CSI Bridge Lecture Note Dr. Galal M.

Al-Mekhlafi

CSI Bridge Lecture Notes

Prepared by/ Dr. Galal M. Al-Mekhlafi

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CSI Bridge Lecture Note Dr. Galal M. Al-Mekhlafi

Table of Contents

1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Main Bridge components ........................................................................................................ 3
1.2 Types of Bridges ...................................................................................................................... 5
1.3 Main Loads on Bridges............................................................................................................. 7
2 CSI Bridge Procedures for Modeling ................................................................................................ 8
Illistrative Examples ................................................................................................................................ 8
2.1 Example #1 Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridge ...................................................................... 8
2.2 EXAMPLE # 2 Composite bridge (steel girders) ...................................................................... 45

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CSI Bridge Lecture Note Dr. Galal M. Al-Mekhlafi

1 Introduction

➢ A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles without closing the way
underneath such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage
over the obstacle.
➢ Designs of bridges vary depending on the function of the bridge

1.1 Main Bridge components

1.1.1 Super-structure comoinents

✓ Deck: The floor of a bridge which carries and spreads the loads to the main girders.
✓ Girders: to transfer the load from the deck to the bearings

1.1.2 Sub-structure comoinents

✓ Bearings: to tranfrer load from girders to piers & abutments. They control the
movements. In other words, they are used to release degree of freedom between
super and sub structure components.
✓ Piers: A wide columns or short walls of masonry or plain or reinforced concrete for
carrying loads as a support for a bridge
✓ Bridge Cap: The highest part of a bridge pier on which the bridge bearings or rollers
are seated.
✓ Abutments: to support the both bridge ends. They are usually applied to later laod
coming from back fill in addition to the vertical loads.
✓ Foundations: to support abutments & piers

Deck slab

Bearings Girder

Abutment
Pier

Foundation

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CSI Bridge Lecture Note Dr. Galal M. Al-Mekhlafi

Wearing layer
Deck slab
Girders
Bearings
Pier Cap

Piers

Pier cap

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1.2 Types of Bridges

1.1.1 According to use

1.1.2 According to material used

1.2.3 According to cross section shape

4. precast girders

5. steel girders

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1.2.4 Accoring to strucural system

1.2.5 Accoring to alighment

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1.3 Main Loads on Bridges

➢ Dead loads
✓ Self weight of the components
✓ Wearing load
✓ Parapets weight

➢ Moving loads (vehicles loads)

✓ Truck load
✓ lane load
✓ Braking load

➢ Horizontal Earth Pressure

This load is applied laterally to abutments
➢ Wind load
➢ Ice load
➢ Earthquake load

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CSI Bridge Lecture Note Dr. Galal M. Al-Mekhlafi

2 CSI Bridge Procedures for Modeling

The best way to expalne how to madel a bridge in CSI Bridge is illistrative examples

Illistrative Examples

2.1 Example #1 Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridge

Given

Posttensioned girder

4 lanes

30 m Assume all the material properties

30 m
Standard code: AASHTOO LRFD 2007

200 mm deck thickness

AASHTOO VI section

1500 mm Dia

4m 4m 4m 4m

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STEP # 1
Run CSI bridge, select unit system

Two ways are available to start modeling either using ready templete way or using the general way

In this example, the general way will be selected

STEP #2 : create the bridge layout

New / copy / modify/ Delete

New / copy / modify/ Delete

Bridge Layout define vertically and horizontally

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CSI Bridge Lecture Note Dr. Galal M. Al-Mekhlafi

Bridge length

Horizontal bridge layout geometry

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vertical bridge layout geometry

Then click OK to go back the main screen

Bridge layout

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STEP #3: Define bridge lanes

Define the
bridge lanes
(number of
lanes & width of
each lane) Lane label / station / distance between lane center & bridge center / lane width

Each lane needs two stations start and the end coordinates ( 0 and
bridge length)

Lane label
This data
for one
lane.

Lane display color

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Lane name

Defined
lanes

To remove the lanes

To modify the lanes data

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Bridge lanes

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STEP # 4 : Define bridge components and their material properties

You need to define cross sections for girders, columns, piers and abutments. Also, material properties of
concrete elements, steel girder (if you have) , steel bars and tendon

Define of Bridge components

Define of material properties & sections

Select the
Each material needs to be
property
defined. If you do not define.
you want to
The software takes the default
define then
data. Sometimes you should
click new
define a material properties
for each component such as
deck, girders and piers.

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CSI Bridge Lecture Note Dr. Galal M. Al-Mekhlafi

Concrete
material

Material properties
for the deck, girder
and substructure

Define of frame element such as

girders, columns and bent cap

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CSI Bridge Lecture Note Dr. Galal M. Al-Mekhlafi

To define AASHTOO girders

AASHTOO
girders

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Columns sections

Bent cap section

First, select the

component you want to
define then click new.
After that select
another component
and click new and so on 18
CSI Bridge Lecture Note Dr. Galal M. Al-Mekhlafi

STEP # 5: Define of superstructure components (Deck system, Diaphragms and variation in bridge along
the bridge path ( if you have)

For the our Example

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To Modify

STEP # 6 : Define substructure elements ( Bearings, foundations, abutments and bents)

First, select the

component you want to
define then click new.
After that select
another component
and click new and so on

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CSI Bridge Lecture Note Dr. Galal M. Al-Mekhlafi

Bearing components are

defined as supports not as
physical components. Just
you need to identify the
degree of freedom

Bearings are designed to allow the three rotations

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CSI Bridge Lecture Note Dr. Galal M. Al-Mekhlafi

Foundations of Piers
and abutments.
Usually they are fixed
supports

It is a better to define
the both abutments as
reactions without
sections. Since the
software does not
design the abutments.
You can only take the
reactions from
superstructure on the
abutments and design
them in other software

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To model abutments
as supports

To model abutments
as physical
component

Bent component
(columns and the
cap)

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Distance is taken as ordinates 4 8 12

4m 4m 4m 4m

STEP # 7: loads define

Vehicle loads have to be defined according AASHTOO LRFD standard code as well as all other load types
are needed to be defined such as wind, wearing, braking, prestressed …..etc

Type of the loads Earthquake load

Vehicle loads on the bridge

Vehicle class
lane load
Truck load

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Hsn 44 for truck

Hsn 44 –L for lane load

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OR

You can use truck 93 and its lane

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CSI Bridge Lecture Note Dr. Galal M. Al-Mekhlafi

STEP # 8: assign the components on the bridge layout defined before

Bridge tab to assign the

bridge components on the
bridge layout

You can go through this list to

To define bridge spans assign all the required or you can
use the bridge tab instead

In this work, the bridge tab is

adopted

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CSI Bridge Lecture Note Dr. Galal M. Al-Mekhlafi

Bridge sub-Tab to assign all

the required data

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abutments

Abutment at the
bridge beginning
/end

If the abutment The Elevation is referred to top

direction 15 surface of bridge deck
degree put it as

Default+15
Defined in step #6

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Bents

STEP#9 assign prestress tendon

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Design of prestressed girder To define

is an iterative process. losses
Assume tendon area and parameters
tendon profile. After design if
it is not satisfy limit states
(strength & serviceability Vertical profile
stresses), change the area or
profile to satisfy the limit
states

Area of tendons = area of one Jacking force = area of strands multiply

strand multiply number of strands allowable prestress strength

Select vertical
profile

In this example

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To edit vertical profile

Vertical profile

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STEP # 10: assign additional loads

Can be used to assign parapets load

Can be used to assign wearing load

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To model superstructure
as frame element

To model superstructure
as area element

In this example, the superstructure is modeled as frame element

Final model for

the bridge

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Display option is used

to display/ hiding views

STEP #11 : Analysis

Define of load cases

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CSI Bridge Lecture Note Dr. Galal M. Al-Mekhlafi

✓ After analysis is run, you need to define load combinations as shown below

According to AASHTOO LFRD combos

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CSI Bridge Lecture Note Dr. Galal M. Al-Mekhlafi

AASHTOO LRFD combinations

✓ Envelope combination is generated automatically by CSI Bridge

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CSI Bridge Lecture Note Dr. Galal M. Al-Mekhlafi

After analysis is done, you need to see the analysis results

To display of analysis results such as

elastic deformation, BMD, SFD, NFD,
influence lane diagrams, reactions …etc

The results can be displayed

as tables

✓ The analysis results are used to design the bridge components

✓ Design of substrucure components ( bearings, Bents, abutments and
foundations) is not supported by CSI Bridge software, therefore other
softwares can be used for desin depending on CSI Bridge analysis results
✓ The results of superstrucute reactions are considered as applied loads on
substrucutre components

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CSI Bridge Lecture Note Dr. Galal M. Al-Mekhlafi

✓ The straining actions (BMD, SFD, AFD) of bent caps and columns are taken
from analysis results.
✓ Some reults are shown below

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STEP # 12 Design of bridge superstructure components

Design of bridge superstructure components in CSI Bridges is limited to check sections defined before;
therefore, the design process in CSI Bridge is an iterative process

Optimization is limited
only for steel girders

To select the
standard code

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CSI Bridge Lecture Note Dr. Galal M. Al-Mekhlafi

Before run Design,

design requests
need to be defined

Design requests such as check shear

strength , flexure strength and check
stresses.

Flexure and shear

design requests

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CSI Bridge Lecture Note Dr. Galal M. Al-Mekhlafi

Design results

Here, the
demand is less
than the This color refers
resistance, so to resistance
it is safe
Other colors refer to
design. If
demand is demand
greater, you
need to
redesign

This check design for shear

request, it is clear that the
resistance is greater than the
demand shear
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2.2 EXAMPLE # 2 Composite bridge (steel girders)

Repeat the Example #1 except the girder is Steel material instead prestressed concrete

STEP#1

Same as EXAMPLE#1

STEP#2

Same as EXAMPLE#1

STEP#3

Same as EXAMPLE#1

STEP#4

Same as EXAMPLE#1 but define steel section instead to AASHTOO section. Also define steel material
rather than tendon material

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STEP#5

Same EX.1 but steel girder instead

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In addition, you need to define steel diaphragms

Steel diaphragm section

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STEP#6

Same as EX.1

STEP#7

Same as EX.1 but No prestress load

STEP#8

Same as EX.1 but you need to assign the defined diaphragms

To locate Diaphragms locations

STEP#9

NO need this step since it is belong to prestressed girders

STEP#10

Same as EX.1

STEP#11

Same as EX.1

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STEP#12

Same procedure with EX.1 except in design request as show below

For Non composite load

For composite load

Then run design

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The capacity is less than

the demand. This means
steel section is not satisfy.
You need to optimize such
as in step 13

STEP#13 Optimization

Section optimization is limited only to steel girders

Analysis
Design

Not ok
Re analysis Ok

Optimization

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unitless

Select what you

need to optimize

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Demand/capacity >1

If you have a
problem with
negative moment
increase top flange

Modify the value depending on what

you want to optimize

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Then check the ratio D/C . if it is less than 1, click ok. Otherwise, modify section

✓ Run analysis again, after that run design

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