Conifers Diseases
Conifers Diseases
Conifers Diseases
UTAH PESTS In‐Service Training: Ornamental and Turf Pest Management
February 3‐4, Provo, UT
Marion Murray
Conifer disease samples
submitted to plant pest
b d l
diagnostic lab:
12% biotic
Common conifers in the landscape
j p
juniper: Rocky Mountain, Utah, Chinese
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spruce: blue, Engelmann , white, Norway
fir: white, subalpine
pine: western white, Austrian, lodgepole, ponderosa,
i hi A i l d l d
pinyon, Scotch
Foliar Diseases
Foliage diseases of conifers
On conifers, called “needle casts”
Foliar diseases can affect healthy as well as stressed trees
trees planted in the wrong site
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pure and/or dense plantings
young vigorous trees
Christmas tree plantations
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Foliar diseases
Two infection courts for foliage diseases
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Direct penetration of cuticle, epidermis
Stomates: fungal mycelium or adaptive parts can find
stomates "by feel"
Red band (Dothistroma septospora)
Has a sexual (perfect) stage: Mycosphaerella pini
In nature, only the pycnidia are found (imperfect stage)
Hosts: ponderosa, Austrian, pinyon (20 pine species)
Dothistroma symptoms
• red bands around
needles
• brown needles that
are green at the
base
eed es t at
• needles that
appear to have a
“burnt” tip
• needle drop
Dothistroma management
Remove fallen needles
Plant resistant species (Scotch pine, 5‐needled pines,
lodgepole pine etc )
lodgepole pine, etc.)
Chemical: one application in June covering all needles
pp g
(fixed copper, Bordeaux mixture)
Spruce needle cast (Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii)
Spruce needle cast
Spruce needle cast management
Remove as many fallen needles as possible
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Apply fungicide as preventative starting when new needles
are half developed
Bordeaux mixture
chlorothalonil
Elytroderma needle cast (Elytroderma deformans)
Hosts: ponderosa pine
p p
Symptoms:
red‐brown
needles with
green bases
witches’ brooms
Elytroderma
Stem/Twig Diseases
Rusts
Basidiomycete
y
Rusts are unique
many need an alternate host to complete life cycle
can have up to 5 different spore types
biotrophs
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obligate parasites
Life strategies of plant pathogens
PARASITISM SAPROPHYTISM
E parasite parasite,
parasite saprophyte,
saprophyte saprophyte
X only but saprophyte but parasite only
A occasionally occasionally
M
P RUSTS MOST WOOD YEASTS
L POWDERY ROOT ROTS DECAY MOLDS
E
MILDEW FUNGI
S
Spruce broom rust (Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli)
Alternate host is bearberry (Arctostaphylos
y( p y urva‐ursi)
)
Causes brooms to form due to prolific, short twigs
Brooms loose needles in fall; refoliate; may die but rarely
result in tree mortality
Hosts: mostly Engelmann spruce, but also Norway, red,
white, Sitka
Spruce broom rust
Spruce broom rust
Sporulates in summer
p
(aecia)
Wind
Wi d and rain deliver
d i d li
to alternate host
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
Only management
option is cultural:
prune
Juniper broom rust (Gymnosporangium sp.)
Hosts: Utah and Rocky
y
Mountain junipers
Symptoms: witches broom
Alternate hosts: serviceberry,
Al h i b
hawthorn, mountain‐ash
Juniper broom rust
Infections on juniper
j p
occur in fall
(windborne)
Juniper sporulates in
late spring
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
Management: pruning
Western gall rust (Endocronartium harknessii)
One of the few rusts with no
alternate host
(autoecious)
Hosts: lodgepole,
ponderosa, mugo, Scotch
lethal to seedlings; older
trees tolerate damage
Western gall rust
Succulent stems most
susceptible
Spores released in
spring; moisture
needed for infection
G ll
Galls survive many years
i
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
Management: pruning
Pinyon blister rust (Cronartium occidentale)
Native pathogen of
p y p
pinyon pines
Alternate host is Ribes sp.
Symptoms:
• galls
• cankers
• pitch masses
Pinyon blister rust (Cronartium occidentale)
Pinyon blister rust
Infections on pine occur
in fall; pine sporulates
in spring
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
Management: pruning
Cytospora canker (Cytospora sp.)
Cankers:
localized bark/cambium necrosis stems, branches or twigs
infections occur through wounds, branch stubs: facultative
parasite
Cytospora canker
Most common canker on
conifers
Facultative parasite
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Canker management
Management
y prevent wounding
y maintain tree health with optimal watering and fertilization
y remove all dead or diseased branches and limbs
y if canker is on main stem and small and new, cut diseased
y
tissue away with sterile tools
Root Rots
Crown and collar rot (Phytophthora sp.)
P. cactorum, P. megasperma, P. cambivora, and others
Hosts: most conifers; junipers
Symptoms: reduced vigor, leaf discoloration, small fruit,
S t d d i l f di l ti ll f it
oozing cankers at the base of the tree, discolored inner
bark, death
Phytophthora
Phytophthora life cycle
Phytophthora management
Prevent overwatering
Make sure soil is well‐drained
F
Fungicides
i id
Agri‐Fos, Fosphite, Phostrol: foliar or drench
Aliette WDG: foliar; (non‐bearing cherry trees only)
l G f l ( b h l )
Ridomil (metalaxyl) soil drench around on entire root zone
Armillaria root rot (Armillaria ostoyae)
Hosts: hundreds of species; most conifers
Symptoms: off‐color or brown foliage, stunted growth,
pitch oozing from base of tree (conifers), sunken
i h i f b f ( if ) k
cankers covered with loose bark (hardwoods); dieback,
death
Armillaria rhizomorphs
Armillaria mycelial fan
Armillaria honey mushrooms
Armillaria honey mushrooms on hardwood tree
Armillaria management
Prevention is best tactic:
K
Keep trees healthy
t h lth
Avoid over‐irrigating
If trees are infested, remove soil and bark from base of
tree and allow to dry to kill the mycelium
Do not plant in infested sites
Remove infested trees and neighboring trees
Schweinitzii crown rot (Phaelous schweinitzii)
Hosts: all conifers
Symptoms: few (decline)
to none
Decay fungus—leads to
brown rot of heartwood
Schweinitzii crown rot
Black stain (Leptographium wageneri)
hosts: lodgepole, ponderosa, pinyon, Douglas‐fir, white fir,
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western white pine
spreads via root to root contact, or by root feeding weevils
or bark beetles
can be a problem in disturbed sites and/or on stressed trees
Black stain
a wilt disease;
fungi clog xylem
vessels
staining caused by
hyphae and
discoloration of
tracheid cells
Black stain hyphae in xylem
Black stain
Diseases to Watch
Pine wilt
Caused by the native pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)
Transmitted by pine sawyer beetles (Monochamus)
Pine wilt
A native pathogen; primarily a problem on non‐native pines (Austrian,
scotch, Japanese black and red, Swiss stone)
Thousand
cankers
disease
Sudden oak death (Phytophthora ramorum )
Over 45 susceptible hosts, and 75 associated hosts
45 p , 75
Most of the outbreak in central coastal California
Utah bans import of certain hosts from west coast nurseries
Two distinct diseases
Sudden Oak Death
• red oaks, beech, and tanoak
• stem lesions beneath the bark girdle and kill tree
• cankers often bleed or ooze
• can kill adult trees
kill d lt t
Ramorum blight
g
• non‐oak hosts
• spots and blotches on leaves & shoot die back
• can kill juvenile plants usually not lethal for mature
can kill juvenile plants, usually not lethal for mature
plants
• spreads the disease
Sudden oak death
Risk of sudden oak death based on P. ramorum climate
matching and hardwood forest density in the USA
Risk Group II
Risk Group I
Leaf Drop/Scorch/Bacterial Disease of Chitalpa
Desert willow
(Chilopsis sp.) x
southern catalpa
(Catalpa sp.)
sp )
zone 6‐8
Leaf Drop/Scorch/Bacterial Disease of Chitalpa
Possible cause: Xylella fastidiosa; if
not, abiotic causes
Symptoms:
typical leaf scorch and spotting in
mid‐summer
leaf drop and refoliation
yellowing
dieback, decline
Leaf Drop/Scorch/Bacterial Disease of Chitalpa
Leaf Drop/Scorch/Bacterial Disease of Chitalpa
Very little to be done; antibiotics do not help
y ; p
Provide optimal watering—not too much
Heavy pruning each year before bud break can improve life
span of tree