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Lecture-07: The Bernoulli Equation

The document discusses the Bernoulli equation, which relates pressure, velocity, and elevation in fluid flows. It defines the Bernoulli equation, describes its derivation from the conservation of energy, and lists its limitations including assumptions of steady, inviscid, incompressible flow. Examples are given of how to apply the Bernoulli equation to problems involving stagnation points, Pitot-static tubes to measure flow velocity, and using pressure differences to measure flow rates in pipes.

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698 views

Lecture-07: The Bernoulli Equation

The document discusses the Bernoulli equation, which relates pressure, velocity, and elevation in fluid flows. It defines the Bernoulli equation, describes its derivation from the conservation of energy, and lists its limitations including assumptions of steady, inviscid, incompressible flow. Examples are given of how to apply the Bernoulli equation to problems involving stagnation points, Pitot-static tubes to measure flow velocity, and using pressure differences to measure flow rates in pipes.

Uploaded by

abas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture- 07

THE BERNOULLI EQUATION

Dr. Dhafer Manea Hachim AL-HASNAWI


Assist Proof
Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University
Engineering Technical College / Najaf
email:coj.dfr@atu.edu.iq
Learning Objectives
• After completing this Lecture, you should be
able to:
1. Define The Bernoulli equation
2. Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation
3. Understanding the Limitations on the Use of
the Bernoulli Equation.
4. Applications of the Bernoulli Equation
Outline
• Overview
• THE BERNOULLI EQUATION
• Limitations on the Use of the Bernoulli Equation.
• Static, Stagnation, Dynamic, and Total Pressure:
Bernoulli Equation
• Stagnation Point: Bernoulli Equation
• Pitot-Static Tube: Speed of Flow
• Pitot-Static Tube: Design
• Uses of Bernoulli Equation: Free Jets
• Uses of Bernoulli Equation: Flow Rate Measurement
The Bernoulli equation is concerned with
the conservation of kinetic, potential, and
flow energies of a fluid stream and their
conversion to each other in regions of flow
where net viscous forces are negligible and
where other restrictive conditions apply.
The energy equation is a statement of the
conservation of energy principle.
THE BERNOULLI EQUATION
• The Bernoulli equation is an approximate relation between
pressure,velocity, and elevation, and is valid in regions of steady,
incompressible flow where net frictional forces are negligible ( as shown in
the Figure below). Despite its simplicity, it has proven to be a very
powerful tool in fluid mechanics.

The Bernoulli equation is an


approximate equation that is valid
only in in viscid regions of flow where
net viscous forces are negligibly small
compared to inertial, gravitational, or
pressure forces. Such regions occur
outside of boundary layers and
wakes.
Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation
the Bernoulli Equation is derived from the mechanical energy equation

since the we are dealing with steady flow system with out the effect of the
mechanical work and the friction on the system the first terms become
zero.

This is the famous Bernoulli equation, which is commonly used in fluid


mechanics for steady, incompressible flow along a streamline in inviscid
regions of flow.
The Bernoulli equation can also be written between any two points on the
same streamline as
Limitations on the Use of the Bernoulli
Equation
• Steady flow The first limitation on the Bernoulli equation is that it is
applicable to steady flow.
• Frictionless flow Every flow involves some friction, no matter how small, and
frictional effects may or may not be negligible.
• No shaft work The Bernoulli equation was derived from a force balance on a
particle moving along a streamline.
• Incompressible flow One of the assumptions used in the derivation of the
Bernoulli equation is that = constant and thus the flow is incompressible.
• No heat transfer The density of a gas is inversely proportional to
temperature, and thus the Bernoulli equation should not be used for flow
sections that involve significant temperature change such as heating or
cooling sections.
• Strictly speaking, the Bernoulli equation is applicable
along a streamline, and the value of the constant C, in general, is different for
different streamlines. But when a region of the flow is irrotational, and thus
there is no vorticity in the flow field, the value of the constant C remains the
same for all streamlines, and, therefore, the Bernoulli equation becomes
applicable across streamlines as well.
EXAMPLE 2-3 Water Discharge from a Large Tank
A large tank open to the atmosphere is filled with water to a height of 5 m from the
outlet tap (Fig. below). A tap near the bottom of the tank is now opened, and water
flows out from the smooth and rounded outlet. Determine the water velocity at the
outlet.
This problem involves the conversion of flow, kinetic, and potential energies to each
other without involving any pumps, turbines, and wasteful components with large
frictional losses, and thus it is suitable for the use of the Bernoulli equation. We take
point 1 to be at the free surface of water so that P1= Patm (open to the atmosphere), V1
= 0 (the tank is large relative to the outlet), and z1= 5 m and z2 = 0 (we take the
reference level at the center of the outlet). Also, P2 = Patm (water discharges into
the atmosphere).
Then the Bernoulli equation simplifies to

Solving for V2 and substituting

The relation is called the Toricelli equation.


Static, Stagnation, Dynamic, and Total Pressure: Bernoulli Equation

Static Dynamic Hydrostatic


Pressure Pressure Pressure

Static Pressure: moves along the fluid “static” to the motion.


p1  h
Dynamic Pressure: due to the mean flow going to forced stagnation.

Hydrostatic Pressure: potential energy due to elevation changes.

Following a streamline:
1 1
p2  V2  z2  p1  V1  z1
2 2

2 2 Follow a Streamline from point 1 to 2

0 0, no elevation 0, no elevation
1 p2  H
p2  p1  V1 “Total Pressure = Dynamic Pressure + Static Pressure”
2
Note:
2
H>h
V1  2 g H  h  In this way we obtain a measurement of the centerline flow with piezometer tube.
Stagnation Point: Bernoulli Equation
Stagnation point: the point on a stationary body in every flow where V= 0
Stagnation Streamline: The streamline that terminates at the stagnation point.
Symmetric:
Stagnation Flow I:

Axisymmetric:
If there are no elevation effects, the stagnation pressure is
largest pressure obtainable along a streamline: all kinetic
energy goes into a pressure rise:
V 2
p
Stagnation Flow II: 2
Total Pressure with Elevation:
1
p  V 2  z  pT  cons tan t on a streamline
2
Pitot-Static Tube: Speed of Flow

p2 = p3

p2 p1
p1 = p4
H. De Pitot
(1675-1771) p2 p1
p1
p2
p2 p1

Stagnation Pressure occurs at tip of the Pitot-static tube:


1
p2  p  V 2  p3
2
Static Pressure occurs along the static ports on the side of the tube:
p1  p  p4 (if the elevation differences are negligible, i.e. air)

Now, substitute static pressure in the stagnation pressure equation:


1 1
p3  p4  V 2 p3  p4  V 2 Air Speed:
2 2
Now solve for V:
2 p3  p4 
V

Uses of the Bernoulli Equation: Final Comments
In general, an increase in velocity results
in a decrease in pressure.

Flow in a Pipe:
Airplane Wings:
Venturi Flow:
Uses of Bernoulli Equation: Flow Rate Measurement
Flowrate Measurements in Pipes using Restriction:
Horizontal Flow:
An increase in velocity results in
a decrease in pressure.

Assuming conservation of mass:

Substituting we obtain:

So, if we measure the pressure


difference between (1) and (2) we have
the flow rate.

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