International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume-40 Number-5 - October 2016

Power Quality Enhancement and Mitigation of

Voltage Sag using DPFC
M. Bindu Sahithi 1, Y. Vishnu Murthulu 2
1
(EEE Department, Prasad V Potluri Siddhartha Institute of Technology, A.p, India)
2
(Assistant Professor, EEE Department, Prasad V Potluri Siddhartha Institute of Technology, A.P, India)

ABSTRACT: magnetizing currents are obtained with the starting of

large machines. Power electronic based system is
The Distributed power flow controller is mainly used used to control the ac transmission system parameters
to control the power flow and also used to mitigate and to increase power transfer capability and also to
voltage and current waveform deviations and improve the power quality. The most serious threats
improves the quality of power in the matter of few for sensitive electrical equipment in grids are voltage
seconds . The structure of DPFC is identical to the sag and swell. These voltage sag and swell are
UPFC. In DPFC the dc capacitor link between series mitigated and improves the power quality by using
and shunt converter is terminated. DPFC consists of DPFC. In this paper DPFC is represented as a new
a single shunt converter and several small FACTS device which is determined from UPFC and
independent single phase series converters are has the same controlling capability but with less cost
employed. The operating function of shunt converter and higher reliability. DPFC is used to compensate
is like a STATCOM and series converter employs a the unbalanced voltage and currents in transmission
Distributed- FACTS concept. The exchange of active system. It can also be used to compensate zero and
power between the series and shunt converter is negative sequence unbalanced currents in
through the transmission line. The DPFC has the transmission line. The structure of DPFC is derived
ability to control the transmission line parameters from the UPFC and has the same control capability.
such as line impedance Z, transmission angle Ө, and The DPFC consists of single shunt converter and
bus voltage magnitude . The problems obtained multiple small independent series converter. The
with power quality issues such as voltage sag and operating performance of shunt converter is like a
swell can be mitigated by using DPFC. The DPFC is STATCOM .The main function of shunt converter is
installed in between transmission lines and connected to inject a constant third harmonic component current
to a single machine infinite bus power system which into a transmission line. The series converter consists
is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK in order to of PWM controlling technique and it is a single phase
determine the performance of DPFC in the power converter. The main function of series converter is to
system. maintain capacitor dc voltage by the use of third
harmonic frequency components. Within the DPFC
Key words: Power quality improvement, Mitigation each converter consists of own DC capacitor in order
of voltage and Current waveform deviations, to maintain the required dc voltage. DPFC also
Distributed power flow controller. contains a high pass filter and shunt connected to the
line in order to extract the harmonics.
I INTRODUCTION

The power system mainly incorporates with

generation, transmission, distribution, and
consumption. The power system mainly deals with
the problem i.e. increase in power demand and also
with the power quality related problems such as
voltage, current & frequency distortions. Electrical
apparatus will be affected due to power quality
related problems. The power quality problems are
obtained due to appearance of short circuits in the
grid, to faster switching operations, high inrush

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume-40 Number-5 - October 2016

required amount of voltage is generated by series

converter at the third harmonic frequency, and the
active power is absorbed from harmonic components.
The active power exchange between the shunt and
series converter is shown in the fig. By assuming a
lossless converter, the active power generated at
fundamental frequency is equal to the active power
absorbed at third harmonic frequency.

Fig.1: Single line diagram of DPFC

II. DPFC OPERATING PRINCIPLE

The main advantage of DPFC is elimination of DC- Fig.2: Active power exchange between DPFC
link between shunt and series converter and using converters
third harmonic current to exchange the active power
By the selection of third harmonic component:
Active power exchanged in lines with eliminated DC
link: The current flowing in a transmission line at higher
frequencies provides high impedances which results
In DPFC the dc & ac terminal of shunt converter and
raise in voltage level of series converters. The third
series converter are connected to the transmission
harmonic current is the smallest harmonic order
line. The exchange of active power between two
frequency with less impedance so the obtained
converters can be done through transmission line, as
voltage level of converters is also less. The third
the dc link is eliminated. The power exchange in the
harmonic current component is similar to the zero-
DPFC is done based on theory which is nothing but
sequence current and the zero-sequence current in
power theory of non sinusoidal components.
three phase system can be naturally blocked in Y–Δ
According to Fourier series analysis, the sum of non-
transformers.
sinusoidal voltage or current can be represented as
sum of the sinusoidal components at different
frequencies with different amplitude. The obtained
active power from non-sinusoidal voltage and current
can be defined as the product of voltage and current
mean value. All the cross product with different
frequencies and their integrals are zero; the active
power can be represented by the equation:

Eq (1)

Where and are the ith harmonic voltage and Fig.3 : transformer
current and is the angle between the voltage and In power system the voltage levels can be changed by
current at same frequency. The above equation the use of Y–Δ transformers. Extra filter is not
expresses the active power at different frequency required in order to prevent harmonic leakage
components. The active power generated from the current. Therefore highpass filter is eliminated. The
grid at fundamental frequency is absorbed by the main advantage of using third harmonic component is
shunt converter and injects current back into the grid active power can be exchanged, grounding the Y–Δ
at a third harmonic frequency. The obtained third transformers in order to route harmonic current into a
harmonic current will flows through the transmission network. The 3rd, 6th, 9th harmonic frequencies these
line. Due to the amount of active power required are all zero sequence harmonic frequencies. These
from shunt converter at fundamental frequency, the

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume-40 Number-5 - October 2016

harmonic frequencies can also be used to exchange two frequency voltage sources. The multiple
active power. The transmission line capacity can be number of series converters is represented
determined by line impedance; the impedance of by single large converter with the voltage,
transmission line is inductive and is proportional to which is equal to the sum of the voltages for
the frequency. Therefore higher frequency of all series converter.
transmission line will cause high impedance. The .
lower frequencies are offered by the zero sequence
harmonic components, Therefore third harmonic Control strategies of DPFC:
component is selected.
There are three control strategies they are as
Advantages of DPFC: follows:
Central control
The DPFC has some advantages when compared to Series control
UPFC, the following advantages are: Shunt control

1) Low cost: In DPFC there is no phase to

phase voltage isolation required by series
converter. Each converter power rating can
be easily produced in series production line.

2) Higher control capability: The DPFC can

control impedance of line Z, transmission
angle Ө and bus voltage magnitude these
are all the parameters of power system.
DPFC consists of higher control capability.
Therefore DPFC can be used to improve
system stability and can also be used to Fig.4: DPFC control block diagram
improve the power quality related problems
such as voltage sag and swell, low frequency a) Central control: The main function of central
power oscillation damping, balancing controller it controls both series and shunt
asymmetry etc. controller and sends the reference signals to
both controllers.
3) Higher reliability: Due to the redundancy of b) Series control: In DPFC each single phase
the series converter gives an improved series converter has its own control through
reliability of the converter. Since both the the line. The inputs of series controller are
shunt and series converter are independent. capacitor voltages, line current and series
If the failure has been occurred at one voltage reference in rotating dq-frame.
converter another converter will not Series controller consists of low pass filter
influenced. and 3rd pass or high band pass filter is
required inorder to create fundamental and
III. STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF DPFC third harmonic current. Series controller also
consists of two single-phase phase lock loop
In this following section, the steady-state (PLL) which is used to maintain the
analysis and also the behavior of the DPFC frequency and phase information from
are analyzed, and the DPFC controlling network. The series controller maintains the
capability is specified in parameters of the capacitor dc voltage of its own converter by
network and the DPFC. To simplify the utilizing third harmonic frequency
performance of DPFC, the converters of components and to generate voltage at
DPFC are placed in series with controllable fundamental frequency that is obtained by
voltage sources. Each converter in DPFC the central control.
generates the voltage at two different
frequencies at the fundamental and third
harmonic frequency; here in this paper we
are assuming that the converters and the
transmission line are lossless, the total
generated active power will be zero at the

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume-40 Number-5 - October 2016

IV. POWERQUALITY
ENHANCEMENT

The system model consists of a source which is of

three phase is connected to the non linear three phase
RLC load which is connected through a parallel
transmission lines (i.e, line1 and line2) which are of
same line length. The DPFC is incorporated in
between the transmission lines, the shunt converter is
connected in parallel to the transmission line through
a Y–Δ transformer and series converter is connected
in series to the transmission line.
The system parameters are listed in TABLE.
In order to simulate the dynamic performance of
DPFC a fault is created near the load. The time
Fig.5: Block diagram of series converter control duration of fault is 0.5sec (500-1000milli seconds).

c) Shunt control: Shunt converter is operated In this system the fault occur between the time
like STATCOM. The shunt converter 500ms to 1500ms. During this fault time the voltage
consists of one three phase converter which is goes to sag position as shown in figure. The
is connected back to back to a single phase voltage magnitude is reduced by 0.65 percent of its
converter that is to a series converter. The nominal value during this fault time.
active power from the grid is absorbed by
three phase converter at fundamental Three Phase Source
Rated Voltage 230 KV
frequency and controls the dc capacitor Rated Power/Frequency 100MW/60 HZ
voltage of three phase and single phase X/R 3
converter. The main objective of shunt Short circuit capacity 11000 MW
control is to inject a third harmonic current Transmission line
which is constant is injected into the Resistance 0.012 pu/km
Inductance/Capacitance Reactance 0.12/0.12 pu/km
transmission line inorder to provide active Length of Transmission line 100 km
power for the series converter. Shunt converter 3-phase
Nominal power 60 MVAR
DC Link capacitor 600 µF
Coupling Transformer(Shunt)
Nominal power 100 MVA
Rated Voltage 230/15 KV
Series Converter
Rated Voltage 6 KV
Nominal power 6MVAR
Three phase fault
Type ABC-G
Ground resistance 0.01 ohm

Table: Simulation system parameters

V. FLC Implementation in DPFC

Fuzzy logic controllers are formed by simple rules

such as If A and B then C. These rules are defined by
persons experience and also by the Knowledge of
systems behaviour. The system performance is
Fig.6: Block diagram of shunt converter control
improved by these rules. Each rule defines one
membership function which is the function of FLC.
More control mechanism of FLC can be provided by
the number of membership functions. In this work,
the input of the fuzzy system consisting of 7
membership functions, so the fuzzy system rules is

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume-40 Number-5 - October 2016

formed in 49 rules. Based upon these rules the 3. Construct the rule base (initialization)
controller performs its functions.
4. Convert crisp input data to fuzzy values using the
The basic rule such as if-then rule are defined as “If membership functions (fuzzification)
(error is small and rate of change of error is small)
then output”. The signals error and change of error or 5. Evaluate the rules in the rule base (inference)
error rate is described as crisp variables in the FLC
such as large negative (LN), Large positive (LP), 6. Combine the results of each rule (inference)
medium negative (MN), Medium positive (MP),
Small negative (SN), Very small (VS), Small positive 7. Convert the output data to non-fuzzy values
(SP). (defuzzification).

Results

These are shown in Fig.7. The input values

of the fuzzy controller are connected to the output
vales of fuzzy controller i.e. crisp values by the if- Fig.5.1: Output Voltage during fault
then rules. The relationship between the input and the condition
output values can be obtained easily by using Center
Figure 5.1 shows the simulation result for
of gravity type of inference method. The output
output voltage during fault. In this fault period a sag
values or fuzzy values are characterized by
condition occurs in the output voltage.
memberships and named as crisp variables such as
Zero(Z), negative big (NB), negative medium (NM),
negative small (NS), positive medium (PM), positive
small (PS) and positive big (PB). The membership
functions of output variables and the FLC rules are
shown in Table I

e/∆e LP MP SP VS SN MN LN
LP PB PB PB PM PM PS Z
MP PB PB PM PM PS Z NS
SP PB PM PM PS Z NS NM
VS PM PM PS Z NS NM NM
SN PM PS Z NS NM NM NB
MN PS Z NS NM NM NB NM Fig.5.2: Output Current during Fault Condition
LN Z NS NS NM NB NB NB
During this fault time the load current raises its
magnitude around 1.2% per unit as shown in figure

Fuzzy logic algorithm:

1. Defines the terms and also linguistic variables

(initialization)

2. Construct the membership functions (initialization)

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume-40 Number-5 - October 2016

Fig.5.3: Output voltage compensated by DPFC

controller
Fig.5.6: THD of load voltage with DPFC (pi
controller)

Now the PI controller is replaced with fuzzy

controller the THD value is reduced to 3.65%

Fig.5.4: Compensated Output Current by DPFC

controller

THD value for a system is 12.36% and it is reduced

by using DPFC controller Fig.5.7: THD of load voltage with DPFC

(Fuzzy controller)

S.NO Name THD value

1 Load voltage without 12.36%

DPFC

Fig.5.5: THD of load voltage without DPFC (PI

2 Load voltage with 3.88%
controller)
DPFC(PI)

A PI controller based DPFC controller is used for that

system and now the THD value is reduced to 3.88%
3 Load voltage with 3.65%
DPFC(Fuzzy)

TABLE 1: Comparison of THD values

THD values for load voltage without DPFC, load

voltage with DPFC using PI controller and load with
DPFC using fuzzy controller are compared and listed
in above table.

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume-40 Number-5 - October 2016

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Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-
A concept to controlling the power quality 3075, Vol-1, Issue-1, June 2012
issues i.e. DPFC is implemented in this paper. The
proposed theory of this device is mathematical
formulation and analysis of voltage dips and their Mandava Bindu Sahithi received the B.Tech degree
mitigations for a three phase source with linear load. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Vijaya
In this paper we also proposed a concept of fuzzy institute of technology for women in 2014 and
logic controller for better controlling action. As pursuing M.Tech in Power system control and
compared to all other facts devices the DPFC based Automation at Prasad V Potluri Siddhartha Institute
Fuzzy has effectively control all power quality of Technology. Research includes Power Quality
problems and with this technique we get the THD as improvement using FACTS device.
3.65% and finally the simulation results are shown
above. Y.Vishnu Murthulu received the AMIE
(ELECTRICAL) and M.Tech degree in Electrical and
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