1.1 33. Routing Basics

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Routing Basics
KHAWAR BUTT
CCI E # 12353 [R/S, SECURI TY, SP, DC, V OI CE, STORAGE & CCDE]
Overview
 Routing Overview
 Routing Table
 Static Route and Default Routes c
 Routing Protocols
 Routing Protocols Type
 Administrative Distance
Lab Diagram
PC PC PC
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Switch Switch Switch
192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.3.0/24

E 0/0 E 0/0 E 0/0
Serial 1/0 Serial 1/0
Serial 1/1 Serial 1/1
R1 192.168.12.0/24 R2 192.168.23.0/24 R3
Routing Overview
 When the router is configured with Interfaces, the network is learned locally and kept in a table called the
Routing Table.
 Initially, the Routing Table will contain network information about directly connected networks only.
 Based on the Network diagram on the previous slide,cR1 will have 2 networks in the Routing Table
[192.168.1.0/24 & 192.168.12.0/24]. R2 will have knowledge of 3 networks [192.168.2.0/24,
192.168.12.02/4 & 192.168.23.0/24]. R3 will have 2 networks in the Routing Table [192.168.3.0/24 &
192.168.23.0/24].
 If a packet comes to R1 destined to 192.168.3.0/24, it would not know how to reach it.
 That’s where Routing comes in. It allows your Router to learn about networks that are not directly connected
to it.
 This can be done manually by the administrator or done by running a protocol between the routers where
they communicate to each other and exchange information about the networks that they are aware of.
 In this module, we will learn about the basics of Routing and Routing Protocols.
Routing Table
 Routers build routing tables initially based on their directly connected
networks.
 In addition to directly connected networks, routers can learn about destinations

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in one of three ways:
o Static Routes: Manually added to the routing tables by the administrator.
o Default Routes: Manually added to the routing table by the administrator to

define a Default Gateway for the router. If the routing table does not have an
entry for a destination network, send the packet to the Default Route.
o Dynamically: Learned through a Routing Protocol.

Static Routing
 Static Routes are User-defined, manually created routes.
 The administrator creates Static Routes in a Cisco Router using the ip route Command.
 The syntax for the Static Route Command [IP Route] is :

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Ip route [Destination Network] [Network Mask] [Next Hop Router]
 For our network, if R1 wants to reach the 192.168.2.0/24 network, which is behind R2, you would
create a static route using the following:
Ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.12.2
Destination Network: 192.168.2.0

Network Mask: 255.255.255.0
Next Router IP to reach the destination: 192.168.12.2 (This needs to be reachable/directly connected)
Default Routes
 Default routes define a router as the default gateway for your router.
 When there is no entry for the destination network in a routing table, the router will forward the packet to its
default router.
 Default routes help in reducing the size of your routing

c table.
 The default route is essentially a static route with a special Destination Network and Network Mask.
 The Special Destination Network is “0.0.0.0”. The special Network Mask is “0.0.0.0”.
IP route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [Default Router]
 For our network, if R1 wants to reach any of the networks thru R2, I can create a default route using
the following:
Ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.12.2

Routing Protocol
A Routing Protocol is a method by which routers exchange information
about the networks they can reach.
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Exchange of information allows routing tables to be built and exchanged.
Routing Protocols determine the best path for the transport of data using
some criteria. This is known as a Metric.
Examples include bandwidth, delay, hops and reliability.

Routing Protocol Types
Routing Protocols can be classified based on different criteria.
One way of classifying is whether the Routing Protocol works within the
Company Network or Connecting 2 Companies
c to each other.
There is another way to classify Routing Protocols. It is based on if the

Routing Protocols provides complete information about the network or
Routing Protocol provides information about a network without complete
information.
We will go into detail at a later stage.

Routing Protocol Types
 Routing protocols that work within the company are classified as an Interior
Gateway Protocol [IGP].
 Routing protocols that connects 2 companies

c to each other are classified as a
Exterior Gateway Protocol [EGP].
 Interior Routing Protocols Include:
o Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
o Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
o Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
o Intersystem-Intersystem (IS-IS)
 Exterior Routing Protocols include:
o Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
Administrative Distance
 If you are running multiple routing protocols, you might get the same route from
multiple routing protocols.
 To prioritize the routing protocols, each one is given a default priority. This
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priority is known as the Administrative Distance [AD].
 It is a number between 0 – 255. The lower the number, the better.

 The Administrative Distance for common ways of learning routes is listed below:
Protocol Admin. Distance Protocol Admin. Distance
Directly Connected 0 Static Route 1
EIGRP 90 OSPF 110
IS-IS 115 Rip 120
BGP 20/200
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c

192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.3.0/24

 In addition to directly connected networks, routers can learn about destinations

o Static Routes: Manually added to the routing tables by the administrator.

o Default Routes: Manually added to the routing table by the administrator to

o Dynamically: Learned through a Routing Protocol.

 The syntax for the Static Route Command [IP Route] is :

Ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.12.2

Destination Network: 192.168.2.0

 Default routes help in reducing the size of your routing

IP route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [Default Router]

Ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.12.2

Examples include bandwidth, delay, hops and reliability.

There is another way to classify Routing Protocols. It is based on if the

We will go into detail at a later stage.

 Routing protocols that connects 2 companies

 It is a number between 0 – 255. The lower the number, the better.

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