Topics in the Chapter

 Introduction
 Mixture and its types
 Solution and its properties
 Concentration of a solution
 Suspension and its properties
 Colloidal solution and its properties
 Separation of the components of mixtures
 Obtaining coloured components from blue/black ink
 Separation of cream from milk
 Separating two immiscible liquids
 Separating a mixture of salt and ammonium chloride
 Separating dyes in black ink
 Separating mixture of two miscible liquid
 Obtaining different gases from air
 Obtaining pure copper sulphate from an impure sample
 Physical and Chemical changes
 Types of pure substances
 Difference between mixtures and compounds

Introduction

Anything which occupies space and has mass is called matter. Matter can be divided in two
categories.

(i) Pure Substance: It consists of single types of particles which are same in their chemical
nature.

(ii) Mixtures: Mixture consists of two or more particles.

Mixture and its types

Mixture consists of more than one kind of pure substances which can be separated by
physical method.

Mixtures are of two types

(i) Homogeneous mixture

(ii) Heterogeneous mixture

(i) Homogeneous mixture: A mixture is said to be homogeneous if all the components of the
mixture are uniformly mixed and there are no boundaries of separation between them.
Ex: Sugar in water, etc.

(ii) Heterogeneous mixtures: A mixture is said to be heterogeneous if all the components of

the mixture are not uniformly mixed and there are visible boundaries of separation between
them.
Ex: Water and sand, Air etc.

Solution and its properties

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. Ex: Lemonade, soda water
etc.

A solution has two components:

(i) Solvent
(ii) Solute

(i) Solvent: The component of the solution that dissolves the other component in it (usually
the component present in larger amount) is called the solvent.

(ii) Solute: The component of the solution that is dissolved in the solvent (usually present in
lesser quantity) is called the solute.

Properties of Solution:

1. A solution is a homogeneous mixture.

2. The particles of a solution are smaller than 1 nm (10-9) in diameter which cannot be seen
by naked eyes.

3. They do not scatter a beam of light passing through the solution that is they don’t show
tyndall effect. So, the path of light is not visible in a solution.

4. The solute particles cannot be separated from the mixture by the process of filtration.

5. The solution is stable and solute particles do not settle down when left undisturbed.

Concentration of a solution

(i) Saturated solution: When no more amount of solute can be dissolved in a solution at a
given temperature, it is called a saturated solution.

(ii) Unsaturated solution: When more amount of solute can be dissolved in a solution at a
given temperature, it is called a saturated solution.

(ii) Solubility: The amount of the solute present in the saturated solution at the given
temperature is
called its solubility.

The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given amount (mass or
volume) of solution. Also, the amount of solute dissolved in a given mass or volume of
solvent is called concentration of solution.

Concentration of solution = Amount of solute/Amount of solvent or Amount of

solute/Amount of solution (Here, amount means mass or volume).
Two methods of finding concentration of solution:

(i) Mass by mass percentage of a solution = (Mass of solute/Mass of solution) ×100

(ii) Mass by volume percentage of a solution = (Mass of solute/Volume of solution) ×100

Suspension and its properties

A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the the solute particles do not dissolve but
remain suspended throughout the bulk of the medium. Ex: Chalk in water, smoke in the air

Properties of Suspension :

1. It is a heterogeneous mixture.

2. Particles of a suspension are visible to the naked eye.

3. Size of the particles is greater than 100 nm.

4. It is unstable mixture. Solute settles down at the bottom over period of time.

5. If the solution is passed through filter paper, solute and solvent gets separated.

6. It scatters light when light is passed through the solution i.e. it shows Tyndall effect.

Colloidal solution and its properties

Colloid solution is heterogeneous mixture in which the size of particles lies between the true
solutions and suspensions.

• Colloidal particles can easily scatter a beam of visible light. This phenomenon is called
Tyndall effect.

Properties of colloidal solution:

1. The particles of colloid can’t be seen by naked eyes individually.

2. It is a heterogeneous mixture and thus solute and solvent can’t be separated by filter paper.

3. Size of particles is smaller than suspensions but greater than solutions (1 nm to 100 nm).

4. It is a stable mixture. Particles do not settle down at the bottom over a period of time.

5. They do not settle down when left undisturbed which means colloid is quite stable.

Some common examples of colloids (in the table)

Separation of the components of mixtures

Different methods of separation are used to get individual components from mixture.
Heterogeneous mixtures can be separated into their respective constituents by simple physical
methods like handpicking, sieving, filtration etc.

Obtaining coloured components from blue/black ink

Process of evaporation is used to obtain coloured components from blue/black ink. The
process of evaporation is used to separate a substance which is dissolved in water.

• It is based on the fact that liquid vaporises easily than the solid.

• Helps in separating volatile substances from non-volatile substances.

Steps of obtaining coloured components from blue/black ink:

• Fill half a beaker with water.

• Put a watch glass on the mouth of the beaker.

• Put few drops of ink on the watch glass.

• Now start heating the beaker. We do not want to heat the ink directly. You will see that
evaporation is taking place from the watch glass.

• Continue heating as the evaporation goes on and stop heating when you do not see any
further change on the watch glass.

Separation of cream from milk

• The process of centrifugation is used to separate the cream from milk. It is a method of
separating the suspended particles of substance from a liquid.

• This process is carried out by the machine called centrifuge.

• Sometimes, the solid particles in a liquid are very small and pass through a filter paper. For
such particles the filtration technique cannot be used.

• The mixture is rotated rapidly so that the heavier particles in the mixtures settle down to the
bottom. 

• The basic principle of centrifugation is that the denser particles are forced to the bottom and
the liquid being lighter remains at the top.

Steps of separating cream from milk:

• Take some full-cream milk in a test tube.

• Centrifuge it by using a centrifuging machine for two minutes.

Application of centrifugation:

• Used in diagnostic laboratories for blood and urine tests.

• Used in dairies and home to separate butter from cream.

• Used in washing machines to squeeze out water from wet clothes.

Separating two immiscible liquids

• The separation of separating two immiscible liquid is carried out by the use of funnel. 

• The basic principle involve is the difference between the densities of two liquids form two
separate layers.

Steps of separating kerosene oil and water:

• Pour the mixture of kerosene oil and water in a separating funnel.

• Let it stand undisturbed for sometime so that separate layers of oil and water are formed.

• Open the stopcock of the separating funnel and pour out the lower layer of water carefully.

• Close the stopcock of the separating funnel as the oil reaches the stop-cock.

Application of funnel:
• To separate mixture of oil and water.

• In the extraction of iron from its ore, the lighter slag is removed from the top by this method
to leave the molten iron at the bottom in the furnace.

Sublimation

• This process is used to separate mixtures that contain a sublimable volatile component from
a non-sublimable impurity.

• Sublimation is process where a substance directly changes from solid to gaseous state on
heating.

• Ammonium chloride, camphor, naphthalene and anthracene are some examples which can
sublime.

Chromatography

• Used to separate those solutes which dissolve in the same solvent.

• Used for sepration of colours.

• The colours which are more soluble in water rises faster and get colours get separated into
layers.

Applications

To separate
• colours in a dye
• pigments from natural colours
• drugs from blood.

Distillation

• Used for separation of components of a mixture containing two miscible liquids that boil
without decomposition and have sufficient difference in their boiling points.

• Mixture of acetone and water is separated by this method.

Fractional distillation

• Fractional distillation is used to separate a mixture of two or more miscible liquids for
which the difference in boiling points is less than 25 K.

• Air is a homogeneous mixture and can be separated into its components by fractional
distillation.

Below is diagram which shows the steps of separation of air:

• The air is compressed by increasing the pressure and is then cooled by decreasing the
temperature to get liquid air.

• The liquid air is warm-up slowly in a fractional distillation column, where gases get
separated at different heights depending upon their boiling points.

• It used to separate a gas from the air.

Crystallization

• Used to remove impurities from solid and purify it.

• It separates a pure solid from mixture in the form of crystals.

• This process is used in purification of salt from sea water, separation of crystals of alum
from impure samples.

• It is better method than evaporation because:

(i) Solids decompose or some, like sugar, may get charred on heating to dryness.
(ii) Some impurities may remain dissolved in the solution even after filtration. On
evaporation these contaminate the solid.

Physical and Chemical changes

• The process which brings about changes in physical properties and no new substances are
formed are physical changes. The common physical changes are changes in colour, hardness,
rigidity, fluidity, density, melting point, boiling point etc.

• The process in which new substances are formed and chemical properties of substances get
changed are chemical changes. Some chemical properties are odour, inflammability etc.
 Physical Change Chemical Change
It brings about change in physical properties such as It brings about changes in
physical state, shape, size etc. chemical properties.
Changes in chemical properties
No changes in chemical compositions are observed.
are observed.
It is irreversible that means
It is reversible.
permanent
No new substance is formed. New substance is formed.

Types of pure substances

The pure substance is divided in two types on the basis of their chemical composition:
(i) Elements
(ii) Compounds

(i)  Elements

• According to Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, element is a basic form of matter that cannot be
broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions.

• It is divided in three types which are metals, non-metals and metalloids.

Properties of Metals

(i) They have a lustre (shine).

(ii) They have silvery-grey or golden-yellow colour.

(iii) They conduct heat and electricity.

(iv) They are ductile (can be drawn into wires).

(v) They are malleable (can be hammered into thin sheets).

(vi) They are sonorous (make a ringing sound when hit).

• Examples of metals are gold, silver, copper, iron, sodium, potassium etc.

• Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature.

Properties of non-metals

(i) They display a variety of colours.

(ii) They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.

(iii) They are not lustrous, sonorous or malleable.

• Examples of non-metals are hydrogen, oxygen, iodine, carbon (coal, coke), bromine,
chlorine etc.
Metalloids: Elements having intermediate properties between those of metals and non-metals
are called metalloids.  Examples are boron, silicon, germanium etc.

Compounds

A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with

one another in a fixed proportion.

Difference between mixtures and compounds