Basal Ganglia: Sridharan Neelamegan MMC

Basal ganglia
Sridharan Neelamegan
MMC
Objectives of presentation
Define parts of basal ganglia ?
Define major Connections of basal ganglia?

Basal ganglia term used earlier is a misnomer because ganglia is
the term used to denote collection of nerve cells out side the
central nervous system. Whereas basal ganglia are the masses of
gray matter situated with in the brain, hence it is now termed as
basal nuclei.
As mentioned above basal nuclei are masses of gray matter situated

deep in the cerebral hemispheres. These are identified as sub
cortical nucleus of brain majority of components developing from
telencephalon.
Basal Nuclei include the following components
ANATOMICAL CLASSIFICATION FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION

COMPONENTS COMPONENTS
CAUDATE NUCLEUS CAUDATE NULCEUS

PUTAMEN PUTAMEN
GLOBUS PALLIDUS GLOBUS PALLIDUS
CLAUSTRAUM SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS
AMYGDALOID COMPLEX SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
Developing from
CAUDATE NUCLEUS Telencephalon NEOSTRIATUM
PUTAMEN
Developing from
Diencephalon
GLOBUS PALLIDUS PALEOSTRIATUM
AMYGDALOID NUCLEAR COMPLEX

ARCHISTRIATUM
CLAUSTRUM
TERMINOLOGIES
CAUDATE NUCLEUS -C
CORPUS STRIATUM
PUTAMEN (P)
LENTIFORM NUCLEUS
GLOBUS PALLIDUS (GP)
Arrangement of nucleus in coronal section of brain
C
1. Caudate nucleus present lateral to lateral ventricle
2. Lentiform nucleus seperated from caudate nucleus
by fibers of internal capsule
3. Claustrum seperated from lentiform nucleus by
GP
Fibers of external capsule
P
4. Claustrum seperated from insula which is present
more laterally by extreme capsule
5. Putamen seperated by globus pallidus by A
external medullay laminae
6. Globus pallidus is divided in to medial and lateral parts
by internal medullary laminae
CAUDATE NUCLEUS
CAUDATE NUCLEUS
The caudate nucleus is C-shaped mass of gray matter that is close to the lateral ventricle and lie
lateral side to the thalamus. Laterally the nucleus is separated by internal capsule from the
lentiform nucleus. The caudate nucleus can be divided into a head, a body, and a tail.
Head of caudate nucleus is large and rounded and forms the lateral wall of the anterior horn
of the lateral ventricle.
The body of caudate nucleus is long and narrow and is continuous with the head in the region of
the interventricular foramen. The body of the caudate nucleus forms part of the floor of the body
of the lateral ventricle.
Tail of caudate nucleus is long and slender and is continuous with the body in the region of the
posterior end of the thalamus. It follows the contour of the lateral ventricle. It terminates
anteriorly in the amygdaloid nucleus
Schematic diagram
Representing the basal nuclei
LENTIFORM NUCLEUS
The lentiform nucleus is a wedge shaped mass of gray matter. It is buried deep in the
white matter of the cerebral hemisphere. The lentiform nucleus is related laterally
with the external capsule which separates it from a thin sheet of gray matter, called
the claustrum.
The caudate and putamen are cytologically and functionally nearly identical, but the
anterior limb of the internal capsule separates one from the other. the head of the
caudate fuses with the inferior part of the putamen
The Globus Pallidus is medial to the putamen, just lateral to the third ventricle. An
external medullary lamina separates the GP from the putamen. Internally, the
Globus Pallidus is divided by an internal medullary lamina into a lateral, and a
medial parts. Neurons throughout the GP use primarily GABA as a neurotransmitter,
less often ACh.
Amygdaloid nucleus is present in the temporal lobe close to the uncus. Amygdaloid
nucleus is considered to be part of the limbic system. Amagdaloid nucleus has brain
connections through which it can influence the body response to environmental
changes. For example, during fear situation it can change the heart rate, blood
pressure, rate of respiration.
The substantia nigra present in midbrain and the subthalamic nuclei of

the diencephalon are functionally closely related to the activities of the basal ganglia.
Neurons of the substantia nigra are dopaminergic and inhibitory and have
connections to the corpus striatum. The substantia nigra nucleus consist of two parts
pars reticularis and pars compacta. The neurons of the subthalamic nuclei are
glutaminergic and excitatory and have connections to the globus pallidus and
substantia nigra.
The claustrum is a thin sheet of gray matter that is separated from the lateral surface
of the lentiform nucleus by the external capsule. Lateral to the claustrum is the
subcortical white matter of the insula ,which is separated by extreme capsule.
SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
Afferent Connections of the Corpus Striatum
 Corticostriate Fibers: All parts of the cerebral cortex send axons to the caudate
nucleus and the putamen. Each part of the cerebral cortex projects to a specific
part ofthe caudate-putamen complex. The largest input is from the sensory-motor
cortex. Glutamate is the neurotransmitter of the corticostriate fibers.
 Thalamostriate Fibers: These intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus send large

numbers of axons to the caudate nucleus and the putamen of basal ganglia.
 Nigrostriate Fibers: These neurons in the substantia nigra send axons to the
caudate nucleus and the putamen and release dopamine at their terminals as the
neurotransmitter. It is believed that these fibers are inhibitory in function.
 Brainstem Striatal Fibers: Ascending fibers from the brainstem end in the caudate
nucleus and putamen and release serotonin at their terminals as the neurotransmitter.
These fibers are inhibitory in function.
Efferent Connections of the Corpus Striatum
Striatopallidal Fibers pass from the caudate nucleus and putamen to the globus
pallidus. They have gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as their neurotransmitter.
Striatonigral Fibers pass from the caudate nucleus and putamen to the substantia
nigra. Some of the fibers use GABA or acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter, while
others use substance P.
Connections of the Globus Pallidus
Afferent Fibers
Striatopallidal Fibers pass from the caudate nucleus and putamen to the
globus pallidus. These fibers have GABA as their neurotransmitter.
Efferent Fibers
Pallidofugal Fibers: Pallidofugal fibers are complicated and they are divided
into groups:
(1) Ansa lenticularis, which pass to the thalamic nuclei
(2) Fasciculus lenticularis, which pass to the subthalamus
(3) Pallidonigral fibers, which terminate in the pars reticularis of substantia
nigra of midbrain.
(4) Pallidosubthalamic fibers, which pass to the subthalamic nuclei
Clinical Aspects
 Disorders of the basal ganglia are of two general types. Hyperkinetic

disorders are those in which there are excessive and abnormal movements,
such as seen with chorea, athetosis, and ballism. Hypokinetic disorders
include those in which there is a lack or slowness of movement. Parkinson
disease includes both types of motor disturbances.
 Chorea: In these patient exhibits involuntary, quick, jerky, irregular

movements that are nonrepetitive. Swift grimaces and sudden movements
of the head or limbs.
 Huntington Disease: an autosomal dominant inherited disease. The disease

has been traced to a single gene defect on chromosome 4. There is a
degeneration of the GABA-secreting, substance P–secreting, and
acetylcholine-secreting neurons of the striatonigral-inhibiting pathway. This
results in the dopa-secreting neurons of the substantia nigra becoming
overactive. This inhibition produces the abnormal movements seen in this
disease.
 Athetosis consists of slow, sinuous, writhing movements that most
commonly involve the distal segments of the limbs. Degeneration of the
globus pallidus occurs in athetosis.
 Sydenham chorea (St. Vitus’ dance) is a disease of childhood in which there

are rapid, irregular, involuntary movements of the limbs, face, and trunk.
The condition is associated with rheumatic fever. The antigens of the
streptococcal bacteria are similar in structure to the proteins present in the
membranes of striatal neurons. The host’s antibodies attack the membranes
of the neurons of the basal ganglia. This results in the production of
choreiform movements.
 Hemiballismus is a form of involuntary movement confined to one side of

the body. It usually involves the proximal extremity musculature, and the
limb suddenly flies about out of control in all directions. The lesion occurs
in the opposite subthalamic nucleus or its connections.
Parkinson disease is a progressive disease of unknown cause. It is associated
with neuronal degeneration in the substantia nigra and, to a lesser extent, in the
globus pallidus, putamen, and caudate nucleus.
The degeneration of the neurons of the substantia nigra that send their axons to
the corpus striatum results in a reduction in the release of the neurotransmitter
dopamine within the corpus striatum.
This leads to hypersensitivity of the dopamine receptors in the postsynaptic

neurons in the striatum. Patients have tremor, rigidity, bradykinasia and
postural disturbances.
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Basal ganglia

Define parts of basal ganglia ?

Define major Connections of basal ganglia?

As mentioned above basal nuclei are masses of gray matter situated

ANATOMICAL CLASSIFICATION FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION

CAUDATE NUCLEUS CAUDATE NULCEUS

AMYGDALOID NUCLEAR COMPLEX

Arrangement of nucleus in coronal section of brain

The substantia nigra present in midbrain and the subthalamic nuclei of

 Thalamostriate Fibers: These intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus send large

 Disorders of the basal ganglia are of two general types. Hyperkinetic

 Chorea: In these patient exhibits involuntary, quick, jerky, irregular

 Huntington Disease: an autosomal dominant inherited disease. The disease

 Sydenham chorea (St. Vitus’ dance) is a disease of childhood in which there

 Hemiballismus is a form of involuntary movement confined to one side of

This leads to hypersensitivity of the dopamine receptors in the postsynaptic

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