RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ON THIN WALLED BEANS THEORY A. Pitealugs Rogiotro Tealiano Mavale ~ ¥ia Corsica, 12 - Genova - Italy aasTeac 1m the past years noticoable disagreements between slassical thin walled beans theory and exparinental vesules have beor report ed, which axe pare ly duc to the classiest assumption on -he shear strain pattern, In this paper a method is described vhich avoids any ‘assumption on the shear strain pattern ani leads to che calculation of the stiffness sstrix of che beam element, ‘The complete analysis of che stress-strain behaviour of a thin walled beam is performed ‘and a numerical example is given.ENT_OCVELOPMENTS OF THIN WALLED BEANS THEORY taluga Registro Italiano Navale ~ Via Corsica, 12 - Genova ~ italy “INTRODUCTION The interest for technical applications of chin valled beans theory has costantly grow in the past years. In shipbuileing, for instance, most of the computer systems for dirsct analysis of ton ‘gitudinel ship strength aro based oa the thin walled bear codel. However noticeable differences between calculations with classiest theory and experimental cesules have been reported by several authors. ‘hese discrepancies are partially caused by one of the basic assusptions of che classical theory, nauely that shear attain is due only tthe zo classed Brede's shoar stveas. Attempts £0 overcome this assumption have been made by several authors (2)(3)(4), but the proposed solution is an iterative one, whieh is not useful in practical applications vhen the number of load patterns to be ana ized is high for the great amount of computation time required. Hereafter a aethod is given for iterative calculation of sectional properties of the beam, regardless to the load pattern; the cesule is valid for every load condition saving a lot of computation =e tn this wetho! a variable cross-section beam is described by: sequence of prismatic bea elements. For each element the stiff ness matrix and the equivalent load vector aro defined. Asseabling the eteaents by the ususl technique the overall equilibeita equa Hons are obtained. Displaceneate, stresses and strains of the beam are obtained solving the equilibrinn equationsBASIC. ASSUMPTIONS Let a prismatic bean element be considered, and referred to a right-hand ortogonal system of reference coordinates x, y, 2 vith the a-axis parallel co the beam one and the origin on the left fextrene section, arbitrarily pointed. Tha classiest assumption requiring the shape of the cross seg 2 Co eemsin undistorted Ls retained and cherefore che scaponente of the dispacenent of a poine of the element, with coordinates (2 yy 2) axes uGe7s2) = ups) = y0(2) in x direction a whey, vp) + x0) in y direction (2) Ss the angle of rocation of tho section at tho abscissa 2 ots) fare the conpossats of the dleplacement of che poine 7 ©, 0, 2) or now the volume fuses acring on the beast be negligible and the suctace forees acting on che section contour have ao compa nent in s-direction. The basic equations of linear elastie’ty can be vourtecen @Mur By age the components of the unit vector socaal to the contour Oy ST SSeS oz Ss the axial stress ins direction. Esvation (2) can bo eotved by the De Satae-Venant's seai-fovee Se method assuming the folloving fomulation for the dsplaceaont component i © direction @) HC3s948) #2) = (ng) gC) ~~yg) vg Ce) 8p Geay) 2G) 2G Cele ey -C Merce oF ce] where: vals) ts the average displacement of the section in 2 direction the coordinates of thi sectional centroid BG are the axiat and tangent sodulus of elascieiey ery Veo Uys Vy ELL be defined hereatter: Now She folloving assuspcions are mado: vig, wy and vy are ‘ante and 2"(2) {s an hyperbolic Zunceion so that 9 (2) =hé (2), Twas assusptions vill be justified tn the fotlowing chap er under the hyzotesis that no load acts on the beam sect fcnat Froa equations (2) and (3) stresses can be dosumeds ~¥5) Wy) +69) >» 2 oe oo] vee [ Toe oF eimebictty the eactton 266.3) = unten) +E at 9,659)These stresses sctioty cquation (2) uhen the “secciowl funct Aetined by the following equaticns: fons" tps Ys Yys Vy aside the section | on the section On the exoss-ssetion A donain contour , our Pugs) = 0 GE + vag > ony Fyupda = 0. Px Cy) = =Ge%9) T%eah = 0 o PV, (3) = yp) Sty aa «0 PYGay = = AGe.9) fqMean 20 Hauation (5), together vith gecmetrical propertice of the sec Hon, allows to calculate che sectional functions uhem the evise pan ete) Fey is teoun, ranoter hi? GENERALIZED CROSS-SECTrONRL FORCES Let now the Loads be lumped at the extreme sections of the slement; Let the conr#inseas reference aysten De choosen vith the sues x and y parallel to the sectional prineipal axes of inertia and wh the origin pointed a0 that 42 Co +m wy) aaa 0 fia G+ = yy) ba = 0 Het s polnt $ Gisu¥), called shear centre, be choosen solet oie following quantities be defined: tae * Ay (=o) ae sectional aoaents of increta Ty = (ym y_)? aa Ta = 4 2 ex3) aa worping moment of inertie I [GE Genny Ep (vg ]as be Sains soe =, rng) ceo] an saclag costo rigtiy Applying the Green theorens it can be shown that Bitxdaso % 5B eao By Am Tyy FE aa =o Then che Following expressions for the generalized emmse-sne sional forces can be obtoined: axial force N= haze Bending meet ty (y~¥4) 0, da Bending aonent My = JR ~ (x~x5) oy ak By = Fh 869) og da Shear force ee yy aa Shear forces =i tye aa Torsionat aonent My =, [le~x,)tygTe should be noted that the torsional aouent My is esteulated ‘around the shear centre 8. Being loads luxped at the extrene sections: ao load acts on the section contours axial force ¥, shear forces Ty and Ty and cor ional mosent My are constants. Tt follows that wg, WMp, WM are conecanes and $74. a aesmptins ane ta the previous cx chapees are therefore justified und eho culat parameter hi = gO is obtained CALCULATION OF THE SECTIONAL PROPERTIES Lat a funetion up(x,y) be defined a2 follows: 3 ay re agtey =05 FB~ g fe) x= nH) ay 5 Sh uplsas) = 0 subdividing the thin walled section in a number of finite strip e Seats, assuoing a Linear shape function for uy inside the ceetp and Finding out 2 "stittzcea aaerix" [h] together wleh a "Load vector {a}. The “itae-body" degree of freedom is eliminated forcing to zero the value of u In an arbitrary point aid the solution is ostained: fol = fh ta the final value of the function is theTe can be demonstrated © © a genarat function Aetined by: » apes =a) BE Oy-3—) mg = C9) myth oped a= 0 pO) = p63) ~ O6-a5) Gp-¥g) + -¥—) Cap —m Te can also be shown that equations (7) are equivalent co: Tavs mp) +0; us (y-yp) aa 0 Tnerefore the shear contra $ is defined by: sss ay- Th fbentonn + ove © 1 ¥5 + 75+ Fe Ailestsy? » (a-apyan the function up is given by: op 7 pls) + yy nx) - xy Oo ¥—) and it ean be demonstrated chat: ip (cae 2 ae 2 ROUGE yr! + GPa x= apt] a Let lus # aj et A ant ue Ey che unknomn vale of Gg ¥H2L be found by an teeraive reocdues neiming Gy + GL an fest rsh Let the functions o,. dy and tg be defined byt By POG ty oe ene +0; hey dh=o Woy Oxy sy > = yp: est tussenasiay: BS =This {5 equivalent eo che variational peoblen: fh ty a= 0 HGS daa toenray aa 24 80,2 ey b Me Pl ot tye. - YFG = 6y CE ey og tym yy) hey a= 0 Bice seston] aco: gigane sinich con be solved by che usust tactnigue. 1 can be easily found chats WO = 5 895 beg Fron equations (6) 4 foltows thats *5%1y~ Goals ¢5 mY) dh 295 dy 39) ARH J Ay (9-9) ai] "Yotee”Oce[ 25 OH) AA 76 ty Oma) Ang 6 Gena) an] Solving this sot of Linear equations, xe and yg are obtained and, from equations (8), che relative position of point T to the centroid {4 town togocher wich the sectional functions Yy(e,y) and a(s.y). Te con be denonsteated that 8 listen)» OG ]EA= bys + Gea th ag «Vy at Now the nets value of Cy = foulated end the procedure on be repeated untill cho required approxtaation is obtained Feeration converges and generatly an approximation less chan 12 is obesined in 253 steps. ‘y By the Solloving varie ional properties a completely defined Gb steITG). [o](e}G) de = 5 Gu)T (KJ) whore vo watrix (b] and the matrix [A] ~ ¢ fs) "e) » [B] - [ice ae are reported ia Appendix 2 ‘he virtual work done by the forces acting on the excrene 46 Hon Ap ds expressed by: Cigda = fh, [Fa Sw +f 6 ut ty oe] an |, Ace the compononts of the applied force. 1 con bo writtan for equittbetuae gly * Shy [og 8 + ogg BUY ty, A] aA = He 6p My 8040 Hyp E Oyy rye 8 Ay + + tye 5 opp # Tye 6 py + Tg $6 ShEEEUppe Pyar Syar Bye AE Olyg ate the Follosing valves defined lup and vp are the components of the displacement of an ortitrary poine ® ound which torsional monene Hy is calculated. Bing Hg) 1G) + x5 GES oma) + p99) 1G) + 95 Samer s se 2) ymca) A al work of the applied forcds can be expressed az fotlows: Gy * (61), * (BLy)2 = (897 CP) ated with the sane procedure used for (314) refer Hing to section A, ingtead of ay. ¢ 1 -u-cei» bys Bas tas Boas Meas Myat Bes Mat Teas Tyas Meas Meas Moot Bag) 1s the applied Load vector. GOOF = Cons upys pus 01 Oqns yas Sens Hat spas veDi AZs Maas By0t Gp) is the global degree of freedom vector. ‘The relation between {8} and (a) can be expressed by (0) = fe) tut hore che matrix [2] ts repo in Appendix 2. Ie follows from the principle of the virtual work: 883 [7 [a] [el toy=6 1097 fk] tor Sly = 507 (P) = Sty whore > ce is the global stiftness matrix (P= 0) co Once the stiténess matrices of the bean elexents are known patching of the desrees of Freeda i ahtained by cheootng atl the points P lined up along au axis parallel to the Sean one when two prisnatic bean elenente with different cross section shapes are joined, discontinuity arises in displacenea: points belonging to che counection section, -12-erlnay the wote settee encixof eh bea fie ontalaed- treated 1a he anu my (ot sa (2) alee adsefna set Lssped loads equivalent to the distrituted load on the element Length are obtained from the equation Sig = LE [gle) buy + fy(0) ¥p + Fle) 68,) de = £460) = ota? 2 fale « Boho = ste)" here: £x(2), fy(2), B(2) ave eho resultant components and che soment around the point P of the disteituted load exp 68, oe, ° ste the virtual dleplacensats of the section = alee atay at the abscissa = saestx (e] 4s reported in Appendix 2 . fate] ge [IS [e]7e@ {58 dz] is the cquivalent oad vector of 3 " ‘the element Assenbling che vectors (P,} the shote load vector{ fP¥)jis obtained, and the whole equilibriva equation becone © Fi] o> — where: 10) is the whole degrees of freeden vector Imposing the proper constraint conditions matrix equation (9) 16) {AR} {IB} -a- ean be solved:aed tho vectors (9) are taken out for each element. Thea (eh) = [5] - Ie] and stresses and sectional forces can be retrieved. +00) NUMERICAL EXAMPLE To fig, 1 che geometry of a very sinple structure has doen re, ported, dram up az a prismatic beam with a guleiccell section and built-in ends. In a first stage this etructure fs Loaded by uusit forced disptaconents applied in tho plone of the right end section consisting in: Case 1 = Horizontal digplacement Case 2 ~ Rotation around che origin (point ») ‘and as been analyzed by computer prograns baset on: = Classical beam ehoory = Finite elenone method (ELPIN RINA syste) = Present sethod (6st Rina srsman. Te follosing reactions have been obcained: [eet a ios iznta fore ome] seas eotva lc fcona Ros Sama feece | sing | talecnne | ees | i | eo” Less | OT | ess cuss [ws [seo | -208 [Tasco | aa am[ ia [ue [ee [am | 907] we fun [ee | ae Nove ekst hore the shear centre of the whole bean is reported - wewhich ie diéferent trom the section shear contre $ (See Appendix 1). 1h a second stage displaconents of the right-cnd section in its Plane have beon released, and the sane section loaded by the forces obtained by Finite etenent mothod in the fetloving conditions: Case 1 ~ Sane a2 above Case 3.~ Rotation around the shear centre (pure torsional xosent). This has been done in order to coapare the stress pa ees obtain fed with the samo applied forces. Comparison of shear stresses in che middle section (Sec. 8) is reported’ in fig. 2 and comparison of axial stresses near the ends (See. A) is veported in fig. 3, CONCLUDING REHARKS 4 Ae hes been shown the prosent wethod gives greater accuracy than the classical one with the advantage stricted co the calculation of the section properties. Differences between the shear contro and che "differential rota eentre" are taken into account (See Appendix 1) ‘The exact stress distribution at the extrane sections ts not vateated; fovaver nezlected additional stresses have ao ‘of luen C8 outside a smoll region close to the ends according to the De Saint Venan:'s principle ~as-REFERENCES Literature on ehis matter is extrenely wide; only the papers consulted during this work have been reported. (2) ¥.2, WiASOW ~ Thin-walled elastic boans ~Tranclation by Terset Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. (2) 7, XAUAL ~The application of Finite cleuent methods to ship structures - Com. & Struct, 5 (1973) (3) x, msuint, A. TOMBNSEN ~ An analyata of torsion ia ship tulle - Buropean Shipbuilding, 5/6 (1972) (4). HASUB, K. STRAIME ~ Comments on the shear center ete. ~ Procoodiags of the V £.8.8.. (Com. 4) ~ anburg. ~weCase 1 [—t0* t/ne) —— Present meth tementt method alements é | | i