PAKISTAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, JEDDAH

Senior Girls Section

Session 2019 – 2020

Chemistry Notes SSC 1

‘THE LARGER THE ISLAND OF KNOWLEDGE,THE LONGER
THE SHORELINE OF WONDER’

CHAPTER # 1
FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY
Q.No.1. What is chemistry? What are various branches of chemistry?
Ans.Chemistry:
Chemistry is defined as the science that examines the materials of the universe and
changes that these materials undergo
Or
The branch of science which deals with the composition, structure, properties and
reaction of matter is called Chemistry.
Branches:
There are eight branches of chemistry.
1.Physical Chemistry:
The branch of chemistry that deals with laws and theories to understand the structure
and changes of matter is called physical chemistry.
2.Organic chemistry:
The branch of chemistry that deals with substances containing carbon is called organic
chemistry.
Some carbon compound such as CO2, CO, metal carbonates, hydrogen carbonates and
carbides are studied in inorganic chemistry.
3.Inorganic Chemistry:
The branch of Chemistry that deals with elements and their compounds except organic
compounds is called Inorganic Chemistry.
4.Biochemistry:
The branch of Chemistry that deals with physical and chemical changes that occur in
living organisms is called Biochemistry.
5.Industrial Chemistry:
The branch of Chemistry that deals with the methods and use of technology in the large
scale production of useful substances is called Industrial chemistry.
6.Nuclear Chemistry:
The branch of Chemistry that deals with the changes that occur in atomic nuclei is
called Nuclear Chemistry.
7.Environmental Chemistry:
The branch of Chemistry that deals with the chemical and toxic substances that pollute
the environment and their adverse effects on human beings is called environmental
chemistry.
8.Analytical Chemistry:
The branch of Chemistry that deals with the methods and instruments for determining
the composition of matter is called Analytical Chemistry.

Q.No.2. Vinegar contains 5% acid. Acetic and (CH3COOH) is a colourless liquid

that has characteristic vinegar like smell. It is used to flavour food. Identify the
various branches of chemistry.
Methods of preparation and study of chemical characteristics of acetic acid.
Ans. Organic Chemistry
The study of chemical reactions that acetic acid undergoes in the bodies of human
beings.
Ans. Bio Chemistry
The study of its component elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Ans. Inorganic Chemistry
Use of technology and ways to obtain acetic acid on the large scale.
Ans. Industrial Chemistry
Explanation of its transformation into gaseous state or solid state, applications of
laws and theories to understand its structure.
Ans. Physical Chemistry
The method and instruments used to determine its percentage composition,
melting point, boiling point etc.
Ans. Analytical Chemistry
The study of any adverse effects of this compound or the compounds that are
derived from it, on the human.
Ans. Environmental Chemistry
The study of the effect of radioactive radiations or neutron on this compound or its
component elements.
Ans. Nuclear Chemistry
Example 1.1
Identify the branch of chemistry in each of the following cases.

1.Photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water in
presence of chlorophyll and sunlight.
2.Plantation helps in overcoming greenhouse effect.
3.Haber’s process converts large quantities of hydrogen and nitrogen into ammonia
(NH3)
4.Ammonia is colourless gas which present irritating odour. It is highly soluble in water.
5.A chemist performed an experiment to check the percentage purity of a sample of
glucose (C6H12O6).
6.An analyst determines that NO2 is responsible for acid rain.
7.Chlorofluorocarbon compounds are responsible for the depletion of ozone layer.
8.α-particles (He++) when bombard on nitrogen atom, a proton is emitted.
Solution:
1.Biochemistry, since photosynthesis is a chemical reaction that occur in plants
(living organisms).
2.Environmental chemistry, since greenhouse effect is an environmental problem.
3.Industrial chemistry, since large scale production of any substance is the subject of
industrial chemistry.
4.Inorganic chemistry, since it deals with properties of inorganic compounds.
5.Analytical chemistry, since it deals with analysis of a compound, whether organic
or inorganic in nature.
6.Environmental chemistry since acid rain is an environmental problem
7.Environmental chemistry, since depletion of ozone layer is environmental problem
8.Nuclear chemistry, since nuclear change can emit protons.

SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE 1.1

Identify the branch of chemistry that is related to the following information:
1.Hair contains a special class of proteins called keratins, which are present in nails
and wool.
Ans. Bio-Chemistry
2.Acetylene is the simplest hydrocarbon that contains carbon-carbon triple bond.
Hydrocarbons are the compounds of carbon and hydrogen
Ans.Organic Chemistry
3.While lead is a pigment used by artists for centuries, the metal Pb is the compound
is extracted from its ore, galena (PbS).
Ans. Industrial Chemistry
4.Sulphuric and (H2SO4) is weaker than hydrochloric acid
Ans. Analytical Chemistry
5.Gases can be compressed by applying pressure.
Ans. Physical Chemistry
6.Some examples of complete proteins food are meat, milk and eggs.
Ans. Bio-Chemistry
7.Element radium decays by emitting α-particles and is converted into another
element radon.
Ans. Nuclear Chemistry
8.Calorimeter is a device that measures the amount of heat, a substance absorbs on
heating or emits on cooling.
Ans. Analytical Chemistry

Q.NO.3.Give postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory?

Ans.Dalton’s Atomic Theory:
Main postulates of Dalton atomic theory are as follows:
i. All elements are composed of tiny individuals particles called atoms.
ii. Atoms of a particular element are identical. They have same mass and same
volume.
3.During chemical reaction atoms combine or separate or re-arrange. They
combine in simple ratios.
4.Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed.

Q.No.3. Define following:

(i)Element:
A substance that cannot be converted to other simpler substance is called an element.
(ii)Compound:
A compound is a pure substance that consists of two or more elements held together in
fixed proportions by natural forces called chemical bonds. Compounds have sharp
melting point.
(iii) Mixture:
An impure substance that contains two or more pure substances that retain their
individual chemical properties is called a mixture. Mixtures do not have sharp melting
point.
Q.No.4. ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER
1. Atomic Number:
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is known as its atomic number.
1. Mass Number:
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom is known as its mass number
Example 1.2
Atomic number of an element is 17 and mass number is 35. How many protons and
neutrons are in the nucleus of an atom of this element?
Solution:
Number of protons = atomic number = 17
Number of neutrons = mass number – atomic number
= 35 – 17 = 18
SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE 1.2
Write the empirical formulas for the compound containing carbon to hydrogen in the
following ratios
a. 1 : 4 CH4
b. 2 : 6 CH3
c. 2 : 2 CH
d. 6 : 6 CH
SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE 1.3
 Aspirin is used as a mild pain killer. There are nine carbon atoms, eight hydrogen
atoms and four oxygen atoms, in this compound. Write its empirical and molecular
formulas.
Ans. Molecular formula of Aspirin is C9H8O4
Empirical formula of Aspirin is C9H8O4

1 Vinegar is 5% acetic acid. This contains 2 carbon atoms, four hydrogen atoms
and 2 oxygen atoms. Write its empirical and molecular formulas.
Ans. Molecular formula of Vinegar is C2H4O2
Empirical formula of Vinegar is CH2O
23. Caffeine (C8H10N4O2) is found in tea and coffee. Write the empirical
formula for caffeine.
Ans.C4H5N2O

Q.No.4.Define molecular mass?

Ans. Molecular mass is the sum of atomic masses of all the atoms present in the
molecule.
The term molecular mass is used for molecular compounds.
Example 1.3

1.Determine the molecular mass of glucose C6H12O6which is also known as blood

sugar.
Solution:
Molecular mass of C6H12O6= 6×12 + 12×1 + 6×16
= 180 amu

2.Determine the molecular mass of naphthalene C10H8, which is used in mothballs.

Solution:
Molecular mass of C10H8= 12×10 + 1×8 = 128 amu

Q.No.5.Define formula mass?

The sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in the formula unit of a substance is
called formula mass. The term formula mass is used for ionic compounds. (Having
cations and anions)
Example 1.4

1.Sodium chloride, also called as table salt is used to flavor food, preserve meat, and
in the preparation of large number of compounds. Determine its formula mass.
Solution:
Formula mass of NaCl = 1×23 + 1×35.5 = 58.5 amu

2.Milk of magnesia which contains Mg(OH) 2, is used to treat acidity. Determine its
formula mass.
Solution:
Formula mass of Mg(OH)2, = 24 + 2(16+1)
= 24 + 34
= 58 amu
SELF-ASSESSMENT 1.4
1.Potassium Chlorate (KClO3) is used commonly for the laboratory preparation of
oxygen gas. Calculate its formula mass.
Ans. Formula mass of KClO3=39 + 35.5 + 3×16
= 39 + 35.5 + 48
= 122.5 amu
2.When baking soda, NaHCO3 is heated it releases carbon dioxide, which is
responsible for the rising of cookies and bread. Determine the formula mass of
baking soda and carbon dioxide.
Ans.Formula mass of NaHCO3 =23+1+12+3×16
= 23+1+12+48
= 84 amu
Formula mass of CO2 = 12+2×16
= 12+32
= 44 amu

3.Following compounds are used as fertilizers. Determine their formula masses.

(I)Urea, (NH2)2CO
Formula mass of(NH2)CO = 2×14 + 2×2 + 12 + 16
= 28 + 4 + 12 + 16
= 60 amu
(II)Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3
Formula mass of NH4NO3 = 14 + 1×14 + 14 + 3×16
= 14 + 4 +14 + 48
= 80 amu
Q.No.5.Why Na+has +1 charge?
Ans.In a sodium (Na) nucleus there are 12 neutrons and 11 protons. So charge on
nucleus is +11. Around the nucleus, in the ion there are 10 electrons with total charge
-10. Thus the charge on the ion is +11 +(-10) = +1
SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE 1.5
Explain why?
1.An oxide ion has -2 charge
Ans. In an oxygen nucleus there are 8 neutrons and 8 protons. So charge on nucleus is
+8. Around the nucleus, in the ion there are 10 electrons with total charge -10. Thus the
charge on the ion is +8 + (-10) = -2.
 2.Magnesium ion, Mg+2has +2 charge
Ans. In a magnesium nucleus there are 12 neutrons and 12 protons. So charge on
nucleus is +12. Around the nucleus, in the ion there are 10 electrons with total charge
-10. Thus the charge on the ion is +12 + (-10) = +2.

3.Sulphide ion, S-2has -2 charge

Ans. In a sulphur nucleus there are 16 neutrons and 16 protons. So charge on nucleus is
+16. Around the nucleus, in the ion there are 18 electrons with total charge -18. Thus
the charge on the ion is +16 + (-18) = -2.

SELF-ASSESSMENT 1.6
Identify ion, molecular ions and free radicals from the following species.
CN–, N, He+2, N-3
Ans.Ions: N-3, He+2
Molecular Ion : CN–
Free radicals: , , N
Q.No.7.How can we identify particles of elements and compounds?
Ans. Elements have atoms of same size and compounds have different.

Example 1.5

Figure shows some molecules. Identify particles of elements and compounds.

Solution:
Particles of elements are A,C,D and E. Particles of compounds are Band F.

Q.No.8.Differentiate between monoatomic and polyatomic molecules.

Ans.Monoatomic:
A molecule that contains only one atom is called monoatomic.
For example: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Rn etc.
Polyatomic:
Molecules that contain two or more similar or different atoms are called polyatomic
molecules
For example: H2, O2, HCl, NH3etc.
SELF-ASSESSMENT 1.7
 Observe the given figures and identify the diagrams that represents the particles of:-

(a) An element whose particles are molecules

(vi) – Radon
(b)An element whose particles are molecules
(iv) – Iodine
(c) A compound
(i) Hydrogen chloride
(d) A mixture of an element and a compound
(ii)oxygen and sulphur dioxide
(e) A mixture of two elements
(v) Argon and Chlorine
(f) A mixture of two compound.
(iii) Ammonia and Sulphur trioxide

2.Observe the given figure and decide which diagram represents particles in an

element, a compound or a mixture.
Particles in:
An element: (b), (f)
A compound: (a), (c)
A mixture: (b), (e)

Q.No.8.Write use of mole concept in our daily life?

Ans.Mole concept is used to counting a coin. When counting a pile of coins, it would not
be convenient to count them one by one. Mole represents definite amount of a substance.
As 6.02×10 carbon atoms weigh 12g, 6.02×10 coins also have definite mass. By which
23 23

we count coins easily.

Calculate molecular mass in grams

(i)C6H12O6
Molecular mass of C6H12O6 = 6×12+12×1+16×6
= 180.096 amu
Molecular mass of C6H12O6 in grams= 180.096g.

(ii)H2O
Molecular mass of H2O =2×1.008 + 16
= 18.016 amu
Molecular mass of H2O in grams = 18.016g
EXAMPLE 1.5
#Calculate the molar masses of
(a)Na
1 mole of Na= 23g
(b)Nitrogen
Molecular mass of |Nitrogen(N2) = 14×2
= 28 amu
= 28 g
(c) Sucrose C12H22O11
Molecular mass of C12H22O11= 12×12+1×22+16×11
= 144+22+176
= 342 g

i. #Calculate the one mole of

(a) Copper
1 mole of Copper (Cu) =63.5 g
(b) Iodine
Molecular mass of Iodine (I2) = 2×127
1 mole of I2 = 254 g
(c) Potassium
1 mole of K = 39g
(d) Molecular mass of oxygen (O2) = 2.16
1 mole of O2 = 32

Example. 1.5 (a)

Oxygen is converted to Ozone (O3) during thunder storms. Calculate the mass of
Ozone if 9.05 moles of Ozone is formed in a storm?
Solution:
Number of moles of Ozone (O3) = 9.05 moles
Molar mass of Ozone (O3)= 3×16 = 48
Mass (in grams) = ?
Mass in grams = Number of moles x Molar mass
= 9.05×48
= 434.4 g
Example. 1.6

When natural gas burns CO2 is formed. If 0.25 moles of CO2 is formed, what mass
of CO2 is produced?
Solution:
Number of moles of CO2 = 0.25 moles
Molar mass of CO2 = 12+2×16
= 44g
Mass (in grams) = ?
Mass in grams = Number of moles x Molar mass
= 0.25 x 44
= 11g

Example. 1.7
Q How many moles of each of the following substance are present?
(a)A balloon filled with 5g of hydrogen.
Solution:
Mass of Hydrogen (H2) = 5g
Molar mass of Hydrogen (H2) = 1.008×2
= 2.016g
Number of moles = ?
Number of moles =Mass in grams
Molar mass
=5/2.016
= 2.48 moles OF water
(b)A block of ice that weighs 100g.
Solution:
Mass of (H2O) = 100g
Molar mass of (H2) = 2×1.008+16
= 18.016g
Number of moles = ?
Number of moles =Mass in grams
Molar mass
= 100/18.016
= 5.55 moles of water
SELF-ASSESSMENT 1.9
1.The molecular formula of a compound used for bleaching hair is Hydrogen
Peroxide (H2O2). Calculate

1. Mass of this compound that would contain 2.5 moles.

Solution:
Number of moles = 2.5 moles
Molar mass of (H2O2) = 2×1+2×16
= 34g
Mass (in grams) = ?
Mass in grams = Number of moles x Molar mass
= 2.5 x 34g
= 85g

(b) Number of moles of this compound that would exactly weight 30 g.

Solution:
Mass of (H2O2) = 30g
Molar mass of (H2O2) = 34g
Number of moles =?
Number of moles =Mass in grams
Molar mass
=30/34
= 0.88 moles
2.A spoon of table salt NaCl contains 12.5 grams of this salt. Calculate the number
of moles it contains.
Solution:
Mass of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) = 12.5g
Molar mass of NaCl = 23+35.5
= 58.5g
Number of moles = ?
Number of moles =Mass in grams
Molar mass
=12.5
58.5
= 0.21 moles
 3.Before the digestive systems x-rayed, people are required to swallow suspensions
of barium sulphate (BaSO4). Calculate mass of one mole of BaSO4
Solution:
Mass of 1 mole of BaSO4= 137+32+4×16
= 137+32+64
= 233g
Example 1.8
1.Zn is a silvery metal that is used to galvanize steel to prevent corrosion. How many
atoms are there in 1.25 moles of Zn?
Solution:
Number of moles = 1.25 moles
Avogadro’s number =NA= 6.022×1023
Number of atoms = ?
Number of atoms = Number of moles x NA
=1.25 x 6.022 x 10 23

=7.53 x 10 atoms
23

2.A thin rod of Aluminum (Al) is used as wrapper in food industries. How many
atoms are present in a foil that contains 0.2 moles of aluminum?
Solution:
Number of moles = 0.2 moles.
Avogadro’s number = NA= 6.022×1023
Number of atoms = ?
Number of atoms = Number of Moles x NA
= 0.2×6.022×10 23

= 1.2044 x 10 atoms
23

Example. 1.9

1.Methane (CH4) is the major component of natural gas. How many molecules are
present in 0.5 moles of a pure sample of methane?
Solution:
Number of moles = 0.5 moles.
Avogadro’s number = NA= 6.022×1023
Number of molecules = ?
Number of molecules = Number of Moles x NA
= 0.5×6.022×10 23

= 3. 011 x 10 molecules
23

2.At high temperature hydrogen sulphide (H2S) gas given off by a volcano is
oxidized by air to sulphur dioxide (SO2). Sulphur dioxide reacts with water to form
acid rain. How many molecules are there in 0.25 moles of SO 2.
Solution:
Number of moles = 0.25 moles.
Avogadro’s number = NA= 6.022×1023
Number of molecules = ?
Number of molecules = Number of Moles x NA
= 0.25×6.022×10 23

= 1.5055 x 10 molecules
23

Example 1.10
Titanium is corrosion resistant metal that is used in rockets, aircrafts and jet engines.
Calculate the number of moles of this metal in a sample containing 3.011×10 23Ti-atoms
Solution:
Number of atoms = 3.011×10 atoms
23

Avogadro’s number = NA= 6.022×10 23

Number of moles = ?
Number of moles=Number of atoms
NA
=3.011×1023
= 6.022x 1023
= 0.5 moles
Example 1.11
Formaldehyde is used to preserve dead animals. Its molecular formula is CH 2O.
Calculate the number of moles that would contain 3.011×10 molecules of this
22

compound.
Solution:
Number of molecules = 3.011×10 molecules
22

Avogadro’s number = NA= 6.022×10 23

Number of moles = ?
Number of moles=Number of atoms
NA
=3.011×1022
= 6.022x 1023
= 0.05 moles
SELF-ASSESSMENT 1.10
1.Aspirin is compound that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. It is used as a
painkiller. An aspirin tablet contains 1.25 x 1030 How many moles of this compound
are present in the tablet?
Solution:
Number of molecules = 1.25×10 molecules
30

Avogadro’s number = NA= 6.022×1023

Number of moles = ?
Number of moles =Number of atoms/NA
= 1.25×1030
= 6.022×1023
= 2.076 x 10 moles
6

2.A method used to prevent rusting in ships and underground pipelines involves
connecting the iron to a block of a more active metal such as magnesium. This
method is called cathodic protection. How many moles of magnesium are present in
1 billion (1 x 109) atoms of magnesium.
Solution:
Number of atoms = 1×10 atoms
9

Avogadro’s number = NA= 6.022×1023

Number of moles = ?
Number of moles =Number of atoms/NA
= 1×109-
= 6.022x 1023
= 1.66 x10-15 moles

# Review Questions

Q.1 Encircle the correct answer:

Answers:
i) D ii) A iii) C iv) D v) B
vi) A vii) A viii) B ix) D x) B
Q.2. Give short answers:
i) Differentiate between ion and free radical
Ion Free radical
Ion is a charged
specie formed from
Free radical is an
an atom or
atom or group of
i) chemically bonded
atoms that contains
group of atoms by
an unpaired electron
adding or removing
electrons.
They exist in They can exist in
ii) solution or in solution as well as in
crystal lattice. air.
Ion may have
Free radical bear no
iii) positive or negative
charge.
charge.
It has even number It has odd number
iv)
of electrons. of electrons.
Example
Sodium lose one
electron and
v) become Na+ ion, ,
Chlorine gain one
electron and
become Cl– ion.

ii) What do you know about corpuscular nature of matter?

Ans.Ancient Greek philosopher believed that everything is made up of four things. (i)
Earth (ii) Air (iii) Water (iv) Fire. The Greek concept of four elements existed for more
than two thousand years. In 19th century John Dalton proposed an atomic theory. In
20th century concept of complex internal structure was introduced.

iii)Differentiate between analytical chemistry and environmental chemistry

Ans.
Environmental
Analytical Chemistry
Chemistry
The branch of The branch of
chemistry that deals chemistry that deals
with the methods and with the chemicals and
instruments for toxic substances that
determining the pollute the
composition of matter environment and their
is called analytical adverse effects on
chemistry human beings is called
 environmental
chemistry
OR OR
It is the branch of
Analytical chemistry
chemistry in which we
is the branch of
study about
chemistry that deals
components of the
with separation and
environment and the
analysis of a sample
effects of human
to identify its
activities on the
components.
environment.

1. iv) What is mole?

Ans.A mole is an amount of a substance that contains 6.022×10 particles of that
23

substance.

ii. v) Differentiate between empirical formula and molecular formula.

Empirical Formula Molecular Formla
Which gives the
Which shows the
simplest whole
actual number of
number ratio of
atoms of each element
atoms of each element
present in a compound.
of a compound
It does not show the
It shows the structure
structure of
of compound
compound
Two or more Two or more
compounds can have compounds cannot
same empirical have same molecular
formula formula.
It represents ionic
It represents covalent
and covalent
compounds only
compounds
M.F = n x E. F
E.F = M. F
Example
CH2O, CH are C6H12O6, C6H6are
empirical formula of molecular formula of
glucose and benzene glucose and benzene

vi) What is the number of molecules in 9.0g of steam?

Solution:
Mass in grams = 9.0g
Molar mass of steam (H2O) = 2 x 1 + 16 = 18g
Avogadro’s number = NA= 6.022×1023
Number of molecules = ?
Number of molecules=Mass in gramsx NA
Molar Mass
=6.022×1023
= 0.5 x 6.022 x 1023
= 3.011 x 10 Molecules
23

vii) What are the molar masses of Uranium-238and

Uranium-235?
Ans.     Molar mass      =          Atomic mass
Molar mass of uranium-238    =          238g
Molar mass of uranium-235    =          235g
 
viii)      Why one mole of hydrogen molecules and one mole of H atoms have different
mases?
Ans.     One mole of hydrogen molecule (H2) contain two hydrogen atom, its molar mass
is 1×2=2g. One mole of H-atom contain only one hydrogen atom, its molar mass is
1×1=1g. That’s why one mole of hydrogen molecules and one mole of H-atoms have
different masses.
 
Q.3      Define:
Ion:
Ion is a charged specie formed from an atom or chemically bonded group of atoms by
adding or removing electrons.
Ion may have positive or negative charge.
Molecular Ion:
When a molecule losses or gains electrons, the resulting species is called molecular ion.
These are short lived species and only exist at high temperature. Molecular ions do not
form ionic compounds.
Formula Unit:-
The simplest unit which represents an ionic compound is called formula unit.
Free radical:-
Free radical is an atom or group of atoms that contains an unpaired electron. Free
radical bear no charge
            Example                       ,
Atomic number:-
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is known as atomic number.
Mass number:-
The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom is known as its mass number.
Atomic mass unit:-
One atomic mass unit (amu) is defined as a mass exactly equal to one twelfth the mass of
one C-12 atom.
Mass of one C-12 atom = 12 amu
1 amu  =          Mass of one C-12 atom/12
Q.4      Differentiate between
(a) Atom and Ion
Atom Ion
Ion is a charged
species formed from
Atom is the smallest
an atom or
particle of an element
chemically bonded
that cannot exist in
group of atoms by
free state
adding or removing
electrons
Atom is electrically Ion may have positive
neutral or negative charge.
Example  
H, Na Na+, H+
 
(b)        Molecular ion and free radical
Molecular ion Free radical
When a molecules
Free radical is an atom
loses or gains
or group of atoms that
electrons, resulting
contains an unpaired
species called
electron
molecular ion
Molecular ion may
Free radical bear no
have positive or
charge
negative charge
Example
When O2 losses one
electron, it form
O2+ and when absorbs  ,
an electrons it forms
O2– ion
 
Q.5      Describe how Avogadro’s number is related to a mole of any substance.
Ans.     Avogadro’s number is related to a mole of any substance by a relation.
No. of moles of a substance= No. of molecules of substance
Avogadro’s number
= No. of molecules of a substance
6.02 x 1023
 
Q.6      Calculate the number of moles of each substance in samples with the following
masses.
 
(a)        2.4g of He:
Mass of Helium (He)   =          2.4g
Molar mass of Helium(He)=    4g
Number of moles         =          2.4
4
=          0.6 moles
 
(b)        250 mg of Carbon:
Mass of carbon (C)      =          250mg = 250g/1000= 0.25g
Molar mass of carbon =          12g
Number of moles         =          0.25
12
=          0.021 moles
 
(c)        15g of sodium chloride:
Mass of sodium chloride (NaCl)          =  15g
Molar mass of Sodium Chloride          = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5g
Number of moles         =  15_
58.5
=  0.256 moles
(d)        40 g of Sulphur:
Mass of Sulphur (S)     =          40 g
Molar mass of Sulphur =          32g
Number of moles         =          40
32
=          1.25 moles
(e)        1.5 kg of MgO:                                   1kg = 1000 g
Mass of MgO   =          1.5 Kg  = 1.5 x 1000 = 1500 g
Molar mass of MgO     =          24 + 16 = 40g
Number of moles         =          1500/40   = 37.5 moles

 
Q.7      Calculate the mass in grams of each of the following samples:
(a)        1.2 moles of K
Number of moles of Potassium (K) = 1.2 moles
Molar mass of Potassium         =          39g
Mass in grams = 1.2 x 39 = 46.8 g
 
(b)        75 moles of H2
Number of moles of hydrogen(H2)  = 75 moles
Molar mass of hydrogen(H2)    =          2 x 1 = 2g
Mass in grams = 75 x 2 = 150g
 
(c)        0.25 moles of steam
Number of moles of steam(H2O)  =     0.25 moles
Molar mass of steam(H2O)       =          2 x 1+16 = 18g
Mass in grams = 0.25 x 18 = 4.5g
 
(d)        1.05 moles of CuSO4 . 5H2O
Number of moles of Copper Sulphate Penta Hydrate= 1.05 moles
Molar mass of CuSo4 .5H2O = 63.5+32+4×16+5(2×1+16)
= 63.5 +32 +64 +5(18)
= 249.5g
Mass in grams       = 1.05 x 249.5 = 261.96g
(e)        0.15 moles of H2SO4
Number of moles of Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4)= 0.15 moles
Molar mass of H2SO4   =          2 x 1 + 32 + 4×16 = 98g
Mass in grams = 0.15 x 98 = 14.7g
 
Q.8      Calculate the number of molecules present in each of the following samples
 
(a)        Number of moles        = 2.5 moles
Number of molecules  = 2.5 x 6.022 x 1023
= 1.505 x 1024 molecules
 
(b)        3.4 moles of ammonia, NH3
Number of moles         = 3.4 moles
Number of molecules  = 3.4 x 6.022 x 1023
= 2.05 x 1024 molecules
(c)        1.09 moles of benzene, C6H6
Number of moles         = 1.09 moles
Number of molecules  = 1.09 x 6.022 x 1023
= 6.56 x 1023 molecules
 
(d)        0.01 moles of acetic acid, CH3COOH
Number of moles         = 0.01 moles
Number of molecules  = 0.01 x 6.022 x 1023
= 6.02 x 1021 molecules
 
Q.9      Decide whether or not each of the following is an example of empirical formula
(a) Al2 Cl6                                                 
No
(b) Hg2 Cl2
No
(c)  NaCl
Yes
(d) C2H6O
Yes
 
Q.10    TNT or trinitrotoluene is an explosive compound used in bombs. It contains 7 C-
atoms, 6 H-atoms, 5 N-atoms and 6-O atoms. Write its empirical formula
Ans.     Empirical formula = C7 H6 N5 O6
 
Q.11    A molecule contains four Phosphorus atoms and ten Oxygen atoms. Write the
empirical formula of this compound. Also determine the molar mass of this molecule
Ans.      Molecular formula      =          P4O10
Empirical formula        =          P2O5
Molar mass of P4O10    =          4×31 + 10×16
=          124 + 160        = 284g
 
Q.12    Indigo (C16H10N2O2) the dye used to colour blue jeans is derived from a
compound known as indoxyle (C8H7ON). Calculate the molar masses of these
compounds. Also write their empirical formulas
 
Ans.     Indigo (C16H10N2O2)
Molar mass      =          14×12 + 10×1 + 2×14 + 2×16
=          168 + 10 + 28 + 32
=          238g
Empirical formula =     C8H5NO
 
Indoxyle (C8H7ON)
Molar mass      =          8 x12 + 7×1 + 16 + 14
=          96 + 7 + 16 + 14
=          133g
Empirical formula =     C8H7ON
 
Q.13    Identify the substance that has formula mass of 133.5 amu
(a)        MgCl2
Formula mass  =          24 + 2×35.5
=          24 + 71
=          95 amu
(b)        S2Cl2
Formula mass  =          2×32 + 2×35.5
=          64 + 71
=          135 amu
(c)        BCl3
Formula mass  =          11 + 3×35.5
=          11 + 106.5
=          117.5 amu
 
 
(d)        AlCl3
Formula mass  =          27 + 3×35.5
=          27 + 106.5
=          133.5 amu
 
Q.14    Calculate the number of atoms in each of the following samples.
Number of Atoms = Number of moles x NA
Number of moles =  Mass in grams
Molar mass
 
(a)        3.4 moles of nitrogen atoms
Number of moles         =          3.4 moles
Number of atoms         =          No. of moles x NA
=          3.4 x 6.022×1023
                                                =             2.05 x 1024 atoms
(b)        23g of Na
Mass in grams              =          23 g
Molar mass of Sodium (Na)=   23 g
Number of atoms         =          Mass in grams  x NA
Molar mass
=          23 x 6.022 x 1023
23
=          6.022 x 1023
(c)        5 g of H atoms
Mass in grams              =          5g
Molar mass of hydrogen(H)=   1g
Number of atoms         =          Mass in grams  x NA
Molar mass
=          5 x 6.022 x 1023
1
=          3.01 x 1024 atoms
Q.15    Calculate the mass of the following
 
Mass in grams  =          Number of atoms x  Moles mass
NA
(a)        3.24 x 1018 atoms of iron
Number of atoms         = 3.24 x 1018 atoms
Mass in gram   =          3.24 x 1018 x 56
6.022 x 1023
=          3.01 x 10-4 g
(b)        2 x 1010 molecules of nitrogen gas
Number of molecules =          2 x 1010 molecules
Molar massof nitrogen gas (N2) =  2 x 14 = 28g
Mass in gram   =          Number of molecules x Molar mass
NA
=          2 x 1010 x 23
6.022 x 1023
=          9.3 x 10-13 g
(c)        1 x 10 25 molecules water
Number of molecules  =          1 x 1025 atoms
Molar mass of water (H2O)=    1×2 + 16 = 18g
Mass in grams              =          1 x 1025 x 18
a. 1023
=          2.99 x 102g
(d)        3 x 106 atoms of Al
Number of atoms         =          3 x 106 atoms
Molar mass of Aluminum(Al)=            27 g
Mass in grams              =          3 x 106 x 27
6.022 x 1023
=          1.346 x 10-16g
Q.16    Identify the branch of Chemistry that deals with the following examples
a. A cornstalk grows from a seed
Ans.     Bio Chemistry
 
2.Dynamite (C3 H5 N3 O9) explodes to form a mixture of gases
Ans.     Inorganic chemistry
 
3.Purple iodine vapour appears when solid iodine is warmed
Ans.     Analytical chemistry
 
4.Gasoline (a mixture of hydro carbons) fumes are ignited in an auto mobile engine
Ans.     Organic chemistry
 
5.A silver article tarnishes in air
Ans      Environmental chemistry
 
6.Ice floats on water
Ans.     Physical chemistry
 
 7.Sulphur dioxide is the major source of acid rain
Ans.     Environmental chemistry
 
8.Many other light chlorinated hydrocarbons in drinking water are carcinogens
Ans      Environmental chemistry
 
9.In Pakistan most of the factories use wet process for the production of cement.
Ans.     Industrial chemistry
 
10.Carbon-14 is continuously produced in the atmosphere when high energy
neutrons from space collide with nitrogen-14
Ans.     Nuclear chemistry.

ThinkTank
 
1.What mass of sodium metal contains the same number of atoms as 12.00g of
Carbon
 
Ans.     Avogadro’s Number = NA = 6.022×1023
 
1 mole of Sodium atoms = 1 mole of Carbon-12
 
= 6.022×1023 molecules
Therefore 23 g of sodium metal contains the same number of atoms as 12.0 g of carbon
 
2.What mass of oxygen contains the same number of molecules as 42g of nitrogen?
Solution:
1 mole of N = 14g
mole of N = 1g
42 ×   mole of N = 42 × 1g
3 moles of N = 42g
 
Similarly,
 
1 mole of O = 16g
3 × 1 mole of O = 3×16g
3 moles of O = 48g
 
Therefore 48 g of oxygen contains the same number of atoms as 42g of nitrogen
 
3.Calculate the mass of one hydrogen atom in grams.
 
Ans.     Mass of 1 hydrogen atom =  ____Atomic Mass__
Avogadro’s Number
 
=   __1.008__
6.022×1023
 
Mass of hydrogen atom = 1.674×10-24g
4.Observe the given figure. It shows particles in a sample of air.
 
1.Count the substances shown in the sample
Ans.     There are five substances. These are N2, H2O, O2, CO2 and Ar.
1.Is air a mixture or pure substance? Explain?
Ans.     Air is a mixture. because air is composed of different gases
1.Identify the formula of each substance in air.
Ans.     N2, H2O, O2, CO2 and Ar.
1.Decide whether each substance in air is an clement or a compound.
Ans.     There are elements as well as compound in air.
Elements: Nitrogen, Argon and Oxygen
Compounds: Water and Carbon di Oxide.
1.What is the most common substance in air?
Ans.     Nitrogen is the most common substance in air.
5.Calculate the number of H-atoms present in I 8g H2
Ans.      1 mole of H2O = 6.022×1023 atoms
Since there are 2 moles of hydrogen in water, so:
 
Number of hydrogen atoms = 2×6.022×1023 atoms
 
= 1.204×1024 atoms
6.Calculate the total number of atoms present in I8g H2
Ans.      1 mole of H2O = 6.022×1023 atoms
Since there are 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 mole of oxygen atom, so, total number of atoms
are 2+1=3
Total number of atoms = 3×6.022×1023 atoms
= 1.806×1024 atoms