Microwave Components and Circuits: Course Code: ECPC 25

Microwave Components and
Circuits
Course code: ECPC 25
Course Objective & Outcomes
 Course Learning Objectives
 This subject introduces the concept of Microwave
Circuit Theory and the design aspects of Microwave
Integrated Circuits/ components.
 Course Outcomes
 Realize the importance of the theory of Microwave
circuit theory
 Learn the basics of S parameters and use them in
describing the microwave components
 Design of various MIC filters
 Design of various MIC components
 Expose to the few microwave measurement
techniques and devices
References
D.M.Pozar, “Microwave Engineering (2/e)”,
Wiley, 2004
A. Das, “Microwave Engineering”, Tata
McGraw Hill, 2000
Class notes and www…….
Assessment Methods
Cycle Test I - 15%
Cycle Test II - 15%
Assignment - 10%
MCQ - 10%
End sem - 50%
Electromagnetic Spectrum
RF / Microwave
The frequency range from 300 MHz to 1
GHz is referred as the RF range
The electromagnetic waves at frequencies
ranging from 1 GHz to 300 GHz are
generally known as Microwaves
Signals at these frequencies have
wavelengths range from 30 cm to 1 mm
EM waves with frequencies from 30 GHz to
300 GHz are known as Millimeter waves
Properties of RF & Microwaves
Wider bandwidths due to higher frequency
Smaller components size
Lower interference
More available and less crowded spectrum
Higher speed of operation
Higher antenna gain

RF / Microwave Applications
Communication
TV and Radio
broadcasting
Satellite communication
Space communication
Mobile and telephone
communication
WLAN/WiFI
Radar
Air defense( detection of aircraft, Missiles)
Aircraft/ship guidance
Microwave imaging
Police patrol
Navigation
Guidance of aircraft/ship
ILS, MLS
GPS
Remote sensing
Weather forecasting
Exploring natural resources
Agriculture
Domestic and Industrial applications
Microwave ovens
Cloth dryers
Pest control
Automatic door openers
Medical applications
Sterilization
Selective heating
Hemorrhage control
Surveillance
Security and intruder systems
Astronomy and space explorations
Role of frequency
At low frequency Circuit theory is useful for
analyzing the circuits
Spatial voltage variations are insignificant
At high frequency Field theory is useful for
analysis
Transit time effect come into effect
Spatial voltage variations are significant
Rule of thumb- la >=λ/10
Microwave Vs Low frequency
signal
Presence of stray capacitance
Presence of stray inductance
Skin effect
Signal amplitude falls 36.8% of its surface
amplitude 1
 
 f 
Find the skin depth of the copper wire for

60 Hz and 1MHz.
Fundamental concepts in wave
propagation
Wave – A disturbance that propagates from
one point in a medium to other point
Wavelength – Physical distance between the
two points having the same phase in two
consecutive cycles
Wavelength and frequency are inversely
proportional
λ
Fundamental concepts Contd…
TEM Wave -Electric and magnetic fields are
orthogonal to each other and to the direction
of propagation
Mathematical representation of Propagating
waves
a ( x , t )  A0 cos  t   x 
 j x
A ( x )  A0e
Types of Transmission media
Strip line and CPW
Wave guide
Equivalent circuit of TL
Voltage and Current equation for
a small section of a line
Lossless transmission line
R=G=0
Terminated lossless line
V(z), I (Z)
Zo, β Zl
z
l 0
Terminated lossless line Contd..
  j z  j z
V ( z)  V0 e  V0 e (1)
j z j z
I ( z )  I 0 e   I 0 e
V 0  j z V 0 j z (2)
I (z)  e  e
Z0 Z0
Reflection co-efficient: The ratio of the
reflected wave to the incident wave
V  ( z ) V0 e j  z V0 2 j  z
( z )      j z   e (3)
V ( z ) V0 e V0
( z )   L e2 j z (4)
 Where  L is the reflection co-efficient at the

load. So that we can write the total voltage and
current on the transmission line as follows
  j z  j z
V (z)  V e 0 V e
0
  j z j z (5)
 V (e 0   Le )
V 0  j  z
I (z)  (e   L e j z ) (6)
Z0
Dividing (5) & (6) we get
V ( z) e j z   L e j z
Z in ( z )   Z 0  j z
I ( z) e   L e j z
At the load end i/p impedance
1 L
Z in (0)  Z L  Z 0
1 L
ZL  Z0
L 
ZL  Z0
Standing wave ratio
The maximum voltage along the transmission
line is given by
V max  V ( z ) max  V0  V0  V0 (1   L )
I max  I ( z ) max  I 0  I 0  I 0 (1   L )
V min  V 0 (1   L )
I min  I 0 (1   L )
V m ax I m ax 1 
SW R   
V m in I m in 1 
VSW R  1
L 
VSW R  1
Input impedance of TL
Any arbitrary point z = -l on the line, reflection
co-efficient(Use 5 and 6)
  j l
V e
0 2 j  l
(l )    j l
 (0)e
V e
0
 j l  j l
V (l ) V (e  Le )
0
Zin   Z0 j l  j l

I (l ) V (e  Le )
0
Input impedance of TL
Substitute the value of reflection coefficient
j l  j l
(ZL  Z0 )e  (ZL  Z0 )e
Zin  Z0
(ZL  Z0 )e jl  (ZL  Z0 )e jl
Z L cos  l  jZ 0 sin  l
 Z0
Z 0 cos  l  jZ L sin  l
Z L  jZ 0 ta n  l
Z in  Z0
Z 0  jZ L ta n  l
Special cases of lossless line
Short circuited transmission line
Open circuited transmission line
Exercise
What is the impedance of half wave length
line?
Zin = Z0
Does not alter the load impedance
regardless of the characteristic impedance
Quarter wave line
What is the impedance of quarter wave
length line?
Zin =Z02/ZL

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Microwave Components and

Smaller components size

More available and less crowded spectrum

Higher speed of operation

Higher antenna gain

Find the skin depth of the copper wire for

Strip line and CPW

 Where  L is the reflection co-efficient at the

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