Ractical Research 1

RACTICAL RESEARCH 1: QUALITATIVE
2 Review Time: Management of Learning

Talkie Time: Research worth Sharing
3 Lesson 3, Objectives : The learner

1. differentiates the general classifications of research based on purpose
2. describes characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of qualitative research
3. illustrates the importance of qualitative research across fields
4 ACCORDING TO OBJECTIVES:
1. PURE VS. APPLIED RESEARCH

TYPES OF RESEARCHES ACCORDING TO OBJECTIVES:
1. PURE VS. APPLIED RESEARCH

2. EXPLORATORY VS. EXPLANATORY
3. QUANTITATIVE VS. QUALITATIVE
5 QUIZ:
1. Identify the types of research as to PURPOSE (pure or applied, quantitative or qualitative, exploratory or explanatory)
Effectiveness of Weight Loss Program among Obese School Heads
2. Applicability of the federal Form of Government in the Philippines
3. Multimedia utilization in teaching Science
4. I.Q in relation to National Achievement Test Result
5. Women's’ Aggression Behind bars 6. Manobo’s cultural practices in child rearing
7. Factors affecting Drop out rates
8. Inhibitory effects of bamboo roots to species of dysenteric bacilli
9. Confluence of Rizal’s work to Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables
10. Remedial Class Program among Slow learners.
6 Qualitative research... Commonly called “interpretive research”

…its methods rely heavily on “thick” verbal descriptions of a particular context being studied
7 Generally speaking, qualitative researchers….

…spend a great deal of time in the settings being studied (fieldwork) …rely on themselves as the main
instrument of data collection (subjectivity; intersubjectivity) …analyze data using interpretative lenses
8 The general characteristics of qualitative research...

 Data sources are real-world situations  Data are descriptive  Emphasizes a holistic approach (processes and
outcomes)  Data analysis is inductive  Describes the meaning(s) of research finding(s) from the perspective
of the research participants
9 Uses inductive reasoning…

…involves developing generalizations from a limited number of specific observations or experiences …highly
dependent on the number and representativeness of the specific observations used to make the generalization
10 What are the Strengths/ advantages of qualitative?

One advantage of qualitative methods in exploratory research is that use of open-ended questions and probing
gives participants the opportunity to respond in their own words, rather than forcing them to choose from fixed
responses, as quantitative methods do. Open-ended questions have the ability to evoke responses that are: •
meaningful and culturally salient to the participant • unanticipated by the researcher • rich and explanatory in
nature
11 2. Another strength/ advantage of qualitative methods is that they allow the researcher the flexibility to probe
initial participant responses – that is, to ask why or how.
12 3. Exploratory Advantage
3. Exploratory Advantage. The researcher can get an in-depth responses to make the study substantial
13 Weakness/Issues in qualitative research...
a. gaining entry b. contacting potential research participants c. selecting participants d. enhancing validity and
reducing bias e. leaving the field
14 a. gaining entry...  access is very much dependent upon the researcher’s personal characteristics and how
others perceive the researcher  may require considerable negotiation and compromise with a gatekeeper  trust
is earned, not given
15 b. contacting participants...
 gaining access  dealing with gatekeeper(s)  issues of building trust and ensuring confidentiality and
anonymity
16 c. selecting participants...
 is fraught with difficulties in identifying and selecting an appropriate number of participants who can provide
useful information about the particular topic and setting being studied
17 d. The threats to validity in qualitative studies...

observer bias… …invalid information resulting from the perspective the researcher brings to the study and
imposes upon it
18 e. leaving the field…  The question is when and how to exit …the bonds formed with study participants
complicate leaving the setting …time constraints …when the amount of accessible data is sufficient
19 Types of Qualitative Researches: Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry

1. Biography--Life history, oral history
2. Phenomenology--The lived experience
3. Grounded theory
4. Ethnography
5. Case Study
20 1. Biographical Study The study of an individual and her or his experiences as told to the researcher or found
in documents and archival material. Life history--The study of an individual’s life and how it reflects cultural
themes of the society.
21 Biographical Study cont.

Oral history--The researcher gathers personal recollections of events, their causes, and their effects from and
individual or several individuals. The researcher needs to collect extensive information about the subject of the
biography Spring 2006 Qualitative Research--Simpson
22 Titles 1. Student Life of Jose Rizal: A Documentary 2

Titles 1. Student Life of Jose Rizal: A Documentary 2. The comparative analysis of 19th Century scientists:
Common and Contrast 3. Who is Lapu-Lapu?: A closer look to a brave hero
23 2. Phenomenology Describes the meaning of the lived experience about a concept or a phenomenon for
several individuals. It has roots in the philosophical perspectives of Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty,
etc. --Max Van Manen, Munhall (Nursing) Spring 2006 Qualitative Research--Simpson
24 Phenomenology Moustakas, 1994, p. 13: “to determine what an experience means for the persons who have
had the experience and are able to provide a comprehensive description of it. From the individual descriptions,
general or universal meanings are derived, in other words, the essences of structures of the experience.”
25 Sample titles:
1. Phenomenological Research and Adolescent Female Sexuality: Discoveries and Applications

2. AN INDEPTH EXPLORATION INTO THE SEXUAL EXPERIENCES OF PEOPLE WITH A MILD OR MODERATE INTELLECTUAL
DISABILTY.
3. NEAR DEATH EXPERIENCES AMONG CRTITICAL PATIENTS : A PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
26 3. Grounded Theory Based on Symbolic Interactionism which posits that humans act and interact on the
basis of symbols, which have meaning and value for the actors.
27 Grounded Theory cont. The intent of grounded theory is to generate or discover a theory that relates to a
particular situation. If little is known about a topic, grounded theory is especially useful
28 Grounded Theory cont. The intent of grounded theory is to generate or discover a theory that relates to a
particular situation. If little is known about a topic, grounded theory is especially useful
29 Grounded Theory cont. Data analysis generates a visual picture, a narrative statement or a series of
hypotheses with a central phenomenon, causal conditions, context and consequences. The researcher needs to
set aside theoretical ideas or notions so that analytical or substantive theories can emerge from the data.
Systematic approach
30 SAMPLE TITLES:
 Using Grounded Theory in Feminist research – A research about women’s exclusion from
administration positions in primary education
 The Delivery of Quality Nursing Care: A Grounded Theory Study of the Nurses' Perspective Grounded
Learning: An Application of Grounded Theory In Educational Practice
31 4. Ethnography A description and interpretation of a cultural or social group or system. The researcher
examines the group’s observable and learned patterns of behavior, customs, and ways of life. Involves
prolonged observation of the group, typically through participant observation.
32 Ethnography Field Work Key Informants Thick description

Emic (insider group perspective) and Etic (researcher’s interpretation of social life). Context important, need
holistic view. Need grounding in anthropology.
33 Ethnography cont. Need extensive time to collect data

Many ethnographies may be written in a narrative or story telling approach which may be difficult for the
audience accustomed to usual social science writing.
34 Sample titles
1.Goffman in 'the home': exploring the viability of a Goffmanian style analysis of the nanny and parent relationship
2. Ethnographic analysis on Internet-mediated communication practices in Cambodia
3. 'Mothering Through Recruitment: Kinscription of Nonresidential Fathers and Father Figures in Low-Income Families',
Family Relations
4. Child rearing practices of Manobo Tribe: A close encounter
35 5. Case Study A case study is an exploration of a “bounded system” or a case (or multiple cases) over time
through detailed, in-depth data collection involving multiple sources of information rich in context. The context
of the case involves situating the case within its setting. which may be physical, social, historical and/or
economic. Spring 2006 Qualitative Research--Simpson
36 Case Study cont. Data collection strategies include direct observation, interviews, documents, archival
records, participant observation, physical artifacts and audiovisual materials. Analysis of themes, or issues and
an interpretation of the case by the researcher. Spring 2006 Qualitative Research--Simpson
37 Sample titles:
 Cultural influences on the social network marketing effectiveness : A case Study in
 Thailand Gender Differences Within Academia : A case study on the probability of promotion Case
Study on male prostitution in Cebu City
38 Summarize the Characteristics of the types of Qualitative Research
39 Qualitative Research Designs/Types

Case Study: In a case study, a single person, program, event, process, institution, organization, social group or
phenomenon is investigated within a specified time frame, using a combination of appropriate data collection
devices (Creswell, 1994). 2. Ethnography: Rooted in anthropology, ethnography involves the study of an intact
group, logically defined, in its natural context for a sustained time interval. The researcher is typically an
observer or a participant observer (Creswell, 1994). 3. Phenomenology: In essence, this approach investigates
an individual’s or group’s perception of reality as he or she constructs it. These realities may be expressed as an
event, program, relationship, emotion, etc. Phenomenology is rooted in philosophy.
40 4. Grounded Theory: Grounded theory is a general research methodology used in building naturalistic theory
and is rooted in sociology (Strauss and Corbin, 1994). 5. Biography: The research relies on records, diaries, oral
histories, photographs, and other artifacts to describe, analyze, and explain past events, philosophies, etc.
41 Method Focus Sample Size Data Collection Ethnography Context or culture -- Observation &
interviews Biography Documentary 1 to 2 Stories from individuals & documents Phenomenological People
who have experienced a phenomenon 5 to 25 Interviews Grounded Theory Develop a theory from grounded in
field data 20 to 60 Interviews, then open and axial coding Case Study Organization, entity, individual, or event
Interviews, documents, reports, observations
42 Video Time
43 Identify as to what type of Qualitative Research are the following: 1

Identify as to what type of Qualitative Research are the following: 1. Battered husbands: a new form of slavery?
2. Perception of buyers on the china made products 3. Through science humans have changed the earth: Better
or Worse? 4. Social Media is anti social 5. Social Relativism is the key to understanding cultures 6. Philippine
Dictators: A prologue 7. Flight and Fright behavior patterns of Birds 8. Autism spectrum disorder: what makes
them unique? 9. Proving multiple intelligences theory on selected STEC students 10. Marital failures for
underage couples.
44 Identify as to what type of Qualitative Research are the following: 1

Identify as to what type of Qualitative Research are the following:
1. Mangyan Courtship Dance: A Lost Tradition

2. STEC Students’ Struggles in Senior High School 3. General Luna: A worthy Leader 4. Breast feeding practices in
barangay Suba 5. Delivery of Effective Customer Care in malls of Lapu-Lapu City 6. Peer Pressure in School: Make or
Break? 7. Multiple Intelligences among kids: An Exploratory case 8. Sibling Rivalry for Maternal and Paternal Attention 9.
(Re)structuring the history of Code of Kalantiao 10. Factors of Unemployment in Lapu-Lapu City
45 12. Cancer Patients’ Struggles: Survival for Life

Identify as to what type of Qualitative Research are the following: 11. The Poems of Jose Rizal: Structure &
Function 12. Cancer Patients’ Struggles: Survival for Life 13. The Pareto Principle in Business Practice 14.
Dewey’s Self-Reflective Model 15. Child rearing practices of Bajao 16. Metacognitive skills of student-
achievers 17. Satisfaction of teachers in DepEd 18. ID, Ego, Superego – Understanding Personality 19. The
writings of Nick Joaquin 20. Offshoot of Mining Industry: Students of Compostela Valley, where are you?

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RACTICAL RESEARCH 1: QUALITATIVE

2 Review Time: Management of Learning

3 Lesson 3, Objectives : The learner

1. PURE VS. APPLIED RESEARCH

1. PURE VS. APPLIED RESEARCH

6 Qualitative research... Commonly called “interpretive research”

7 Generally speaking, qualitative researchers….

8 The general characteristics of qualitative research...

9 Uses inductive reasoning…

10 What are the Strengths/ advantages of qualitative?

17 d. The threats to validity in qualitative studies...

19 Types of Qualitative Researches: Qualitative Traditions of Inquiry

21 Biographical Study cont.

22 Titles 1. Student Life of Jose Rizal: A Documentary 2

1. Phenomenological Research and Adolescent Female Sexuality: Discoveries and Applications

32 Ethnography Field Work Key Informants Thick description

33 Ethnography cont. Need extensive time to collect data

 Cultural influences on the social network marketing effectiveness : A case Study in

38 Summarize the Characteristics of the types of Qualitative Research

39 Qualitative Research Designs/Types

43 Identify as to what type of Qualitative Research are the following: 1

44 Identify as to what type of Qualitative Research are the following: 1

1. Mangyan Courtship Dance: A Lost Tradition

45 12. Cancer Patients’ Struggles: Survival for Life

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