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Networks and Communication Module1

This document discusses network principles and layered architecture. It covers the evolution of networks from LAN to MAN to WAN. LAN covers a small area like a building or campus using technologies like Ethernet. MAN spans a larger area like a city using technologies like cable networks. WAN covers large geographic areas like countries or continents using packet switching and routers. The document also discusses network topologies like bus, star, ring, mesh and hybrid along with their characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and applications. Finally, it presents some practice questions related to designing hybrid topologies and analyzing the impact of connection failures for different standard topologies.

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bhumika.verma00
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17 views

Networks and Communication Module1

This document discusses network principles and layered architecture. It covers the evolution of networks from LAN to MAN to WAN. LAN covers a small area like a building or campus using technologies like Ethernet. MAN spans a larger area like a city using technologies like cable networks. WAN covers large geographic areas like countries or continents using packet switching and routers. The document also discusses network topologies like bus, star, ring, mesh and hybrid along with their characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and applications. Finally, it presents some practice questions related to designing hybrid topologies and analyzing the impact of connection failures for different standard topologies.

Uploaded by

bhumika.verma00
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Networking Principles and

Layered Architecture

Module-I
Evolution of Network, Requirements,
Applications, Network Topology

Dr. Karmel A,
VIT Chennai
Evolution of Networks

Dr. Karmel A, VIT Chennai


Classification of Network - Geographically

Dr. Karmel A, VIT Chennai


Local Area Network(LAN)
 The network can be categorized based on its size, its ownership,
the distance it covers, and its physical architecture
 LAN : 10m – Room, 100m - Building and 1km or 2 km – Campus.

Dr. Karmel A, VIT Chennai


Local Area Network(LAN)
• It covers a small geographical area with in a building or up to a
few kilometers outside
• They are widely used to connect PC with in a office.
• LAN has distinguished from other networks by three characters.
• size
• their transmission technology
• their Topology
• LAN run at speeds of 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps. or (100/1000Mbps)
• Different Topologies will be used for LAN Connectivity.
• Bus / RING
• IEEE 802.3 known as “Ethernet” - Example for LANDr. Karmel A, VIT Chennai
Advantages of LAN
 LAN provides a cost-effective multi-user computer environment.
 A LAN is suited to any type of application.
 Any number of users can be accommodated.
 It is flexible and growth-oriented.
 Today speeds are normally 100 or 1000 Mbps.
 It provide data integrity.

Dr. Karmel A, VIT Chennai


Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 10km or 20 km – upto City level

Dr. Karmel A, VIT Chennai


Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• MAN is a bigger network covers a group of nearby offices in a city
up to 10 – 20 kilometers range.
• MAN supports both voice and data.
• The typical example is Local Cable Network.
• MAN run at speeds of 150 Mbps.
• Bus Topology is used for MAN Connectivity.
• It may be a single network such as a cable TV network or it may
be a means of connecting a number of LANs into a large network
so that resources may be shared LAN-to-LAN as well as device-to-
device.

Dr. Karmel A, VIT Chennai


Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 MAN provides the transfer rates from 34 to 150 Mbps.
 MAN is designed with two unidirectional buses.
 Each Bus is independent of the other in the transfer of data.
 The topology can be designed as an open bus or closed bus
configuration.
 It supports both data and voice.
 The high speed links between LANs within a MAN are made
possible by fiber-optic connection.

Dr. Karmel A, VIT Chennai


Wide Area Network (WAN)
 100km – upto Country level , 1000km – upto continent and
 10,000km – upto Planet level.( The Internet).

Dr. Karmel A, VIT Chennai


Wide Area Network (WAN)
• WAN covers a large geographical area , country or continent.
• Hosts / Subnet - The job of the Subnet is to carry the messages from host
to host.
• Transmission Lines
• Switching Elements ( Specialized Systems )
• Packet Switched Nodes / Router
• Inside the Subnet routers have a connectivity among themselves.
• Store and Forward Concept
• All the Topologies are applicable
• Works at 100 Mbps to 1000 Mbps.
Dr. Karmel A, VIT Chennai
Applications of Networks

Dr. Karmel A, VIT Chennai


Network Topology
 Physical layout of a network
 The geometric representation of the relationship of all the links
and linking devices (nodes) to one another.
 Mesh
 Star
 Bus
 Tree
 Ring

Dr. Karmel A, VIT Chennai


Bus Topology
 All stations are attach directly to a linear transmission medium through
appropriate hardware interfacing known as a tap.
 Backbone Cable
 Data Flow - Full duplex
 Terminator
• Advantages
 Ease of installation
 Less cabling
 Disadvantages
 Difficult reconfiguration and fault isolation
 Difficult to add new devices
 If backbone cable fails, it can stops all transmission. Dr. Karmel A, VIT Chennai
Ring Topology
 Repeaters
 Point-to-point links
 Closed loop
 Uni-directional Link
 Advantages
 Easy to install and reconfigure
 Easy fault identificatio
 Disadvantages
 Unidirectional traffic
 Network fails even if single link
break exists Dr. Karmel A, VIT Chennai
Star Topology
 Central Controller
 Two point to point links – Transmission/Reception
 Broadcasting device
 Frame switching device
• Advantages
 Less expensive and less cabling
 Installation and configuration are easy
 Robust and Easy fault identification
 No disruptions
• Disadvantages
 Large Topology
Dr. Karmel A, VIT Chennai
 Dependency
Mesh Topology
 Every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other device
 n(n-1)/2 physical channels to link n devices.
 n-1 I/O ports.
 Advantages
 No traffic issues
 Robust
 Privacy and security.
 Easy Fault identification and fault isolation
• Disadvantages
 Requires more number of cables and I/O ports
 Wiring occupies more space
 Hardware expensive Dr. Karmel A, VIT Chennai
Tree Topology
 Alternatively referred to as a star bus topology.
 Tree topology is one of the most common network setups that is similar
to a bus topology and a star topology.
 A tree topology connects multiple star networks to other star networks.
Below is a visual example of a simple computer setup on a network using
the star topology.

Dr. Karmel A, VIT Chennai


Hybrid Topology
 A network which contain all type of physical structure and connected
under a single backbone channel.

Dr. Karmel A, VIT Chennai


Applications of Network Topology
• Mesh Topology
 Telephone Regional office.
 Wide Area Network – WAN
 Star Topology
 Star topology used in Local Area Networks(LANs).
 High speed LAN often uses STAR.
 Bus Topology
 Most computer motherboard.
 Ring Topology
 Ring topologies are found in some office buildings or school
campuses.
 Today high speed LANs made this topology less popular.
Dr. Karmel A, VIT Chennai
Considerations for choosing topology
• Money
• Bus n/w may be the least expensive way to install a n/w.
• Length-of cable needed
• The linear bus n/w uses shorter lengths of cable.
• Future growth
• With star topology, expending a n/w is easily done by adding
another devices.
• Cable type
• Most common used cable in commercial organization is twisted
pair. which often used with star topologies.
Dr. Karmel A, VIT Chennai
Data Flow
Simplex

Half Duplex

Full Duplex

Dr. Karmel A, VIT Chennai


Data Flow

Dr. Karmel A, VIT Chennai


Practice Question 1
 Design a hybrid topology with a star backbone and four ring
networks.
 Design a hybrid topology with a ring backbone and three bus
networks.
 For n devices in a network, compute the number of cable links
required for the topologies,
 Mesh
 Ring
 Bus
 Star

Dr. Karmel A, VIT Chennai


Practice Question 2
 For each of the following four networks, discuss the consequences
if a connection fails
 5 devices arranged in a mesh topology
 4 devices arranged in a star topology (Excluding hub)
 5 devices arranged in a bus topology
 4 devices arranged in a ring topology

Dr. Karmel A, VIT Chennai

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