J. This chapter throws immense light on the customs in marriage cere­

mony prevalent at the time of the last redaction o f the SkP.
2. This is called Vara-pre?ana (sending persons to negotiate for the hand
o f the girl). This was prevalent at the time of the Rgveda (RV X.85.8-9),
Grhya-sCitras (e. g. Baudhdyana 1.1.14-15, Apastamba 11.16, IV.1-2 and 7).
This practice is noted by Вйра (6th cent. A .D .) in Har$acarita, 4th Ucchvasa.
This old practice is still preserved among non-Brahmins in Maharashtra.
3. Evidence o f child-marriage at the time of our text. Parvati who per­
formed penance for a long time, must have been too old to sit in the lap of
her father.
208 Skanda Purana

sages, I must exchange ideas with you and then only I should
give her to Mahesa. This is my excellent vow,”
10. On hearing those words of the king of Mountains, those
great Sages laughed and immediately spoke to Himalaya:
11. ‘‘A severe penance has been performed by her. Siva has
been propitiated by her. Being pleased with her penance, Sada-
siva is kindly disposed today.
12. О Mountain, you do not know anything about her or
him, anything about their greatness. Hence give her (in marriage).
13-14. Give Girija to Siva (in marriage); carry out our
suggestion.”
On hearing these words of those Sages of sanctified souls, the
Tord of Mountains hurriedly addressed the other Mountains: “O
Meru, ONisadha, О Gandhamadana, О Mandara, О Mainaka,
all of you say specifically what should be done today.”
15. Mena who was an expert in the use of words, spoke these
words: “Of what avail is a deliberation now? The matter has been
decided then itself (already).
16. This girl of great fortune is born for accomplishing the
task o f Devas. She should be given to £iva because she has in­
carnated for the sake of Siva.
17-19. She has been propitiated by Rudra. She has been in the
mind of (i.e. liked by) Rudra. Let this Sati (chaste lady) of great
fortune be given to Siva. In worshipping Siva, what she has done
is a mere means (to this end).”
On hearing these words uttered by Mena, Himavan became
completely satisfied and spoke these words to the sages glancing
at her: “This daughter of mine now (shall be given to Siva).” 1
20. Then they brought Gauri there. She had complexion
like heated gold and beautiful eyes. Splendid as she was, she wore
a girdle round her hips. She was wearing bangles studded with
lapis lazuli and pearls. She had dazzling refulgence like the digit
of the moon.
21. Gauri, the splendid lady of bright face, had glittering
garments. She was as though a tank of the nectar of beauty. On
seeing her even the Sages became deluded. They were confounded

1. VV 13-20 describe Vagdana or betrothal.

 I.i.23.22-34 209

and excited. They did not utter a word. On seeing the very
beautifuJ beloved o f the lord of the three worlds, having splendid
lustre, they appeared to be stunned and crazy.
22-23. Thus those Sages too were enchanted by her beauty.
What then in the case of Devas?
So, after seeing the lady o f slender frame, the daughter of the
Lord of Mountains, who was the beloved of Siva, they approached
Siva once again. Then those Sages, the favourites of Siva, spoke
to him:

The Sages said:

24. His (Himalaya's) daughter has undoubtedly been well-
adorned by the Lord of Mountains. О Lord of Devas, go (there)
in order to marry (her). Go there surrounded by all the Devas.
25. Go quickly, О great Lord, to Parvati for the sake of a
son.
On hearing their words, he laughed and said:
26. “O Sages of great fortune, marriage has never been seen
or heard of by me before. Let its special points be mentioned.1’
27-30. Then all the Sages spoke to Sadasiva laughingly: “ O
Lord, invite Visnu, Brahma and Indra. Similarly send for the
groups of sages, Yaksas, Gandharvas, Serpents, Siddhas, Vidya-
dharas, Kinnaras and groups of celestial damsels. Bring these and
many others immediately.” On hearing these words uttered by the
Sages, the lord, an expert in the use of words, spoke to Narada:
“Bring Vi§#u quickly. Bring Brahma, Mahendraand others too.”
31. Honouring the words of Sambhu with great humility, the
sage Narada who sanctified the worlds and who was a devotee of
Visnu, hurried to VaikuQtha.
32-33. He saw Lord Visnu who was seated on the excellent
couch and was being served by goddess Sri. The Lord was the
most excellent one among Devas; his lustre was very great and
he was four-armed, with a body dark in complexion like a blue
lotus. He wore beautiful ear-rings set with gems and jewels of
great value. He was refulgent with the excellent gems of his great
crown and had the excellent garland of sylvan flowers named
Vaijayanti. He was the sole handsome person in the whole world.
34. Narada approached him and spoke to him the words of
 210 Skanda Purana

Sambhu. The most excellent one among the sages, the omniscient
one playing on his lute called Brahmavina, spoke to him with
great respect:
35. “Come, come, О Mahavi§#u. Come quickly to (meet)
Mahadeva. You are the only one to manage the affairs efficiently
in the matter of the marriage of Sambhu.’*
36. The Lord laughed and said to Narada: “How did the
idea of marriage occur to the Trident-bearing Lord?” Although
the lord had understood the matter, he asked Narada about it.
Narada said:
37. By means of a great penance, Rudra was gratified by
Parvati. He himself went to the place where the chaste daughter
of the Mountain was seated.
38-40. Sambhu who was gratified by Parvati, said to her “I
am your servant.” He requested Parvati: “O lady of great splen­
dour, choose (me) in marriage quickly.” So spoke Sambhu. He
calls you now.

On hearing his words, Janardana, the lord of Dcvas, prepar­

ed himself to go to 3iva. He was accompanied by Narada and
surrounded by his Parsadas. The great soul Acyuta, the great Lord
of leading Yogins, mounted on Suparria (Garutfa) and went
through the path of the sky. Hari was accompanied by Narada
and excellent Devas.
41-42. On seeing the Sarnga-bearingLord (i.e. Visnu), the
Lord Siva whose lotus-like feet are worthy of being meditated
upon by Yogins, stood up joyously and embraced Visrui.
Then the lords Hari and Нага stood up in the same place and
enquired of the welfare of each other.
Isvara sa id :
43-48. О Vi§nu, I have been undoubtedly won over by the
penance of Girija. It is for the purpose of marriage that I am go­
ing to Himalaya.
I shall tell the exact position to you. Formerly when Sati
was given to me by Dak§a, the marriage rite was not performed
by me in accordance with the injunctions. It is only now that all
the rites should be very elaborately performed by me. I do not
Li.23.49-56 211
know all those rites connected w ith m arriage alliance. I do not
know an y th in g th a t should be perfo rm ed by me.

A fter hearing those w ords o f Sariibhu, th e slayer o f M ad h u

laughed. W hen he was a b o u t to say som ething, B rah m a came
th ere h u rried ly along w ith In d ra and all th e G u ard ian s o f the
Q uarters.
Sim ilarly D evas, A suras, Y aksas, D anavas, serpents, birds,
celestial dam sels and th e great sages, all these gathered to g eth er
to speak to the L o rd . T hen th ey bow ed down th eir heads and
spoke to Isa :
49. “ G o ahead, go ahead, О L o rd M ahadeva, along w ith
u s .” T hen V isnu spoke these w ords ap p ro p ria te to th e o c c a sio n :
50-52. “ O Sarhbhu, it behoves you to p erform th e rites in
accordance w ith the injunctio n s laid dow n in th e Grhyasutras.1
P erform th e holy rite o f Nandimukha. 23 F ix th e Mtmd-ipa? P er­
form all the religious rites connected w ith them . Some o f the
m en learned in th e V edas perform th is rite avoiding th e conflu­
ence o f great rivers. О L ord, let the Mcintfapa be fixed now .”
S am bhu w ho was to ld th u s by V isnu, did so fo r th e sake o f his
ow n w elfare.
53. E verything conducive to prosperity was perform ed by
him along w ith B ra h m a and o th ers. K asy ap a accom panied by
B ra h m a perform ed the w orship o f th e Planets.
54-56. Sim ilarly A tri, V asi$tha, G au tam a, G uru, B hrgu,
K an v a B rhaspati (?), Sakti, Jam adagni, P arasara, M ark an d ey a,
Silavaka, ^uny ap ala, A ksatasram a, A gastya, C yavana, G arg a
and m any oth ers cam e to th e presence o f Siva. D irected by
B ra h m a there, they perform ed th e rites in accordance w ith the
injunctions.

1. T h o u g h the n am e o f th e Grhyasutra is n o t g iv en , th e general item s o f

th e cerem on y are c o m m o n . It is difficult to p in p o in t th e Sutra fo llo w e d by
th e au th or.
2. T h e Sraddha rite offered to the m a n es b efore the festiv e rites o f
m arriage. T h is is m en tio n ed o n ly m the Baudhayana Gr. S. 1.1.24. O ther
Grhyasutras are silen t a b o u t it.
3. Marujapa-karana o r crea tin g a p a n d a l fo r so c ia l cerem o n ies like
Upanayana (th read c e r e m o n y ), in m arriage is prescribed in Paraskara Gr. S.
1-4.

л
 212 Skanda Purana

57. All of them who were masters of the Vedas and the
Vedangas (i.e. ancillary subjects) tied an amulet (round the arm)
of Mahesa in accordance with the injunctions of the Vedas. They
tied the marriage thread also (round his wrist) for the sake of
auspiciousness.
58-60. The sages who knew the reality performed various
auspicious rites reciting the Siiktas (hymns) of Rgveda, Yajurveda
and Samaveda. They made Siva, the great Atman, take the cere­
monies of oil bath etc. The famous matted hair of Siva, the
Supreme Soul (assumed the form of fine tresses). The garland of
skulls turned into a fine necklace fitted with many pearls. Those
serpents that had been round his limbs instantaneously turned
into ornaments of gold.
61. Mahcsvara, the lord ofDevas, richly endowed with all
ornaments and surrounded by Devas went to the city of the king
of Mountains.1
62-64. The terrible deity, Candika, became Vambhagini2(‘sister
of the bridegroom’). СащП who was adorned with serpents as
ornaments and who was seated on a ghost went ahead taking a
gold pot of great lustie and filled (with water) on her head. She
was accompanied by her retinues. Mahacandl had a brilliant
face and terrible eyes. There were thousands of hideous Bhutas
(goblins). Accompanied by them Candl of deformed face went
ahead.
65. All the exceedingly terrible Gartas went behind her. The
terrible Rudras numbering eleven crores also went behind them.
They were the great favourites of Rudra.
66. Then all the three worlds became pervaded by the loud
sound of Damaru, the sounds of Bheris and Bhankaras (varieties
of drums) and the sound of conchs.
67. So also there was a tumultuous sound of Dundubhi
drums. All over-eager Devas and all Siddhas accompanied by the
Guardians of the Quarters followed close behind the Ganas.
68-70a. Mahendra seated on his Airavata was proceeding
ahead in the middle (of the 'group) with a white umbrella held
1. This is called VadhUgrhagamana (bridegroom’s going to the bride’s
house). Sankhayana Gr. S, 1.12.1 mentions it.
2. The author’s sense of humour becomes obvious in describing Can<Ji as
the ‘Vara-bhaginV (bridegroom’s sister) and her antics during the marriage
ceremony.
I i.23.70b-82 213

aloft. He was being fanned by chowries and surrounded by many

Suras. О Brahmanas, many of these sages, Bharadvaja and others,
were also going ahead towards (the place) of the marriage of Siva.
70b-73. Sakinis, Yatudhanas, Vetalas, Brahmarak§asas, Bhii-
tas, Pretas, Pisacas and others such as Pramathas etc. follow­
ed Caridi and asked about her, “Where has Can^i gone?” Runn­
ing at a very great speed, they came up to her. Even as she was
proceeding ahead, they bowed down to her. They said to Caridi
who was accompanied by Bhairava and whose lustre was very
great, “Where are you going, О Ca$<ji, without us? Say specifi­
cally.”
74-76. That Candl laughed and said to the BhGtas who were
listening: “Mounted on a ghost, I am going (to attend) the
marriage ceremony of Sambhu. I am holding this golden pot on
my head (for the same purpose).” Then Candi changed herself
into the form of Siva’s nearest female relative.
Surrounded by all the Bhiitas, she went ahead of all. Ganas
followed her and Suras were behind Ganas.
77. The Guardians of the Quarters beginning with Indra and
the sages were leading those who followed behind. Behind the
sages were the Parsadas (Attendants) of great lustre.
78-80. They were fully conversant with the unfathomable
nature of Visnu. They were more charming than Mukunda. All
of them resembled clouds (in colour). They had garlands of syl­
van flowers. All of them had the body-mark Srivatsa. All were
clad in yellow robes. They had four arms. They wore ear-rings.
All of them appeared splendid by means of crowns, bangles, arm­
lets, necklaces, anklets, threads, waist-bands and rings. They had
the characteristic features of great men. In their midst was Vi$iju,
the slayer of the enemies of Suras. He was accompanied by &ri.
81. Hari, the greatest Soul, the sole kinsman of the universe,
who had rendered the three worlds completely auspicious, who is
established in the heart by persons of great magnanimity and who
is the bestower of the greatest objectives and aims (in life), shone
in the company of Siva.
82. Hari, the great Lord, was seated on Garu^a. The great
Lord was accompanied by Lak$mi. The sole Lord of all the worlds
was being fanned by chowries. He was accompanied by all the
leading sages.
 214 Skanda Purana
83. Virinci (i.e. Brahma) was seated on his own vehicle.
Accompanied by the Vedas along with the six ancillary subjects,
he, Hirariyagarbha, was surrounded by Agamas aloitg with
Itihasas and Puranas.
84-86. Mahesa was thus accompanied by Brahma and Hari.
He was surrounded by the leading Suras. He was encircled by the
sages. The Bull-bannered Lord who cannot be attained by all,
who is difficult of access even to leading Yogins, was seated on a
bull that resembled a pure crystal, that was given to virtue and
that was characterized by cows (? that had all the fine character­
istics of bulls). He was accompanied by the Mothers also. Ac­
companied by these and Asuras and Danavas and adorned by
learned scholars, Mahesa then went to Himalaya, the most excel­
lent one among Mountains, for the marriage with the most
excellent young woman.

CHAPTER TWENTYFOUR

The Marriage Ceremony o f £iva: The Arrangement for

Accommodating Devas and Others
Lomasa said:
1. Similarly, the Lord of Mountains with the greatest joy,
made all arrangements for the sake of his daughter. (The Moun­
tain) of exalted magnanimity made Garga (the priest) in-charge
and decorated the place for the auspicious ceremony with the
greatest magnificence.
2. He sent for Visvakarman and eagerly made him build the
hall (for the ceremony of marriage). It was very extensive and
exceedingly fascinating with raised seats.
3. It extended to ten thousand Yojanas, О excellent Brah-
manas. The hall was of very fine quality with various specimens
of wonderful workmanship.
4-7. Everything mobile and immobile was equally charming.1

]. This description reminds us of the Maya-sabha in Mbh, Sabha, 3.

 Li.24.8-18 215
The mobile one was excelled by the immobile one and the immo­
bile one was excelled by the mobile one. There dry ground was
excelled by water. There people did not know clearly which was
water and which was dry ground. In some place there were lions
and in some other places there were swans and cranes of great
lustre. In some place there were very beautiful artificial peacocks.
So also there were artificial elephants, horses and deer.
8. (People could not find out) which were real (animals) and
which were unreal (i.e. artificial) ones created by Visvakarman.
Similarly wonderful gatekeepers were made.
9. There were men drawing bows. They were immobile but
appeared (life-like) like mobile ones. Similarly, there were (statues
of) horses with horsemen and elephants with elephant-riders.
10. There were some men holding flowers and sprouts and
being fanned by chowries. Some persons shone there, wearing
garlands.
11. There were many artificial banners made there. (The
statue of) Mahalaksmi, born of the Ocean of Milk, was stationed
at the gateway.
12. There were well-caparisoned artificial elephants and
horses along with elephant-riders and horsemen. They appeared
like real ones.
13. There were artificial chariots with charioteers. They were
like real ones. In order to confuse everyone, assembly halls and
courts of justice were created.
14. At the main gate of the hall (a statue of) Nandin was
made by him- It was as white as the pure crystal just like Nandin
(in real life).
15. Above him there was a great divine aerial chariot embel­
lished with gems and jewels. It shone and it was rendered splendid
by means of sprouts, umbrellas and chowries.
16. On the left side there were two elephants resembling
those made of pure saffron. They had four tusks. They were sixty
years old. They were noble-souled and exceedingly refulgent.
17. Similarly on the right side two horses had been made.
They had armours on. Visvakarman had made Guardians of the
Quarters too endowed with gem-set, jewel-studded ornaments.
18. The sixteen Prakrtis were realistically made by that
216 Skanda Purana

intelligent one. All the Devas were depicted (by way of statues)
by Visvakarman (in life-like) poses.
19-21. Similarly all the sages and ascetics, beginning with
Bhj-gu, Visvedevas, along with their Parsadas (retinues) and
Indra in his true form (were made by him). All those noble-soul-
ed ones were realistically depicted by the intelligent (Visva­
karman). Such a Mandapa of a divine form was made by him. It
was divine and divinely fascinating with many wonderful features.
In the meantime there came Narada in front of him.
22-25. It was directed by Brahma that Narada came to the
house of Himavan. Narada saw in front of him (a statue of) him­
self depicting him as one endowed with humility and modesty.
Seeing that artificial (statue) Narada became confused. The
sage of great fame then became engaged in viewing (the various
things) made by Visvakarman.
He entered the Mandapa of Himavan, studded with gems of
various colours. There were (statues of) Rambha and golden
pitchers. The Mandapa was rendered splendid by them. It had
a thousand columns.
Then Mountain Himalaya entered the Mandapa surround­
ed by his own people. He welcomed and adored the sage and
enquired of him what should be done (by him).
Narada said:
26. Those noble-souled lords have come with Indra at their
head. So also the great sages surrounded by the Ganas. Maha-
deva has come for the marriage celebration riding on his Bull.
27-30. (The first two hemistiches in verse 29 should have
preceded verse 26.)1
Then after hearing his words the excellent Mountain Himavan
adored him duly and spoke to Narada the following great words
very praiseworthy and sweet:
“Go to Sankara along with these Mountains, viz. Mainaka,
Sahya and Meru, О highly intelligent one. Be quick and bring
here Siva whose feet are worshipped by both Suras and Asuras
and who is accompanied by Devas and the excellent sages.”
t. The wrongly ordered hemistiches:) On hearing the words of Mountain
Himavan, the sage thought that it should be so and spoke these words to
the King of Mountains.
 I.i.24.31-48 217
31. Thinking that it should be so, that noble-souled one, the
most excellent among sages, went quickly along with those lead­
ing Mountains. Hastening, he came to Sambhu immediately.
32-34. Then Mahadeva was seen surrounded by Devas.
Brahma, Vi$nu, Rudra, all the Suras and those who were close
followers of Rudra asked Narada: “Let this be spoken to us since
we ask. (Otherwise) it is not spoken. Does each of these Moun­
tains, Sahya, Mainaka and Meru, want to give his daughter to
Sambhu? What is going on now?”
35-40. After keeping Brahma in front of him (?), then
Narada, the excellent sage of great splendour, meaningfully spoke
to Visnu. Resorting to a lonely place, Narada spoke these words
to Surendra: “A great abode has been built up by Tvastr. All of
us are fascinated by it. Has what had been done by you to that
noble soul formerly, entirely been forgotten by you, О Lord of
Sad? Therefore, he is desirous of defeating you even while living
in the abode of the noble-souled Mountain.
Oh, (I) have been deluded by that shining replica, that image
of great likeness. Similarly Vi$nu too has been made by him hold­
ing conch, discus, iron club etc. Brahma too has been made by
him. A bull of the nature of Maya has been made by him and also
the serpent Asvatara. Similarly understand, О lord of the immor­
tal ones, that many other things too have been carved by him.”
41-43. On hearing his words, Devendra spoke these words to
Visnu: “I shall see it and return quickly. Wait here. Let me find
it, under what pretext has he done this. He is dejected and dis­
tressed on account of (the death) of his son.”
On hearing his words, Janardana, the lord of Devas, spoke
these words laughingly to Sakra who had become frightened:
44-48. “ Formerly you had fallen into a swoon, О Indra, (in
a clash) with Nivatakavacas. There the Vidya (Magic Spell) Amrta
was brought by me for rendering service (to you). It was due to
the power of that great Vidya that you could make this Himavan
and other excellent Mountains devoid of wings. It was at my
instance that all of them were made wingless, О Vasava. Thanks
to the power of the Mahavidya, Tva$tf entered the Марфара now
and did this by means of his Maya. Stupid fellows desire to win
success. There is not even an iota to be afraid of.”
218 Skartda Purana

Thus Visnu consoled those Devas who were arguing thus.

They then said to Narada:
49. “Does or does not the Lord of Mountain» give his
daughter? Let this be ascertained quickly. What has been done
by him today? Speak everything, О Narada, obeisance to you.”
50. On hearing it, Sambhu said these words laughingly: “If
Mountain Himalaya gives his daughter to me, what have I to
do with Maya? О Vi$nu, tell me exactly.
51. This is opined by learned men conversant with Logic
(Nyaya) that the fruit must be achieved by some means or other.
Hence all of you with Indra at your head seek only the object of
desire. Go ahead quickly.”
52. At that time even Siva, the immanent soul of the uni­
verse, was deluded by god of Love having only five arrows. The
lord of Bhiitas (goblins) has been (afflicted) by a greater Bhuta
(i.e. god of Love). What will be the condition of others?
53. Sambhu is highly splendid. In spite of that he has been
won over by the bodiless lord of Love, just like an ordinary man
of no culture.
54. Indeed Madana is very powerful. By him this entire
universe including Devas and sages has been conquered by means
of his mature prowess.
55. Indeed Ananga (god of Love) is the powerful king of all
living beings and particularly of Devas. His order is strong.
56-57. With the womanly form o f Parvatf, Madana is invin­
cible in all the three worlds. On seeing that lady, all the clever
sages, Devas, human beings, Gandharvas, Pisacas, Serpents and
Raksasas—do not dare to transgress the order of the noble-soul-
ed Madana.
58. О Brahmanias, Madana cannot be pierced (ivettum - ‘to
understand’ also) by the power of penance or charitable gifts ex­
cept through humility.
59-61. Hence the great anger of Ananga is excessively power­
ful. On seeing Tsvara thus deluded by Madana, Madhava who was
conversant with the proper use of words, said these words: “O
lord, do not worry. What has been said by Narada (is true).
Everything wonderful that has been created in the Mawfapa by
Tva§tr was actuated by lord Madana.”
Then Sankara said to Madhusiidana:
I.i .24.62-74 219

62-63. “Indeed this Мспцфра. has been made by Tvastf as

one covered by Avidya (Ignorance). But we will say, О Vi$$u,
that the Mantfapa (is made by him) alone. О highly fortunate
one, marriage too has Avidya as the foot cause. Hence let us all
go now for marriage celebration.”
64-65. Keeping Narada at the head, all the Devas including
Vasava and accompanied by Himavan went to the mansion of
very wonderful features and variegated in form made by Visva-
karman. Therefore, that sacrificial chamber was excellent and
very holy. Tt was honoured by many persons. That intelligent one
(i.c. Visvakarman) made that sacrificial chamber one that capti­
vated the mind and was endowed with various wonderful features.
66. On entering, all the leading Suras and the sages were
seen by Himavan who stood up in honour of them.
67. Similarly for their sake pleasing mansions were made by
him. Gandharvas, Yaksas, Pramathas, Siddhas, Devas, serpents
and groups of celestial damsels could live in them happily. He
made parks and gardens here and there for their sake.
68. On their behalf very valuable bathrooms with shower
jets and enclosed spaces for toilet were made by him. They shone
wonderfully. Those had been made by that noble-souled (Visva-
karman).
69. Amply spacious abodes for the purpose of the residence
of all the Devas and the sages of sanctified souls were made by
him.
70. Thus Visvakarman expanded many abodes suitably and
befittingly for those who stayed there.
71-73. Wherever these Bhairavas and others sat, Visva­
karman made abodes for them in those very same places. For
Bhairavas, K$etrapalas, others who resided in the fields (sacred
spots), the residents of cremation grounds, those who stayed
on Nyagrodha trees (banyan trees), those staying on Aivattha
(the holy fig) trees, those who moved about in the sky, wherever
they were seated, very beautiful great mansions were built by
Visvakarman. They were extremely suitable to those spirits.
74. Suras, along with Indra, Yak§as, Pigacas, Rak$asas, the
groups of Gandharvas, Vidyadharas and celestial damsels were
accommodated along with Cartas there alone by Himavan him­
self.
220 Skanda Ригащ
CHAPTER TWENTYFIVE

The Marriage Rituals

Lomasa said:
1. All of them well-received and welcomed by Himadri sat
(stayed) there along with their retinues and vehicles. Those Devas
were highly delighted.
2. There itself (a mansion) of great dimensions was built by
Visvakarman forthe residence of the Self-born Lord (i.e. Brahma).
It was endowed with excessive refulgence.
3. Similarly another abode that shone well, was very charm­
ing and of variegated features (and equipments) was made by
Tvastr. It was reserved for Visnu.
He himself built a very beautiful Canjigrha (a common
parlour?)
4. Similarly he built a huge white mansion of great lustre,
well-adored by the excellent Devas. It was made resplendent with
the great lustre of KailasalaksmI (the presiding deity of fortune
of Kailasa).
5. It was there that iSambhu was accommodated by Himadri
making it well-furnished through his ample resources.
6-7. In the meantime, Mena came there along with groups
of friends and attendants and surrounded by sages in order to
perform the Nirajana rite (ceremonious waving of lights) to
Sariibhu. The entire space of the three worlds was filled with the
sound of musical instruments. Nirajana rite was performed for
that ascetic (i.e. 3iva).
8. The great chaste lady Mena looked at the bridegroom
and knew (his special characteristics). Recollecting what had been
said by Girija, Mena was struck with wonder.
9. “I see that the handsome features of Paramesthin
•• Mahesa
are far more (beautiful) than what had been formerly said by
Parvati in my presence. Now the handsomeness of Mahesa which
cannot be described, has been seen by me.”
10-13. Struck with wonder thus, Mena (went back) surroun­
ded by the wives of Brahmaijas.
There Parvati was seated, being attended upon by friends and
(married Brahma^a ladies). The lady of excellent complexion
- I.i.25.14-22 221

appeared splendid with the pair of cloths that had not yet been
washed (i.e. fresh from the loom). Her bodice was very excellent
and divine (as) it was rendered splendid by various kinds of gems
and jewels. It was liked by the goddess. It shone with the
greatest glory. The daughter of the Mountain wore a necklace
embellished with divine gems and jewels as well as very valuable
bangles of pure gold. Seated there, Parvati was meditating upon
Paramesvara,
14. In the meantime, Garga1 spoke these words: “O clever
ones, bring Sambhu quickly to our mansion first at this (auspi­
cious) time for the celebration of the marriage.”
15. On hearing the words of the noble-souled Garga, all the
Mountains stood up along with their wives.
16-19. All of them were endowed with very great prosperity
and affluence. They were well-adorned and had auspicious things
in their hands. Their wives too were well-bedecked in ornaments.
Those ladies with lovely glossy eyes were holding many presents
and gifts (in their hands). To the accompaniment of the sounds
of musical instruments as well as of the chantings of Vedic Man-
tras they came with their wives to the place where'Lord Mahes-
vara was sitting surrounded by Pramathas and attended upon by
Candi.
Sankara, the benefactor of all the worlds, was surrounded
and accompanied by the great sages and groups of Devas.
20. On hearing the loud sound of the musical instruments,
all the servants of Sankara suddenly got up along with Devas and
sages.
21. Similarly, Ganas accompanied by groups of Yoginis,
the lord of Gaijas of the same uniform splendour and all the
Gananayakas (i.e. leaders of the groups of goblins) followed
keeping Siva at the head.
22. The group of Yoginis was very fierce with their shouts
resembling the sound of Bherl drums. They had kept at their
1. Garga—An ancient sage, a royal astrologer in King Prthu’s court
(Mbh, Scinti, 59.111.) A famous work on Astrology, Garga-Samhita, is
attributed to him and the present text, the authenticity of which is doubtful,
is still believed to be his work. There is another Garga, the family priest of
YSdavas. He was sent by Vasudeva to perform the thread ceremony of his
sons at Gokula (BhP X.81ff). The Garga in SkP may be a different
person of the same Gotra.
222 Skanda Ригала

head the terrible Сацф who was adorned with great prosperity
and magnificence.
23. She wore serpent Karkotaka round the neck. She made
a necklace of it. She wore scorpions and venomous reptiles like
a Padaka (an ornament of the neck).
24. She wore as the ornaments of her ears, hands and
feet of the heroes killed in battle. She wore the heads of others as
ornaments upon her chest.
25. The hide of a tiger she wore (like a cloth). She was ac­
companied by the circle of Yoginis. She was surrounded by K§e-
trapalas and Bhairavas.
26. Similarly she was surrounded by ghosts and goblins and
Kapatas (spirits in disguise). There were the exceedingly terrible
groups, Virabhadra and others, who had been commanded before
by Siva to destroy the Yajna of Daksa.
27. So also were Kali, Bhairavi, the frightful Maya, Tripura
and the auspicious Jaya, the cause of happiness and welfare.
28. These and many others of very fierce type were desirous
of going, keeping Sadasiva at their head, surrounded by Bhiitas
and Pretas.
29-32. On seeing all these, Janardana, the devotee of Siva
(said):
Visnu said:
Honour the great sages, the immortal ones as well as Anasuya
and Arundhati and keep them at the head (of the procession). О
Lord, keep Candi to whom the Guardians of the Quarters bow
down, very near you.

On hearing the words uttered by Vi$iju, Sadasiva, the Lord of

the universe, laughingly said thus:1 “О Сапф“, be pleased to
stay here itself till the marriage is completely celebrated. О splen­
did lady, you know my feelings and emotions in the matter of
what should be done and what should not be done.”
33-36. On hearing these words of Sambhu of unmeasured
splendour, Сацф who had become much infuriated with Vi$i?u
1. Canal’s behaviour being unsuitable to this occasion creates laughter
among the readers, but caused embarrassment to the parties in the marriage
ceremony.
I.i.25.37-46 223

spoke. Similarly all the other Pramathas said to Vi§riu in great

anger:
“Whenever Siva appears, we too are present there, O'Lord.
Why were we prevented by you on this occasion of great
festivity and happiness?”
On hearing those words, Kesava spoke these words directed
towards Caridi, Pramathas and others of the same type: “You
have not been referred to by me. It does not behove you to be
angry.”
37. On being told thus by him, all the Garias of whom
Candl was the chief one resorted to an isolated place with burn­
ing sensations in their hearts at the statement of Visnu.
38. By that time all the ministers of the “Lord of Mountains
came to Mahesa hurriedly in great flurry with their wives.
39. The sounds of five types of musical instruments and the
loud sound of the chanting of the Vcdic Mantras (were heard).
They were accompanied by ladies who were singing (melodi­
ously).
40. They came thus to the place where 3ambhu (was seated)
surrounded by everyone. They came with pots (of water). Sada-
siva was bathed. He was adorned with all ornaments by women
who were singing auspicious songs.
41. The sages, Devas, Gandharvas and others, the excellent
Mountains and the women who were well-adored (adorned?)
went in front of Sambhu.
With a great umbrella held over his head (Siva) shone very
well.
42-44. He was fanned with chowries. He had a crown with
which he shone excessively. Brahma, Vi§nu, Candra and the
Guardians of the Quarters went ahead endowed with great reful­
gence. They too shone well. Conchs, Bherls, Patakas, Anakas
and Gomukhas (varieties of drums) were sounded. Musicians
too accompanied the party. There was great auspiciousness (every­
where). The Vaditras (musical instruments) were repeatedly play­
ed in that great festival.
45-46. The blessed Arundhati, Anasuya, Savitri and Lak§mi
(were present there) surrounded by the Mates (Mother deities).
Accompanied by them all, the sole kinsman of the universe shone
with great refulgence. He was surrounded by the Moon, the Sun,
 224 Skanda Purana
the Fire-god and the Wind-god along with the excellent Guardians
of the Quarters and great sages.
47. He was fanned directly by Pavana (Wind-god); the
umbrella was held aloft by $asl (the Moon-god); the Sun stood
in front as lamp-bearer. Visnu accompanied by Sri remained at
the side.
48. Devas accompanied by the sages showered him with
flowers scattering them all round. Sambhu went towards the
great mansion, the ground of which had been paved with gold
and which appeared splendid with great prosperity.
Worshipped by human beings, Devas and Danavas with great
service and attendance, Sambhu entered that mansion.
49. Sambhu who arrived there thus entered the Yajnaman-
фара (i.e. the hall erected for the purpose of the holy rite). Para-
mesvara was eulogized by Devas by means of songs of praise.
50-51. The excellent Mountain made Mahesa get down from
the elephant. He was made to sit on a raised seat and the great
rite of Nlrajana was performed by Mena along with her friends
and the priest. Everything such as the offering of Madhuparka1
etc. was performed there itself.
52. Urged by Brahma, the priest, the holy Lord performed
various preliminary rites connected with the splendid and auspi­
cious ceremony fit for the occasion.
53-55. The slender-bodied Parvatl was seated on an altar
inside the Mandapa. She was adorned with all ornaments. Нага
was directly brought there by Visnu and Brahma. Persons begin­
ning with Vacaspati began to look into the Lagna (auspicious
hour). Sage Garga was seated in the Ghafikalaya (i.e. the room
where the water device called Ghafika Patra to know the exact
time is kept). When the stipulated hour was reached Pranava
(was uttered).
56. Proclaiming “0Л/ PUI^YA" (auspicious) etc., Garga
made the bride join her palms in reverence. Thereafter, Parvatl
took a handful of Aksata (rice grain) and showered it on Siva.
57-59a. Rudra was worshipped by her with curds, Aksata,
Kufa grass etc. Parvatl of beautiful face was filled with great joy
1. A respectful offering made to a guest or a bridegroom after his arrival
at the door of the father of the bride. It generally consists of honey, ghee,
curds, milk.
I-i.25.59b-69 225
on looking at Sambhu for whose sake a great penance, very
difficult for others to perform, had been performed by the great
goddess.
The life-giver of all living beings in the universe had
been attained on account of that penance.
59b-60. Thereafter, the Bull-bannered great Lord was told
by Narada and other sages beginning with Garga and Sanaka:
“ O Three-eyed one, worship Parvatl reciprocally.” Then that
slender-bodied lady was worshipped with Arghya, Aksata and
other things.
61. Being worshipped by each other Parvatl and Parames-
vara, constituting the universe, shone then very much.
62-63. They were covered with the glory of the three worlds.
They looked at each other (lovingly). The divine couple, the
great goddess and the god, were then (honoured) by means of
Nirajana rite by Laksmi and Savitri particularly as well as by
Arundhatl. Similarly Anasiiya looked affectionately at Sambhu
and Parvatl of great renown and performed Nirajana rite with
pleasure and love displayed in her eyes.
64. Similarly all theBrahmapa ladies performed the Nirajana
rite again and again. All of them laughed joyously on looking at
the chaste lady and Sambhu.

Lomasa said:
65. In the meantime, urged by the preceptor Garga, Himalaya
accompanied by Mena began the rite of offering the virgin.1
66. Mena, the better-half of Himadri, the highly fortunate
lady adorned with all the ornaments took up the golden pot.
67-69. ThenVisvanatha, the bestower of boons, was told by
Himadri: “After due consultation with Brahma, Vi$flu and the
noble-souled preceptor Garga, I am today performing the rite of
offering the virgin to the Trident-bearing Lord of Devas, О
Brahmanas. May the procedural Mantras suitable for this occa­
sion be recited.”
1. This is Kanyadana (giving the bride to the bridegroom). In this cere­
mony the father o f the girl says that the bridegroom should not prove false
to the bride in Dharma, Artha and Kama (the three Puru$arthas in life) and
the bridegroom pledges, he won’t do so (naticarami). This is done even now
(vide Paraskara Or. S . 1.3). See also infra ch. 26.3.
226 Skanda Purana
Agreeing that it should be so, the excellent Brahmanas who
were aware of the (proper) time (of the ceremony) said:
70. “O dear one, let your Gotra and lineage be mentioned.1
О highly fortunate one, say.” On hearing these words, the plea­
sant-faced one turned his face away; one who should not be be­
wailed attained a pitiable state.
71-75. Lord Mahesa who had a pitiable face when he had
no reply to offer, was seen in such a state by the excellent Suras,
sages and groups of Gandharvas, Yak$as, ascetics and Siddhas.
Then Narada did something funny.
Narada, the son of Brahma, took out his Vina. Then the
intelligent one was prevented: “O holyEord, do not play your
lute.” On being requested thus by the Mountain, Narada spoke
these words: “Bhava was directly asked by you to mention his
Gotra. О Mountain, his Gotra and family is Nada' (Pure Sound)
alone. Sambhu is well established in him. Hence, Sambhu is
identical with Nxzda. Hence, О scorcher of enemies, this Vina
is played now by me.
76. О Parvata (Mountain), Devas beginning with Brahma
do not know his Gotra and family; what then to say of others?
77-78. You are confounded. You do not know anything
about what should be said or should not be said. All worldly
objects are external to Mahesa. О Mountain, whatever is origina­
ted, whatever has a birth, becomes dead. There is no doubt
about it. This Virtipaksa (one with uneven eyes) is devoid of form
and features. (Hence) he is called Akulina (having no family).
79. О excellent Mountain, your son-in-law is undoubtedly
one without a Gotra. No criticism or comment should be made
in this matter by you who are very learned.
80. All people do not know Нага. Why should I talk much
on this, О Lord? Even these sages are confounded, О glorious
one, because they are ignorant of him.
81-82. Brahma does not know him (and his) head, the head
of Paramesthin (the great Lord).
Vi§nu went to the nether worlds (and the foot of the Lord)
1. A humorous situation. Siva, the creator and destroyer of the universe,
is Gotra-less but is asked about his Gotra and lineage. The Lord is Nada him­
self as is later shown by Narada and explained that he is without a Gotra
(vv 71-74).
Li.25.83—I.i.26.2 227
was not seen. The whole range of the three worlds has been per­
vaded by that unfathomable Lihga. Understand this. What pur­
pose is served by this?
83. That {Lihga) has certainly been propitiated by this
daughter of yours, О Himalaya. How is it that you do not know
exactly, О great Mountain.
84-85. This universe is created by these two. It is sustained
by these two.”
On hearing these words of the noble-souled Narada, all of
them, the chief of whom was Himadri and at whose head was
Indra, became surprised in their minds and they said: “Well-done!
Well-done!”
On realizing the majesty of Isvara all those clever ones (sages)
became overwhelmed by surprise. They spoke to one another:
The sages said:
86-87. It was at his bidding that this wide world was born.
This is greater than the greatest, being of the form of self-con­
sciousness. Everything becomes the object of the imagination of
Paramesvara who is independent. This noble-souled one has the
three worlds for his own form.

CHAPTER TWENTYS1X

The Marriage Celebration of Siva and Pdrvati:

Auspicious Festivities
Lomasa said:
1. Then those excellent Mountains beginning with Meru
became bewildered. They all addressed Himavan, the great Moun­
tain, simultaneously.
The Mountains said:
2. О Mountain, let the offering of the daughter in marriage
be performed today. It is your good fortune that the glorious
&ambhu has been obtained by you (as the son-in-law). No
 228 Skanda Purana
hesitation should be entertained within your heart. So let her be
given to Isvara (Lord Siva).
3-4. On hearing the words of his friends and on being urged
by god Brahma, Himalaya made this good resolve. He made the
offer with the Mantra “ OParamesvara, I am giving this daughter
to you as your wife. Accept her.”1
To this great Rudra, to Sambhu, the Lord of the Devas, to
Mahesa his daughter was given by the noble-souled Lord of
Mountains.
5-6. The lotus-eyed couple were brought out from the altar.
Parvati and Paramesvara were made to sit outside the Vedl (altar)
by the preceptor, the noble-souled Kasyapa. Then for the sake of
Havana (offering into the sacred fire) the (sacred) fire was invok­
ed, О Brahmanas.2
7-10. Brahma was seated on the seat of Brahma (the priest
presiding over a sacrificial ceremony) near Siva, while the rite of
oblation to the fire was going on. The sages who were experts
(in their field), who were conversant with various schools of
philosophy, conversed with one another. Some of them who
were engaged in Vedic discussion, expatiated on what has been
accepted (in the Vedas). “It is like this.” “It is not like this.”
“It is like this and not otherwise.” “It should be done.” “It
should not be done.” “It should be (partially) done and (parti­
ally) not be done.” As they said like this the medley of their
voices was heard in the place near Siva (in the presence of Siva).
Sticking to their own opinions, they were speaking to one another.
All of them were devoid of the knowledge of Reality. Their in­
telligence (and knowledge) was limited to the Vedas only.

1. This is formal Kanyadana.

2. This is Agnisthapana and Нота or Havana. Sacred fire is ‘established*
and ghee is oblated into it with mantras. The difference of opinion among
the Brahmanas referred to in vv 7-10 is due to the great divergence about
the number of cihutis (oblations) and the mantras to be recited, in different
Grhya-siltras. See GrhyasCitras of Asvalayana (1.7.3 and 1.4.3-7), Apastamba
(IV. 1: prescribes 16 ahuti's and 16 mantras) , Manava (1.8).
As the marriage rite is not completely described (including important
rites such as Saptapadi, Lajahoma) it is difficult to ascertain the Grhya-siltra
followed by the author. Positive mention of Ndndlmukha tentatively points
to Baudhayana Gr. S.
 I.i.26.11-23 229

11. On hearing the words of those (Vedic scholars) who were

desirous of defeating one another, Narada laughed and spoke
these words in the presence of Siva:
12-14. “You are all great disputants taking delight in Vedic
discussion. But, О Brahmanas, keep quiet, meditating on Sada-
siva in your hearts. He is the Atman, the Supreme Soul, greater
than the greatest. Obeisance to that Lord who is the immanent
soul of aJJ, by whom this universe is created, through whom
everything functions and in whom the whole universe becomes
merged. That Lord is present now in the abode of the Lord of
Mountains, О Brahmanas. It was from his mouth that all of you
clever people were born.” 1
15. Those excellent Brahmajntas were spoken thus by Narada.
Those excellent Brahmanas were enlightened by means of words
of advice.
16. As the Yajfia was going on, Brahma, the grandfather
of the worlds, saw the feet and the beautiful moon-like nails of
the goddess.
17. On seeing them the Lotus-born Lord was immediately
agitated (sexually). Being overwhelmed by the god of Love, his
semen was discharged on the ground.
18. As the semen virile trickled down, the grandfather
(Brahma) became ashamed. That thing worthy of being conceal­
ed and very difficult to be overcome, he pressed down by means
of his feet.
19. Many thousands of sages, the Valakhilyas, were born
therefrom. All of them approached him crying out, “O father,
О father.”
20-21. Those Valakhilyas were then told by Narada who got
very angry (with them): “O ye Batus, all of you go to the moun­
tain Gandhamadana. You must not stay here. You are not want­
ed (here).”
On being ordered thus by Narada, ail the Valakhilyas hasten­
ed to that mountain.
22-23. Then Brahma was consoled by Narada through aus­
picious words. By that time, the rite of oblations to fire (Havana)
by noble-souled Mahesa was concluded and the Brahmanas enga-

1. Cf Brahma no'sya mukham as it—RV, X.90,12.

230 Skanda Purana

ged themselves in Santipatha-1 The cardnial points, i.e. the whole

of the world became pervaded by the great Brahmaghosa (‘loud
sound of chanting the Vedas’)
24. Then the Nlrajana rite was performed to theTord by the
wives of Devas. Similarly, he was adored and worshipped by the
wives of the sages.
25. The auspicious and charming young ladies too, of the
Lord of the Mountains, performed the rite of Nlrajana. Those who
were experts and conversant with good music (delighted every­
one) with songs. Similarly the great sages (propitiated the Lord)
by means of eulogies.
26. Himalaya, the noble-minded great Mountain, gave them
very valuable gems and jewels. He was delighted and he wished
to please others.
27. The Lord who was stationed on the altar along with his
wife and the groups of Suras and Siddhas, shone then. The sole
(i.e. the most) handsome one (the Lord) in the universe was
accompanied by all his Gaijas and Parsadas. He was delighted in
his mind.
28. In the meantime, the sages, Gandharvas, Yaksas and
many others with Brahma and Visnu at their head came there.
29. The noble-soulcd great Lord of Mountains endowed
with the greatest refulgence, honoured and worshipped all of them
and gave them good gems and jewels, clothes, ornaments, betel
leaves and scented water.
30. Then all the leading Suras duly honoured Siva and took
their food. All of them gathered together and rejoiced.
31-32. They sat in rows and took food with Lihgins and
Spigins (types of Gaijas). Some of the Ganas sat separately.
Narada and others pleased the Lord with witty remarks and jocular
comments of different sorts. The group of Сащ11 with many
female attendants took their food. All of them had their (res­
pective) vessels.
33-34. Vetalas and K$etrapalas shared their food equally.
So also Sakinis, Dakinis, Yak$inis, the Mothers and others.

J. Recitation of passages from Vedas and Upani?ads as part of the vale­

dictory ceremony.
I.i.26.35-52 231

There were sixtyfour Yoginis and Yoginstoo. There were others

to o : ten crores of Ga^as and a core of noble souls.
35. So also, all the sages and others beginning with learned
Devas. Other Yogins have already been mentioned by me.
36-38. Yoginis have also been mentioned. I shall mention
their food to you. Some of them brought the pure (raw) meat of
rhinoceros and ate it along with the bone. Some who were
hungry ate their entrails. Some of them brought huge and heavy
heads of buffaloes. Some of them danced. Other Pramathas began
to cry and shriek. Some of them in the form of Rudra remained
quiet. Others remained staring at still others.
39. Bhairava who was standing in the middle of the circle
of Yoginis began to dance. Others, Bhutas and Vetalas blurted
out “Don’t, D on't” .
40. On seeing their festivities like this, the slayer of Madhu
spoke these words laughingly to Sankara, the benefactor of the
worlds:
41-42. “Prevent these Ganas, these inebriated fellows now.
What should be done on this occasion should be done with
wisdom, О Mahadeva. So prevent them.”
On hearing it, Lord Rudra said to Virabhadra:

Rudra said:
43-47. Prevent those mad and heedless ones and particularly
the intoxicated ones.

Virabhadra was told thus by Saihbhu, the great god (Parame-

$thin). On being ordered by the intelligent Virabhadra and pre­
vented by him, the reckless Pramathas kept quiet. In the middle
of Yoginis, Bhutas, Pramathas, Guhyakas, 3akinls, Yatudhanas,
Kusmandas, Kopikarpatas (?) and others, Bhutas, Vetalas, Kse-
trapalas and Bhairavas—all these intoxicated Pramathas and
others became calm.
Thus the marriage celebration was very elaborate. It was
performed by Himadri with great auspiciousness and splendour.
48. Four days passed. With full mind, with great sincerity,
the worship of the Trident-bearing Lord of Devas was performed
by Himadri.
49-52. After worshipping and adoring Mahadeva with robes,
 232 Skanda Purana
jewels and ornaments as well as with big and small gems, he be­
came engaged in worshipping Visrui. Himavan worshipped and
honoured Vi$nu along with "Laksmi with splendid robes cfnd orna­
ments. So also he honoured Brahma. He honoured Lord Indra
along with his preceptor (Bj-haspati) and Indrawn. He honoured
the Guardians of the Quarters severally.
СацсИ too was honoured along with Bhiitas, Pramathas and
Guhyakas with robes and jewels and different kinds of gems and
jewels. All others too who had come there were worshipped and
honoured.
53. Thus all the Devas, Sages, Yak§as, Gandharvas, Vidya-
dharas, Siddhas, Caranas, human beings and groups of celestial
damsels were duly honoured.

CHAPTER TWENTYSEVEN

The Birth o f Kumara Karttikeya

Lomas a said:
1-2. Similarly all the Mountains were exquisitely worship­
ped by Visnu, viz. the Mountain Sahya, Vindhya, Mainaka,
Gandhamadana, Malyavan, Malaya, Mahendra, Mandara and
Meru.1 These were very scrupulously honoured and respected by
Visi.iu.
3-5. Svetagiri was made white (?),2 Niladri (Blue mountain)
also was made so (blue). Udayadri, Sfhga, the great Astacala,
Manasadri, mountain Kailasa, the most excellent one among
1. Most of these are still known by their о Id names like Sahya (the
Western Ghats), Vindhya etc. But those which are not in the present map of
India but were a part of Purapic India are known by the following current
names:
Gandhamadana—The northern ridge of the great Hindukush arch with its
northern extension—the Khwaja Mohammad range.
Malyavan—Sarikol range to the east of Pamir (Meru).
Meru—The Pamirs.
2. Probably Svetab kftab is a misreading for Svetakufab, the name of a
mountain.
 I.i.27.6-18 233

Mountains, and the mountain Lokaloka—all these1 were honou­

red by Parame§thin (god Brahma). Thus all those excellent
Mountains were honoured by him. Similarly all the residents of
those mountains were also honoured by him.
6. Along with Brahma, everything relevant and befitting
(the occasion) was done by Visnu. On the next day, the proces­
sion Varayatra2 was taken out.
7. A majority of Gaijas and all the groups of Suras went to
the mountain Gandhamadana along with Himadri and kinsmen.
8-11. All the Pramathas, the Ganas of СащН and many
others who had come to Himalaya for the marriage celebration
of Siva, were duly honoured by Siva, О Brahmanas. On seeing
the couple they attained great delight. Sambhu accompanied by
Parvati and Parvati along with Sambhu were in fact like a
flower and its fragrance or like the word and its connotation.
They are Prakrti and Purusa united into one form. That couple
of great lustre shone very well while riding on an elephant.
12-18. Brahma was then seated in an aerial chariot. Vi§$u
was on his Garuda. Indra rode on Airavata. Kubera sat in his
Puspaka chariot. Varuna rode on his shark (crocodile); Yama
on his buffalo; Nairrta rode on a ghost. The great Fire-god was
seated on a goat. Pavana (Wind-god) rode on a deer and Isa on
a bull. Thus the Guardians of the Quarters (came to the
procession) of the supreme god (Siva) along with the Planets.
Similarly Pramathas and others came there along with their
armies.
The Mountains like Himadri the great Mountain, Rsabha,
Gandhamadana, Sahya, Nilagfri, Mandara, Malayacala, Kailasa
of great splendour and Mainaka of great lustre, these and other
Mountains became engaged in honouring Siva. All of them
were glorious, highly refulgent and charming. All of them came
there along with their wives and sons. All those Mountains
beginning with Meru were powerful and handsome. In the

1. Mountains not found in the present map of India:

Srnga {gin)—Kara Tau—Kirgiz—Ketman Chain.
£veta—Nura—Tau—Turkistan—Atbashi Chain.
Udayacala, Astacala, Lokaloka are unidentifiable mythical names.
2. Varat in Marathi and Varaghotfa in Gujarati.
234 Skanda Purana
context o f Varayatra (‘procession o f the bridegroom’), they
devoted themselves to the worship of Siva.
19-22. The Mountains beginning with Meru were*seated (in
their proper places) by Nandin there. The celebration of Vara-
yatra was duly carried out by Himadri as mentioned (before).
They returned along with all kinsmen.
Himavan of great renown stationed in his own abode
shone very well, due to the great splendour arising from the
contact with Siva. The great Mountain became famous and
well-renowned in the three worlds, because Sankara was delighted
with him, due to the offering of the daughter.
Blessed indeed are those noble-souled ones at the tip of
whose tongues the two-syllabled name is always present.
They shall accomplish their purpose and be contented.
Those people who utter the two-syllabled name 4§i-va' in
their hearts are undoubtedly Rudras in the form of human
beings.
23. Lord Siva is pleased with the slighest offering or gift*
even with a leaf.1 Mahadeva is always pleased even with the
(gift of) water.
24. Indeed Sadasiva becomes pleased with (the gift of) a
leaf, a flower or water. Hence Siva should be regularly adored
by all. He is the donor of good luck unto men here.
25. The unborn great lord is one great luminous refulgence.
He is greater than the greatest. He is the great Atman. He has
no inter-space, is devoid of aberrations, has no lord (above him),
is devoid of all hindrances, free from doubts and devoid of desire.
26. He is unsullied, is of eternal form. Obstacle-less as he is,
he has perpetual bliss. He is the eternally liberated one. The
Lord of Devas of this nature was adored by those Devas and
others. Bhava (Siva) worthy of being worshipped by the whole
universe was eulogized and meditated upon. He was worshipped
and contemplated upon. This omniscient lord is the perpetual
bestower of everything.
27. Himavan was already very famous on account of all o f
his good qualities. He was noble-souled and the most excellent
one among the Mountains. (After the marriage) he became one
worthy of being saluted by the Lord of the universe.
l.C f. BG, IX.26.
I.i.2 7.28-33 235
28. Going back to his own abode along with Mena, the
Lord of Mountains of virtuous soul, bade farewell to all the
Mountains.
29. After they had gone, Himavan, the most excellent one
among and the king of Mountains, (lived happily) with his sons,
grandsons and great-grandsons by the favour of Mahadeva.
30. Then at Gandhamadana, the great god (Siva) who had
resumed his own form, decided in his mind to indulge in sexual
dalliance with Girija in an isolated place.1
31-33. Indeed their mutual sexual contact took place through
their great penance. Now that their sexual intercourse was begun,
that alone became their penance.
It was a mysteriously wonderful phenomenon not liked (by
Devas), because it could be compared to Praiaya2 (ultimate anni-

1. The artistic presentation of the love-sport of Siva and Parvati in

Kumarasambhctva VIII stands in sharp contrast with the Puranic narration
thereof.
2. Mbh, Salya, 44.6-13 records the following stages of Skanda’s birth:
(1) Falling of Siva's semen in the fire, (2) Fire-god’s pregnancy, (3) Fire-
god transfers the foetus to Gariga by Niyoga, (4) Ganga aborts it in Sara-
grass on the mountain, (5) The foetus continues to, grow in the grass,.
(6) Six sonless Krttikas claim him as their son, (7) Skanda develops six
mouths to suck the milk of the six mothers.
This original outline of the story shows the following developments in
the SkP, which arc not mentioned in the Mbh, Salya:
(1) The sexual intercourse between Siva and Parvati created Praiaya —
destruction of the world of mobile and immobile beings (vv 31-33).
(2) Gods depute Agni (the Fire-god) to disrupt the intercourse. Agni
secretly enters Siva’s harem and loudly demands alms. Infuriated at this
interruption, Sankara rushes to kill Agni. Parvati intervenes but gives Siva’s
semen in the joined palms of Agni and makes him drinkit and curses him to
be omnivorous (vv 24-43).
(3) Agni became pregnant and all Devas being recipients of food through
the medium of Agni (in sacrifices) received Siva’s semen. All gods became
pregnant thereby and had unbearable pain (vv 44-46).
(4) Deputation of Devas with Vi§pu to request relief from the torturing
pain of pregnancy. Siva relents and asks all Devas except Agni (the main
culprit) to vomit the semen. The vomited semen became a mountain of gold
(vv 47-64).
(5) Agni requests for relief. Siva advises him to transmit it to women.
Next morning at dawn, wives of seven sages performed bath in the river and
feeling cold went to warm themselves near the fire though prohibited by
Vasi$tha’s wife Arundhati. Agni transfers Siva’s semen to them (w 65-74).
 236 Skcutda Purana
hilation). As that great sexual dalliance went on, Devas beginn­
ing with Brahma were not very happy in the matter of deciding
what should be done and what should not be done. On* account
of the semen virile (of Siva), the entire universe consisting of
mobile and immobile beings perished.
34. Brahma and Vi§riu, the bestower of spiritual (welfare),
remembered Agni mentally. On being remembered, Agni hasten­
ed towards them.
35. On being deputed by them, Agni saw the beautiful palace
of Siva. In front of him, he saw Nandin of great lustre stationed
at the entrance.
36. Agni whose colour resembled saffron became minute (in
size) and entered the inner apartment of Sambhu that consisted
o f many wonderful features.
37. After reaching the front-yard beautified with many
mansions and paved with gems and jewels, the Fire-god sat there
and said:
38-39. “O mother, from the harem give aims unto me who
have only (my) hands as begging bowl.” On hearing those words
(of Agni) who had only the hands as begging bowl, the girl began
to give him alms., Thereupon Siva desisted from sexual dalliance
and got up. He became very furious.
40. Raising his trident, Rudra assumed the terrible form of
Bhairava. Siva was prevented by Girija from killing him (Agni).
The girl (Parvatl) gave alms to Agni Jatavedas1 (‘one who knows
all created beings’).6

(6) Their husbands, finding them pregnant from somebody else, drive
them out of their houses. Being homeless on the earth, they become KrttikSis
(Pleids) in the sky. But out of shame, they aborted on top of Hima­
laya Siva’s semen whence it flowed down into Ganga and was surrounded by
bamboos. It ultimately developed into a child of six faces on the bank of
Ganga (vv 75-80).
The present text of the Mbh is presumed to belong to the 4th cent. A.D.
and the SkP to the 10th cent. Such has been the development of this
legend during 600 years or so.
1. Jatavedas—(l)That from which is formed (got) Vedas (wealth).
(2) Mbh, Sab/ia 31.42 states: That for which Vedas were created:
vedastvam artham jata vai
jatavedas tat о hyasij
(3) The third derivation is as suggested in the translation.
I.i.27.41-51 237
41. After taking the alms (the semen of Siva) in the (palms
of his) hand, it was eaten up1 by Agni in her very presence.
Girija became furious and cursed him.
42. “O mendicant, on account of my curse you will quickly
become Sarvabhaksa (‘omnivorous’—one who eats everything).
You will meet with distress and pain in every respect on account
of this Retas (semen virile) immediately.”
43-44. On being told thus, Agni, the bearer of Havyas (offer­
ings in the sacred fire), swallowed the Retas of Isa and came to
the place where all the Devas beginning with Brahma were stay­
ing. After arrival he told them everything about the swallowing
of Retas (semen of Siva) and other incidents. All the groups of
Devas beginning with Indra became pregnant.
45-46. Just as Hay is (ghee offerings) reaches every god
through Agni (so also the semen reached them). By means of the
semen issuing out of the mouth of Agni, all the leading Suras
became pregnant. They were extremely afflicted with anxiety;
they sought refuge in Visnu, theTord and Master of Devas.
Devas said:
47. You are the saviour of all Devas. You are the lord of the
worlds. Hence protection should be accorded, О Lord, kind and
compassionate towards those who seek refuge.
48. Afflicted with this semen virile, all of us are about to
die. All of us, the heaven-dwellers, are already frightened of
Asuras.
49-50. (Afraid of Asuras) we sought refuge in Sankara. We
got his marriage celebrated (and thought thus): ‘When a son is
born to Rudra, all of us will be happy and free from fear in
heaven.’
A (new) danger has beset us even as we were steadying our­
selves with that thought. How is it possible to remain alive with
this (diva’s) semen.
51. The three aims (in the life) of ordinary persons are well
prepared (with the help of fate). But without (favourable) fate,
without the support of thebord, it becomes adverse in character,
not otherwise.

1. bhikfita is most probably a misprint for bhak$ita.

238 Skanda Purana
52. Hence, considering that as the strength (and support)
for all embodied beings in the matter of deciding what should be
done and what should not be done, all of us think so. *

53-55. On hearing that lamentation of Devas, the great

Lord, the slayer of the enemies of Devas, spoke these words
laughingly: “In view of the gravity of the situation (of the work),
let Mahesa the great Lord, be eulogized.”
Saying “So be it” , all the Devas went to Нага with Visnu as
their leader. Brahma and others and all the sages eulogized Нага:
56-58. “Om, obeisance unto Lord Bharga (Refulgence), to
the blue-throated, to the beautiful, to the three-eyed lord, to the
lord of three Vedas, to the supporter of the three worlds.
We bow to the Lord of three1notes (Svara), three Matras, three
Vedas and three forms. Hail to the Trident-bearing Lord (bestow­
ing) the three aims in life, to the Tridhama (having three abodes)
and to the Tripada (having three positions). Save us, save us, О
Mahadeva, from this semen virile, О lord of the universe.”
59. When he was (thus) eulogized by Brahma, the Bull-ban­
nered Lord appeared there itself for the sake of the accomplish­
ment of the objective of Suras.
60. At that time, thcXord, the sole kinsman of the universe,
was seen by the noble-souled excellent Devas. He was worshipped
exquisitely well. He was eulogized with various words of expres­
sive nature and approved by the Vedas.
61. Even as the Devas continued eulogizing, Paramesvara
said: “ Do not be frightened, all of you, now afflicted with this
semen virile.
62. Now itself, О Suras, you all should vomit it.”
Thinking that it should be so, all those groups of Devas begin­
ning with Indra, О Brahmaiias, vomited that semen virile of
Sankara.
1. The triads recorded in vv 57-58 are as follows:
(1) The three Svaras (accents) are Udatta, Anuddtta and Svarita.
(2) Matras are units of time or foot in Metrics. They are Hrasva (short),
Dirgha (long) and Pluta (lengthened or prolated).
(3) Three Vedas—Rk, SSman and Yajus.
(4) Three forms—BrahmS, Vi$pu and Siva.
(5) Three aims of Life—Dharma, Artha and Kama.
<6) Tridhaman—Shining in the three worlds.
I.i.27.63-76 239

63. Abruptly that miraculous semen virile became as lustrous

as heated gold and as huge as a mountain.
64. All those groups of Devas beginning with Indra became
happy. Excepting Agni all of them became exceedingly delighted.
65. Sankara the benefactor of all the worlds, was addressed
(thus) by Agni: “O Mahadeva, О most excellent one among
Devas, what should be done by me now?
66. Tell me that now, О Lord, whereby I shall always be
happy so that I can continue to carry Havya (the oblations in
sacrifices) unto Devas.”
67-68. Then Siva said directly even as the Devas were listen­
ing: “Tet the semen be discharged in some womb.” Thereupon
Agni laughingly said to Lord Sankara: Your semen is unbear­
able. How can this semen which blazes like poison, be borne by
ordinary persons?”
69. Then Lord Mahesvara said to Agni: “Let the semen be
discharged every month in the body of those who are warmed up
in the menstruation period.
70. Saying “So be it” and accepting his words, the Fire-god
of great lustre, who was shining with great splendour and whose
power and influence is very great, sat there in Brahmamuhiirta1
(before dawn).
71-73. The wives of the sages got up very early in the morn­
ing. Those chaste ladies who habitually took early morning baths
were afflicted with chillness. They saw the blazing fire and wanted
to warm themselves. They were prevented from doing so by
Arundhati. Although they too were prevented from doing so,
the Krttikas warmed themselves. While they warmed themselves
thus, minute particles of the semen virile (of Siva) entered the
pores in their skin at the roots of the hair quickly.
74-76. Agni then got rid of the semen virile and became
reposed and tranquil. Then the wives of the sages went to their
respective abodes. They were cursed by the sages. They became
the constellations Krttikas moving about in the sky. At that time
all of them became distressed due to their deviation from chastity.

1. Brahmamuhurta' the last half-watch of the night: pascimardha-pra-

hara (Mitak$ard).
240 Skanda Рига па

They discharged the semen virile on the top of the mountain

Himavan.
77-80. Abruptly that semen virile, having thelustce of heated
gold, (floated) in Ganga. It was quickly encircled by Ktcakas
(hollow bamboos).
On seeing the infant with six faces, all the Devas became
joyous. They were ultimately told by Garga: “b et it (the child)
be (conveniently) taken away. This son of Sambhu, thanks to the
grace of Sambhu, shall become eternal and Sarva (identical with
all).” Karttikeya of great strength was born on the banks of
Ganga. (Karttikeya,) the son of Ganga sat up after a day and a
night had passed. Sakha and Visakha were exceedingly power­
ful (?). This §anmukha was very powerful.
81. When Sanmukha (‘six-faced’ god Skanda) was born of
Ganga as the son of Sankara, Girija immediately experienced
that milk was oozing out from her nipples.
82. Looking at Siva, she said: “O Sambhu, there is great
exudation of milk (from my breasts, why is it so?). О Mahadeva,
let it be looked into.” Though omniscient, Mahadeva spoke to
her like an ignorant one.
83. Narada came there and told them about the birth of the
child: “A beautiful son is born to Siva and Siva.”
84. On hearing those words, О Brahmanas, all the Pramathas
became most delighted in their minds. Gandharvas became
eager to sing.
85. In view of the birth of a son to thcnoble-soulcd Sankara
the mountain (Kailasa) became dazzlingly brilliant and shone
with many flags, banners, festoons and sprouts as well as with
aerial chariots.
86-87. Then all the groups of Suras, Sages, Siddhas, Caracas,
Demons, Gandharvas, Yak§as, all attended upon by groups of
celestial damsels—all these gathered together immediately and
along with Sankara they proceeded ahead to see Gangeya (Skanda,
‘Ganga’s son’) stationed on the sand-bank (of Ganga).
88. Then the Lord mounted on his bull along with Girija and
was accompanied by other Suras beginning with Indra.
89-90. Then conchs, Bherls (drums) and many other musical
instruments were played. At the very same time, the Garias beg­
Li.27.9M 03 241

inning with Virabhadra followed the lord of all. They were excit­
ed with sportive spirit and they played different kinds of
musical instruments. They played stringed musical instru­
ments of different kinds.
91. Some were engaged in dances. Others were musicians.
Those who eulogized and those who were being eulogized sang
songs of praise.
92. Those Suras, Siddhas, Yaksas, Gandharvas, Vidyad haras
and Serpents and such others were delighted in their minds in
the company of Siva. They went ahead in order to see the son of
Sankara, the bestower of boons.
93. When they looked at Gangeya resembling Sankara, they
saw that the three worlds were pervaded by great splendour.
94-96. The infant (boy) enveloped in refulgence was of the
lustre of heated gold. His bright face was endowed with glorious
magnificence. His beautiful face with a fine nose and eyes twinkl­
ing with a smile, was pleasant. He was beautiful in every limb. On
seeing the exceedingly miraculous Gangeya of renowned Atman,
the infant (boy) with solar radiance, Pramathas and all the Gaiias
beginning with Virabhadra, saluted him.
97-99. They flocked round him on the left and the right and
waited upon him. Similarly, Brahma, Indra surrounded by Suras,
sages, Yaksas and Gandharvas surrounded the boy. They pro­
strated on the ground like a log of wood. Some bent down their
necks (in reverence). Others bowed down their heads honouring
him as the immutable lord. In that great festival, different kinds
of musical instruments were played. The sages recited the £anti
verses on that festival.
100-101. In the meantime Sankara, theTord of Girija, reach­
ed the place. He fquickly dismounted from his bull along with
Parvatl, О sages of holy rites.
Accompanied by BhavanI and filled with great pleasure, the
lord, the sole kinsman of the universe, saw his son. With great
affection, the lord of all, having the (bodies of) serpents (as orna­
ments) became delighted. He was surrounded by Pramathas.
102. With great excitement, Parvatl embraced Guha. Flood­
ed with great love, she made him suck her breasts that exuded
milk.
103. Then the infant-lord was given great ovation and the
242 Skanda Puraria

Nirajana (waving of lights) rite was performed by Devas who

rejoiced in the company of their wives. The whole of the firma­
ment was pervaded by great shouts of victory. #
104. All of them served the infant-lord—the sages with the
loud chants of the Vedic passages, the musicians with songs and
those who played musical instruments with the same.
105. Girisa (i.e. Siva) took on his lap that infant-lord
dazzling with great brilliance. The spouse of Bhavani shone as
the most excellent one among those blessed with sons. He was
endowed with glory.
106-107. The couple were delighted together. On being
sprinkled (with sacred waters) by the sages and being surrounded
by excellent Suras, Kumara (the infant-lord) played in the lap of
Sankara. With both hands he caught hold of and pressed Vasuki
that was round the neck (of Siva).
108-110. After pressing his face, he counted his hands, notin
the correct order, saying one, three, ten and eight. Lord Sambhu
told Girija about this laughingly.
Due to the gentle smile (of the infant), Lord Mahesa in the
company of Girija attained the greatest joy. On account of the
affection, his speech faltered. The sole lord of the worlds, the sole
kinsman of the universe did not say anything.

CHAPTER TWENTYEIGHT

Preparations o f Devas and Daityas for War

Lomasa said:
1. After placing Kumara in his lap, Rudra, the valorous
Bharga, the lord of the universe, said to Devas including
Indra:
2. “What is to be done by my son, О Devas? Let it be
stated.”
Then all of them together said to Lord Pasupati :
3. “A threat has come from Taraka to all the worlds, О
Li.28.4-16 243

bord. You are the saviour. You are the master of the worlds.
Hence let protection be accorded.
4. Today itself, О Lord, Taraka shall be killed by Kumara
Karttikeya. Hence we shall go today itself in our endeavour to
kill Taraka.”
5-9. Thinking that it should be so, Suras started at once
keeping Karttikeya, the son of Sankara, at the head. All of them,
with Brahma and Visnu as leaders, had soon gathered there.
On hearing about the preparation of Devas, Taraka, the
mighty one, marched against Suras to fight them with a great
army. The great army of Taraka that had come (there) was seen
by Devas.
Then an ethereal voice said consoling them: ‘‘All of you have
started after keeping the son of Sankara at the head. You will
become victorious after defeating Daityas in the battle.”
10. On hearing the ethereal voice, all the Devas became
enthusiastic. Keeping the infant-lord (Kumara) at the head, they
got rid of all their fears.
11. When all the Suras who were desirous of fighting had
arrived, the invincible daughter of Mytyu came there to woo
Kumara.
12. Formerly she had been urged by Brahma to resort to
great penance (to enable herself to attain) Kumara by means of
that great penance. That beautiful lady named Sena,1the daughter
o f Mrtyu, came there.
13. On seeing her, all of them said to Lord Pasupati: “A
very beautiful lady has come for this Kumara.”
14. At the instance of Brahma she was wooed by Kumara.
Then Kumara, the son of Sankara, became Senapati (‘Lord of
Sena’, also ‘commander-in-chief of the army’).
15. Then conchs and drums (such as) Bheri, Pataha, Anaka,
Gomukha and Dundtlbhi as well as Mpdangas of loud sound
were sounded.
16. The entire firmament was filled with that loud sound.

1. Mbh does not know ‘Senci’ as the daughter of Mrtyu—both of male

and female Mrtyu. BhP. V mentions one ‘Sena’ but he is a prince—a male.
Skanda is called Sena-pati which means ‘commander of the army’ (of Devas).
 244 Skanda Ригйпа

At that time, Gauri, Ganga and Mothers and Krttikas told one
another, “This is my son. This is my son.” #
17-18. Thus all of them—Mothers and others—who were
engaged in arguments were forbidden by Narada: “Do not
commit any foolishness. He is born of Parvati and Sankara for
the sake of accomplishing the task of Devas.”
Then all the Krttikas along with the Mothers became silent.
19-21. Then all the wives of the sages, the Krttikas, were
told by Guha: “All of you resort to the constellations and stay
there forever.” 1 So the groups of mothers also were established
in the firmament by the lord. Accepting the daughter of Mrtyu
hurriedly, Karttikeya, the infant-lord, the son of Sankara, said
to Indra: “Go back to heaven along with Suras.”
22-23. Kumara was told by Indra: “Indeed all of us have
been harassed by Taraka. We have been driven out of heaven and
we have dispersed to all the ten directions. Now what are you
asking of us who have been ousted from our positions, О mag­
nanimous one?”
On being told thus by the Ltf/ra-bearing Lord (Indra), the son
of Sankara laughed and said to Indra : “ Do not be afraid.” Thus
he granted him freedom from fear.
24. Even as the noble-souled son of Sankara was saying
thus, Rudra went back to Kailasa along with Parvati and Prama-
thas.
25. The great Daitya, surrounded by the armies of Daityas
came (there). Great war drums were played. They were as
terrifically loud as (the sounds at the time of) the great Deluge.
26-28. There were intensely harsh sounds of martial musical
instruments. Wonderful drums such as piytfimas and Gomukhas
were sounded. There were many trumpets and large and harsh-
sounding military drums like Kahalas and Khara§fngas.
Different kinds of musical instruments were played when
Daityas gathered there. The heroes shouted and roared along
with Taraka. Narada spoke these words to Taraka, a thorn unto
Devas:

1. The credit of transforming the wives of six sages—the ‘mothers’—into

the constellation KrttikS, (Pleiades) is given to Skanda.
I.i.28.29-43 245

Narada said:
29. О excellent one among Asuras, effort has already been
made by Devas for slaying you. There is no doubt about it. What
is said by me cannot be otherwise.
30. This son of Sarva has been intended for you. After know­
ing this, О mighty one, try (to save yourself) with great concen­
tration.

31-35. On hearing the words of Narada, the intelligent

Taraka laughingly spoke these words:
“Go to Purandara, О great sage, and report my words imme­
diately and truthfully: ‘You wish to fight with me, keeping (the
infant) Kumara at the head; you arc resorting to a foolish step
if you wish to do so. It cannot be otherwise. Depending upon a
man named Mucukunda, you stayed in Amaravati on the strength
of his glory and not otherwise. You are now standing before me
relying on the power of Kumara. 1 will kill'you, О dull-witted
one, along with the Guardians of the Quarters.’ Tell him this, О
celestial sage. Do not tell Dcvendra anything else.”
36. Thinking that it should be so, the holy sage Narada
went to Suras whose leader was Sakra. The intelligent (sage)
repeated to them all that was uttered by the leader of Asuras along
with derisive laughter.
Narada said:
37. О Devas, Jet my words be heard. They should not be
misunderstood. What has been said by Taraka along with his
followers may be heard.
Taraka said:
38-39. I will kill you, О stupid one; my speech cannot be
otherwise. You who had been honoured by the Guardians of the
Quarters, have resorted to Mucukunda. I would rather not fight
with you, a coward who has resorted to a man despite (your)
being a Deva.

40. On hearing his words all the Devas including Vasava

said to Narada, the excellent sage, referring to Kumara:
41-43. “Indeed, О celestial sage, you know the relative
246 Skanda Purana

strength and weakness of Kumara. How is it that his (Taraka’s)

words were uttered before me as if you had become ignorant?”
Narada laughed and spoke these words in his presence: “I too
laughed satirically and spoke (befitting) words to Taraka. О
immortal Suras, understand ye all that Kumara will be victorious.
What I say will (surely) take place. There is no doubt about it.”
44. On hearing the words of "Narada, all the Devas became
joyous. They jointly rose up desirous of fighting with Taraka.
45. Placing Kumara on an elephant Devendra proceeded
ahead accompanied by the big army of Suras and surrounded by
the Guardians of Quarters.
46. Then Dundubhis were sounded. Many Bheris and musi­
cal instruments were played. Lutes, flutes and Mrdangas were
played. There were the vocal songs of Gandharvas.
47. After giving the elephant to Mahendra, Kumara rode
in an (aerial) chariot. It was studded with many gems and jewels.
It was equipped with many wonderful features. It was extremely
spacious and equipped with various marvels.
48. Getting into the aerial chariot that son of Sankara of
great fame shone well. He was accompanied by all the Ganas.
He was endowed with great glory and radiance. The great lord
was fanned with chowries of great lustre.
49. The umbrella (offered by) Varuna was held above the
head of Kumara by Candra (Moon). It had great refulgence on ac­
count of jewels. It was fitted with many precious gems and stones.
It was made highly splendid by means of the rays of the Moon.
50. Then all the Devas assembled together with Indra at
their head. They were accompanied by their respective armies.
All those mighty ones were desirous of fighting.
51-53. Yama came with his followers. The Wind-god came
with Maruts; Varuna with Pathas (waters) (or Yadas—aquatic
animals); Kubera with Guhyakas; I^vara with Pramathas;
Nairrta with Vyadhis (ailments). Thus all the eight Guardians of
the Quarters joined together desirous of fighting. In order to kill
Taraka they had as their leader Senapati, the son of Sankara,
the most excellent one among the knowers of the Atman
worthy of being saluted by the entire universe.
Thus desirous of fighting, they descended to the earth. They
stood within the doab in the middle of Ganga and Yamuna.
 I.i.28.54—Li.29.3 247

54- (Some of) the dependents of Taraka came from Patala,

with all types of subsidiary armies. They moved about (here and
there) desirous of killing Suras in battle.
55- 56. Taraka who shone in an aerial chariot came (there).
(The Daitya) of great splendour had an umbrella held over his
head. Being fanned with chowrics, the king of Daityas shone
well.
57. Thus Devas and Daityas stood in the region between
Gaiiga and Yamuna.1 They had separate arrays of soldiers.
They were accompanied by great armies.
58-60. They kept the elephants on one side, different kinds
of horses (on another side). Chariots of various kinds set with
many gems and precious stones stood (on another side). There
were many foot-soldiers who were splendidly equipped with
javelins, tridents, axes, swords, mallets, iron clubs, steel-tipped
arrows, nooses and maces. The two armies of Suras and Daityas
shone (while they faced) one another. They were desirous of
killing one another. They were being eulogized by their kinsmen.

CHAPTER TWENTYNINE

The Battle Between Suras and Taraka

Lomasa said:
1. The two armies, that of Suras and that of Daityas, had
all the four divisions of an army. They had many wonderful
(weapons and equipments). They roared at each other like clouds
at the advent of the rainy season. They shone welL
2. In the meantime, Devas and Asuras began to dance and
jump with one another. All of them of great strength fought one
another.
3. The fight between Daityas and Devas was very tumul­
tuous and exciting. Within a moment the whole (battlefield)
1. The battle between Taraka and Kumara and their armies took place
in Antarvedi or the Doab between Gang& and Уатипй. But the exact loca­
tion is not recorded.
 248 Skanda Purana

became marked (coloured) with mutilated trunks and severed

heads.
4. Hundreds and thousands fell on the ground. * The arms
of some were cut off by terrible blows of swords.
5-6. Indeed Mucukunda was very powerful. He was
(famous) in the three worlds (as a man) of unmeasured courage
and valour. Taraka was then hit in the chest with all might with
a sword by the intelligent Mucukunda. Enduring that blow,
Taraka laughingly spoke these words:
7. “O dull-witted fellow, what is it that has been achieved
by you through your strength? I do not wish to fight with you.
It is shameful to fight with a human being.”
8-9. On hearing the words of Taraka, Mucukunda spoke:
“O chief Daitya, you have been (well-nigh) killed on being
struck by me. You do not deserve to be otherwise. Experiencing
the blow of my sword, you will never stand in front of me. 1 am
going to kill you. See my valour, О king of Daityas; be steady.”
10-11. After saying thus, when the heroic Mucukunda of
great strength struck with his sword, he was hit with a javelin.
The son of Mandhata fell down in the battlefield. Though fallen,
the slayer of inimical warriors got up instantaneously.
12. Getting ready to kill Taraka, the lord of Daityas then,
the exceedingly powerful son of Mandhatr, the sole conqueror
of the world, seized a bow and took a Bruhmastra (i.e. the mira­
culous missile with Brahma as its presiding deity).
13. That warrior of great force and speed who became very
furious and whose eyes were full-blown, got ready to fight with
Taraka. At that time Narada, the son of Brahma, spoke thus to
Mucukunda, the human warrior:
14. “Taraka cannot be killed by a human being. Hence do
not discharge this great missile.”
15. On hearing the words of Narada, the celestial sage,
Mucukunda asked: “Who will then be his slayer?”
16-17. Then Narada of divine vision and great splendour
said: “Kumara will kill him. This Kumara is the son of Siva.
Hence all of you should stand (ready). Fight jointly. Restrain
yourself, О Mucukunda of great intellect. Stand ready.”
18. On hearing these fascinating and auspicious words utter­
ed by that (sage) of great refulgence, all the Suras became com-
Li.29.19-34 249
plctely calm and quiet along with that most excellent one among
human beings.
19. Then Dundubhis were sounded. Conchs were blown.
Different musical instruments were played by both Suras and
Asuras.
20-21. Asuras who had prepared (for a fight) with Devas
roared. Virabhadra who was born of the anger o f Siva, became
exceedingly furious. Accompanied by many Ga^as, he approach­
ed Taraka o f great strength, after making Mucukunda and
Suras stand behind him.
22-23. Then all the Pramathas kept Kumara at the head and
fought in the battle. There the Ganas beginning with Virabhadra
killed the enemies with tridents, swords, daggers, nooses, axes and
iron clubs. In that mutual clash o f Suras and Asuras, all o f them
struck and killed one another.
24. Struck hard by Virabhadra with his trident, Taraka fell
down there at once. He was in a swoon for a short while.
25. Within a Muhurta ( - 2 4 minutes) Taraka, the great
Daitya, regained consciousness and got up. He struck (back)
Virabhadra with great force.
26. Virabhadra, the powerful follower o f &iva, whose splen­
dour was great, attacked Taraka who had a javelin, with a terri­
ble trident.
27. Fighting thus, they struck at each other. A tumultuous
duel took place between those two noble souls.
28-30. Then Suras became mere spectators in that war. The
three worlds were filled with the loud sounds of Bheris, Mrdangas,
P at alias y Anakas, Gomukhas and Da marus. By means o f that
loud sound, those two combatants o f great strength shone
splendidly. They were exceedingly excited and shattered com­
pletely on account o f blows. Enraged furiously with each other,
they resembled Budha (Mercury) and Angaraka (Mars).
31 -32. Narada then revealed to Virabhadra the details about
his (Taraka’s) death. Virabhadra then did not like those words
that Narada said about the death o f Taraka. Just as Rudra so
also Virabhadra was exceedingly powerful.
33. Fighting thus they struck at each other. They vied with
each other in roaring like two lions.
34. While those two were thus fighting on the ground, Vira-
 250 Skanda Purana

bhadra was prevented by means of various words by Narada, the

noble-souled (sage), the most excellent one among those who had
perfect knowledge.
35. On hearing those words coming out of Narada’s mouth,
Vlrabhadra who had become very furious replied to Narada:
36-38. “I will kill Taraka today. See my valour. Those heroes
who make the master come down to the battle-ground are sinners
and extremely unrighteous. Those who go to the battlefield but
begin to ponder over (what they should do) should be known as
cowards. They should never be talked to. О celestial sage, you do
not know the reaction of (true) warriors. Those who keep the god
of Death behind them, those who are devoid of any pain or dis­
tress in the battlefield, and those whose bodies are cut and
pierced by weapons and missiles are undoubtedly praiseworthy.”
39-40. After saying thus, Virabhadra of great power, spoke
to Devas: “May Devas with Indra as their leader listen to my
words. I will undoubtedly make the earth rid of Taraka today.”
41. He then took a trident and fought with Taraka along
with many (followers) who rode on bulls and held excellent
tridents.
42. Those Ganas had matted hair; they had bull for their
emblem. They struck with force. They kept Virabhadra at their
head. They were as valorous as Virabhadra.
43. All of them wielded tridents. All of them had serpents as
ornaments for their limbs. All of them were adorned with twisted
and matted locks of hair. They had the crescent moon as their
crest jewel.
44-45. They were blue-throated. They had ten arms, five
faces and three eyes. They had the royal insignia of umbrellas and
chowries. All of them had fiercely powerful arms. With Vira­
bhadra at their head (the Ganas), with the valorous exploit o f
Нага, fought with Daityas who were the dependents of Taraka
for their subsistence.
46. Those Asuras were defeated again and again by the
Gaijas. They were forced to turn their faces (to retreat). Then an
exceedingly frightful battle ensued between them and the excellent
Daityas.
47. Though Daityas were experts in the use of great missiles,.

ft
I.i.29.48-59 251

the Ga$as could not brook them. The Ganas became victorious.
Defeated by the Ganas and therefore distressed very much, they
(Asuras) intimated their discomfiture to Taraka.
48. Taraka who was desirous of fighting, was noble-souled
and the most excellent one among Daityas, entered the army after
keeping the bow well-bent, in the same way as a fish enters the
ocean.
49. Indeed Virabhadra of great power fought (with Daityas)
in the company of the Garias.
The excellent Daitya of great strength, who became very furi­
ous, pounded and shattered all the Suras, the chief of whom was
Indra, and the Ganas, Yak$as, Pisacas and Guhyakas.
50. Then a tumultuous, exciting battle ensued between Devas
and Danavas, wherein Devas, Danavas and Yak$as took part
collectively.
51. Roaring bulls killed the horses along with the horsemen.
They struck at the chariots and killed the charioteers. They killed
the elephants along with the elephant drivers.
52. All the Asuras were shattered and pierced (by the Gai>as)
who were driving in the chariots or riding on the bulls.
53-54. Many were completely destroyed. Some who were
struck, fell down on the ground. Some entered Rasatala. Many
fled (from the battlefield). Some of them sought refuge with the
followers and servants of Rudras. Thus seeing his army destroyed
and scattered, Taraka, the protector of Asuras, became infuriated
and he went ahead in order to kill the groups of Devas.
55. Taraka, the king of Daityas, assumed ten thousand arms.
He suddenly mounted a lion and killed them (i.e. the Ga$as)
in battle.
56. By the lion that had been equipped with an armour, some
bulls were torn asunder. Similarly many Gaijas were killed by
Taraka himself.
57. This was done by the noble-souled Taraka then. The
great Taraka could not be tackled by all the Devas.
58-59. That Daitya of great and powerful arms became the
destroyer of all the three worlds. The Daitya followers of Taraka
became superior in strength and invincible. They rode on great
vehicles. They were terrific and fully equipped with armour. They
252 Skanda Purana

were terrible strikers. The Gaijas were swallowed by those Daityas

and the bulls were killed by the lions.
60. Thus those Ganas were being killed in the battlefield.
Visflu laughed and said to Kumara, the favourite (son) of Siva:

Visnu said:
61. Excepting you, О son of Krttikas, there is no one else
who can kill this sinner. Hence, О mighty one, my suggestions
should be carried out by you.
62. О Son of Siva, you are born for slaying Taraka. Hence
slaying of Taraka should be performed by you.

63. On hearing it, the great lord, the son of Parvati became
angry. He laughingly said these proper words to Vi$nu:
64-65. “The wonderful ways of fighting of the noble-souled
(warriors) are being observed carefully by me. О Visnu, I am not
well-versed in deliberating upon what should be done and what
should not be done. I do not at all know who are those who be­
long to us and who arc our enemies. I do not know even why they
are fighting and killing each other.”
66. On hearing the words of Kumara, Narada spoke these
words:

Narada said:
67. You are Kumara, О mighty-armed one, born of a part of
Sankara. You are the master and saviour of all the worlds. You
are the ultimate goal of Devas.
68. О heroic one, a very severe penance was performed by
Taraka formerly, whereby Devas have been defeated and heaven
conquered.
69. He attained invincibility by means of severe penance.
Indra and the Guardians of the Quarters have been defeated by
him.
70-71. All the three worlds have been conquered by this
vicious-souled one himself. Hence Taraka, the sinful person,
should be killed by you. The welfare of everyone should be
caused by you, the lord.
I.i.29.72-82 253
On hearing the words of Narada, Kumara, the great lord,
descended from his aerial chariot and began to walk on foot.
72-74. The son of Siva in the form of an infant-boy, began
to run about on foot. He took up in his hand a javelin of great
potentiality, endowed with much refulgence like a great comet.
On seeing (the Infant-Lord) who was advancing towards
him, who was very fierce, whose form was unmanifest and who
was the most excellent one among mighty persons, the Daitya
spoke:
“This Kumara (the Infant-Leader) belonging to the excellent
Suras is the destroyer of the enemies (of the excellent Suras). I
shall be the sole warrior fighting with him. I shall kill all heroic
Ganas, the great Isvaras and the Guardians of the Quarters im­
mediately.”
75. After saying this that ever mighty one proceeded towards
Kumara in order to fight. That Taraka seized a javelin of exceed­
ingly wonderful nature and spoke these words:
Taraka said :
76. How and why is an infant placed in front of me by you
all? О ye Devas, you are all shameless ones whose king happens
to be Purandara.
77-80. Whatever has been done by him is all known (to
me). Sleeping ones were bound and tortured; beings within the
womb have been aborted and caused to fall down. Bahurupa, the
Asura, was killed by the son of Kasyapa. Namuci, a great hero,
was killed. Vrtra was killed too.
This Devendra, the slayer of Bala, is desirous of killing
Kumara. This Kumara, О Devas, shall undoubtedly be killed by
me to-day.
Formerly, О Virabhadra, many Brahmarias have been killed
by you in the course of Daksa’s Yajna. 1 shall show you today
the fruit of that action, О highly intelligent one, in the course of
the battle, О you expert in battle.”
81-82. After saying thus that noble-souled lord of Daityas,
the sole and excellent hero, took uphis&r£fi of great and wonder­
ful qualities. That Taraka is the most excellent one among those
conversant with fighting.
254 Skanda Purana

Thus the son of Diti was attacked by the greatest Purusa

(Lord). He was surrounded by leading Asuras. That powerful
Taraka who usually came out victorious in battled resolved to
fight and kill (the Lord).

CHAPTER THIRTY

Taraka Is Slain
Lomasa said:
1. As the demon Taraka came there leaping and bouncing,
boasting and swaggering, Tndra, the most excellent among the
intelligent ones, hit him with great force with his Vajra (thunder­
bolt).
2. Due to that blow of Vajray Taraka was made alarmed
and afflicted. Although he fell down, he got up and struck his
(Indra’s) elephant with his javelin.
3. He made Purandara who was on his elephant, fall down
on the ground. When Purandara fell down, there was a great cry
of distress.
4-5. Hear what was done by Taraka there itself, О Lord. He
stamped his foot on Indra who had fallen and snatched the Vajra
from his hand. Looking at Indra who had been struck, he struck
him with Vajra with great force.
6. Vlrabhadra raised his trident. That infuriated lord of
great strength wanted to protect Purandara. With his trident of
great lustre, he struck Taraka, the Daitya.
7. On being struck by the trident, Taraka fell on the ground.
Although he fell down, Taraka of great splendour rose up again
(to his feet).
8. With his great javelin, he struck Virabhadra on his chest.
Vlrabhadra fell down due to the blow from his javelin.
9. Devas along with the Ga^ias, Gandharvas, Serpents and
Rak§asas lamented again and again with a great cry of distress.
10. The exceedingly powerful Virabhadra, the slayer of ene­
mies, suddenly got up. He lifted up his trident whose lustre was
I.i. ЗОЛ 1-24 255

like that of lightning. It (i.e. the trident) shone continuously and

brilliantly with its radiance. It illuminated the canopy of the
cardinal points with its refulgence and had the splendour of the
discs of the Sun and the Moon, the fire and the galaxy of stars.
11-13. When (the lord) of great strength was about to kill
him with his trident, he was prevented by Kumara (saying), “O
highly intelligent one, do not kill him.”
Karttikeya of great strength and lustre roared. Then he was
greeted by “Jaya” (‘Be victorious’) by the living beings stationed
in the sky. The hero then attempted to kill Taraka with his great
javelin.
14. The fight between Taraka and Kumara there became un­
bearable. It was extremely terrible and it caused fear (in the
minds) of all living beings.
15. With Saktis (javelins) in their hands, they fought each
other. As they took the risk (and fought furiously) the hands of
both of them became pierced by the Saktis.
16-17. Tike two lions of great strength, they dodged each
other. They (resisted and) struck each other’s Sakti (with a clang).
The two great warriors continued the excellent fight following the
tactics known as Vaitaliki Gati (‘the movement of a conjurer?’),
the Khecarl Gati (‘the movement of a sky-walker’) and the
Parvata Mata (‘opinion of Parvata, mountain or a Gandharva
of that name*).
18-20. Taking their respective advantageous position, those
two warriors of great strength and valour, who were experts in
fighting, struck each other with the edges of their Saktis in the
course of the battle- They hit, cut and pierced, the head, the neck,
the arms, the knees, the hips, the chest and the back. Thus the
warriors of great strength desired to kill each other and continued
to fight.
All the Devas, Gandharvas and Guhyakas became mere
spectators.
21-22. They said to one another: “Who will win in this
fight?” At that time an ethereal voice said consoling them : “O
Suras, indeed this Kumara will kill Taraka today. О Suras, do
not be anxious. All of you stay happily in heaven.”
23-24. On hearing that voice uttered in the sky at that time,
Kumaraka who was surrounded by Pramathas became desirous
256 Skanda Purana

of killing Taraka, the lord of Daityas of fierce form. Kumara of

great strength and superior power struck Taraka, the excellent
Asura, between the nipples with his SaktL
25. Without minding that blow, Taraka, the leading Daitya,
who became furious, struck Kumara also with his SaktL
26. On account j’of that blow from the Sakti , the son of San­
kara became unconscious. Within a short while he regained cons­
ciousness and was eulogized by the great sages.
27. Just as a haughty and excited lion becomes desirous of
striking (elephants), so also the valorous Kumara struck Taraka,
the Daitya.
28. Thus Kumara and Taraka fought with each other. They
were excessively agitated and they were engaged in a duel with
Saktis.
29-30. With a desire to defeat each other, they exerted them­
selves to a very great extent. While they engaged themselves in
fighting each other with great force, they had wonderful (facial)
expressions. They struck each other with the keen edges and
sharp points of their Saktis, wielding them dexterously. All Gan-
dharvas, Devas and Kinnaras remained (as mere) onlookers.
31. They became exceedingly surprised. They did not say
anything. (Even)thc wind did not blow. The Sun became devoid
of lustre.
32-35. The following Mountains came there to meet Kumara:
Himalaya, Meru, Svetakiita, Dardura, Malaya, Mahasaila,
Mainaka, Vindhya Mountain, the great Mountain Lokaloka,
Manasottara Mountain, Kailasa, Mandara, Malya(van),
Gandhamadana, Udayadri, Mahendra, the great Mountain
Astagiri—these and many other Mountains of great lustre came
there to meet Kumara. They were prompted by sincere love.
36. On seeing that the Mountains were frightened, the son
of Girija and Sankara spoke to them enlightening them :

Kumara said:
37. О highly fortunate ones, do not be afflicted and dis­
tressed. О Mountains, do not be worried. Even as all of you
remain watching, I will kill the greatest sinner.
38. After thus consoling those Mountains accompanied by
1 л . 3 0 .3 9 -5 1 257

the groups of Devas and mentally bowing down to Sambhu, the

intelligent Infant-Lord, fond of Hari, bowed down to his mother.
39. Thereafter Karttikeya cut off the head of his enemy by
means of his SaJcti. That head of Taraka fell down on the
ground immediately. Thus Karttikeya, the great lord, gained
victory.
40-41. The groups of Devas, sages, Guhyakas, birds, Kin-
naras, Caracas, serpents and the groups of celestial damsels saw
him with great delight. They eulogized Kumara. Vidyadharis
danced and the musicians sang.
42-44. On seeing him victorious thus, all of them became
filled with joy. Girija came there with great delight and placed
her son in her lap. Embracing him closely, she became very
glad. Placing Kumara endowed with the splendour of the sun
in her lap, the slender-bodied Parvati of charming eyes fondled
him. Sambhu along with Parvati was honoured by the sages.
45. Seated in a noble seat, the chaste lady of measured
speech, shone splendidly on being eulogized by the ascetics,
Siddhas, Caracas and serpents.
46. The Nlrajana rite was performed by Devas then to
Parvati accompanied by Sambhu and Kumara. The chaste lady
shone splendidly.
47. Himalaya came then surrounded by his sons as well as
other Mountains beginning with Meru, by whom he was eulogi­
zed much.
48. Then all the groups of Devas beginning with Indra
along with the sages, made a great shower of flowers on Kumara
of unmeasured splendour. Keeping him in front and waving the
fights ceremoniously for him, they shone well.
49. With the sound of songs and musical instruments as
well as repeated chantings of different kinds of Vedic Mantras,
he was well eulogized by those who were experts among the
knowers of the Vedas.
50. This narrative named Kumaravijaya is very wonderful.
It dispels all sins. It is divine. It yields all desired things unto
men.
51. Those who glorify this exalted story of the greatness of
Kumara and his valorous exploits, become pure souls equipped
with unmeasured good luck. They will assume infinite forms
 25g Skanda Purana

without old age or death. This story yields pleasure to men.

Whatever is desired in the mind will be achieved.
52. He who recites or listens to the story of .the noble-
souled Kumara named Taraka(-vadha) is released from all sins.

CHAPTER THIRTYONE

The Greatness o f Sivalihga1

Saunaka said :
1. After killing Taraka in the battle, О Brahmanas, what
great deed was done by the noble-souled Kumara? It behoves
you to describe everything.
2-3. Kumara indeed is another Sambhu (i.e. Lord Siva) by
whom everything is pervaded. Saiiibhu bestows the greatest
position on being propitiated by penance (but) Kumara always
yields immediate benefit unto men on being visited (i.e. through
his vision).
Indeed those who have committed great sins, those who are
not religious at all, even the Candalas (who cook dog’s meat),
become rid of their sins by seeing (Lord Karttikeya). There is no
doubt about this.

4. On hearing the words of Saunaka, the exceedingly intelli­

gent disciple of Vyasa recounted the story of the noble-minded
Kumara.

Lomasa said :
5. In the battle Kumara killed Taraka who could not be
vanquished or killed by Devas, О excellent Brahmanas. He gain­
ed victory.
6. The greatness of Kumara is narrated in all sacred texts,
in the Vedas, the good Agamas and the Purajrias.
1. T hou gh the chapter is nam ed so , it describes the m eritoriousness o f
the vision o f Kum&ra.
I .i .3 1 .7 - 1 9 259

7. So also in the Upanisads and the two systems of Mlma-

msa. Kumara of such a nature, О Brahmanas, cannot be (ade­
quately) described.
8-9. By mere sight, he sanctifies the entire universe.
The king of Manes (i.e. Yama) heard about the saviour of
this world. Keeping Brahma, Visflu and Vasava at the head, he
hurriedly came to Sankara, the benefactor of all the worlds. The
Lord of the Southern Quarter eulogized (Sankara) with great
self-restraint and mental purity:
10-11. “Obeisance to Lord Bharga (the refulgent god),
obeisance to the lord of Devas, to Mrtyunjaya (‘conqueror of
Death’), to Rudra, to Isana (‘controller of the world’), to Kapar-
din (‘one with matted hair’). Obeisance to the blue-throated
(Nllaka^tha), Sarva (‘the destroyer of all’), to the lord having
a form with sky as a limb. Obeisance to Kala, the lord of Kala;
obeisance to the lord in the form of Kala.”
12. On being eulogized by Yama, the lord Isvara said:
“ Why have you come? Speak everything to us.”
Yama said:
13. May my words be heard, О Lord of Devas, a great
expert in the use of words. Only with a great penance, О Sankara,
you are (propitiated and) satisfied.
14. Brahma, the grandfather of the worlds, becomes grati­
fied by great holy rites. There is no doubt about it that he is the
lord (i.e. and bestower) of boons always.
15. So also Lord Visnu who can be comprehended only
through the Vedas and who is the eternal Lord, is delighted by
many Yajfias, fasts and other holy rites.
16. He grants Kevalabhava (‘salvation’) whereby one is libe­
rated. All men (conform to) my opinion. My words cannot be
otherwise.
17. When he is pleased, he grants all worldly pleasures and
the riches of heaven etc. On being bowed down and not other­
wise, the Sun-god grants health.
18. О §ambhu, the great god Gariesa, if we offer Arghya,
Padya etc. and sandal paste and repeat the Mantras duly, makes
our task free from obstacles.
19. So also all the other Guardians of the Quarters bestow
260 Skanda Parana

benefits in accordance with their capacity. О Sankara, they are

pleased with Yajnas, study of the Vedas, charitable gifts etc.
20. This has caused a very great surprise to all tjie living
beings here that the gateway to heaven has been opened wide.
21. By the vision of Kumara, О Mahadeva, even all the
sinners have become heaven-dwellers. There is no doubt about it.
22-27. What should be done by me in the matter of deciding
what should be done and what should not be done? (Hitherto)
only those persons of meritorious deeds, such as those who are
habituated to speak the truth, the quiescent ones, liberal donors,
free and independent ones, those who have conquered their sense
organs, non-covetous ones, those who are devoid of lust and base
attachments, the performers of Yajnas, those who abide by
righteous deeds and those who have mastered the Vedas and the
Vedangas, attained heaven.
О Sambhu, the goal attained by these meritorious persons,
is now attained by base men and C ab alas by the mere vision of
Kumara of wonderfully miraculous activities. О Lord of Devas,
by seeing the son of Siva in the month of Karttika on the day of
Krttika constellation, people attain the good goal along with
crores of the members of their family, avoiding my region. By
seeing Kumara, even Caritfalas attain good position immediately.
What shall I do?

28. On hearing the words o f Yama, Sankara, spoke these

words:
Sankara said:
29. There are good emotions in the minds of the people of
meritorious deeds whose sins have come to an end, О Dharma.
30. There is a great desire in them to go to a good holy spot
or to visit good people. This desire is caused by previous Karmas.
31. It is only at the end of many births and rebirths that a
feeling of devotion to me is generated in the minds of living be­
ings. О Yama, it is the result of many repeated experiences in the
course of many births with all feelings.
32. Hence all those in whom good feelings of devotion
arise are meritorious ones. What has been the outcome of the
repeated experiences of various births need not cause surprise.
 I .i.3 1 .3 3 - 4 6 261

33. Women, children, Sudras, those who cook dog’s flesh

{Cafldalas) and base-born fellows who are born among sinners
or stay with them become pure persons, О Dharma, due to the
impressions of the previous births.
34-36. They attain white mind (i.e. purity of mind) and
through it they derive knowledge in all matters. Due to the
previous actions and the working of fate, all become Suras and
the Guardians of Quarters beginning with Indra. Those groups
of Bhutas (beings or goblins), these sages and these deities are
bom in that manner. Even in the case of Kumara, you need not
have any surprise. In connection with the seeing of Kumara, О
Dharmaraja, know from me the following things.
37. Words accompanied by action yield fruits to everyone.
Pilgrimage to all the holy spots, Yajnas, and different kinds of
charitable gifts—all these should be performed for the sake of
the purity of mind. There is no doubt about it.
38. The Atman is purified through the mind; (one must
purify and redeem) the Atman through the Atman. I am the
(immanent) Soul established in all living beings.
39. I am stationed in the Atman of all mobile and immobile
beings perpetually. I am in yogic communion with them
mentally, without anything in between. I am speaking the truth
unto you.
40. I am beyond all Dvandvas (i.e. mutually opposed pairs
such as pleasure, pain etc.). I am devoid of doubtful alternatives.
I am abiding directly in myself. I am eternal. I am in yogic com­
munion perpetually. I am devoid of desire. I am immutable. I
am excluded from the controversies of the different Kalpas.
I am infinite but can be comprehended by enlightenment.
41. All living beings are seen pursuing worldly existence
because they have forgotten their Atman which is single and
characterized by enlightenment.
42. I, Brahma and Vi$nu, we three are the causes of Gunas.
We are the causes of creation, sustenance and annihilation. It
cannot be otherwise.
43-46. We are all caused by the Karma enveloped by
Ahamkara (‘Egotism’). You people, all the Devas, human beings,
the birds etc., the beasts etc. and many others have separate
 262 Skanda Purana

existence because you all possess these Gunas. You are scattered
in the ocean o f worldly existence. You are fallen in# a mirage
and you are fascinated and subdued by Maya.1 We, all the
Devas, profess to be learned, scholarly and wise. We are all
rogues engaged in false arguments. We blame and defame each
other.
47. Traigunas (i.e. those who come under the control of the
three Gunas) are immersed in the ocean of worldly existence.
They are not aware of the reality. They are persons with deep
attachment to worldly pleasures. They possess lust, anger, fear,
hatred, pride and rivalry.
48-49. Not conversant with reality, they blame and defame
one another. They are extroverts and do not see within them­
selves. Hence one should understand all these as unreal, being
differentiated by Gunas. They should see the sole ultimate
reality in that object which is beyond the Gurtas.
50. Hear that it is the greatest abode, wherein difference
transforms itself into identity, attachment into absence of
attachment and anger into freedom from anger.
51. Sound does not illuminate it because it is Krtaka (a
‘product’, that which is caused) like a Ghafa (pot). Indeed, О
Dharma, sound is evolved (created) because it is directed towards
Pravrtti (action).
52. The place wherein natural opposite pairs (dvandvas)
such as Pravrtti and Nivrtti (i.e. manifestation and disappearance
or activity and inactivity) merge, is considered eternal.
53. It has nothing intervening in between. It is devoid of
Gunas. It is Jfiapti (i.e. pure knowledge) alone. It is unsullied. It
is free from aberrations. It is devoid of desires. It is pure exist­
ence. It is to be understood only through knowledge. It is self-
established, self-luminous, refulgent and comprehensible through
enlightenment.
54. Those who are endowed with perfect knowledge speak of
this as Jnana (‘knowledge’). They observe it in the form of their

1. The Mayavada of Sankara seems to be well-established at the time o f

this Purapa showing the latter’s post-Sankara date. The philosophical
exposition in vv 46-63 and later in vv 68-77 contains an exposition o f
Sankara’s Advaita doctrine.
I .i .3 1 .5 5 -6 3 263

own self in everyone. After understanding it as something beyond

all and comprehensible only through perfect knowledge, they
establish themselves in their own self and impartially.
55. They go beyond the worldly existence which has no
beginning, which is caused by Maya and which cannot be deli­
berated on because of Maya. О king of the dead ones, after
abandoning Maya they attain the state of freedom from doubts.
They are rid of the sense of ту-ness and are devoid of attach­
ment.
56. The worldly existence has (unreal) fictitiousness or fancy
(Kalpana) as its root. Indeed Kalpana (fictitiousness) is compar­
able to untruth. Those by whom Kalpana is eschewed attain the
ultimate goal.
57. The notion of silver (presumed) in an oyster shell, the
notion of a rope in a serpent,1 the notion of water in a mirage—
all these are definitely unreal, not otherwise.
58. Siddhi (‘spiritual attainment’) is the ability to act as one
desires. The unreal thing is dependence. One who is bound is
called Paratantra (‘dependent on another’). One who is liberated
has the sense of freedom.
59-62. Whence can be bondage to those who, having
realized that soul is one, have eschewed the sense of myness
and have no external restraints? The bondage (is fictitious and
non-existent) like the sky-flower, or the horn of a rabbit. So the
worldly existence is unreal. Of what avail is much talk? Of what
avail is fruitless blabbing?
Those who are desirous of attaining the greatest region avoid
Mamata (feeling of my-ness or possession). They are the wise
ones, the learned ones. They are devoid of attachment and have
conquered their sense organs.
Those who have cast off mamata, those who have eschewed
covetousness and anger, attain the greatest region, (as) they are
devoid of love and anger.
63. As long as lust and greed, attachment and hatred persist,
they do not attain spiritual4beatitude. They will know only the
words (of the scriptures).

1. A wrong statement about Adhyasavdda. It should be ‘the notion o f a

serpent in a rope’.
264 Skanda Parana

Yama said:
64. Word comes out of sound; but knowledge is devoid
of word (sound). How then was it said by you, О lord, that word
is non-eternal?
65. The greatest Brahman is Ak$ara (‘Imperishable’). Word is
of the nature of Aksara (‘syllable’). Hence it is heard that ‘word’
is mentioned by you as Nirlk$aka\7) (‘that which observes’).
66. Whatever has to be explained can be explained only
through words. How can it be explained without words? bet all
these be recounted, О Sambhu, in the matter of deciding what
should be done and what should not be done.
Sankara explained:
67. Listen attentively to these truthful words (of great mean­
ing). By hearing this nothing that should be known remains
(unknown).
68. All the sages expound knowledge. They are devoid of
sins. They repeatedly practise knowledge. Those who are con­
versant with knowledge know what is knowledge.
69-70. It is only after knowing the three (things), viz. (i)
knowledge, (ii) object of knowledge and that (iii) which is com­
prehended and attained, that it can be described how and by
whom it should be known and what is it that was intended to be
spoken. I shall explain these things succinctly. Understand it
from me. The only and single one (i.e. Brahman) appears to be
many in the light of difference.
71. Just as the ground viewed from a Bhramarika (\merry-
go-round’) appears to be whirling, О Yama, so also the Atman
appears to be many, due to the idea of difference.
72-73. Hence after critically examining it, it should be known
through Sravana (‘listening attentively’); it should be meditated
upon through close application of the process of Manana (‘deli­
beration’) in particular.
After comprehending the Atman, one can easily be released
from bondage. This entire universe consisting of mobile and
immobile beings is a network of magical delusion.

1. Probably N ir a k fa r a ‘perishable’ instead of lN ir ik $ a k a .'

J .i.3 1 .7 4 - 8 3 265

74. This great extensive worldly existence is full of Maya

characterized by Mamata (‘sense of my-ness’). After driving out
Mamata one is liberated from bondage easily.
75. Who am I? Who are you? Whence are the others? All
these are based on the great Maya. Just like the fleshy protube­
rance from the neck of a goat, the entire world is worthless and
aimless.
76. (All) this is fruitless and devoid of permanent appeara­
nce. It is a showy mass of smoke without any essence. Hence
with all effort, remember the Atman, О Yama.

Lomasa said:
77. Directed thus by Sambhu, the king of the dead ones be­
came enlightened himself and realized the Atman.
78. He became famous as the dispenser absorbed in dispen­
sing the fruits o f the Kcrmas of all men and Jiving beings.

Sages enquired:
79. It may be described what highly wonderful feat was
accomplished by the noble-souled Kumara after killing Tarakain
the battle.

SHta replied:
80. When the Daitya Taraka was killed, Mountains, the
chief of whom was Himavan, approached there and eulogized
Karttikeya with sweet words.

The Mountains prayed:

81. Obeisance to the lord of auspicious form. We salute you,
the cause of auspiciousness unto the universe. Hail to you, О
kinsman of the universe; obeisance to you, the sanctifier of the
universe.
82. We bow down to you by whom, merely through your
sight, Сацф^аэ have been made excellent ones. We seek refuge
in you, the sole kinsman of the universe.
83. Hail to you, О son of Parvati. Obeisance to you, О son
of Sankara. Obeisance to you, О son of Kyttikas. Obeisance to
you who are born of the Fire-god.
266 Skanda Рига па

84. Obeisance to you, О lord worthy of being worshipped

very well by the excellent Devas. Obeisance to you, О lord, the
most excellent one among the possessors of perfect knowledge.
Obeisance to you, О most excellent one among Devas. Be pleas­
ed, О lord worthy of being sought refuge in and competent to
destroy all agonies, O'Lord.

85. On being praised thus by Mountains, Karttikcya, the

son of Uma, was pleased in his mind and became eager to grant
them a boon.

Karttikeya said:
86. О excellent Mountains, listen to my words now. You
will be served (resorted to) by both Karmins (i.e. those who are
devoted to holy rites) and Jnanins (i.e. those who are devoted to
the path of knowledge).
87. Stones served with great effort are found only in you.
At my instance, let them purify the universe. There is no doubt
about it.
88. All mountain regions will become holy spots and not
otherwise. They will become divine temples of Siva and other
holy shrines.
89. There is no doubt that at my instance they will become
splendid and great pilgrim-spots of various forms.
90. This excellent Mountain Himavan who is my maternal
grandfather and is highly fortunate, will be the bestower of fruits
on ascetics,
91-94. Meru, this lord of Mountains, will be the support
(of all). The excellent Mountain bokaloka and the Mountain of
the Rising Sun, of great fame, will become the lord himself in the
form of a Lifiga and not otherwise. The following Mountains
will be the destroyers of sins: Srisaila, Mahendra, Sahyacala,
Malyavan, Malaya, Vindhya, Gandhamadana, Svetakiita, Trikiita
and Mountain Dardura.1 These and many other Mountains are
the embodiments of Linga. At my instance these will become the
destroyers of sins.

1. Nilgiri hills—De 53.

 1л.31.95-106 267
95. Thus the son of Sankara granted boons to those Moun­
tains. Then Nandin spoke (to the lord) honoured by all the
Agamas:

Nandin said:
96. О Lord, the Mountains have been made embodiments
of Linga by you. How should the shrines of Siva be worshipped
by all the Devas?
Kumara said:
97. Linga should be known as the shrine of Siva, the trident-
bearing lord of Devas. (It should be worshipped) by all human
beings and Devas beginning with Brahma, diligently without any
lethargy.
98-101. Lingas made of sapphire, pearls, coral, lapis lazuli,
lunar stone, Gotneda, ruby, emeralds, gold, silver, copper, brass
and zinc, Lingas made of precious stones and metal have been
described to you. Only the pure ones should be worshipped.
They are the bestowers of all desired objects. Among all these
(that made in) Kasmira is the most excellent one. It gives all
pleasures of this world and the next one to the devotee who
worships.
Nandi said:
102. How is it that you have told that Bana-lihga1 is the most
excellent and worthy of being worshipped? Explain everything,
О Lord of holy rites.
Kumara said:
103. The stones that are seen in the waters in the middle of
the river Reva, shall be in the form of Linga, by the favour of
Siva and not otherwise.
104-106. Their roots should be made smooth and placed
over the Pintfika (‘pedestal’). They should be scrupulously wor­
shipped by one who has the initiation called $ivadik$a.
One shall worship Siva joined to the Ртф in accordance with
the injunctions of the scriptures.
i . L in g a - type stones formed in Narmada are called B a n a -lin g a s. See
vv 103-105 below.
 268 Skanda Puraria

The Lord of the universe should bestow boons on the wor­

shipper, not otherwise.
The five-lettered Mantra should always be in the mouth (of
the worshipper); the mind should be directed towards the con­
templation on Siva; he must have impartiality towards all living
beings. He should be dumb in giving expression to slander. He
should be an impotent fellow in regard to other men’s wives.

CHAPTER THIRTYTWO

The Burning o f Kala1

JLoma&a said:
1. Thus all the rites pertaining to the worship of Siva
(Siva-dharmab) were narrated by him, О Brahmauas. It was
out of grace that the PaSupata doctrines were explained in
details in particular.
2. Doctrines enshrined in various Agamas were declared
truthfully in accordance with the principles. The different sects
of Kapdlikas were described succinctly as well as in details.
3. Various kinds of holy rites were recounted to Naudin
then.

The sages said'.

4. The highly auspicious story of Kumara which has noth­
ing to surpass it, has been completely heard by us, О highly
fortunate one. We shall enquire of something more.
5. The narrative of the leonine king Sveta is wonderfully
mysterious. By means of his boundless devotion, Siva-Rudra has
been gratified by him.

1. This chapter illustrates Siva's kindness and alertness in protecting his

devotees. Kftla, the supreme destroyer of the world, was burnt down by Siva
in order to protect his devotee, King Sveta, and he was resuscitated at the
request of the victim-King.
 I.i.32.6-17 269
6. Those who worship Lord MahaSambhu devoutly, are great
devotees of noble souls. They are experts both in the path of
spiritual knowledge (,JHana) and of religious rites (Karmari).
7. Hence all of us enquire of you about the story of Sankara
as you and none else know everything through the favour of
Vyasa.
8. On hearing the words of those sages, LomaSa said:
Lomas a said:
9. Let that wonderful anecdote be listened to, О highly
fortunate ones. Even as that king was enjoying all sorts of royal
pleasures, the mind of that noble-souled Sveta was directed
towards virtue and piety.
10. He protected the subjects righteously and ruled the
earth. He was heroic and truthful in speech. He was well-versed
in the Vedas. He was a constant and faithful devotee of Siva.
11. That king administered the kingdom in accordance with
his capacity. With devotion, he always worshipped Sambhu, the
great lord, the Supreme Being, greater than the greatest, the
quiescent one, the ancient lord in the form of the Supreme
Spirit.
12-14. His whole life was spent in worshipping the Supreme
Lord. Let the story of this highly fortunate (king) be listened
to. My words cover Siva’s story and are full of wonders. Neither
mental agonies nor physical ailments harassed the king. No natu­
ral calamity afflicted him. The people were free from all the
7/w1 (i.e. abnormal calamitous phenomena such as excessive
rain, drought etc.) and were devoid of afflicting distresses.
15. In the realm of that king medicinal herbs grew naturally
without being cultivated. Ascetics and Brahmarias and common
people adhered to the discipline of the four castes and stages of
life.
16. No one had, at any time, the misery due to the death of
a son. No one was insulted. There were no deadly (diseases).
No one ever suffered from poverty.
17. Thus a great deal of time passed even as that noble-
1. ///: Plague or any calamity of the season such as drought, excessive
rainfall, swarms of locusts, foreign invasions etc.—MW, 17.2.
270 Skanda Purana
souled king successfully engaged himself in the worship of Siva,
О Brahmanas.
18-19. Once, Yama sent his messengers to that king who was
worshipping Sankara, the bestower of the greatest aim in life
(i.e. salvation). At the instance of Citragupta, the messengers
were deputed and instructed, “Let Sveta be brought.” Thinking
that it should be so, the messengers came to the temple of Siva.
20. Desirous of taking the king away, the messengers of
Yama who had nooses in their hands and were very frightful,
came there and looked for the king hurriedly.
21-23. Then the messengers could not carry out the command
of Dharma. After knowing this, Yama himself came there. He
suddenly lifted up his baton and was desirous of taking the king
away. The deity of great arms saw the king engaged in the
meditation of Siva. He was endowed with great devotion to Siva.
He was quiescent and possessed of pure spiritual knowledge. On
seeing the king, Yama became highly excited.
24-26. Immediately the king of dead ones became exces­
sively agitated and remained (motionless) as though he was
painted in a picture.
The deity who in the form of Kala, caused perpetual destruc­
tion of the subjects, came very furiously to that king at that very
same instant. (He was armed) with a sword of very sharp edge
and a big shield.
He (Yama) overwhelmed by fear was standing at the
entrance. Kala spoke to Yama, the son of the Sun:
27-28. “Why was this great king not taken away by you, О
Dharmaraja? О Yama, (though) you are assisted by your mes­
sengers, you appear to me to be frightened. Do not delay, О
deity of good holy rites. At my instance do everything
quickly).”
On being told thus by Kala, Dharma spoke these words
befitting the occasion:
29. “I shall do according to your command. There is no
doubt about this. This devotee of Siva cannot be tackled by us.
30. Due to fear from the Trident-bearing Lord, we stand
(motionless) as though painted in a picture.”
On hearing Yama’s words, Kala became infuriated. Hurriedly
he took up the sword intending to kill the king.
L i . 3 2 .3 1 -4 2 271

31-36. As he furiously entered the temple of Siva, resemb­

ling twentyfour Suns, he was seen by Siva, the Pinaka-bearing Lord
(who thought): ‘This (deity) is desirous of kiJling my devotee,
the excellent king Sveta. He is absorbed in his own soul by way
of meditation. His mind has become purified by the bright light
of pure knowledge. Without any differentiation he meditates
upon his Atman in the form of the innermost Atman. He is self-
luminous. He is greater than the greatest standing in front of
him. The king is thinking about the foot of Siva who is of the
nature of the Supreme Being, the cause of salvation and complete
identity in form / Kala was rushing at him and was seen by
Sadasiva, the slayer of Kala. The rogue was approaching him
undeterred arrogantly. When he was seen midway between him­
self and Nandikesvara by Siva, the lord of the universe, the
affectionate kinsman of devotees, he was stared at with the
third eye by the great Lord who wanted to protect his devotee.
He became reduced to ash in an instant.
37. He burned Kala who had many colours, who had open­
ed his month very wide, whose form was extremely terrible and
frightening, whose sole food was the universe and who was very
fierce. He was burned by a series of flames.
38-40. The groups of Devas who had gathered together
along with Yaksas, Gandharvas, Pisacas, Guhyakas, Siddhas,
groups of celestial damsels, all the sky-walkers, serpents, birds
and the Guardians of Quarters, saw Kala enveloped in flames
and stationed in front of Is vara.
The king then regained consciousness and looked again and
again at Kala who had come to kill him and who was then being
burnt by fire. Without being excited, he prayed to Rudra who
resembled the fire of Kala :
The king said:
41. Obeisance to Rudra the quiescent one, who is the moon­
light unto himself, is the creator of himself, who is perpetual and
subtle. I bow to the lord of the luminaries.
42. You alone are indeed the saviour, О Lord of the uni­
verse. You are the father, mother, friend and comrade. You
alone are the kinsman and relative. You are ISvara, the lord of
people and of all the worlds.
272 Skanda Purana

43. What has been done by you, О Sambhu? Who is this

who has been burned in front of me ? I do not know what has
taken place here; what great thing has been carried qjit and by
whom.
44. On hearing this expression of the pain of that (king) who
was praying thus, Sankara spoke these words enlightening that
king:

Rudra said:
45. This Kala was burnt by me in front of you for your
sake. He was seen being burnt and overwhelmed by a great mass
of flames.

46. On being told thus by Sambhu that excellent king be­

came humble before Siva and spoke these words to him :
47. “What misdeed has been committed by this (Kala), О
Sambhu? Tell me exactly. О Bhava, what for has he been reduc­
ed to this plight, ending with his death ?”
48. On being requested by him the Supremebord said: “O
great king, he is one who swallows all living beings.
49. О lord, it was for the purpose of swallowing you that
this cruel one had come near me now. Hence, О lord, О great
king, he was burnt by me.
50-51. Desiring the welfare of many persons, I have killed
him particularly.
Those who are sinners, those who engage themselves in
unrighteous activities, those who cause the annihilation of the
worlds and those who propagate heretic doctrines—all these are
to be killed by me.”
On hearing the words of Rudra, Sveta spoke thus:
52-53. “It is on account of Kala that the whole world always
performs meritorious deeds: Some abide by righteous activities;
some are endowed with great devotion; some are engaged in
Upasanas (‘devotional rites’); others become Jnanins (‘possessors
of knowledge’); some practise spiritual pursuits; and some are
liberated,
54. Indeed Kala is the annihilator of all mobile and immo­
bile beings. Similarly, he is the matchless protector too (of all).
I.i.32.55-65 273

He is the creator as well of the vital air of all living beings. Hence
revive him back to life.
55-56. If you are intent on creation, resuscitate Kala quickly.
If you are inclined to annihilate all living beings, then (revive
him) and give this work, О Sambhu, to the noble-souled Kala.
Without Kala nothing will take place, О Sankara.”
57. On being requested thus by that valorous king, Sambhu
carried out his suggestion. He did what his devotee desired (him)
to do.
58. Saihbhu, the great Pinaka-bearingLord, resuscitated
him and made his form as it had been before. He was then fixed
by him in his place, in the middle of the messengers of Yama.
59. Approaching (the Lord) with shyness, he eulogized the
Bull-bannered Lord. After bowing down to the fire stationed in
front, this Kala spoke these words in great dismay:
Kala said:
60. О slayer of Kala, О lord of Tripura, О destroyer of the
three Puras. Indeed Madana was made Ananga (bodiless) by you,
О lord of the universe.
61-62. A very wonderful feat was perfromed by you in des­
troying the sacrifice ( Yajna) of Daksa. Kalakuta, the poison, un­
bearable to everyone, the great poison that caused destruction
of all, was swallowed by you, О Sambhu, as it was unbear­
able to all. The whole range of the three worlds was pervaded in
the form of Linga by the great lord.
63. It is called Linga by all the Suras and Asuras because
it absorbs the world within it. Devas with Brahma and Visflu at
their head do not know its limits and extremities.
64. They do not know the greatness of the Linga as well as
the great lord of Devas.
Hail to you, the Supreme Lord. Obeisance to you, О cause
of the auspiciousness of the universe. I bow to you, the blue-
throateded one; I salute that lord with matted hair.
65. Repeated obeisance to you, the cause of causes.
Salutations to you, the auspicious soul of all auspicious things.
Obeisance to the lord in the form of knowledge of all the learned
ones conversant with knowledge. You are the primordial God.
You are the ancient Puru$a.
274 Skanda Purarta

66. You are everything, О sole kinsman of the universe.

You can be comprehended only through the Vedantas; you are
of exalted magnanimity; you are worthy of being glorifi&d by all
magnanimous persons. You alone are honoured by the whole
universe, О lord of the universe.
67. You protect; you annihilate all the three worlds, О
great lord. You are the creator. You and none else, are the
lord of all living beings.

68. Thus the lord of the universe was eulogized by Kala.

Kala then said to king Sveta enlightening him as it were:
Kala said:
69. In the whole of the mortal world, there is no one greater
than you by whom the lord who is invincible in all the three
worlds, has been conquered.
70. This universe of the mobile and immobile beings has
been killed by me. I am the conqueror of all the Devas. I can­
not be transgressed by anyone.
71. I have now become your follower, О great king. Grant
me protection from fear of the trident-bearing Paramesthin, the
lord of the Devas.

72. On being addressed thus by Kala, Sveta laughingly

spoke in a voice as majestic as the sound of clouds:

The King said:

73. There is no doubt about this that you are the greatest
form of Siva. You are Kala in the form of sustenance and
annihilation of all living beings.
74. Hence you are the most adorable of all. You are the
controller of all. It is on account of their fear of you that all
those who perform rites seek refuge in Paramesvara with various
emotional feelings, desirous of dedicating themselves.
Suta said:
75-76. Kala who was thus saved by the excessively righteous
king regained consciousness by the grace o f Siva alone. The
I.i.32.77-87 275

lord was eulogized by Yama in the company of Mrtyu and mes­

sengers of Yama.
After bowing down and praising Siva and the king Sveta,
(Kata) went to his abode, О Brahmanas. He considered himself
as born once again.
77. In the company of his wife Maya, he frequently recollec­
ted the great story of Siva and became surprised more and more.
78-79. He said to all the messengers himself: “O messengers,
let my words be heard quickly; what I suggest in my speech
should be carried out scrupulously. It should not be otherwise.”

Kala instructed1:
80-83. The following persons should never be brought to
my region: Those who apply Tripundra (upon their forehead);
those who have matted hair; those who wear Rudraksa; those
who are called by the names of Siva; those who assume the guise
of the men of §aiva cult either for the sake of livelihood or out
of fear; even men who have committed sins or practised evil
conduct if they are wearing Saiva garments. All these should
never be brought to my region by you. They should be scrupu­
lously avoided even if they are always sinful. What then about
others, О messengers—others who worship Sadasiva, Sarhbhu,
with great devotion? They are undoubtedly Kudras themselves.
84. He who wears even a single Rudraksa on his head and
the Tripuntfra mark in the middle of the forehead, the good per­
sons who repeat the five-syllabled Mantra—these are to be
honoured by you all and never otherwise.
85. The nation, the country or the village where no wise
devotee of 3iva is seen—is it different from a cremation ground?
They (may) call that nation (raftra) desa—a small place. I
speak the truth unto you.
86. The persons in that village where there exist no persons
who practise devotional rites of Siva, should be chastised well.

87. Thus Yama commanded his servants. Thinking that it

should be so, they remained quiet on being much surprised.

1. These instructions are intended to show the great efficacy of Saivism.

276 Skanda Purana

88. Such is Sadasiva, the sole lord of the worlds, the sire of
the worlds. He is one and only one. He is the bestower and the
chastiser, possessor of his supreme powers (Bhava1), emotional
feelings. He is eternal, the sole kinsman of the universe.
89-90. After burning Kala, lord Mahadeva granted freedom
from fear to Sveta, the king of kings, the most excellent one
among the rulers of the earth.
Having attained freedom from fear, the lofty-minded king
Sveta resolved (to strive for salvation) and by means of supreme
devotion became liberated.
91. On being honoured by Devas, sages and Serpents, this
Sveta, the most excellent one among kings, attained Sayujya
(identity) with Siva.
92. Thus Siddhi (liberation) is within the palm (i.e. within
the reach) of those persons who are devoted to Mahesa, the Sire
of the universe. I am speaking the truth unto you.
93. Even a Caiidala can become an excellent man by the
favour of Sankara. Hence Sankara should be worshipped with
all efforts.
94-95. It is only after the end of many births that devotion
to Siva is born in Jnanins with great intellect. Sankara should be
worshipped in every birth. Of what avail is too much talk on my
part? Sadasiva should be worshipped.
96. In this context they cite this ancient mythological legend
in regard to the wonderful holy rite performed by a Kirata (fore­
ster) by whom the whole universe consisting of mobile and im­
mobile beings was redeemed.

1. M W p . 754.
I.i.33 Л-8 277

CHAPTER TH1RTYTHREE

The Greatness o f Sivaratri Vrata1

The sages said:
1. What was the name of that Kirata? What holy rite was
performed by him? О great Brahmana, narrate it. Wp are very
eager.
2. We wish to hear everything. Let it be described exactly.
Excepting you, there is no one else, О foremost one among elo­
quent people. Hence recount everything, О lord of Brahmanas,
to us who wish to hear.
3. On being told thus by the noble-souled Saunaka, (Lomasa)
narrated every thing done by the Pu$kasa2 (? Forester).
LomaSa said :
4. Once there was an excessively terrible vicious man named
Cauda.3 He used to associate with cruel people. He was roguish
and of bad conduct. He used to terrorize all living beings.
5-6. With a net that evil-minded one used to capture and
kill fish incessantly. That wicked fellow killed different kinds of
deer, beasts of prey and porcupine as well as rhinoceros by means
of arrows. Sometimes he furiously killed birds. The sinner killed
Brahmanas in particular. The forester of great sins was wicked
himself and was a favourite of ail wicked people. The wife of that
Puskasa was also very terrible, like him.
7-8. Even as he amused himself thus, many years passed by.
He continued to be engaged in those sinful activities and much
time passed.
1. Sivardtri falls on the fourteenth day of the dark half of Magha. It is
sacred to Siva. Observance of fast on that complete Tithi, worship of Siva
and keeping vigil that night in performing devotional service etc. to Siva are
the main features of the Vrata.
2. Pufkasa is a hyper-Sanskritisation of Prakrit Pukkasa—name of a
forest tribe.
3. The story of a vicious Cftndala called Capda illustrates how service to
Siva performed without knowing it and observance of fast on that day forced
by unforeseen circumstances leads even a sinner to inclusion in the Gapas
of Siva.
 278 Skanda Purа па

9. Once that sinful fellow sat on a BiJva tree at night with

the bow in his hand. He wanted to kill a wild boar and he kept
awake even without winking. He had stored some watSr in his
quiver, lest he should be distressed due to hunger and thirst.
10. Tt was the fourteenth day in the dark fortnight of the
month of Magha (January-February). He was looking in front
for the animal and unintentionally he (plucked and) made many
Bilva (Aegle Marmelos) leaves fall down.
11-15. Sometimes in anger he plucked a number of Bilva
leaves and dropped them down. Wafted (by the wind) they fell
upon a Linga that was at the root of the Srivrksa (Bilva tree).
Sometimes that wicked fellow gargled and that water fell on
the Sivalinga. The leaves of the Bilva tree also fell. In such a
manner, by sheer good luck and happy coincidence the action of
that forester became a worship of Siva.
With mouthfuls of water the great rite of bathing was per­
formed; with the numerous leaves o ft he Aegle Marmelos the
great rite of worshipping too was carried out in ignorance, О
Brahma^as, by that evil-minded Pu§kasa. On the fourteenth day
in the black fortnight of the month of Magha when the crescent
moon was about to rise (at dawn), that Puskasa of evil conduct
got down from the tree. Coming near the water-pond he began
to catch (and kill) fish.
16. The wife of that Puskasa was known by the name
Ghanodari. She was vicious and she used to steal other people’s
wealth. She was engaged in committing sins.
17. In the evening she started from her house and stood
outside the city gates. Desirous of meeting her husband on his
arrival, she was watching the road to the forest.
18-22. When even after a long time her husband did not
return, the huntress began to think:
‘All the other hunters and fowlers have returned in the even­
ing today. The four cardinal points and the intermediate quarters
have been covered with mass of darkness. Two Yamas (2x3 = 6
hours) have gone by in the night. Has the forester come yet?
Was he torn to pieces by a lion because he had coveted the mane?
Was he tortured and afflicted by the poison of serpents because
he was about to remove the gems and jewels from the hoods of
serpents? Did he meet death on being hit and struck by the tips
 I.i.33.23-35 219

of the curved teeth of boars? Did he fall down on the ground

from the top of a tree which he climbed up because he coveted
honey? Where shall I enquire? Whom shall I ask? To whom shall
I go?’
After lamenting thus in various ways, she returned to the
house.
23. Throughout that day, nothing was eaten by her. Even
water was not taken in. The fowler’s wife spent the whole of the
night thinking about her husband.
24. At dawn when everything was free from impurities
(i.e. darkness), thePuskasi went to the forest in a hurry, taking
with her food for him to eat.
25. Wandering in the forest, she saw a big river. On seeing
her own husband seated on its bank, she became delighted.
26. She placed the food on the bank and began to cross the
river. On seeing (her), he brought the fish caught in his net.
27. By that time, Canqla was told by her: “Come quickly.
Take your food. I have observed fast throughout the day and
food has been brought for your sake.
28. What has been done by you today? What was done
yesterday, О dull-witted one? Was not anything taken in by you,
О stupid fellow? You sinner, did you refrain from taking food?”
29-30. That couple of pure holy rites took their bath in the
river. When he went (to the other bank) for taking his food a
dog came that way. All the food was eaten by it. The fierce wo­
man became infuriated and proceeded to kill the dog.
31. “Our food has been eaten by this sinful wretch. What
will you eat, О dull-witted one? You will have to remain hungry
now.”
32-35. On being (reproachfully) told thus by her, Сац^а
who had become a favourite (devotee) of Siva,1 spoke to her:
“I have been gratified by the food that has been eaten by the
dog- Of what avail is this perishable body bereft of long life?
This ill-fated body of momentary existence is being worshipped
in the world. Those who are overwhelmed by emotional attach­
ments and go on nourishing their body, are foolish ones. They

l. The transformation of a wicked С£п<Д1а into a pious devotee of Siva

is due to the observance of Sivaratri Vrata even without knowing it.
280 Skanda Purana

should be known as sinners, excluded from both the worlds.

Hence abandon false pride and unrestrained anger. Be ^composed
by means of discrimination (between good and evil). Be steady
by means of the intellect based on reality (i.e. through knowledge
of reality).”
36. That fierce woman was extremely enlightened by the
Pu$kasa then. That Pu$kasa had carried out the rite of keeping
awake on the Caturdasi night.
37. Tn view of the connection with Sivaratri, he attained
that perfect knowledge which is undoubtedly produced at the
time of SivaratrU
38. Two Yamas (i.e. six hours) passed and Amavasya
started. Many Ga$as deputed by Siva came there.
39. Many aerial chariots also came there near him. Those
aerial chariots and the Gajias were seen by him.
40. The Pu§kasa spoke to them with great devotion: “ From
where have you come? All of you wear Rudraksa beads.
41. Some of you are riding in aerial chariots. Some have
mounted bulls. All of you resemble the crystal. All of you have
the crescent moon as coronet.
42. All of you have matted hair. Hides arc your garments.
(Bodies of) serpents have been worn as ornaments. You are
equipped with all glorious features. Your heroism is like that
of Rudra. Explain specifically and exactly what is proper unto
you.”
43. On being asked by Pu§kasa, then, all the lotus-eyed
Parsadas (attendants) of Rudra, the lord of Devas, said very
humbly:
Ganas said:
44. О Can^a, we have been sent by the great god Siva.
Come on. Hurry up. Get into the vehicle along with your wife.
45. The worship of the Linga of Siva has been performed
by you at night. As a result of that good rite you have attained
Siva’s presence.

46. Told thus by Virabhadra, the Pu$kasa too laughingly

said the following words relevant to the occasion, in accordance
with his own intellect.
 I.i.33.47-60 281

The Pu$kasa said:

47. What (good) has been done today by me who have
been a sinner, a violent tormentor, an evil-minded Pu$kasa
interested in hunting?
48. I have been perpetually committing sins. How can I go
to heaven? How was the worship of Linga performed? Let it be
explained.
49. My curiosity has been roused much. I am asking you
for the exact state (of affairs). Explain, О deity of great fortune,
everything in due order.

50. As the Pu§kasa put these questions properly, (Vira-

bhadra) described the Saiva rites entirely with great joy.
Vlrabhadra said:
51. Mahadeva, the lord of Devas, Is vara, the lord of
refulgent ones, Mahesa, the consort of Uma, is delighted today,
О Canda.
52. In the month of Magha, the worship of Linga was per­
formed by you incidentally. It is the cause of the delight of Siva.
Undoubtedly you have become sanctified today. The worship
was incidentally performed on the Sivuratri night.
53. О Cantfa, the leaves of the Uilva tree were plucked by
you who were on the lookout for a wild boar. At the same time,
they fell on the head of the Linga. Hence you have become full
of merits, О holy lord.
54. Similarly the great rite of keeping awake was performed
by you on the tree. The Lord of the universe is delighted at that
keeping awake.
55. Under the pretext of watching (the arrival) of a wild
boar, you had no sleep on the Sivaratri night. Nor did your wife
sleep.
56. The noble-souled lord, the most excellent one among
Devas, is delighted on account of that fast and keeping the vigil.
In order to please you, the lord of great magnanimity, the bes-
tower of boons, granted you all festivities.

57-60. On being told thus by the intelligent Virabhadra, the

Pu§kasa got into the excellent aerial chariot even as the Ga^ias,
282 Skanda Purana
Devas and all living beings were watching. Dundubhi-dmms were
sounded. Bherls and many musical instruments were played. The
instruments like lutes, flutes and Mfdahgas went ahead of him.
The lords of Gandharvas sang; groups of celestial damsels
danced. All the groups of Vidyadharas, Siddhas and Caracas
eulogized. The Pu§kasa was being fanned with chowries. He was
honoured with various kinds of umbrellas. He was brought to
Gandhamadana with great festivities and celebrations.
61. This Canda attained the presence of Siva on account of
that holy rite. By fasting on the Sivaratri night, he attained the
greatest region.
62-63. Even a Pu$kasa and that too by means of an inci­
dental (holy rite) attained Sadasiva. What then in the case of
those who have great faith in attaining Siva, the great Atman?
There is no doubt about this that those who offer flowers
etc., fruits, scents, betel leaves and rich foodstuffs in this
world to god Siva are Rudras themselves.
64. Everything was incidentally performed by Canda, a
Puskasa, who was of insignificant intellect. Still his action was
fruitful.

The sages enquired:

65. What is the benefit? What is its purpose? By whom was
it performed formerly? Wherefrom did this Vrata originate? By
whom was it laid down, О holy lord, formerly?

Lontasa said:
66. When the entire universe was created by Brahma
Parame?thin, the wheel of Time1 also was evolved formerly along
with the zodiacs.
67. There are twelve zodiacs and the main constellations are
twentyseven in number, for the sake of achieving the objectives.
68. The Wheel of Time is very fierce with these zodiacs and
constellations. Accompanied by this Kalacakra (‘Wheel of
Time’), Kala sportively creates this universe.
69. Kala creates, protects and destroys everything from

1. W 66-67 explain the concept of Time and its sub-units.

 I.i,33.70-79 283

Brahma down to a blade of grass, О Brahmaflas. Everything is

connected with Kala.
70. Indeed Kala is very powerful. It is the only one (of its
kind). (There is) nothing else than Kala. Hence all these (visible
worlds) are of the nature of Kala. There is no doubt about it.
71. The leader of all the leaders of the world is Kala at the
outset because of Kalana (calculation?). The worlds are born
therefrom. The creation comes next.
72. From the creation, Lava (i.e. the smallest unit of time) is
born. From Lava, Ksana (moment) is born; from K$ana, Nimi$a
(i.e. winking time) is born. This occurs continuously in ail
living beings.
73. Sixty Nimisas make one Pala.1 Fifteen days and nights
make one Paksa (fortnight).
74. Two Paksas make one Masa (month); twelve Masas
make one Vatsara (year). Knowledge should be acquired from
experts by a person desirous of knowing Kala.
75. From Pratipad (first day of the lunar fortnight) if we
calculate up to the full-moon day, the fortnight becomes complete
(Purna). Hence full-moon day is called Piirnima.
76. The day on which the moon is complete is called Purna
(Piirnima). It is a favourite day of Devas. The day on which the
moon vanishes is called Ama by learned men.
77. It is a great favourite of Pitrs beginning with Agnisvattas.
All these thirty days have certain auspicious times. Listen to some
special features of them, О excellent Brahmarias.
78-79. Among the Yogas2 (particular division of time; there

1. Probably some lines are missing after this in the text, as there is a gap
between Pala and Paksa (a fortnight).
2. Yoga—Astronomically, Yoga corresponds to 13 degrees and 20
minutes—being the sum of the Longitudes of the Sun and the Moon. That
is, it is the time during which the Sun and the Moon together cover 13
degrees and 20 minutes of space. But there is no direct astronomical pheno­
mena corresponding to it. Yogas are 27 in number making together 360
degrees.
The following are the Yogas:
Name Deity
1. Vi$kambha —- Yama
2. Priti — Vi$nu
284 Skanda Purana

are 27 such Yogas) Vyatlpata x; among stars !§rava$a; among

Tithis ("Lunar days) Amavasya (new-moon day) and Рйгщта (full-
moon day) and Sahkmntis (i.e. when the sun passes from one
zodiac to another)—these should be known as sacred ones for the
rites of charitable gifts. A$faml (i.e. the 8th day in a fortnight) is
a favourite12 of Sambhu and caturthika (the 4th day) of G a^ sa.
80. The fifth day (is a favourite) of the king of Serpents; the

3. Ayu$mat — Candra
4. Saubhagya _____
Brahma
5. Sobhana — Brhaspati
6. Atigaptfa _____ Candra
7. Sukarman _____
Indra
8. Dhrti _____
Apali
9. Sola — Sarpa
!0. Ganda — Agni
11. Vfddhi — SQrya
12. Dhruva — Prthvi
13. Vyaghata — Pavana
14. Har$apa — Rudra
15. Vajra — Varupa
16. Siddhi — Gane§a
17. Vyatlpata — §iva
18. Vanyas —
Kubera
19. Parigha — Visvakarman
20. Siva — Mitra
21. Siddha — Karttikeya
22. Sadhya — Savitri
23. Subha — Kama la
24. Sukla — Gauri
25. Brahman — Asvinau
26. Aindra — Pitrs
27. Vaidhrti — Aditi
1. Vyatlpata -It is a Yoga when the Moon and the Sun are on the oppo­
site sides of either solstice and their minutes of declination are the same.
viparitayanagatau candrarkau kranti-liptikahl
samastada vyatfpato bhaganardhe tayoryutaujj
Suryasiddhanta XI.2.
There are generally 13 Vyatfpatas in a year. Sraddha is recommended on
this Yoga.
W 78 and 79a enumerate auspicious occasions for religious gifts.
2. W 79a-82 state what Tithi (Lunar day) is specially favourite with
what deity.
I . i . 3 3 . 8 1 -8 9 285

sixth day that of Kumara (Skanda). It should be known that the

seventh day (is a favourite) of the Sun and the ninth day is a
favourite of Сацфка.
81- It should be known that the tenth day is (a favourite) of
Brahma; the eleventh day that of Rudra; the twelfth day is a
favourite of Vi$flu; and the thirteenth day that of Antaka (i.e.
god of death).
82- 83. The fourteenth day is a favourite of Sambhu. There
is no doubt about it. The Caturdasl of the dark half which ex­
tends to the mid-night is a Tithi (Lunar day) on which one should
observe fast. It is very excellent and is conducive to the attain­
ment of Sayujya (identity) with Siva. The Tithi of Sivaratri is
well-known as the destroyer of all sins.
In this context they cite this ancient legend-1
84. There was a certain Brahmana widow of fickle mind.
She loved a certain Caridala. She became his beloved through
sheer lust.
85. A son was born to her and the СащШа of evil mind. His
name and soul were both vicious and he was unbearable. He was
excluded from all holy rites.
86-87. Urged by sinful nature, he began sinful actions al­
ways. He was a gambler, an addict to liquor, a thief and a defiler
of the bed of his elders. He was a vicious hunter, a veritable
Candala through his action also. Always engaged in evil actions
and being vicious though he was, once he happened to go to the
temple of Siva on the Sivaratri night. He stayed there in the pre­
sence of Siva.
88-89. By chance he heard the scriptural texts of the cult of
Siva from close quarters. Now and then, he happened to visit
Siva in the form of Lihga that was self-born. Though he was a
wicked fellow he attained a meritorious birth due to the holy rite
of staying in the presence of 6iva and keeping awake on the
Sivaratri night.

1. This, being a Saiva Purfipa, re-emphasizes the importance of £iva-

ratri by relating legends etc. Vicitravirya in this legend (w 84-98) is not the
Mbh King who was the son of Santanu (Mbh, Adi. 95.49-50; 101.3). The
Vicitravirya in this legend is the son of Citr£togada (v 90).
286 Skanda Purana

90. He enjoyed pleasures in the meritorious worlds and spent

there many many years. (Ultimately) he became the son of Cit-
rangada with all the characteristics of a great king.
9L He was known by the name Vicitravlrya. He was very
handsome and was fond of beautiful women. After attaining the
vast kingdom, he became a very great supporter of all.
92. Practising devotional services unto Siva, he became en­
gaged in holy rites of the Siva-cult. He was desirous o f perform­
ing the worship o f Siva in accordance with the scriptural texts of
the Saiva cult. He scrupulously performed the rite of keeping a
vigil at night, in the presence of Siva.
93. Singing the songs of praise of the deeds of Siva, he
used to shed tears of joy frequently from his eyes. He used to
experience a thrill of rapture.
94. The whole life passed away thus, when he devoted his
attention to the meditation of Siva. Indeed, Siva is easy of access
to brutes as well as the wise and the learned.
95. In order to serve and for the sake of obtaining happi­
ness, the only (deity) is Sadasiva.
By observing fast on the Sivaratri he obtained excellent know­
ledge.
96. Everything is acquired, including equality with all living
beings, through knowledge. After realizing Sadasiva alone, the
immanent Soul of all, identical with all, he attained liberation.
Without Siva there is no object here or elsewhere.
97. Thus one obtains the rare knowledge of the Lord, un­
connected with the terrestrial worlds.
After obtaining the (spiritual) knowledge, the king became a
beloved (devotee) of Siva.
98. He attained the liberation of the form of Sayujya by
observing fast on Sivaratri night. What had been obtained by
him formerly has been told by me.
99. Being bereaved o f the daughter of Dak$a (the furious
lord Siva) struck his extensive mass o f matted hair (on the
ground). At that time, the deity well-known as Virabhadra, the
destroyer o f Daksa’s Yajna, was born from the forehead o f Siva,
the supreme Atman. г
100. Many have been redeemed formerly through the holy
I .i.3 3 .1 0 1 '— I .i.3 4 .2 287

rite of Sivaratri. They achieved Siddhi formerly, О Brahmaijas.

The souls beginning with Bharata,1 achieved Siddhi.
101-102. Mandhata, Dhundhumari, Hari$candra and other
kings achieved Siddhi through this holy rite alone.
Thereafter, Girisa engaged himself in sports in the company
of Girija, on the top of the king of mountains. The Supreme
Lord (Paresa) in the company of Bhavani played the game of
dice earnestly.

CHAPTER THIRTYFOUR

Siva Loses to Parvati in a Game o f Dice2

Lomasa said:
1. The lord of the universe, the lord of Devas, ruled the
kingdom while dwelling on Kailasa accompanied by many
Ganas and in the company of the great (deity) Virabhadra.
2. Rudra was accompanied by the Sages and Devas begin­
ning with Indra. Brahma was engaged in eulogizing him. Visriu
remained there like a servant.

1. As a propagandist of Saivism, famous ancient persons are claimed as

devotees of Siva. The Who's Who of the kings mentioned in vv 100*102 is
as follows:
( 1) Bharata—son of Du$yanta and Sakuntala (Mbh, Adi, 2.95-96) or the
son of the 1st Jain Tirthankara R$abha.
(2) Mandhata—Son of Yuvanasva of Iksvaku race (Mbh, Vana, Ch. 126).
(3) Dhundhumari—Original name, Kuvalasva, son of Brhadasva of the
Solar race (Mbh, Drorn, 94.42). He killed demon Dhundhu and got the
epithet DhundhurnSra (-mSri) (Mbh, Vana, 204.32).
(4) HariScandra—Son of TriSanku of 1к§уйки race, famous for truthful­
ness and charity (Mbh, Sabha, 12.10-18).
2. The author of SkP is a fine storyteller with a sense of humour. In
this chapter and the next he describes how Siva lost everything to Parvati
in gambling and left his wife and palace in a huff. Parvati enticed him to
return by assuming the guise of a young Sabari girl.
288 Skanda Purana

3. Along with the groups of Devas, Indra devoted himself

to the duties of serving him. Candra (the Moon-god) became
the bearer of the umbrella and Vayu (the Wind-go'd) that of
chowries.
4. Jatavedas (the Fire-god) was his permanent cook;
Gandharvas were the musicians, bards and panegyrists of the
Pinaka-bearing god Siva.
5-6. Many Vidyadharas and the groups of celestial damsels
danced in front of him. Thus Lord Siva ruled the kingdom with­
out any suspicion or fear on the mountain Kailasa.1 He was
accompanied by his valorous sons, Ganesa and Skanda, as well
as Girija. He moved about here and there (supervising every­
thing).
7. The wicked mighty Daitya named Andhaka, a great
enemy of Devas, was pierced by him with his trident and placed
in the sky for a long time.
8. He killed the Asura in the form of an elephant and
removed his hide which was (later) made by him his divine robe.
The burning of the three Puras (the demon Tripura) was carried
out by him. With Vispu as the deity incharge of the protection
of BhUtcis (living beings), the lord who was handsome in all his
limbs, shone well.
9. (Once) desirous of seeing him, the holy lord Narada of
divine vision went to the excellent mountain Kailasa which was
white like the moon.
10. On seeing that highly powerful mountain served by the
great Sudha (Ganga?), the mountain that had very great wonder­
ful features and was white like camphor, Narada was struck
with wonder. He entered the Gandhamadana mountain.2
11. The mountain Gandhamadana was endowed with
many wonderful features. It was rendered very splendid by
means of blazing sun-stones. It possessed great splendour and it
was filled with singing Vidyadhari maidens.

1. v.l. The 4th pada of the verse:

mahata vikramem ca ‘with great valour’.
2. The Purdpa identifies Gandhamadana and Kailasa mountains. It indi­
cates a later period for this Pur&pa, as the author was not aware of the
different locations of the two mountains.
 I . i . 3 4 . 1 2 -2 6 289

12. There were many Kalpa (i.e. wish-yielding)-trees round

which creepers had entwined themselves. Excellent Kamadhenus
(were seen) in the thick shades (of those trees).
13. There were many bees greedily hankering after the
fragrance of the Parijdta grove. There were many swans of sweet
voice (Kalahamsas) sporting about in the lakes.
14. Peacocks made there loud sounds of Keka joyously. All
the birds chirping with the Pahcama note were very gay and
delighted (as if inebriated).
15. Elephants of bright lustre rejoiced in the company of
she-elephants. Similarly lions roared in the company of tigers.
16. Bulls, the chief among whom was Nandin, bellowed
continuously. There were many divine trees and parks of sandal
trees.
17. There were trees such as Nagct, Punnaga, Bakula and
Campaka. There were wild rose-apple trees as well as golden
Ketakas.
18-19. There were Kalharas (i.e. white esculent water-lilies),
Karaviras, Kumiidas (lilies) of many types. There were Mandaras,
Badarls (jujube), Krcimukas and Patalas (trumpet trees) and,
many other trees along with the creepers winding round them.
There were many parks (seen as) twice as many (i.e. double) on
that mountain.
20. The wonderful flood of Ganga suddenly coming out of
the sky fell on the top of that mountain. It appeared very
splendid.
21. A well (plenty) of waters whereby the universe be­
comes sanctified, was also seen double by the noble-souled
Narada.
22. Everything was’seen double then on being looked at by
that noble-souled great Narada, О Brahmarias.
23. Observing everything thus, the holy lord and sage
Narada hurriedly went ahead desirous of meeting Siva.
24. When he stood at the entrance, he saw a very surprising
thing. Two gate-keepers were seen there. (Actually) they had
been made artificially by VHvakarman.
25-26. Narada was deluded by them. He asked them then:
“I wish to enter. I am desirous of meeting Siva. Hence permis­
sion should be granted to see Siva.”
290 Skanda Purana

On seeing them as if they had not heard (his words), Narada

became surprised.
27. With his vision born of knowledge he saw (the truth)
and became silent. After realizing that they were artificial, the
lofty-minded sage entered.
28. Similarly others, of the same form as those (two) were
seen by that noble-souled (sage). Sage Narada, the holy lord,
was joyously bowed to by them.
29. He saw these and many other wonderful things (there).
Then he clearly saw lord Tryambaka accompanied by Girija.
30. The chaste lady, the daughter of the King of Mountains,
was occupying half of the seat of the noble-souled Sankara. The
whole of the three worlds is pervaded by her.
31. The slender-bodied young woman Gauri had sparkling
bright eyes of great beauty. It was on account of her that Sambhu,
the great lord, was rendered worthy of being accepted.
32. The lord (who was really) without any emotional aberra­
tions (yikaras) was made weak and imperfect through vikaras1
(by her).
That goddess was seen by him as though joined to half of the
body of Siva.2
33. Similarly Sambhu, the lord of the three worlds, was
seen by Narada, as being served by Suras and Asuras. The lord
had the lustre of pure gold.
34-35. His lotus-like feet were served by Sankha, the excellent
serpent, He was served by the following serpents: Dhrtara$tra,
Taksaka in particular, the great serpent Padma and Se§a in parti­
cular. He was continuously served by other excellent serpents.
Vasuki had become a necklace of great lustre and was retained in
the neck.
36. Kambala and A6vatara were his perpetual ear-rings.
Other excellent serpents were ensconced at the root of his mat­
ted hair.
37-44. He was covered by serpents of many colours and
types, e.g. Tak$aka, Kulika, Sankha, Dhftara§tra of great lustre,

1. ‘vikara’ may be taken as ‘a change* of form or nature.

2. This is the Ardhanarf&vara concept. In Trika-Saivism of Kashmir,
Siva and Sakti form one body as it were.
I.i.34.45-52 291

Padma, Dambha, Sudambha, Karala, Bhl$a$a—these and many

other serpents formed parts of Нага who was the most worthy of
being worshipped in the three worlds.
Some excellent serpents shone with a single hood. Some had
two hoods, some three hoods of great lustre. Similarly others had
four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, eighteen,
nineteen hoods. Some serpents had forty hoods- Others fifty,
sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety, hundred, thousand, ten thousand,
hundred thousand, one hundred million, a hundred billion
hoods.
Those serpents with endless number of hoods are the serpents
adorning Siva as ornaments. All these were seen then by the
noble-souled Narada.
45. All those Serpents were endowed with learning and they
possessed precious stones and jewels. They had unmeasured
lustre. They were highly refulgent as the ornaments of the neck,
46. His (i.e. Lord Siva’s) excessively beautiful matted hair
was marked (adorned) by the crescent moon. He shone well with
his third eye in his forehead.
47-48. Mahadeva had five faces. He had ten arms and his
neck was dark in colour like emerald. His broad chest was very
beautiful. His hips were big. The highly great pair of feet of
'Rudra were extremely splendid.
49. The matchless lotus-like foot of Sambhu was seen (by
the sage). It was resplendent and beautiful. With its reddish
tinge of the (cloud at) dusk, it was highly auspicious. It dispel­
led distresses. It radiated masses of splendour. It was greater
than the greatest. It was the seat and support of the graceful
play of beauty. It was the cause of the increase of the happiness
of all. The foot (i.e. the pair of feet) of Sambhu was very holy.
50. After seeing the lord greater than the greatest (he saw
the goddess). The greatest goddess Sati endowed with beauty
and charm was splendid and fascinating. She shone with the
greatest prosperity of the auspicious state of wifehood and bles­
sedness.
51-52. After seeing the couple who were pure and refulgent
throughout the three worlds, were really non-different but had
(apparent) difference, were really devoid of Gunas but had
(apparent) Gupas, who were really devoid of shape and size but
292 Skanda Puraria

had apparent shape and size, were free from ailments and the
bestowers of happiness, Narada, the beloved (devotee) of the
Lord, saluted them joyously. He repeatedly (prostrated) and got
up. Then he eulogized the lord and the goddess of the universe.
Narada said:
53. О excellent ones among Devas, I bow down to you both
who are greater than the greatest through your Kala (skill and
ingenuity). The couple who shine and who constitute the seed
of the universe consisting of the mobile and immobile beings,
are seen by me.
54. You two are the parents of all the worlds. Only today
have you been realized by me truly. There is no doubt about
this that it is due to your favour.

55. They were thus eulogized by the noble-souled Narada.

Along with ParvatJ, Lord 3ambhu was delighted and gratified.
Mahadeva said:
56. Are you happy, OBrahmaija? What shall I do for you?
On hearing those words of Sambhu, Narada spoke these
words:
57. “I had the pleasure of seeing you today. О Lord, I am
gratified thereby. (I have acquired) everything through this
vision. I have no doubt about this.
58-59. I came here to the excellent mountain Kailasa just
for some sports. О Lord, you are always stationed in the hearts
of men. Yet, it is necessary for all living beings to see you.”
Girija said:
60. What play should there be with you? Mention it to me
quickly.
On hearing her words, he spoke laughingly:
61. “The game of dice of various types is seen here, О
Mahadevi. Two can have the game of dice. There is great happi­
ness in playing the game of dice.”
62. Sati who had been annoyed with the sage spoke to him
I .i.3 4 .6 3 - 7 3 293

as he stopped after saying this much: “How do you know the

renowned game of dice, the gambling game of learned men?
63. You are the son of Brahma. You are a sage. You make
learned men conform to discipline through various well-known
words. You always wander through all the three worlds. There
is no other person of lofty mind (like you).”
64. On being told thus by the goddess, Narada of divine
vision, laughingly spoke these words to Girija in the presence of
Siva:
Narada said :
65. I do not know gambling, nor do I resort to it. [ am an
ascetic and a servant of Siva. Why do you ask me (thus), О
Princess (most) sacred among the greatest of the leading Yogins?

66. On hearing those words, Sati (chaste lady) Girija laug­

hingly spoke to him: “You know everything, О Batu. See, I
shall play the game of dice today with Mahesa in front of you.”
67. After saying thus, the daughter of the Lord of Moun­
tains, the most beautiful lady in the world, took up the dice
cubes. Even as the great sage stood witness, she stayed there
and played the game with Bhava.
68. The couple earnestly engaged in the game were observed
by the sage Narada. With his mind (pleasantly) influenced by
surprise, the learned sage went on observing (the game) and he
was extremely gratified.
69. The chaste goddess engrossed in the game of dice was
surrounded by her friends and attendants. She clashed with
Siva and played the game of dice fraudulently.
70. Opposed by great fraud he put the stake and Bhavani
was defeated by Siva when he appeared to smile at it.
71-72. Together with Siva, Narada laughed at her satiri­
cally. Seeing that she had lost the game and hearing the satirical
laughter as well as the derogatory remarks of Narada, Parvati
became extremely furious. She hastened to reply to him (suita­
bly) after catching hold of his neck and attempting to turn him
out.
73. The two crest jewels (of Girija) charmingly sparkled.
294 Skanda Purana

Beautiful in that anger, her splendid face was seen by Нага

again and again (with great pleasure). They then played tjie game
of dice.
74-75. Sankara, the benefactor of the worlds, was told by
Girija: “I have lost the game. The wager has been already given.
It is not otherwise. What are you going to stake now? Let it be
mentioned.”
Then the Three-eyed Lord spoke to Parvati:
76. “For your sake, О Bhavani, this great ornament is being
offered as wager: (my famous crest-jewel) the crescent moon, the
great necklace as well as the pair of ear-rings.
77. О slender-bodied lady, let me be defeated by you and
these ornaments be taken by you easily.”
Then the game of dice with Sankara was resumed.
78. Thus both of them, great experts in the art of gambling,
went on playing. Then Sankara who had (staked) many orna­
ments was defeated by Bhavani.
79. The extremely beautiful Gauri laughed and said to
Sankara: “O Sankara, give me now itself the wager that you
have lost.”
80. Then Mahesa laughingly spoke these words of truth:
“I have not been truly defeated by you, О slender-bodied one.
Let it be pondered over.
81. I am invincible unto all living beings in every respect.
Hence, О chaste lady, these words should never be spoken.
Gamble as much as you please. I will win once again. See.”
82-83. Then Ambika said to Mahesa, her husband: “You
have been defeated now by me. There is no wonder in this.”
After saying thus the lady of excellent face held Sambhu by the
hand and said: “O Sankara, you have been defeated. There
is no doubt. But you do not;know.”
Thus Girija laughed gracefully and looked at him fascina­
tingly. He was attacked with words of merriment: “OLord, the
most auspicious of all auspicious things, О enemy of Smara, give
me what has been lost (by you) and what had been promised
(by you).”
•Siva said:
84. I am invincible to you, О lady of wide eyes. There is no
 I .i.3 4 .8 5 - 9 6 295

doubt about this. Let what had been said arrogantly be pondered
over truly.
85. On hearing his words she laughed and said: “O Lord,
Mahadeva is invincible indeed to everyone.
86. But by me alone you have been defeated in the game of
dice. You do not know anything in regard to what should be done
and what should not be done as well as what was intended to be
said.”
87. Thus the couple were engaged in argument. Narada, the
excellent sage, laughingly spoke these words:
Narada said:
88. О lady with large eyes extending up to the ears, listen to
a statement conducive to the auspiciousness of the universe.
Was this (Lord), the most excellent one among the great fortun­
ate people, defeated by you? Why do you utter lies?
89. Mahadeva, the greatest sire of Devas, is indeed uncon­
quered. He is called Лгйра (‘formless’), Surupa (‘of beautiful
form’) and Rupatlta (‘one who is beyond all forms’).
90. He is one and one alone. He is the Supreme. He is the
splendour (of the luminous things). Sankara is the lord of the
three worlds. He is the immanent soul of the universe. He is the
benefactor of the worlds.
91. О goddess, how is he defeated by you? He cannot be
defeated (by anyone) in all the three worlds. О lady of excellent
face, you do not know Siva because of your womanly nature
and feelings.
92. On being addressed thus by Narada, Parvatl became
excessively angry. Incited by jealousy, the chaste lady spoke
these words of censure:
Parvati said:
93. Nothing should be spoken out of fickleness, О son of
Brahma. Obeisance to you. I am afraid of you, О celestial sage.
Welfare unto you. Be quiet.
94-96. Why is Siva alone spoken highly of by you, О cele­
stial sage, too many (times) ? It was by my grace that Siva was
born, Siva who is cited as ISvara. There is no doubt about this
that he has become well-established through me.
296 Skanda Purarut

On hearing many such (taunts and censures) Narada kept

quiet. On seeing that (such a situation) had arisen, Bhrngi spoke
these words:
Bhpigl said:
97. You must not talk too much, [O beautiful lady. My
master is invincible and devoid of aberrations, О lady of good
waistline.
98. You possess only womanly temperament, О lady of
excellent face. You do not know thebord who is greater than the
greatest. Formerly, О Bhavani, you had come to Ugra, the great
lord, after keeping Kama in front of you.
99. Has this ever been remembered by you? (Do you re­
collect) what has been performed by the Pinaka-bearing'Lord
formerly? О beautiful lady, tell us (if it is so). Indeed Kama was
made Ananga (bodiless) by him. The park belonging to that
Mountain, your father, had been burned.
100. It was after that, that Siva, the Supreme Soul, the lord,
greater than the greatest, was propitiated by you.

101. On being told thus by Bhrngi, she became excessively

angry. Even as Mahesa was listening, the infuriated lady spoke
these words to Bhrngi:
Parvati said:
102. О Bhrngi, it is out of partiality that these words are
spoken to me. You are a favourite of Siva, О stupid one. Hence
you have this attitude of difference.
103. I am of the nature of Siva, О foolish one. Siva is per­
manently stationed in me. How then could you use words show­
ing difference between Siva and Siva?

104. Those words that bestow auspiciousness, uttered by

Parvati were heard by Bhrngi then. The infuriated Bhrngi spoke
to Parvati in the presence of Siva:
105. “In the course of the Yajna of your father Daksa, the
censure of Siva was heard by you. Due to the hearing of what is
displeasing and disquieting, the body was abandoned by you at
the very same instant.
1 :1 .3 4 .1 0 6 -1 1 8 297

106- О lady of slender body, what is done by you now, out

of excitement? Don’t you know a person who censures Siva.
107. How were you born of the most excellent one among
the Mountains, О lady of excellent complexion? How were you
subjected to great distress, О lady of good waistline, on account
of a severe penance.
108. Now you do not have devotion combined with love
for Siva. You are a beloved of Siva, О lady of slender limbs.
Hence 1 am speaking thus to you.
109. There is nothing greater than Siva in all the three
worlds. You must have devotion combined with love for Siva, О
lady of excellent complexion.
110. You are a devotee, О great goddess, О most excellent
one among highly fortunate ones. Let him be served scrupulously
as he has been attained by you by means of penance. Siva is the
most excellent one.
111. He is the lord of all. You must not do otherwise. It
beho\es you not to do otherwise.”
On hearing Bhrngi’s words Girija spoke to him :
Girijti said:
112. О Bhrngi, be quiet and steady. Otherwise go away.
You do not know what should be said and what should not be
said. Why do you babble like a ghost?
113. By which man or woman was Siva brought here by
means of penance? Who am I? Who is this as understood by
you? You speak to me with the attitude of difference.
114-115. Who are you? By whom have you been united?
Wherefore do you talk too much? I will curse you. What will
Siva do now?

On being spoken to reproachfully by Bhrngi, the chaste lady

then cursed: “O stupid Bhrngi, О favourite one of Sankara, be
devoid of flesh.”
116-117. After saying thus, Parvati, the goddess, beloved of
Sankara, became furious. She held Sankara by the hand. The
lady of slender limbs took away the serpent Vasuki from his
neck.
118. Similarly she removed many other ornaments also. The
298 Skanda Ригала

infuriated lady hurriedly took away the ornaments of Sambhu.

His crescent moon and his excellent elephant hide were removed.
119. The serpents Kambala and Asvatara that Had been
worn by Mahesa as ornaments were removed by the great god­
dess laughingly with tricky words.
120. Even his loincloth was taken away laughingly with the
utterance of tricky words.
At that time the Ganas and the friends (of Parvati) felt
embarrassed and ashamed.
121-122. (The friends and others) turned their faces away.
Bhrhgl of great penance, Canda, Munda, Mahaloman, Mahodara
and many other Ganias became miserable. On seeing them in that
plight, Mahesa became ashamed.
123-126. Sankara who became angry spoke these words to
Parvati:
Riulra said:
All the sages are laughing satirically. Similarly Brahma,
Visnu and these Dcvas, Indra and others—all of them are laugh­
ing (at me). О splendid lady, what has been done by you? You
are born of a (good) family, О slender-limbed one. Why do you
behave like this? If you know for certain, О lady with excellent
eyebrows, that I have been defeated by you, do like this. Give
me the loincloth alone. Give me the loincloth only. It does not
behove you to do otherwise.

127. On being told thus by Sarhbhu, the Yogin, Parvati,

the chaste lady of charming face, laughed and spoke these words:
128. “What have you to do with a loincloth? You are a
sage of sanctified soul. (Some time back) you wandered through
Daruvana with the cardinal points alone for your garment (i.e.
you were naked).
129. Under the pretext of begging for alms, the wives of the
sages were enchanted. While you were going, you were greatly
adored by them.
130. Your loincloth fell down (penis?) there. Nothing else
was uttered by the sages. Hence what you have lost in the gamb­
ling game, should be abandoned by you.”
 I . i . 3 4 .1 3 1 - 1 4 4 299

131. On hearing it, Rudra the great lord became angry with
Parvati. He stared at her angrily with his third eye.
132. On seeing Sankara furious, all the groups of Devas as
well as the Ganakumarakas (i.e. sons of the Gajias or son-like
Ganas?) became overcome by great fear.
133-135. All of them said to one another slowly with suspi­
cion and fear: “ Rudra is angry now with Girija. Just as Madana
was burnt so also she (will be burnt). The words cannot be
otherwise.” Those Ganas and all the celestial sages who were
discussing thus were looked at by the goddess with the glowing
gesture of married blessedness. The chaste lady spoke laughingly
to the Satpurusa (the Supreme Being, the Principle of Existence):
136-138. “ Of what avail is your stare with your greatest
eye? I am not Kala nor Kama nor the sacrifice of Daksa. I am
not Tripura, О Sarhbhu, nor Andhaka, О bull-emblemed Lord.
What will come out of your staring thus? In vain have you been
a Viriipaksa (i.e. of uneven three eyes) before me.”
Paramesvaii spoke these and many other similar words. On
hearing those words, the lord became inclined to go away:
139-141. ‘A forest alone is the excellent (resort) today. A
lonely forest is really the best resort now. One who is alone, who
has kept his mind mid soul under control and who has eschewed
all possessions is really happy. He is a learned man. He is wise.
He is the knower of the greatest truth. He, by whom lust and
attachment have been eschewed, becomes liberated and happy.’
After thinking thus, Sri Sankara of great compassionate
nature abandoned Girija and went away to the wonderful forest
region. Separated from his beloved wife, he went to the Siddha-
tavl (‘forest of the Siddhas’), full of Paramaharhsas (‘great Yogins
of high spiritual power’).
142. On seeing Sankara come out, all the inhabitants of
Kailasa, all the Gaijast beginning with Virabhadra came out and
followed him.
143-144. Taking up the umbrella, Bhrngi went behind him.
The chowries used for fanning resembled Gaiiga and Yamuna.
Taking them up, the intelligent Nandi went behind him. The bull
went ahead and shone along with the aerial chariot.
300 Skanda Purana

145-146. With all these splendid things, Mahadeva shone

with refulgence. The goddess Parvati went to the harem with
dejected mind. Surrounded by many friends, attendants and
others, Girija mentally thought about Paramesvara.
147-149. Leaving off the Gaijas then, Sambhu went very far
off. Mahadeva left behind GaneSa, Kumara, Virabhadra and
others, Bhrngi, Nandin, Canda, Somanandin and other inhabi­
tants of Kailasa. Mahadeva of great penance went alone and
single. He went far into the forest. (Ultimately) Siva reached
Siddhavata.
150-153. A divine seat was made b y th e E a rth fo rh im .lt
was made wonderful by means of saffron, jewels, Siddharatnas
(‘precious gems’) and lapis lazuli. It was polished and brightened
by whitewash. Mahcsa, the lord of Yoga sat there.
He sat in the lotus posture. Mahesa, the most excellent one
among the knowers of Yoga, kept his eyes shut and meditated on
the pure Atman by means of Atman.
Mahadeva, the moon-crested lord, shone during the medi­
tation.
The noble-souled Scsa was his Yogapatta (upper cloth).
Vasuki, the great king of serpents, was tied round the waist.
The Atman was eulogized by him. The Atman was considered
the immanent soul of everything. He who was to be known
through Vedantas cannot behave like worldly men. He was single
and infinite without any limit or boundary. He cannot be guess­
ed or known by Logic. He is of the form of self-enlightenment.
The sole lord of the worlds remained thus visualizing the (Sup­
reme Spirit) greater than the greatest.
 Ш 5 Л -\\ ял

CHAPTER THIRTYFIVE1

Parvati as Sabarl Brings Back Siva: Siva’s Coronation

Lomas a said:
1. When Mahadeva went to the forest, Girija became dejec­
ted on account of separation. The lady of slender limbs did not
get any pJeasurc in the mansions or apartments.
2. The splendid lady of slender body brooded over 3iva with
all feelings. Understanding that Siva was worried and anxious
(about Siva), her friend Vijaya said:
Vijaya said:
3. О splendid lady, it was by means o f a great penance that
you attained Siva. In vain was a false game of dice played with
Sankara, the ascetic.
4. There arc many defects in playing at dice. О sinless lady,
have they not been heard by you? Seek the forgiveness of Siva,
О slender lady of great cleverness, immediately.
5-6. О gentle lady of excellent face, go, go along with us (to
the forest). Before Sambhu has not gone far off, go to Sankara
and seek his pardon, if you do not seek the forgiveness of Siva,
later on you will certainly have to regret it. You will become
miserable-

7. On hearing the words uttered by Vijaya, (the goddess) of

great equanimity and courageousness, laughingly spoke these
words to her friend Vijaya—wondrous words of truthful nature:
8-11. “ Formerly he had been surrounded by great pros­
perity but he was defeated by me. He is shameless2 (or above the
sense of shame). I have nothing to do immediately. Without me,
he will continue to be ugly and hideous (or formless). Lord

1. This concluding chapter of the Kedara-khanda, tells us how Pfirvati

in the guise of a Sahara girl enticed Siva back and the apologizing Siva
amicably lived together with her afterwards.
2 . VV 8-11. A clever use of pun. Every epithet of Siva which is apparently
derogatory is really complimentary, e.g. viriipa: (i) of ugly form; (ii) formless
or transcending form.
302 Skanda Parana

Mahesa had been rendered as one with forms and say not other­
wise. Neither communion nor separation can exist between us,
with him and with me. Mahesa who is without form and shape
has been made one with form and shape by me. This entire uni­
verse consisting of the mobile and immobile beings along
with the excellent Dcvas, has been created by me for the sake of
his sport. О Vijaya, see my sport along with the causes of origin
and existence.”
12. After saying thus, the goddess Girija, the (cause) of all
auspiciousness, became desirous of going to Mahesvara after
assuming the form of a female Sabara huntress.
13. (She assumed the form of a) dark-complexioned slender
lady. Her teeth were like the buds of Sikhara (a variety of jas­
mine). Her lips resembled the round Biriiba (a variety of red
plum) fruit. She possessed a fine neck. She had to bend down
slightly on account of the weight of the heavy breasts. Her
smooth glossy tresses had grown abundantly. She was very
slender and thin in her waist. The buttocks were large. Gauri’s
thighs were like the golden plantain stem. She was Palliyukta (?
accompanied by her friends who looked like the members of the
hut or family). She had very fine bangles. She adorned herself
with the plumes and feathers of a peacock.
14. She held in her hand a bow that resembled a lotus-
stalk. There was a quiver on her back. It had been made of
Kctaka leaves. (From a distance) she saw Girisa. The lady of
beautiful face thus went along, served and accompanied by many
friends and attendants.
15. Through the loud humming sound of the bees, she made
the three worlds reverberate. Girija (appeared) to revive Man-
matha again and again.
16. The royal swans became at that instant filled with love
and desire. Bees and peacocks—all of them were lovelorn and
so had heart-burn.
17. She went to the place where Mahesvara was seated en­
gaged in trance and meditation. He was seen by the goddess
extremely fascinated by the sound of bees.
18-19. Mahadeva woke up from his trance. On seeing the
Tabari, Mahesa immediately became afflicted with love. He went
 I . i . 3 5 .2 0 -3 1 303

near Girija and was about to seize her by the hand, when the
chaste lady suddenly vanished from his presence.
20. Immediately after seeing it, the lord had his wrong
notion dispelled. Sambhu wandered around but did not see the
dark-eyed lady.
21-22. He experienced pangs of separation. He became love­
lorn. Sambhu who was the enemy of Madana, whose form was
perpetual knowledge and who was devoid of delusion, became
deluded. He saw Girija once again. He spoke to the huntress the
following weighty words, very relevant to the occasion:
Siva said:
23. Listen to my words, О lady of slender limbs. After hear­
ing them, it behoves you to do accordingly. Who are you? To
whom do you belong, О slender-limbed lady? ‘Let this be told
exactly, О lady of beautiful waist and of great fortune.
Siva said:
24. I am searching for my husband who is omniscient, who
bestows all objects, who is independent and devoid of aberra­
tions and who is the most excellent lord of all the worlds.

25-28. On being told thus, the bull-emblemed lord replied

to Girija thus: “O gentle lady, I am the most suitable husband
for you and none else. О beautiful lady, О beautiful lady of ex­
cellent face, let this be truthfully pondered over.”
On hearing the words of Rudra, she spoke smilingly: “O
noble one of great fortune, you may say that the husband sought
after by me is you yourself and not otherwise. But welfare unto
you, I shall tell you something. You are devoid of Gunas. You
are the scorcher of enemies. The beautiful lady by whom you had
been wooed before by means of great penance, has been aban­
doned by you in the forest in a trice.
29- It is very difficult for all living beings ever to propitiate
you. Hence what has been said before me by you, should not
be said again.”
30- 31. On hearing the words of Sabari, the Bull-emblemed
Lord replied: “Do not say so, О lady of large eyes. That poor
304 Skanda Ригала

ascetic woman has not been abandoned. If she is abandoned by

me, О lady of slender body, can anything be spoken? After
knowing me wretched and pitiable, О lady of large eySs, О lady
of good waistline, you must carry out my suggestion.’^
32. On being earnestly requested thus in various ways by
the Trident-bearingTord, Girija laughingly spoke these words of
ridicule and reproof:
33-34. “O lord of Yogins, you are an ascetic. You are free
from attachment. You are unsullied. You are one revelling in
the Atman. You are beyond Dvandvas (i.e. mutually opposed pairs
such as pleasure-pain) and you are the lord by whom Madana
was slain. You are'Virupaksa himself and you have been seen
by me. It is impossible for me to attain you. You cannot be
conquered by anyone. Hence what has been suggested to me
before, should not be said by you again.”
35. On hearing her words, the slayer of Madana said: “Be
my wife. It does not behove you to do anything otherwise.”
36-37. After saying this, the lord who was afflicted with love
seized the huntress by the hand. She said smilingly to him
in a respectful manner:
“bet me go, let me go. This is not proper, О lord, to do,
especially by an ascetic. Do not use force. Request my father.
Do not attack me otherwise.”
Mahadeva said:
38. О lady of splendid face, where is your father living?
Tell your father quickly. I shall see him after presenting my
prostrations.

39. On hearing these words uttered by him, the Bull-

bannered Lord was brought to her father by that slender lady of
dark eyes.
40-41. He was the excellent Mountain Himavan stationed
on the peak of Kailasa. He had great lustre. He was surrounded
by many serpents. He was standing at the entrance and was
pointed out to Sankara by the goddess: “O lord, this is my
father. Without shyness request him (for my hand). He will give
me (to you). О ascetic, do not delay.”
42. Thinking that it should be so, he suddenly bowed down
I .i.3 5 .4 3 - 5 4 305

to Himalaya and spoke these words: “O most excellent one

among the lords of Mountains, О highly intelligent one, give
your magnificent daughter (to me), the extremely distressed one.”
43. On hearing these pitiable words, Himalaya got up.
Holding Mahesa (by the hand), the Lord of Mountains himself
spoke:
44-46. “What do you say, О lord? This is improper for you
now. You are the donor (reputed) in all the three worlds. Uni­
verse consisting of mobile and immobile beings has been created
by you.” Thus the great Mountain Himalaya engaged himself in
eulogy. Then there came Narada, the excellent sage.
He laughingly spoke these words: “O Trident-bearing Lord,
obeisance to you. О Sambhu, listen to my words, the great words
full of the essence of reality.
47. Association with young women only adds to affliction
and distress. You are the master, the lord of the worlds, the
great lord, greater than the greatest. Ponder over everything, О
lord of Dcvas. It behoves you to speak truthfully.”
48. On being enlightened thus by the noble-souled Narada,
Sambhu, the great lord, became enlightened and laughed.
Siva said:
49-53. О Narada, truth has been spoken by you in this
matter. It is not otherwise in any respect. Downfall for men is
surely caused by association with young women. There is no
doubt about it. Your words cannot be otherwise. I have been
fascinated by this lady and brought to Gandhamadana.
This is a mysteriously wonderful activity caused by a ghost­
like creature. Hence I am not staying near this Mountain. I am
going now itself once again to another forest.

After saying thus, he went along the path that is hard to be

attained even by Yogins, that is unfathomable and that has no
support. On understanding this, Narada spoke these words to
Girija, the Lord of Mountains and to the Parsadas immedia­
tely:
54. “This is Mahesa, the lord of the universe, the destroyer of
Tripura, the lord of great reputation. He should be saluted, eulo­
306 Skanda Parana

gized and entreated for pardon truthfully [or paramarthatah: for

the sake of the greatest aim in life].”
55-56. On hearing these words uttered by Naracfa, all the
Mountains of great lustre (went to the *Lord) keeping Girija at
their head. All of them fell (atthe feet of) Sankara, the bene­
factor of all the worlds, like a long rod. AH Pramathas, Guhya-
kas and others bowed down and eulogized him (i.e. Siva).
57. On being eulogized, the Lord came to Gandhamadana.
The lord of all was ceremoniously crowned by Angiras along
with noble-souled ones.
58. At that time Dundubhi-drxims were sounded and many
musical instruments were played. All the Suras beginning with
Indra threw showers of flowers.
59. The Lord of Yogins worthy of being saluted by the entire
universe, was entreated and surrounded by many groups of
Suras beginning with Brahma. He was accompanied by Girija.
On being entreated by them, he condescended to sit on a divine
seat where he shone with great magnificence and all kinds of
auspicious things.
60. The acts of the noble-souled Mahesa, О Brahmanas, of
this sort are destructive of the sins of those who listen to them.
They (i.c. the acts) are innumerable.
61- All those stories of Rudra heard (by us) are great. What
more shall Ttell you?
The sages said:
62. Thus the act of Sankara has been described by you. By
this story itself we are undoubtedly satisfied.
Siita said:
63-64. Everything has been heard by me by the grace of
Vyasa. The wonderful form of Sankara is vast and contains
within it the wonderful features of the Vedas. It is of the nature
of perfect knowledge and it has been described (to you). Those
who are endowed with great faith and listen to as well as narrate
with love and devotion the wonderful story of the greatness of
Siva, this story which is dear to Siva and which is called Siva-
iastra, attain the great goal.
:: END OF KEDARAKHAWA -
 INDEX
Аса la 180 Atirfitra 63
Acyuta 24, 58, 154 Atman 31, 75-76, 79-80, 89, 176-177,
Adhyasavada 263 195, 199, 205, 241, 261, 264, 282,
Aditi 152-154, 164 300
Agamas 51 Atman, doctrine of 20
-------- , different kinds of 35 Atmasvarflpin 133
Agastya 7, 51, 115, 158, 160, 211 Atri 7, 13, 85, 211
Agha-nasana 84 Avad&na 22
Agni 44, 103, 139, 151, 204, 235, 238 Avidya 178, 205, 219
Agnisthapana 228 Avyaya 133
Agni$vattas 283 Ayodhya 61
Ahamkara 75, 204, 261
Airavana 130, 146 Bacterial warfare 25
Airavata 66 , 87, 141, 157, 158, 212, Bahuka 93
233 Bahurupa 253
Aisvarya 56 Bala 65
Ajnana 61 Bali 55, 66-67, 69, 90-92, 94-95, 97-98,
Ak$ara (Imperishable) 264 103, 126, 150, 154-155, 163-164,
Ak$ata 224 166-171, 174, 178
Ak?ata$rama 2 11 Bana 11, 55, 172-173
Akulina 225 Bana-Lihga 267
Amaravati 50, 66-67, 107, 113, 142, Baudhayana GrhyasGtra 211
151, 155, 161 Bhadra 17
Amaresvara 50 Bhad resvara 50
Amavasya 284 Bhairavas 24, 213, 219, 222, 231
Amba 80, 181 Bhairavi 222
Ambika 294 Bhaktipriya 133
Amfta 217 Bhanu 55
Ananga 188, 218 Bharata 62-63
AnasGya 85, 222-223, 225 Bharadvaja 213, 285
Andhaka 288, 299 Bharga 134, 143, 197, 238
Andhakasura-bhedin 133 Bhargava 108, 163-164, 169
Angaraka 86 , 249 Bhasmasura 188
Anitya 75 Bhava 199-200, 202, 225
Anvik$iki 88 Bhavani 135, 293-294, 241, 296
Apunaravrtti 23 BhavasvarOpin 133
Ardhanarisvara 290 Bhima 132, 197
Arijit 195 BhimeSa 50
Artha 189, 192 Bhlsana 291
ArtharQpa 133 BhogeSvara 50
Arthasastra 107, 123 Bhramarika (merry-go-round) 264
Arundhatl 222f, 225 Bhfgu 7, 8, 13, 21, 26, 28, 30, 47, 72,
ArQpa 133, 295 108, 181, 185, 211, 216
Asiva 201 Bhfngi 177, 185, 296-300
ASoka 186 Bhj*ngin 11
Asitakanlha 134 Bhu$updi 97
Astacala 232 BhQtas 25, 213, 231
Astagiri 2, 56 Bid&lak$a 93
A$tami 284 Bondage 263
ASvatara 197, 203, 298 Brahmagiri 50
ASvini 25 Brahma 7, 28, 30, 44-46, 55-56, 58-59t
Atala 46 67, 73, 78, 84-85, 122-123, 125,
 308 Skanda Purana
142-143, 147-148,157, 164, 170-171, Devendra 129, 146, 155, 217, 246, 253
175, 178-179, 187, 195, 197-199, Devotion 22, 260
209, 211, 214, 216, 219, 220, 223- Dhanada 59
225, 233, 236-237, 241, 243, 259, Dhanvantari 90
261, 282-283, 295, 298, 306 Dhara^a 57
Brahmahatya 150 Dharitri 120
Brahman 264 Dharma 16, 110, 159-160, 189, 192
Brahmarak$asas 6 DhattQra 87
Brahmastra 248 Dhrtara$tra 290
Brahmas^ ras 126 Dhomraketu 11
Brahmavidya 61-62, 76, 88 DhQmraksa 11, 56, 140
Brahmavina 210 DhQmrapada 11
Brahmcsvara Lin gas 50 Dhundhumari 287
Bfhaspati 21-23, 111-112, 118-121, Digambara 132
130, 139, 143-145, 151, 159, 179, Dirghadirgha 133
184-185, 211 Drak?arame^vara Linga 50
Buddha 132 Dulalism and nondualism, discrimi­
Budha 86 , 249 nation between 63
Durga 81
Campaka 69 Durga 133
Carnunda 17 Durgasara 133
Canda' 11, 24, 33, 147, 177, 185-186, Durgavayavasaksin 133
277, 279, 280, 282, 298, 300 Dvaitadvaita 63
Canda Muritfapriya 133 Dvandvas 262
Capdl 212, 213, 222-223, 230, 232 Dvipas 18
Candika 212 Fkadanta 84
Candra 10, 55, 85-86, 223, 288
Olruni 193 Fictitiousness 263
Caturdasi 285 Five-syllabled Mantra 254, 268
Caturthika 284
Charitable gifts 261 Gajanana 83
Child-marriage 207 GajasuravinaSa 133
Cik$ura 93 Gaiava 117, 158, 160
Cint&mani 87, 158, 160 Gapadhipa 84
Citr£ngada 285 Ganadhyak$a 83
Citragupta 160, 161, 270 Ganakumarakas 299
Citr£ngi 193 Ganapati 75
Citraratha 134, 135 Gapas 241
COta 87 Gandhamadana 229, 232-233, 256,
Cyavana 211 266, 282, 288, 306
Ganesa 1, 76-80, 82, 86 , 300
Dadhica 7, 124 GaneSa worship, Procedure of 82
Dadhici 9-10, 118, 125, 139 Ganga 50, 88 , 99, 150, 170, 194-195,
Dak$a 1, 4-5, 8-11, 14, 16, 18-19, 23, 240, 244, 289
26-30, 42, 72, 177, 181, 203-204, Ganga and Yamuna, region between
210, 253, 273, 299 247
Dak$a, daughter of 286 Gahgeya 240-241
Dak$&yaoi 4, 9,10, 13, 15,23, 43, 177 Garga G5-86, 131, 211, 214, 221, 224,
Pamaru 39 240
Daihbha 202, 291 Garuda 71, 105-106, 171-172, 195,
Dardura 256, 266 213, 233
Daruvana 13, 42, 298 Gauri 208, 244, 290, 294
Da£abahu 83 Gautama 111, 146, 211
Dattaka 85 Ghanodari 278
Daya 195 Ghafikalaya 224
Devagarbha 193 Ghora 93
Devamaya 93 Ghoradar&ana 93
Devas, lamentation of 238 Girija 41, 135, 181, 183-184, 186,
Devas and Asuras, fight between 96 187-188, 193, 198, 200-201, 204,
 Index 309
210, 235-237, 240, 242, 287, 290, Janaka 61-62
293, 299, 302, 304, 306 Janak&tmaja 62
Giriia/Giri&a 38, 82 J&naki 62
God ol Love 218 Janirdana 23, 90, 153, 172, 210, 217,
Gokarpa 57 222
Gotra 225 Jatavedas 236, 287
Govinda 23 Jaya 1, 193, 195, 222
GrhyasQtras 211 Jayanta 195
Guardians of the Quarters 211, 215, Jayatsena 195
222-224, 233, 245-246, 253, 259-261 Jftana 269
Guha 241 JA&najfi&na 133
Guhyakas 231, 246, 257 Jftanins 266, 272
Gugas 204, 261-262 Jfiapti 262
Guru 86 , 185, 211 Jfihbhana 93
Jyotistoma 63
Ha&hala 71
Hanam&n 62 Kailasa 41, 54, 56, 100, 134, 232-233,
Нага 99, 133, 210, 224-225, 238, 291 240, 256, 287-288, 299
Hari 70, 89, 105, 143, 152, 210, 213 Kail&salak$mi 220
Hariscandra 287 Kaitabha 61
Ha!ake£vara 50 Kaia 133, 259, 270, 272-276, 283, 299
Heavan 260 Kaia, meritorious deeds of 272
Heramba (Ganesa) 74, 77 Kaiacakra 282
Heti 56 Kaiaka(e)yas 178
Himacala 182 Kdlakhaftjas 178
Himadri 220, 225, 231, 233-234 JCaiakOtas 72-73, 81, 99, 135, 188,
Himalaya 28, 179-180, 182, 194, 200, 273
206-207, 209, 218, 256-257 Kaianemi 93, 104-106, 169
Himavan 179, 181, 184,192, 194, 203, Kaia&akti 76
205, 216, 227, 265-266, 304 K&l&vayavarGpin 133
Hirhsa 202 K&layavana 178
Hiranyagarbha 214 K&felvara 50
Hiranyakasipu 55, 61, 166 K ali 15, 17, 50, 222
Hiragy&k§a 61 Kalpa 289
Hr$ike£a 174 K alp an a 263
Kalpataru 158
Ibha-vaktra 84 Kalpavrk$a 87
llvala 93 Kama 188-189, 198, 202, 296, 299
Indra 12-13, 15, 18, 21, 24, 32, 46, Kamadhenu 86 , 155, 158, 289
55, 64-67, 69-70, 81, 96, 107, 109- Kamantaka 132
113, 119-123, 127-129, 134-135, Karhbala 197, 203, 298
139, 141-142, 144-145, 156, 162, Kanakhala 8 , 28
184, 201, 209, 211, 233, 238, 241, Kantasphatika-sankasa 83
252, 257, 287-288, 298 Kanti 50, 195
Indra, Vajra-bearing Lord 244 Kanva 211
Tndr&Qi 7, 159 Kaiiyadana 228
Indrasena 33, 67 Kap&likas 268
Tndrasena, legend of 31 Kapaiins 5
Indriyas 204 Kapardin 132
Ir$yft 202 Kapifijala 109
Isa 56, 93, 103, 143, 233 Karala 291
I&n& 17 Karkotaka 197, 222
Hvara 22, 202, 218, 227, 246, 295 Karma 261
•I&vara, authoritativeness of 20 Karanan 30, 75, 116, 151, 160, 164,
Itis 269 169,269
Karman, fruits of 265
Jagatpratisfha 132 Karmins 266
Jamadagni 211 K a rttik a 100, 130, 260
J&mbav&n 62 K arttik e y a 240, 243-244, 255, 257-
310 Skanda Purana

258, 265-266 Lirigasaktis 78

Kasi 50 Lobha 202
Ka&mira 267 Lokaioka 233, 256, 266
Казуара 7, 13, 68 , 152-153, 163-164, Lord of mountains 209, 214
228,253
Katyayani 17 Madana 185-198, 205, 207, 218, 299
Kaumodaki 195 ---------, enemy of 303
Kaundinya 158 Madhava 19, 84, 186
Kaustubha 87 Madhavi 117, 193
Kedara Linga 50 Madhu 61
Kenasiddhantayukta 87 ---------, slayer of 211, 231
KeSava 293 Madhuparka 224
Ketaki 45-47 Madhusildana 179, 218
Ketu 93, 95-96 Mahabala 139
Kevalabhava 259 Mahacapda 11
Khecara Gati 255 Mahacandi 212
Kicakas 240 Mahadam$lra 139
Kiratas 36, 38-40, 276-277 Mahadeva 3-4, 11, 13-14, 28, 39-41,
Knowledge 264 44, 46, 48-49, 60, 95, 133, 158, 175,
---------, object of 264 188, 203-204, 216-217, 231, 234,
Kopikarpafas 231 260, 291-292, 295, 300
Koti&ankara 50 Mahadevi 194
Krodha 185, 189, 202 Mahakala 11, 35, 38-39, 50, 80, 140
Kr$na 178 Mahalaksmi 215
Kftavliya 61 Mahaioman 298
Krttikas 239, 243, 265 Mahamunda 11
Ksama 119 Mahapralaya 128
K$ana 283 Maharudra 149
Ksanti 195 Maha^aila 256
K$etrapalas 219, 222 , 231 MahaSambhu 269
Kubera 8 , 24, 55, 103, 151, 163, 201, Malia^iras 11
233, 246 Mahat 204
Kulika 290 Mahavidya 217
Kumara 242-243, 245, 248, 246, 252- Mahendra 97, 103-104, 111, 127-128,
253, 256-257, 258-260, 265, 268, 142-143, 146-147, 151, 179, 184,
285, 300 212, 232, 256, 266
Kumara-guru 84 MaheSa 5, 12, 33, 56, 79, 82, 86 ,
Kumaruka 255 133-136, 143, 151, 181, 183-184,
Kumaravijaya 257 196, 201, 203, 212, 214, 223, 226,
Kumbha 93 293-294, 298, 300, 302, 305
Kumbhakarna 56 MaheSvara 9, 23, 99, 182, 205, 212
Kumuda 195 Mahidhara 132
Kumudvan 195 Mahi$a 93
KG$man<Ias 231 Mahi$ak$a 93
---------, Lord of 24 Mahodara 298
Mainaka 194-195, 216-217, 233, 256
Lajahoma 228 Maithili 62
Lak$mapa 63 Malaya 232, 256, 266
Lak$mi 88-89, 104, 153, 195, 213, Malayacala 233
223, 225 Mali 56
---------, manifestation of 82 Maiyavan 56, 232, 256, 266
Lalite£vara 50 Mallalanatha 50
Lava 283 Mamata (sense of my ness) 57, 263,
Lihga 35-36, 38, 41-42, 44-46, 48, 265
54-57, 59-61, 63, 75, 77-79, 80, 101, Manana (deliberation) 264
130-131, 133, 136, 143, 147-149, Manasadri 232
176-177, 227, 258, 266, 273, 285 Manasottara 256
---------, worship of 47-53, 287 Mandara 61, 69-70, 84, 194-195, 232-
LifigarGpa 133 233, 256
 Index 311
Maodapa 211 Nilakantha 83, 132, 187
Map<japa-karana 211 Nilalohita 75
Mandhata 178, 248, 287 Nilalohita&ukla 133
Manmatha 302 Nimi$a 283
Marka 163 Nine Durgas 16-17
Магкац^еуа 211 Nirajana 220, 224-225, 230, 242, 257
Marriage-thread 212 Nirajana rite 85
Masa 283 Nirrta 24
Matsarya 202 Nirjti 8 , 50
Maya 48, 64, 75, 77, 79, 88 , 204, 217, NiSurhbha 93
222, 262, 265 Nitala 46
Mayavada of Sankara 262 Nitya 75
Mayavati 190, 192 Nivatakavacas 178, 217
Mena 180, 187, 193-195, 203, 205, Nivrtti 262
208, 220, 224-225, 235 Nfhari 61
Menaka 185 Nyaya 218
Meru 45, 57, 127, 194-195, 216-217,
227, 232, 234, 256, 266 Ocean, churning of 64, 85
Mlnanatha 132 Ocean of Milk 195, 215
MisrakeSI 185 Offering the virgin, rite of 225
Mohana 187 Omkara 28, 51, 133, 145
Mohini 91-92, 94-96, 169 Откйга Linga 50
Mok$a 189 One without a Gotra 226
Mr<Ja 143
Mrtajivani 108 Padma 290-291
Mrtyu 90, 275 Padmaka 197
---------, daughter of 242, 244 Pak$a 283
Mftyuloka 50 Pala 283
Mftyufljaya 133 Paftcajanya 195
Mucukunda 178, 245, 248-249 Paflcamrta 36
Mukunda 89, 213 Paftcaratras 20
MOlavidya 88 Райсаvaktra 83
Muntfa 11, 24, 33, 177, 298 Paramartha 133
Mundamardini 17 Paramatma 99
MQsaka-vahana 84 Parame$thin 66 , 195
ParameSvara 182, 203, 221, 225, 228,
Nada 225 238
Naga 69 Paramesvari 299
Nahu$a 109, 113-116 ParaSara 185, 211
Naimi$a 2 Para§akti 177
Narada 15, 65, 68 , 89, 104, 107, 113, Paraskara Grhyasutra i l l
115, 167, 191, 195, 210, 216-219, Para^urama 77
225, 229, 240, 245-246, 248-250, Paratantra 263
288-291, 296, 305-306 Parijata 69, 87, 161, 289
Narmada 144-145, 164, 267 Pdrvata Mata 255
Nairrta 55, 99, 103, 151, 163, 201 , Parvati 80, 181-183, 185, 192-194,
233, 246 198, 200, 203, 205-297, 209-210,
Nairrtesvara Linga 50 218,220-221, 224-225, 227-228,241,
Naivedya 31, 38 244, 252, 257, 265, 287, 292, 294-
Namuci 55, 93, 128, 130, 178, 253 295, 297, 299, 301
Nandimukha 211 Pasupata 51
Nandin 4-6, 11, 24, 27, 35, 37-38, Pagupati 242-243
40-41, 58-60, 177, 186, 197, 215, Pataia 46, 50, 66 , 179
234, 267, 289, 299, 300 Pavaka 58
Narftyaija 1, 89, 91 Pavana 55, 201, 233
Narmada 50 Pavanegvara Lihga 50
Nikumbha 93 Penance 252
Nliadri 232 Perfect Knowledge 263
Nflagiri 233 Pilgrimage 261
 312 Skanda Purana
Pin&ka-bearing Lord 271 Rudraloka 41
Pip<JI 57, 61, 267 ROpatlta 295
Pippal&da 127
Pi&cas 213 Sabara huntress 302
Pitrs 283 Sabari 201, 303
Planets 211 gabdabrahman 77
Pracchada 93 Saci 17, 81, 110, 113-115, 121, 143,
Praghasa 56 145, 149-150, 158
Praheti 56 Sadaraya 99
Prahiada 55, 161-162, 172 Sada&iva 6 , 13, 19, 22, 34, 39, 78, 84,
Prakrta 76 102, 131-132, 134, 139, 143, 156,
Prakfti 76-78, 177, 183, 204-205, 233 158, 175, 187, 189, 194, 196, 202,
Pramathas 213, 231, 241, 246, 249 206, 209, 222, 229, 234, 271, 276,
Pram] осй 193 282, 286
Prapavartha 133 Sada£iva Linga 50
Ргарайса 202 Sahasrarjuna 61
PrasadI 51 Sahya 194, 216-217, 233
Prasupta 195 Sahyacala 266
Pratipad 283 Saiiada 58, 186
Pravrtti 262 Saiiadi 61
Prayaga 50 Saiva Cult 275
Pretas 213 gaivism, efficacy of 275
Prthu 221 gaivism and traditional Vedic religion,
Pulaha 197 conflict of 20
Puloman 140 Sakha 240
Pufijikasthali 185-186 Sakinis 213, 231
Punnaga 69 gakra 13, 24-25, 65-69, 108, 113,
Pupyahavacana 87, 149 124, 134, 141-143, 146-147, 155,
Purandara 68 ,121, 128, 142, 147,151, 157, 159, 161, 217, 245
158-159, 161, 254 Sakti 55, 63, 76, 185, 211, 255, 290
Purity of mind 261 Samadhi 57
PQrpima 283-284 Sarhbara 191-192
Puru$a 233 gambhu 6 , 9, 13, 28, 30, 33-35, 38-41,
P0 $an 26, 28 48, 53-55, 60, 74-77, 80, 84, 93, 99,
Pu$kara 87, 281 134, 138, 143-144, 160, 167, 177,
Pu$paka 8 , 233 182-183, 185-187, 189, 196,198-200,
205, 210, 217-218, 220-221,223-225,
Rahu 93, 95, 99, 102, 169 227, 231, 233, 236, 240, 258, 260,
Rdjasa (type of charitable gift) 162,204 272-273,285, 291, 294, 298, 300,
Rama 62, 71, 90 305
---------, incarnation of 53-64 Samhiadi 93
Ramapati 80 Saifthrada 55
Rambha 185, 216 Sarhskaras 51
Rasatala 46, 71 Sariiyamini 159
Rati 184, 191 Saihyati 56
Ravapa 56-58, 63 Sanaka 135, 195
Ravaravakas 178 Sanandana 195
Rddhi 88 Sanatana 195
Reva 267 Sanatkumara 195
Rohipi 7, 10 Sapda 163
Rope in a serpent, notion o f 263 Sani 86
Rudra 4-5, 13-18, 19, 23, 27-29, 39, SaAkara 4, 11, 14, 17, 24, 29, 37, 40,
49, 58, 74, 77, 85, 127, 132-133, 146, 49, 84, 133-135, 137, 143, 145,
176-177, 189, 191, 194, 197, 201, 174, 177, 182, 184, 189, 193, 196,
208, 210, 212, 217, 224, 231, 244, 203, 218, 234, 237, 243-244, 246,
249, 272, 280, 291, 299, 303, 306 256, 259-260, 265, 267, 269, 273,
Rudra-SQkta 149 290, 294-295, 297, 299, 306
Rudrakai! 181 Saflkha 93, 290
Rudrak$a 34, 100- 101, 275 SaAkhaka 197
 Index 313

Sarimukha 240 Sivaratri 277, 280, 285-287

Sabkr&ntis 284 --------, importance of 285
Sant&naka 87 Sivaratri night, fast on 277, 286
Saptapadi 228 Siva-sayujya 157
Sarasvati 1 Siva-temple, repair of 31
SardQlograrava 132 --------, visits to 31
SarAga 195 Skanda 51, 244
SarAga-bearing Lord 210 Skanda*s birth, stages of 235
SarAgapaoi 154 Smara 185, 207
Sarva 50, 177, 201 Soma 99, 132, 164
Sarva-siddhi-pradayaka 84 Somanandin 300
Sarve&vara-LiAga 50 Somanatha 102
Sa$aAka-£ekhara 133 Somegvara 50
'уул S piritual beatitude 263
Satakratu 129-130, 157 Sravapa (listening attentively) 264,
Sati 7, 10-12, 14, 43, 176-177, 181, 284
208, 210, 291, 293 Sri 195, 209, 213, 224
Satrughna 62-63 Srinivasa 104
Sattva 205 Sripati 104
S&ttvika ( type ofcharitable gift) 68,162 SriSaila 50, 266
Satya 50 Srivatsa 213
Satyaloka 27, 73 Srivfk$a 278
Saunaka 2 , 85, 258, 277 Srhga 232
Saur&$tra 50 Sruta 193
Savitri 223, 225 Sthanu 200, 202
Sayujya 100, 276, 285-286 SthQladam$jra 140
Semen (of Brahma) 229 Sth0iak$a 140
Sena 243 Subhaga 185, 193
Senapati 243, 246 Sudambha 291
Se$a 62-63, 195-196, 290, 300 Sudarh$fra 93
Se$a-$ayin 197 Sudarsana 154, 195
Seven Sages 207 Sugriva 62
Sexual agitation (of Brahma) 229 Suka 176
Siddhafavi 299 Suki 193
Siddhi 33, 56, 88 , 276 Sukra 55, 86 , 150, 163-164, 169-170
S ikhareSvara LiAga 50 SGk$ma 133
Silada 5, 11, 62, 197 Sulocana 193
Silavaka 211 Sumaii 56
Silver in an Oyster Shell 263 Sumloca 185
Simhanatha 50 Sunda 93, 145
SiAgala (Simhala) 50 SQnyapaia 211
S ita 62 Suparpa 210
Siva 3 4 11-13, 16, 27, 30, 33, 35-37, Surabhi 45-46, 86
41-43, 50, 53-60, 64, 72, 75, 86 , Sure&a 132
99-101, 125, 131, 135, 143, 156-157, Surendra 166
160, 175, 182, 186, 192-193, 198, Suruci 161
200, 202, 208-210, 214, 218, 222- SurQpa 295
223, 227, 234-235, 260, 266, 269, Su^ruta 193
274, 285-291, 293-297, 301, 303, 306 SQta 74, 85
---------, fruit of different types of Sutala 46, 67, 69
services rendered to 30 Suvarca 126
-, marriage o f 207 Svadha 26, 28, 193
---------, meritoriousness of devotion Sveta 268-272, 274-276
to 26 Svetagiri 232
---------, worshipping procedure of 136 SvetakOfa 256, 266
Siva and Vi$nu, identity o f 23 Syam a 193
---------, oneness o f 19
Sivadharma 3, 51, 268 Ta^tijihva 50
Sivadikya 267 Taksaka 290
314 Skanda Purana
Tala 46 Vaiakhilyas, birth of 229
Taiatala 56 v a n 62
Tamas 204-205 Vajra 254
Tamasa (type of charitable gift) 162 Vamadeva 7
Tantras 17 Vamana 61, 151, 165-168, 172
Tapomaya 132 Varapre$ana 207
Tara 65 Varayatra 233-234
Taraka 178-180, 188, 198, 203, 242- Varupa 7, 24, 50, 55, 99, 103, 139,
243, 245-247, 249-250, 252, 254, 163, 201, 233
256-257, 265 VaruneSvara Linga 50
Taraka-vadha 258 Va$atkara 28
Tark$ya 195 Vasava 94, 179, 219, 245, 259
Tik$nada!h$tra 56 Vasisfha 7, 13, 158, 211
Tik$nakopana 139 Vasudeva 61, 96
Tilot’tama 185-186 Vasuki 197, 242, 290, 297
Traigupas 262 Vatapi 93
Trika-Saivism 290 Vatsara 283
TrikOta 266 Vayu 24, 44, 50, 103, 139, 204, 287
Trilocana 83 Vedanga 133
Trinetra 133 Vedanta 99
Tripuntfra 33-34, 275 Vedavati 62
Tripura 39, 80, 288 VegadarSI 56
Tripura 222 Vetaias 213, 231
Tripurantaka 50 Vibahu 93
Tripurantaka-sirhha 132 Vibhavasu 201
Trisiras 109 Vibhi$ana 55, 93
Triveda 133 VibhQti 33-34, 101
Trivikrama 170, 173 Vicitravlrya 285-286
Trivi§fapa 90, 107 Vidya 62, 108, 217
Tryarhba 134 Vidyadhari 288
Tryambaka 50, 290 Vidyujjihva 56
Tumburu 195 Vidyutke£a 50
Tvarita 17 Vighasa 56
Tvasfr 122, 135, 142, 217, 219-220 Vijaya 10, 193, 195, 201-202, 301-302
Vjjflapti 75
Uccaihsravas 66, 87, 98, 158-160 Vinayaka 84
Udayadri 232, 256 Vindhya 50, 166, 266
Uddaiaka 53 Vindhyavali 172
Udyapanavidhi 136 Virabhadra 13, 15-18, 20-29, 72, 178,
Ugra 296 182, 186, 231, 241, 249-251, 254,
Uma 88, 136-137 280-281, 286-287, 299-300
Umaputra 84 VirabhadramSas 51
Upacaras 132 Virocana 103, 155, 161, 163, 168,
Upanayana 211 170, 173-174
Upasunda 93 Vir0 pak$a 147, 196, 225, 299
Urukrama 173 Viriftci 214
Urva$I 185 Vi&kha 240
USanas 66 ViWU 7, 9-10, 16, 19, 20, 22, 24, 26,
Utathya 185 44-45, 49, 56, 62, 66, 71, 73, 78,
80-81, 84-85, 90-91, 96, 98, 103,
Vacaspati 65, 224 105-106, 153-154, 165, 169-170,
VadhOgrhagamana 212 174, 176, 195-197, 209, 211, 220,
Vagdana 208 222-225, 230, 233, 236, 238, 243,
Vaijayanti 209 252, 269, 261, 287, 288, 298
Vaikuotha 7, 50, 60, 73, 154, 174, 209 VirQpak$a 147, 196, 225, 299
Vairagya 57 VirQpakfa Lihga 50
Vai$oavl 17, 88 ViSva 177
V aitaiiki G a ti 255 ViSvadeva 216
Vajapeya 63 ViSvakarman 119; 127, 214-216,
Index 315

219-220, 289 Wives o f the sages 239

V tevam itra 160 W om en, in h eren t n atu ral defects o f 91
ViSvamohini 93 W orldly existence 263
ViSvanStha 133, 225 --------- , cycle o f 75
ViSvarQpa 108-109, 118, 133, 141 W orshippers, types o f 29, 83
VisvaSraya 133
ViSvesvara 50, 137 Yajfias 259, 261
V ratin 134 Y am a 32-33, 50, 55, 98, 103, 139,
V fk asu ra 140 151, 157, 159-161, 201, 233, 246,
Vj:$a 55 259-260, 270, 275
V f$adhvaja 132 ----------, m essengers o f 270
V f$aparvan 55, 90, 93, 97, 103, 140 Y am una 150
V r$asura 93 Y ath ak am itv a 121
V rtra 122-123, 126, 130-135, 140-142, Y atu d h an as 213, 231
144-147, 150 Y ayati 109, 116
V rtti 195 Y o g ad an d a 77
Vyasa 3, 7, 74, 176, 306 Y ogam aya 88
V yatipata 384 Y ogas 283
V yom a 139 Y ogini C a k ra 25
VyomakeSa 132 Y oginis 231
VyomarCipa 133