TUTORIAL REPORT

WORK SYSTEM DESIGN AND ERGONOMIC

HAND TOOL DESIGN

Group : IP 2 Tutorial Date :

Name : Naufal Ghaliya Tutorial Day :
S/ 17522138 Submission :
Maeva Apriza P/ Date
17522163
Class : IP Yogyakarta, ......................... 2019
Assistant : E-128
Scoring Criteria
Report Format :
Calculation :
Analysis :
Conclusion
(Dean Tirkaamiana)
TOTAL :

WORK SYSTEM DESIGN AND ERGONOMIC LABORATORY

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITAS
ISLAM INDONESIA
2019
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CHAPTER II

HAND TOOL DESIGN

2.1.Tutorial Objective
1. Introduce work tool design to the student
2. Introduce the importance of work tool design in CTD prevention
3. Student are able to redesign the work tool based on theory in a class
4. Students are able to calculate the grip strength for both male and
female.
2.2.Tutorial Task
 Search for operators and perform measurements of the operator's
body dimensions.
 Take photos of the operator's body dimensions.
 Processing data that is by doing data normality test.
 Calculating percentiles.
 Make product design using anthropometric data.
 Analyze the results of processing data and products made.
2.3.Literature Review
Table 1. Literature Review
No. Title Method Result Conclusion
1. Moldable The research in The heat layer The invention
Hand Grips this journal that can be relates to the
uses statistical formed has a hand grip and
methods surface inside more
and outside and specifically to
is able to form the cover for the
plastic handle that is
according to the adjusted to the
shape of the contour of the
hand when user's hand.
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holding. When
held and the
device
functions so
that users feel
safe and
comfortable
with the tool
2. Finite The research The results Simulation
Element in this journal obtained are the programs
Analysis for uses the design of an embedded in
Stress observation ergonomicplier solid modeling
Distribution method. s . Making software are
of Hand Tool pliers is in very helpful for
accordance designing and
with the modeling the
principles of stage.
ergonomics.
3. An The research in From the Workers find
this journal
Ergonomic survey results, their work
uses the
Approach To observation 66% of workers posture with
method.
Design Hand want to good new hand
Tool For improve work tools and
Motorcycle equipment, but reported
workshop 44% of workers comfort. In this
do not want to study,
improve work musculoskeletal
equipment. But disorders were
the results that reducedby
have been made developinga
are in the form redesigned hand
of traditional tool.
cutting designs.
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2.4.Research Designing
2.4.1.Who?
In the hand tool tutorial, the practitioner makes observations of the
operators performed at the Workplace Design & Ergonomics Laboratory
and one operator outside with the criteria: aged between 40-60 years and
working as a mechanic or workshop person. In the process, detailed body
measurements are carried out using a slide rule, meter and hand
dynamometer. The following is the operator's data:
1. Operator 1 (Hand grip Strength) :
Name: Maeva
Gender: Female
Age: 20 years old
Ethnicity: Java
Body Weight: 75 kg
Job: Student
2. Operator 2 (Body dimension measurement) :
Name: Suwondo
Gender: Male
Age: 60 years old
Ethnicity: Java
Body Weight: 55 kg
Job: Truck workshop Repair
2.4.2.What?
a. Description
In the hand-tools design tutorial this time, the product we got is
pliers. It is widely used by most workshop workers to cut cables
to remove and lock bolts, especially in a workshop the pliers need
to be used as one of the important tools. We design this product
according to its shape and size for all genders. Made of anti-skid
material, we innovate the handle on the handle in the form of a
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handle that is adjusted to the user's contours, so that when using

the product, the user feels comfortable holding it.

b. Objective
The purpose of designing this product is to design pliers that can
provide comfort to the user when using the product and to reduce
work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) so, it will
increases the users comfort during long hour operations.
c. Dimension
The dimensions used in the design of these pliers are:
1. Length of hand (PT)
2. Length of palms (PTT)
3. Length of the thumb (PIJ)
4. Length of the index finger (PJL)
5. Maximum width (LBMAX)
6. Width of metacarpal (LTM)
2.4.3.Why?

This product is inspired by the general problem associated with pliers

was the awkward posture of the wrist. The pliers cannot because in a
neutral position of hand i.e. with a straight wrist. The deviation of the
wrist required when working with electrical fittings is a long way from
the neutral position. Therefore working for a long time leads to some
repetitive strain injuries. (Khan,2010).

From the ergonomic point of view it is observed from present study

that working with existing available pliers is not comfortable. The
handles of existing pliers are short and almost squared and these
causing wrists strain due to bending or twisting of wrists. Beside that it
also decreases the users comfort during long hour operations, therefore
causing more fatigue.
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2.5.Collecting and Processing Data

2.5.1. Hand Grip Strength
a. Operator Data
In this study the operator data used is as many as 30 female
operators with a range of ages 20-21 years. The following is an
operator data table.

Name gender age dominant hand

nondominant
strg. Dom strng.non
Perempu
Nurfitria 21 Kanan Kiri 30.5 26.5
an
Perempu
maeva 20 Kanan Kiri 18.5 19.4
an
Iqlima
Perempu
Ramadha 21 Kanan Kiri 17.8 15.5
an
ni Fajria
Perempu
Siti Alfuah 19 Kanan Kiri 28.7 27.6
an
Indah ayu Perempu
20 Kanan Kiri 28.3 19.2
lestari an
Azzah Perempu
19 Kanan Kiri 19.5 21.6
afifa an
Salsabila Perempu
20 Kanan Kiri 23.2 21.3
A.H an
Feilela Perempu
20 Kanan Kiri 32.5 30.7
Fasyicha an
Raissa Perempu
20 Kanan Kiri 23 19.8
Dyah A an
Perempu
Aulia 19 Kanan Kiri 29.7 23.2
an
Perempu
Citra 20 Kanan Kiri 21.4 17.5
an
Perempu
Farras 20 Kanan Kiri 20.6 12.2
an
Fariza
Perempu
Halidatsa 19 Kanan Kiri 28.2 24.5
an
ni Azhra
Perempu
Halida 20 Kanan Kiri 23.6 18.7
an

Ajeng Esa Perempu

20 Kanan Kiri 21.9 16.2
Sherina an
Paradisa Perempu
20 Kanan Kiri 24.1 18.4
FR an
Yuni Nur Perempu
1922 Kanan Kiri 22 18.6
Anggraini an
Perempu
Cyntia 20 Kanan Kiri 25.5 21.2
an

Neneng
Perempu
Satya 21 Kanan Kiri 24 20
an
Luana

RESVILIA
Perempu
NURZIKI 19 Kanan Kiri 23.1 15.3
an
RESA
Amrina
Perempu
rosyada 19 Kanan Kiri 19.3 18.9
an
apriliani
Perempu
Sarah 20 Kanan Kiri 22.2 18.1
an
Perempu
zila 20 Kanan Kiri 17.9 19.9
an
Perempu Kan
fika 19 Kiri 13.5 11.8
an an
Santi
Perempu
shofarina 20 Kanan Kiri 31 29
an
yasrifah
Putri Perempu
20 Kanan Kiri 24 18
Amalia an
Alifah Perempu
20 Kanan Kiri 22.6 20.7
Aprilliani an
Salwa
Perempu
Kamilia 19 Kanan Kiri 23.8 19.5
an
Hasna
Alyana Perempu
19 Kanan Kiri 23.7 16.4
nurmalita an
Perempu
Bella 19 Kanan Kiri 30.7 23.5
an
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b. Comparison Test
The researcher conducted a study of 20 -21 years old student. The
researcher measured the hand grip strength. The data is used by the
DSKE Laboratory. Before carrying out the Independent Sample T-
Test, a normality test is done first to see whether the sample used
has represented the existing population. The Independent Sample
T-Test is conducted with:
 Ho = There is no difference in the strength of the hand grip
between the dominant and non-dominant hands.
 Ha = There are differences in the strength of the hand grip
between the dominant and non-dominant hands.
Basic Decision Making:
 If the value is sig. > 0.05, then Ho is accepted.
 If the value is sig. <0.05, then Ho is rejected

After testing, the results are as shown above. Viewed from the
table, the result is a significance value on all dimensions <0.05,
namely Ho is rejected, which means that there are differences in
the strength of the hand grip between the dominant and non-
dominant hand.
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2.5.2. Anthropometry
a. Operator Data

P LT
Name gender age tribes T PTT PJL LBMAX M PIJ
Java
Ruminah Female 51 17 10 7 16 7 6
Java
Diana Female 41 19 11 8 20 8 7
suwondo male 60 Java 21 11 8 21.4 9.2 8
Tomy Male 43 Java 19 11 8 21 9.5 7
Pak Male Java
49 20 10 8 22 9 8
haryono
Sujianto Male 58 Java 17 11 7 19.5 7.5 6
Java
Winarsih Female 45 15 9 8 19 8 6
Joko Male 42 Java 17 10 7 14 9 5
Andi S. Male 43 Java 18 10 7 22 9 7
Sri Java
Female 60 19 10 7 18 7.5 6
maryati
Pak Wa Java
Male 44 18 11 7 20 8.6 7
an
Java
Ning Female 50 18 9.5 7 18 8.5 6
Rudiyono Male 50 Java 18 13 8 18.5 8 6
Java
Lisa Female 41 20 12 8 18 9 7
Pak Tris Male 50 Java 19 10 8 20.1 8.5 7
Bambang Male 50 Java 18 10 8 22 9 7
Sudarmi Male 47 Java 23 12 9 22.4 9.6 7
Java
Afifa Female 52 18 11 8 18 8 6
Bari Male 42 Java 18 10 8 21 9 7
Java
Ibu ning Female 50 17 11 7 19.4 7.8 6
Wiyono Male 42 Java 20 10 8 19.5 9 7
Java
Lisna Female 48 18 9.7 7 20 8.3 7
Dadang Male 50 Java 20 12 8 22 8.5 7
Perempua Java
Rifky 40 20 10 8 22 8.7 8
n
Suharjo Male 41 Java 18 11 7 15 8 6
Pardiya Male 40 Java 17 11 8 18 8.5 7
Ruri Male 45 Java 19 11 11 23 10 7
Debora Java
Bebylina Female 40 20 11 11 17 9 7
Noya
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Ade Male 40 Java 17 13 13 18 8 7

Dadang Male 58 Java 18 11 11 19.5 8 6

b. Normality Test
The researcher conducted a study of 40 – 60 years adult people .
The researcher measured the 23 dimensions of hand adult
people. The data used to carry out the normality test is taken
from the data bank that has been provided by the DSKE
Laboratory. The normality test itself is used to determine
whether the data obtained is normally distributed. In addition,
the normality test is also used to determine whether the data
used has represented the population in the environment. The
image below is the result of the normality test:

In figure 1 shows the results of normality test data using SPSS

software in the Kolmogoriv-Smirnov column.
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c. Percentile
The percentiles used by the researcher in this tutorial are the
5th, 50th and 95th percentiles for each body dimension that was
previously determined by the researcher. The percentile formula
used by researchers is as follows:

x±Zx .SB
Explanation:
x : Mean x (Specified body part dimensions)
SB : Standard Deviation
Zx : Standard Value
The thing needs to be considered in calculating each percentile
is the use of a sign (±) in each percentile. Below is a description
of the use of the sign (±) of each of the stops

Percentile – 5 : the sign used in the calculation is (-)

Percentile – 50 : calculation using only x (Mean)
Percentile – 95 : the sign used in the calculation is (+)
Furthermore, these is the following calculation of each of these
dimensions using the percentile formula above:
(Calculate percentiles (5, 50, 95, etc.) used in each dimension
using a formula.
A. PT
P5= X́−Z x . SB

= 18-1.645.1.5
= 16

P50= X́
= 18
P95= X́+ Z x . SB
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= 18+1.645.1.5

= 21

B. PTT
P5= X́−Z x . SB

= 11-1.645.0.9
= 9.2

P50= X́

= 11

P95= X́+ Z x . SB

= 11+1.645*0.9
= 29

C. PJL

P5= X́−Z x . SB

= 8-1.645*1
=6

P50= X́

=8

P95= X́+ Z x . SB

= 8+1.645*1
= 10

D. LBMAX
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P5= X́−Z x . SB

= 19.48-1.645*2.198
= 15.886

P50= X́

= 19.48

P95= X́+ Z x . SB

= 19.48+1.645.2.198
= 45.57
E. LTM

P5= X́−Z x . SB

= 8.5 -1.645. 0.7

= 7.4

P50= X́

= 8.5

P95= X́+ Z x . SB

= 8.5 +1.645. 0.7

= 9.6
F. PIJ
P5= X́−Z x . SB

= 7 -1.645. 1
=5

P50= X́

=7

P95= X́+ Z x . SB
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= 19 +1.645. 1
=8

2.6.Analysis and Discussion

2.6.1. Hand Grip Strength
Grip strength is the maximum momentary squeeze force exerted on a
hand dynamometer while endurance is the length of time a person can
exert a specified force.
The researcher conducted a study of 20 -21 years old student. The
researcher measured the hand grip strength. The data is used by the
DSKE Laboratory. Before carrying out the Independent Sample T-
Test, a normality test is done first to see whether the sample used has
represented the existing population.
Hypothesis:
• Ho: Data is normally distributed
• Ha: Data is not normally distributed
Basic Decision Making:
• If the value is sig. > 0.05, then Ho is accepted.
• If the value is sig. <0.05, then Ho is rejected.

After testing, the results are as shown above. Seen from the right side
table, which is the Shapiro-Wilk section, it can be seen that all
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significance values on all dimensions> 0.05, namely Ho are accepted,

which means that all dimensional data are normally distributed. Next,
a Homogeneity Test was conducted to show the data used was
uniform.

After the results are uniform, the Independent Sample T-Test is

conducted.
• Ho = There is no difference in the strength of the hand grip
between the dominant and non-dominant hands.
• Ha = There are differences in the strength of the hand grip
between the dominant and non-dominant hands.
Basic Decision Making:
• If the value is sig. > 0.05, then Ho is accepted.
• If the value is sig. <0.05, then Ho is rejected

Based on the test results of the independent sample t-test the

significance of the results was 0.002, which means that Ho was
rejected, so the results showed that there was a difference between the
strength of the dominant hand grip and the strength of the non-
dominant hand.
Based on ergonomic guidelines it stated that a good design of
handtool can be used with man and woman also the most important is
can be using with both hand therefore knowing the strength of hand
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grip really important to create a good design that have purpose can be
operated effectively with low force.

2.6.2. Anthropometry Analysis

a. Normality Test Analysis

To find out the significant results (Sig.) of the calculation of the

normality test in SPSS software can use the hypothesis as
follows:
- If Sig. (α) > 0,05 then H0 is accepted which means the data
is normally distributed
- If Sig. (α) ≤ 0,05 then H0 is rejected which means the data is
not normally distributed
Figure 1 shows the significant results (Sig.) Found in the
Kolmogorov-Smirnov column. For Length of hand (PT)
dimensions, length of palms (PTT) , Length of thumb (PIJ) ,
Length of thumb (PIJ) , Maximum width (LBMAX), width of
metacarpal (LTM). Based on the figure length of palms,width
of metacarpal and length of index finger have a Sig. 0.200>
0.05, the data used is normally distributed. Then for body
dimensions Length of hand have 0.127 , maximum width have
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0.145 ,and length of thumb have 0.132 which means the value
of Sig. (α)> 0.05, the data used is normally distributed.

b. Body Dimension Analysis

After determining the dimensions of the anthropometry of the hand
tool that is used in the product that will be made by the researcher,
thus the researcher will analyze the dimensions related to the
dimensions of anthropometry and dimensions of the product which
will then calculate the size concerned with the percentiles used by
the researcher in the product to be made. In calculating the size in
the table below, researchers used a 5 percentile, 50 percentile and
95 percentile.

Table 2. Product Design Calculation

Anthropometry Product Size Calculation Calculation

No. Dimension Dimension Result

(cm)
Percentil

Percentile e Allowance
Value
1 Length of hand PT 50 18 - 18
2. Length of palms PTT 5 9.2 - 9.2

3. Length of PIJ 95 8 - 8
thumb
4. Length of index PJL 50 8 - 8
finger
5. Maximum LBMAX 5 15.8 - 15.886
width
6. Width of LTM 5 7.4 - 7.4
metacarpal
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For the percentile determination, there are 3 percentile being used

which are Percentile 95, percentile 50 and percentile 5. The reason uses these 3
percentile are, first for the percentile 95 it used to determine the size for the
largest population or the other name is clearance dimension which is minimum
area needed by the operator to do activity so these are the reason the dimension
of length of the pliers uses the percentile 95. If in this product dimension uses
Percentile 50 or 5 the population of large hand size can’t uses this pliers
comfortably.

Second percentile 50, percentile 50 is the mean or average size from

the population and the in the design the distance between pliers handle is using
percentile 50 the reason why using percentile 50 is to cover most of the
population, if in this dimension use percentile 5 the largest population can’t use
this pliers comfortably and the other reason is due to this pliers were made for
the mass production and this is the reason why percentile 50 is usage in order to
cover all the population.

Lastly is percentile 5 or the smallest percentile, percentile 5 use to

determine the size of the smallest population or also known as reach dimension
which is the maximum area needed by operator to do activity so these are the
ground of why the dimension of pliers width use Percentile 5 which is in order
to establish comfortable pliers handle for the smallest operator while the largest
population still can seats comfortably.

2.6.3. Product Analysis

a. Product Specification

The new pliers design is has difference with the old design is at the
grooves of the pliers. The ergonomically designed pliers’ handles
grooves is leaving no gaps or in other ways, one of the handles is
position reversed. The next is the dimension used to designing
ergonomic pliers followed by the percentile and the calculation result;
Length of hand (PT); P50; 18cm, Length of palms (PTT); P5; 9.2cm,
Length of thumb (PIJ); P95; 8cm, Length of index finger (PJL) ; P50;
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8cm, Maximum width (LBMAX); P5; 15.886cm, Width of metacarpal

(LTM); P50; 7.4cm. Furthermore, more consideration added to the
design principles other than anthropometry is considering this pliers
aims is to power grip, the length of the pliers is 125mm, the pliers
thickness is 55mm, pliers weight is 1.2 kg and lastly with triangular
periphery is 110mm

40 Deg

125 mm

44 mm

12 mm

Above is the proposed design of new pliers. Thus, the

dimension determination of the pliers heavily influenced from
journal titled “Redesign A Plier Ergonomically Using
Anthropometric Data written by Abdul Khalid” one of the additional
feature is the pliers bended neck with the slope of 40 degree to
minimizing the chance of having extension on the ulnar wrist
deviation that will causing discomfort and injury for the long run.
The width between handles is sets by that way because of the
anthropometric calculation from the data and also to maximizing
force than can be delivered. Lastly on the handle at the thumb
position there are some area for thumb locking in order to
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maximizing the power grip, the mechanism needed to be activated

by thumb.

b. Innovation Aspect
The innovation aspect for the ergonomically designed pliers
is located at its handle, where one of the shape of the pliers
handle is inverse. Which the goal of redesigning the pliers is to
minimize the chance of caught Work-Related Musculoskeletal
Disorder in hand of the workers due to awkward positioning
while using pliers, this awkward movement is caused by the gap
between the pliers handle grooves. If this stress occurred in the
wrist for a long run, can causing a Cumulative Trauma Disorder.
Compared to the new pliers design, the regular design is causing
poor hand wrist posture due to the gaps between pliers handles.
Thus, this gaps leading into additional force from thumb and
fingers while in use and wrist is bended causing to stresses in the
wrist tendon. With the new pliers handles design aiming to limits
its wrist problem.

2.7.Conclusion
1. In this hand tool design tutorial, researcher makes an
innovative pliers that is comfortable to use for a long time and
prevents CTD
2. Cumulative trauma disorder (CTD) is a disease that many
industry workers experience. The importance of preventing
CTD by designing a hand tool that fits the human hand's
anthropometry so that the user will feel comfortable even if
using the device for a long time
3. Based on ergonomics guidelines for hand tool design, a good
design should provide good contours, safe, can be used by
either hand ,and increasing the productivity .
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4. Based on the grip strength and endurance test we can see if

man has more strength than woman

Bibliography

A.Teblick&Ian,W.(2017).Moldable Hand Grips.

Khalid. B, J. (2018) Redesign A Plier Ergonomically Using Anthropometric Data.

Tina. S, R. (2017). An Ergonomic Approach To Design Hand Tool For Motorcycle

Wan , P. (2003). Finite Element Analysis for Stress Distribution of Hand Tool.
England: Newcastle University.
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