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Signal Flow Graph

This document introduces signal flow graphs, which represent linear time-invariant systems through equations showing signal flow. Key elements are nodes, branches, and how a node's value is the algebraic sum of incoming signals. Terminology includes source/sink/chain nodes, forward/feedback paths and loops, path/loop gains, and deriving signal flow graphs from block diagrams. Mason's gain formula is presented for block diagram reduction to obtain a system's transfer function. Examples show this process.

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Somesh Murugan
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74 views21 pages

Signal Flow Graph

This document introduces signal flow graphs, which represent linear time-invariant systems through equations showing signal flow. Key elements are nodes, branches, and how a node's value is the algebraic sum of incoming signals. Terminology includes source/sink/chain nodes, forward/feedback paths and loops, path/loop gains, and deriving signal flow graphs from block diagrams. Mason's gain formula is presented for block diagram reduction to obtain a system's transfer function. Examples show this process.

Uploaded by

Somesh Murugan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Duration: edit
min Master title
Control style
Systems EEE3001 Dr. P. Balamurugan

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Introduction:

• Signal Flow Graph – Representation of a system obtained from the equations,


which shows the flow of the signal
• Basic Elements
• Node – represents variables of system & denoted by small circles
• Branch – Lines joining the nodes & gives the relation between the nodes
(variables)

2
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Properties Master
of Signal titleGraph
Flow style

• Applicable only to linear time invariant system


• Signal flow along the arrow heads associated with the branches
• Signal gets multiplied by the branch gain or transmittance
4
a1 a2= 4a1

• Value of variable represented by any node is algebraic sum of all the signal
entering the node

x2 = 4.x1 – 2.x3 +3.x4


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Properties Master
of Signal titleGraph
Flow style

• Value of variable represented by any node is available to all branches the


node

X2 = 5X1 – 2X3
X4 = 1. X2
X5 = 2. X2
X6 = 3. X2

4
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Terminology Signal title
Flow style
Graph

• Source Node - Node having only outgoing branches


• Sink Node - Node having only incoming branches
• Chain Node - Node having incoming & outgoing branches
• Forward Path – Path from I/P to O/P node
• Path Gain – Product of branch gains in a forward path

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Terminology Signal title
Flow style
Graph

• Feedback Loop – Originates & Terminates at same node


• X2 – X3 – X4 – X2
• Self Loop – Loop consisting of only one node (t33)

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Terminology Signal title
Flow style
Graph

• Dummy Node

7
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Terminology Signal title
Flow style
Graph

• Non Touching Loop

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Terminology Signal title
Flow style
Graph

• Loop Gain

L1 = 4 x -2 = -8
L2 = - 5

L1 = - G2H1

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Click toSignal
Deriving edit Master title style
Flow Graph from Block Diagram

• From Block Diagram


• Name all the summing & take-off points
• Represent each summing & take-off point by separate node
• Connect them by branches instead of blocks (T.F as Branch gain)
• Input & Output nodes are shown

10
ClickMason’s
to edit Master title style
Gain Formula

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ClickDiagram
Block to edit Master title
to Signal style
Flow Graph

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Procedure forMaster title styleReduction
Block Diagram

Step 1 : Identify the forward paths and its gains.

Step 2 : Identify the feedback paths and its gains.

Step 3 : Identify the non-touching loops.

Step 4 : Reduce the minor feedback loops.

Step 5 : Repeat steps 1 to 4 till simple form is obtained

Step 6 : Obtain the Transfer Function of Overall System using


Mason’s gain formula

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Examples to Solve

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Example - 1title style

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Problems…
Master title style

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Example - 2title style

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Problems…
Master title style

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Example - 3title style

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• Norman S. Nise, “Control System Engg”, John Wiley & Sons,

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