‫وزارة التعليم العالـــــــي و البحث العلمــي‬

‫جامعه كركوك كلية اهلندسه فسم امليكانيك‬

‫اسم التقرير‬

‫‪Rate meters venturi meter nozzle meter‬‬

‫‪orifice meter‬‬

‫تحت إشراف األستاذ‪:‬‬ ‫من اعداد الطالب ‪:‬‬

‫الدكتور خلف‬ ‫حسين احمد جاسم‬

‫السنة الجامعية ‪9191 - 9102‬‬

Orifice, Nozzle and Venturi Flow Rate Meters
The orifice, nozzle and venturi flow rate meters use the Bernoulli Equation to calculate fluid flow
rate using pressure difference through obstructions in the flow
In a flow metering device based on the Bernoulli Equation the downstream pressure after an obstruction
will be lower than the upstream pressure before. To understand orifice, nozzle and venturi meters it is
necessary to explore the Bernoulli Equation.

The Bernoulli Equation

Assuming a horizontal flow (neglecting the minor elevation difference between the measuring
points) the Bernoulli Equation can be modified to:

2 2
p1 + 1/2 ρ v1 = p2 + 1/2 ρ v2 (1)

where

p = pressure (Pa, psi)

3 3
ρ = density (kg/m , slugs/ft )

v = flow velocity (m/s, in/s)

The equation can be adapted to vertical flow by adding elevation heights:

2 2
p1 + 1/2 ρ v1 + γ h1 = p2 + 1/2 ρ v2 + γ h2 (1b)

where

3 3
γ = specific weight of fluid (kg/m , slugs/in )

h = elevation (m, in)

Assuming uniform velocity profiles in the upstream and downstream flow - the Continuity Equation can
be expressed as

q = v1 A1 = v2 A2 (2)

where

3 3
q = flow rate (m /s, in /s)

2 2
A = flow area (m , in )

Combining (1) and (2), assuming A2 < A1, gives the "ideal" equation:

2 1/2
q = A2 [ 2(p1 - p2) / ρ(1 - (A2 / A1) ) ] (3)

For a given geometry (A), the flow rate can be determined by measuring the pressure difference p1 - p2.

The theoretical flow rate q will in practice be smaller (2 - 40%) due to geometrical conditions.

The ideal equation (3) can be modified with a discharge coefficient:

2 1/2
q = cd A2 [ 2 (p1 - p2) / ρ (1 - (A2 / A1) ) ] (3b)

where

cd = discharge coefficient
The discharge coefficient cd is a function of the jet size - or orifice opening - the

area ratio = Avc / A2

where

2 2
Avc = area in "vena contracta" (m , in )

"Vena Contracta" is the minimum jet area that appears just downstream of the restriction. The viscous
effect is usually expressed in terms of the non-dimensional parameter Reynolds Number - Re.

Due to the Benoulli and the Continuity Equation the velocity of the fluid will be at it's highest and the
pressure at the lowest in "Vena Contracta". After the metering device the velocity will decrease to the
same level as before the obstruction. The pressure recover to a pressure level lower than the pressure
before the obstruction and adds a head loss to the flow.

Equation (3) can be modified with diameters to:

2 4 1/2
q = cd (π / 4) D2 [ 2 (p1 - p2) / ρ (1 - d ) ] (4)

where

D2 = orifice, venturi or nozzle inside diameter (m, in)

D1 = upstream and downstream pipe diameter (m, in)

d = D2 / D1 diameter ratio

π = 3.14...

Equation (4) can be modified to mass flow for fluids by simply multiplying with the density:

2 4 1/2
m = cd (π / 4) D2 ρ [ 2 (p1 - p2) / ρ (1 - d ) ] (5)

where

m = mass flow (kg/s)

When measuring the mass flow in gases, its necessary to considerate the pressure reduction and
change in density of the fluid. The formula above can be used with limitations for applications with
relatively small changes in pressure and density.

The Orifice Plate

The orifice meter consists of a flat orifice plate with a circular hole drilled in it. There is a pressure tap
upstream from the orifice plate and another just downstream. There are in general three methods for
placing the taps. The coefficient of a meter depends on the position of the taps.
  Flange location - Pressure tap location 1 inch upstream and 1 inch downstream from face of
orifice
 "Vena Contracta" location - Pressure tap location 1 pipe diameter (actual inside) upstream
and 0.3 to 0.8 pipe diameter downstream from face of orifice
 Pipe location - Pressure tap location 2.5 times nominal pipe diameter upstream and 8 times
nominal pipe diameter downstream from face of orifice
The discharge coefficient - cd - varies considerably with changes in area ratio and the Reynolds number.
A discharge coefficient cd = 0.60 may be taken as standard, but the value varies noticeably at low
values of the Reynolds number.

The pressure recovery is limited for an orifice plate and the permanent pressure loss depends primarily
on the area ratio. For an area ratio of 0.5 the
head loss is about 70 - 75% of the orifice
differential. Discharge Coefficient - cd

 The orifice meter is recommended for Reynolds Number - Re

Diameter Ratio
clean and dirty liquids and some
d = D2 / D1 4 5 6 7
slurry services. 10 10 10 10
 The rangeability is 4 to 1
 The pressure loss is medium 0.2 0.60 0.595 0.594 0.594
 Typical accuracy is 2 to 4% of full
scale 0.4 0.61 0.603 0.598 0.598
 The required upstream diameter
is 10 to 30 0.5 0.62 0.608 0.603 0.603
 The viscosity effect is high
 The relative cost is low 0.6 0.63 0.61 0.608 0.608
Example - Orifice Flow
An orifice with diameter D2 = 50 mm is 0.7 0.64 0.614 0.609 0.609
inserted in a 4" Sch 40 steel pipe with inside
diameter D1 = 102 mm. The diameter ratio can be calculated to

d = (50 mm) / (102 mm)

= 0.49

From the table above the discharge coefficient can be estimated to approximately 0.6 for a wide range
of the Reynolds number.

3
If the fluid is water with density 1000 kg/m and the pressure difference over the orifice is 20 kPa (20000
2
Pa, N/m ) - the mass flow through the pipe can be calculated from (5) as

2 3 3 4 1/2
m = 0.6 (π / 4) (0.05 m) (1000 kg/m ) [ 2 (20000 Pa) / (1000 kg/m ) (1 - 0.49 ) ]

= 7.7 kg/s
Orifice Calculator
The orifice calculator is based on eq. 5 and can be used to calculate mass flow through an orifice.

0.6
cd - discharge coefficient
Orifice
Kv
Size 3
0.05 (m /h)
D2 - orifice diameter (m) (mm)

0.102
D1 - pipe diameter (m)
0.8 0.02

100000
p1 - upstream pressure (Pa)
1.2 0.05

80000
p2 - downstream pressure (Pa)
1.6 0.08
1000 3
ρ - density of fluid (kg/m )
2.4 0.17
Typical Orifice Kv Values

References

 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). 2001.

Measurement of fluid flow using small bore precision orifice meters.
ASME MFC-14M-2001.
 International Organization of Standards (ISO 5167-1:2003). Measurement of fluid flow by
means of pressure differential devices, Part 1: Orifice plates, nozzles, and Venturi tubes
inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full. Reference number: ISO 5167-1:2003.
 International Organization of Standards (ISO 5167-1) Amendment 1. 1998. Measurement of
fluid flow by means of pressure differential devices, Part 1: Orifice plates, nozzles, and Venturi
tubes inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full. Reference number: ISO 5167-
1:1991/Amd.1:1998(E).
 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). B16.36 - 1996 - Orifice Flanges
The Venturi Meter
o
In the venturi meter the fluid is accelerated through a converging cone of angle 15-20 and the pressure
difference between the upstream side of the cone and the throat is measured and provides a signal for
the rate of flow.

o
The fluid slows down in a cone with smaller angle (5 - 7 ) where most of the kinetic energy is converted
back to pressure energy. Because of the cone and the gradual reduction in the area there is no "Vena
Contracta". The flow area is at a minimum at the throat.

High pressure and energy recovery makes the venturi meter suitable where only small pressure heads
are available.
A discharge coefficient cd = 0.975 can be indicated as standard, but the value varies noticeably at low
values of the Reynolds number.

The pressure recovery is much better for the venturi meter than for the orifice plate.

 The venturi tube is suitable for clean, dirty and viscous liquid and some slurry services.
 The rangeability is 4 to 1
 Pressure loss is low
 Typical accuracy is 1% of full range
 Required upstream pipe length 5 to 20 diameters
 Viscosity effect is high
 Relative cost is medium
References

 International Organization of Standards - ISO 5167-1:2003 Measurement of fluid flow by

means of pressure differential devices, Part 1: Orifice plates, nozzles, and Venturi tubes
inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full. Reference number: ISO 5167-1:2003.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASME FED 01-Jan-1971. Fluid Meters Their Theory
And Application- Sixth Edition The Nozzle
Nozzles used for determining fluid's

flowrate through pipes can be in three different types:

 The ISA 1932 nozzle - developed in 1932 by

 the International Organization for
 . Standardization or ISO The ISA 1932 nozzle is common outside USA.
 The long radius nozzle is a variation of the ISA 1932 nozzle.
 The venturi nozzle is a hybrid having a convergent section similar to the ISA 1932 nozzle and
a divergent section similar to a venturi tube flowmeter.

 The flow nozzle is recommended for both

clean and dirty liquids
Discharge Coefficient - cd


 The rangeability is 4 to 1 Reynolds Number - Re
Diameter Ratio
 The relative pressure loss is medium d = D2 / D1
 Typical accuracy is 1-2% of full range 104 105 106 107
 Required upstream pipe length is 10 to
30 diameters
0.2 0.968 0.988 0.994 0.995
 The viscosity effect high
 The relative cost is medium
0.4 0.957 0.984 0.993 0.995
References

 American Society of Mechanical Engineers 0.6 0.95 0.981 0.992 0.995

ASME FED 01-Jan-1971. Fluid Meters Their
Theory And Application- Sixth Edition
0.8 0.94 0.978 0.991 0.995
 International Organization of Standards - ISO
5167-1:2003 Measurement of fluid flow by
means of pressure differential devices, Part 1: Orifice plates, nozzles, and Venturi tubes
inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full. Reference number: ISO 5167-1:2003.
Example - Kerosene Flow Through a Venturi Meter
5 2
The pressure difference dp = p1 - p2 between upstream and downstream is 100 kPa (1 10 N/m ).
The specific gravity of kerosene is 0.82.
Upstream diameter is 0.1 m and downstream diameter is 0.06 m.

Density of kerosene can be calculated as:

3
ρ = 0.82 (1000 kg/m )

3
= 820 (kg/m )

 Density, Specific Weight and Specific Gravity - An introduction and definition of density,
specific weight and specific gravity. Formulas with examples.
Upstream and downstream area can be calculated as:

2
A1 = π ((0.1 m)/2)

2
= 0.00785 (m )

2
A2 = π ((0.06 m)/2)

2
= 0.002826 (m )

Theoretical flow can be calculated from (3):

2 1/2
q = A2 [ 2(p1 - p2) / ρ(1 - (A2/A1) ) ]

2 5 2 3 2 2 2 1/2
q = (0.002826 m ) [2 (10 N/m ) / (820 kg/m )(1 - ( (0.002826 m ) / (0.00785 m ) ) )]

3
= 0.047 (m /s)

5 2
For a pressure difference of 1 kPa (0,01x10 N/m ) - the theoretical flow can be calculated:

2 5 2 3 2 2 2 1/2
q = (0.002826 m ) [2 (0.01 10 N/m ) / (820 kg/m )(1 - ( (0.002826 m ) / (0.00785 m ) ) )]

3
= 0.0047 (m /s)

The mass flow can be calculated as:

m=qρ

3 3
= (0.0047 m /s) (820 kg/m )

= 3.85 (kg/s)