1) Natural Object / Organism / System: 1.1) Generic Info

1) Natural Object / Organism / System
1.1) Generic Info
Today we are going to establish the study of structural systems in nature. When we first think of a structural
system, the very first thing that comes to our mind is structured engineering or a man-made structural processing
unit, such a bulk active system which diverts our mind to the building skeleton such as column and beam
arrangement. But we must understand, before we talk about all these solid and concrete stuff the nature has
given much more to us, to study a structure system. It comprises of thousands of examples of organisms,
species, techniques that provide knowledge to us of structural systems in nature.
So, following up this, we would like to explore the structural system of a Radiolaria, which in technical terms
refers to a single-celled aquatic animal that has a spherical amoeba-like body with a spiny skeleton of silica.
1.2) Validating System
Structural system refers to something that holds up a certain volume or something that in together as a
combination resists or hold up something. It comprises of a shape, material, technique that forms something
repetitive out of itself and together as a whole supports the functioning of the organism. It eventually helps to
maintain the organism its shape, movement and functioning. In the similar manner Radiolaria, have mineral
skeletons (tests) that are composed of silica. Their siliceous skeletons consist of connected arrays of tubular
struts forming a great variety of shells, often with a hexagonal structuring on their surfaces. The outmost
skeleton, also known as the cortical shell, is formed from the fusion of the spines. This shell is then connected to
the inner shells by elongated spines/beams that provide structural support to the entire structure. Radiolaria is
composed of numerous ingredients such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and Golgi bodies, which eventually form
a structural system working mutually to make the functioning of the organism possible.
2) Decoding the System

2.1) Decode Form and Morphogenesis principles
 Radiolaria are unicellular organisms. They have mineral skeletons (tests) that are composed of silica.
 This skeleton is covered with cytoplasm, which is withdrawn if the organism is disturbed. These
skeletons do not meet at the centre of the organism.
 Radiolaria also contain a central capsule which defines intracapsular and extracapsular regions. This
capsule contains the nucleus, mitochondria, and Golgi bodies.
 Their siliceous skeletons consist of connected arrays of tubular struts forming a great variety of shells,
often with a hexagonal structuring on their surfaces.
 Radiolaria can range from 30 microns to 2 mm in diameter and are often spherical.
 The formation of their hexagonally structured skeletons is due to the deposition of inorganic material at
the intersections of close packed vesicles.
 The skeleton of the Radiolaria is developed in such exceedingly manifold and various shapes, and
exhibits at the same time such wonderful regularity and delicacy in its adjustments
 Spines of all radiolarians are usually straight and singular; double and curved spines and other intricate
shapes are rarer.
 Some radiolarians have spines covered by skeletal tissue of the external shell. The length of the main
spines varies from 15 to 470 µm
 Radiolarians have many needle-like pseudopods supported by bundles of microtubules, which aid in
the radiolarian's buoyancy.
 The radiolarian can often contain symbiotic algae, especially zooxanthellae, which provide most of the
cell's energy. Some of this organization is found among the heliozoa, but those lack central capsules
and only produce simple scales and spines.
 The outmost skeleton, also known as the cortical shell, is formed from the fusion of the spines. This
shell is then connected to the inner shells by elongated spines/beams that provide structural support to
the entire structure
 The shell is also characterized by perforated holes (pores) through which pseudopods extend during
feeding.
 The inner cytoplasm is highly organized compared to that of other related organisms and is separated
from the outer part of the cell by an organic wall.
 The outer cell layer, which is very complex, consists of various cell organelles, inclusions (bubble-like
inclusions), as well as a network of radiating pseudopods.
 Some Radiolarians species are large in size and can grow to between 1 and 2mm in diameter
2.1.1) Tectonic attributes
Spines of Radiolaria differ in durability-:
a) Solid spines and spines with a narrow internal canal have an increased durability, resistance to external
factors;
b) Hollow spines with thin walls are fragile, with relatively low durability; these spines are frequently broken

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1) Natural Object / Organism / System

1.1) Generic Info

1.2) Validating System

2) Decoding the System

2.1.1) Tectonic attributes

Spines of Radiolaria differ in durability-:

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