Lecture 2: Transaction Analysis & Financial Statements: ACCT10001 Accounting Reports and Analysis
Lecture 2: Transaction Analysis & Financial Statements: ACCT10001 Accounting Reports and Analysis
Lecture 2: Transaction Analysis & Financial
Statements
Reading for Week 3
• Chapter 4 – Business Transactions
– LO 1 to 5
• Also Ch 5 LO 9 covers format and presentation of a
balance sheet, and
• Ch 6 LO 8 covers format and presentation of a
statement of profit or loss
• Financial Statement Exercise
– Students should complete the JB Hi‐Fi
interrogation exercise and read through the
suggested solution
2
Learning objectives
By the end of this session you should be able to:
• Explain the relationship between the accounting
elements and the concept of duality
• Identify and classify transactions and adjustments
• Record transactions and adjustments in a worksheet
• Prepare an income statement and a balance sheet
from summarised transaction data
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Management Internal External Financial
Accounting Accounting Reports Accounting
Income Statement
Budgets
Balance Sheet
Costing & Pricing
Statement of Cash flows
Contribution Margin Statement of Changes
Performance reporting in Equity
Internal External
Stakeholders/ Decisions about what to Agency Stakeholders/
Report/disclose and in what form
Decision Makers Issues Decision Makers
Qualitative The Accounting System
Characteristics:
Relevance
Assets (A) ‐ Liabilities (L) = Equities (E)
Faithful Rep. ∆E = Revenues – Expenses ± Transfer to/from owners Analysis
Analysis Comparability
Decision & Understandability Decision &
Decisions about what (Events) Agency
Action to record and at what value (Attributes) Action
Issues
The Economic Reality
(Events & Attributes)
of the “The Entity”
(Sole Trader, Partnership, Company)
Time
past, present, future
4
The Accounting Equation
The relationship between the elements
CONTRIBUTED RETAINED
ASSETS – LIABILITIES = EQUITY
+ EARNINGS
PROFIT INCOME
– DIVIDENDS
(earnings) – EXPENSES
5
Assets
Reported in St of
Cash Cash Flows
Other assets
Reported in
Liabilities Balance Sheet
Business
Activities Equity
Income
Reported in
Income
Expenses Statement
6
Transaction Analysis
• Lecture Illustration
– Refer to the Lecture Illustration ARA Galleries Pty
Ltd
– Note that in order to simplify this illustration, GST
as it would normally apply will be ignored
– Consider the transactions and events occurring in
June 2017 and the effect, if any, they have on the
assets, the liabilities and the equity of ARA Galleries
Pty Ltd
7
Transaction and events during June 2017
Issued shares for $20,000
Received $60,000 from a bank loan
Arranged a lease for $2,000 per month
Purchased fixtures & fittings for $30,000 cash
Bought inventory for $25,000 (cash $10,000)
8
Assets, Liabilities & Equity as at 30 June 2017
Assets $ Liabilities $
Equity
9
Cash T/Rec InventoryOther CA PPE T/Pay Other CL Loan Cont Eq Retained profits
Opening balance
Revenue Expenses Div
Closing balance
Gross profit
• Service firms generate revenue by providing a skill or
expertise e.g. fees revenue
• Trading firms generate revenue by buying and selling
goods e.g. sales
– Manufacturing firms produce and sell goods
• Net profit measures the difference between all revenue
and all expenses
• Gross profit measures the difference between the revenue
generated from selling goods i.e. Sales and the cost of that
inventory sold i.e. Cost of sales
– Note: the cost of the inventory sold, not purchased
11
Gross profit
Example
• Purchased 10 items @ $5
• Sold 6 of these items @ $15
Sales revenue
Cost of sales (expense)
Gross profit
Inventory on hand (asset)
12
Preparing Financial Statements
• Accounting Standards prescribe the basis for presentation
of general purpose financial statements
– ensures comparability with previous years and other entities
• … an entity shall clearly identify each financial statement
[… and … ] the following information prominently:
– The name of the reporting entity
– The date of the end of the reporting period or the period covered
• The income statement must, at a minimum, disclose:
– Profit or loss for the period
– Revenue
– Finance costs
– Tax expense
– Additional line items, headings and sub‐totals relevant to
understanding the entity’s financial performance 13
ARA Galleries Pty Ltd
Statement of profit or loss for the year ended 30 June 2018
$
Gross profit
14
Preparing Financial Statements
• The balance sheet must, at a minimum disclose:
– Property, plant and equipment
– Inventories
– Trade and other receivables
– Cash and cash equivalents
– Trade and other payables
– Issued capital and reserves
– Additional line items, headings and sub‐totals relevant to
understanding the entity’s financial position
– Current and non‐current assets and current and non‐current
liabilities as separate classifications
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Current & Non‐current Assets
• Assets
– A key characteristic of an asset is that it has FEB
– Current assets are those:
• whose FEB is expected to be realised, or is intended
to be sold or consumed, in the entity’s normal
operating cycle (typically assumed to be within 12
months after the reporting period), or
• are cash or cash equivalents
– All other assets are non‐current
16
ARA Galleries Pty Ltd
Balance Sheet as at 30 June 2018
$
Current assets
17
Current & Non‐current Liabilities
• Liabilities
– A key characteristic of a liability is that it requires
settlement by way of an outflow of FEB
– Current liabilities are those that are expected or
due to be settled in the entity’s normal operating
cycle (typically assumed to be within 12 months
after the reporting period)
– All other liabilities are non‐current
18
ARA Galleries Pty Ltd
Balance Sheet (continued) as at 30 June 2018
$
TOTAL ASSETS 101 000
Current liabilities
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ARA Galleries Pty Ltd
Balance Sheet (continued) as at 30 June 2018
TOTAL EQUITY
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What’s next?
• Tutorials will continue with ARA Galleries recording
transactions and preparing financial statement for
2019 financial year (FY19)
• Assignment One will require you to record
transactions for a single reporting period and
prepare an income statement and balance sheet
from summarised data (released via the LMS)
• Next topic ‐ Assets
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