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Lecture 2: Transaction Analysis & Financial Statements: ACCT10001 Accounting Reports and Analysis

By the end of the lecture, students should be able to: 1) Explain the relationship between accounting elements and the concept of duality. 2) Identify, classify, record transactions and adjustments in a worksheet. 3) Prepare an income statement and balance sheet from summarized transaction data. The document discusses transaction analysis, gross profit, and how to prepare basic financial statements including the income statement, balance sheet, and accounting equation. It uses an example company, ARA Galleries, to demonstrate recording transactions and preparing financial statements.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
76 views

Lecture 2: Transaction Analysis & Financial Statements: ACCT10001 Accounting Reports and Analysis

By the end of the lecture, students should be able to: 1) Explain the relationship between accounting elements and the concept of duality. 2) Identify, classify, record transactions and adjustments in a worksheet. 3) Prepare an income statement and balance sheet from summarized transaction data. The document discusses transaction analysis, gross profit, and how to prepare basic financial statements including the income statement, balance sheet, and accounting equation. It uses an example company, ARA Galleries, to demonstrate recording transactions and preparing financial statements.

Uploaded by

BáchHợp
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ACCT10001

Accounting Reports and Analysis

Lecture 2: Transaction Analysis & Financial 
Statements
Reading for Week 3
• Chapter 4 – Business Transactions
– LO 1 to 5
• Also Ch 5 LO 9 covers format and presentation of a 
balance sheet, and
• Ch 6 LO 8 covers format and presentation of a 
statement of profit or loss
• Financial Statement Exercise
– Students should complete the JB Hi‐Fi 
interrogation exercise and read through the 
suggested solution

2
Learning objectives
By the end of this session you should be able to:
• Explain the relationship between the accounting 
elements and the concept of duality
• Identify and classify transactions and adjustments
• Record transactions and adjustments in a worksheet
• Prepare an income statement and a balance sheet 
from summarised transaction data

3
Management Internal External Financial
Accounting Accounting Reports Accounting
Income Statement
Budgets
Balance Sheet
Costing & Pricing
Statement of Cash flows
Contribution Margin  Statement of Changes
Performance reporting in Equity
Internal External
Stakeholders/ Decisions about what to  Agency Stakeholders/
Report/disclose and in what form
Decision Makers Issues Decision Makers
Qualitative The Accounting System
Characteristics:
Relevance
Assets (A) ‐ Liabilities (L) = Equities (E)
Faithful Rep. ∆E = Revenues – Expenses ± Transfer to/from owners Analysis
Analysis Comparability
Decision & Understandability Decision &
Decisions about what (Events) Agency
Action to record and at what value (Attributes) Action
Issues

The Economic Reality
(Events & Attributes)
of the “The Entity”
(Sole Trader, Partnership, Company) 

Time
past, present, future

4
The Accounting Equation
The relationship between the elements

ASSETS – LIABILITIES = EQUITY

CONTRIBUTED RETAINED
ASSETS – LIABILITIES = EQUITY
+ EARNINGS

PROFIT INCOME
– DIVIDENDS
(earnings) – EXPENSES

5
Assets
Reported in St of
Cash Cash Flows
Other assets

Reported in
Liabilities Balance Sheet
Business
Activities Equity

Income
Reported in
Income
Expenses Statement

6
Transaction Analysis
• Lecture Illustration
– Refer to the Lecture Illustration ARA Galleries Pty 
Ltd
– Note that in order to simplify this illustration, GST 
as it would normally apply will be ignored
– Consider the transactions and events occurring in 
June 2017 and the effect, if any, they have on the 
assets, the liabilities and the equity of ARA Galleries 
Pty Ltd

7
Transaction and events during June 2017
 Issued shares for $20,000

 Received $60,000 from a bank loan

 Arranged a lease for $2,000 per month

 Purchased fixtures & fittings for $30,000 cash

 Bought inventory for $25,000 (cash $10,000)

8
Assets, Liabilities & Equity as at 30 June 2017

Assets $ Liabilities $

Equity

9
Cash T/Rec InventoryOther CA PPE T/Pay Other CL Loan Cont Eq Retained profits
Opening balance
Revenue Expenses Div

Closing balance
Gross profit
• Service firms generate revenue by providing a skill or 
expertise e.g. fees revenue
• Trading firms generate revenue by buying and selling 
goods e.g. sales
– Manufacturing firms produce and sell goods
• Net profit measures the difference between all revenue 
and all expenses
• Gross profit measures the difference between the revenue 
generated from selling goods i.e. Sales and the cost of that 
inventory sold i.e. Cost of sales
– Note: the cost of the inventory sold, not purchased

11
Gross profit
Example
• Purchased 10 items @ $5
• Sold 6 of these items @ $15

Sales revenue
Cost of sales (expense)
Gross profit

Inventory on hand (asset)

12
Preparing Financial Statements
• Accounting Standards prescribe the basis for presentation 
of general purpose financial statements
– ensures comparability with previous years and other entities
• … an entity shall clearly identify each financial statement 
[… and … ] the following information prominently:
– The name of the reporting entity
– The date of the end of the reporting period or the period covered
• The income statement must, at a minimum, disclose:
– Profit or loss for the period
– Revenue
– Finance costs
– Tax expense
– Additional line items, headings and sub‐totals relevant to 
understanding the entity’s financial performance 13
ARA Galleries Pty Ltd
Statement of profit or loss for the year ended 30 June 2018
$

Gross profit

Profit (loss) before tax

NET PROFIT / (LOSS)

14
Preparing Financial Statements
• The balance sheet must, at a minimum disclose:
– Property, plant and equipment
– Inventories
– Trade and other receivables
– Cash and cash equivalents
– Trade and other payables
– Issued capital and reserves
– Additional line items, headings and sub‐totals relevant to 
understanding the entity’s financial position
– Current and non‐current assets and current and non‐current 
liabilities as separate classifications

15
Current & Non‐current Assets
• Assets
– A key characteristic of an asset is that it has FEB
– Current assets are those:
• whose FEB is expected to be realised, or is intended 
to be sold or consumed, in the entity’s normal 
operating cycle (typically assumed to be within 12 
months after the reporting period), or
• are cash or cash equivalents
– All other assets are non‐current

16
ARA Galleries Pty Ltd
Balance Sheet as at 30 June 2018
$
Current assets

Total current assets


Non-current assets

Total non-current assets


TOTAL ASSETS

17
Current & Non‐current Liabilities
• Liabilities
– A key characteristic of a liability is that it requires 
settlement by way of an outflow of FEB
– Current liabilities are those that are expected or 
due to be settled in the entity’s normal operating 
cycle (typically assumed to be within 12 months 
after the reporting period)
– All other liabilities are non‐current

18
ARA Galleries Pty Ltd
Balance Sheet (continued) as at 30 June 2018
$
TOTAL ASSETS 101 000
Current liabilities

Total current liabilities


Non-current liabilities

Total non-current liabilities


TOTAL LIABILITIES
NET ASSETS

19
ARA Galleries Pty Ltd
Balance Sheet (continued) as at 30 June 2018

NET ASSETS 24 000


Equity

TOTAL EQUITY

20
What’s next?
• Tutorials will continue with ARA Galleries recording 
transactions and preparing financial statement for 
2019 financial year (FY19)
• Assignment One will require you to record 
transactions for a single reporting period and 
prepare an income statement and balance sheet 
from summarised data (released via the LMS)
• Next topic ‐ Assets

21

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