Lecture 25 Design of Stack: Key Words: Stack, Chimney, Draft, Natural Draft What Is Stack Effect
Lecture 25 Design of Stack: Key Words: Stack, Chimney, Draft, Natural Draft What Is Stack Effect
Lecture 25 Design of Stack: Key Words: Stack, Chimney, Draft, Natural Draft What Is Stack Effect
Design of stack
Contents:
What is stack effect
What is draft?
Natural draft
Key words: stack, chimney, draft, natural draft
What is stack effect
The phenomenon induced by the density difference between a hot and cold air column that creates a
natural flow through a chimney is called stack effect or chimney effect.
The function of the stack is to disperse the hot gases, emissions and particles that leave the furnace. The
gas temperature inside the stack is greater than the outside ambient air temperature. If these two air
columns are connected at the bottom, dense air will push the light gases up the chimney. Higher is the
temperature difference, greater will be the buoyancy force causing the lighter gases to move up.
Flow of gases in furnaces, stacks and other equipments operating at atmospheric pressures involve small
difference in pressures P1 P that should be used in mechanical energy balance equation (lecture 21,
equation 7). This small pressure difference can be conveniently handled in terms of “draft”.
What is draft
Draft d at any point in the gas flow system is
d
Absolute pressure in the systems – absolute pressure of the surrounding atmosphere at the same level
Figure shows the chimney or stack in which hot gases are flowing at temperature T. We mount two
water manometers at positions Z Z and Z Z . One leg of the manometer is fixed with the
chimney whereas the other leg is open to the atmosphere as shown in the figure
Figure 1: A column of the chimney with the manometer positioned at and .
At point 1 and 2 in the gas column
d1 P P and d2 P P (1)
Variations of pressure with height in a gas column are important. In a static column of fluid at constant
temperature the pressure decreases with height due to gravity:
dP ρ dZ (2)
Neglecting the effect of density with Z, it follows for static systems
P P ρZ (3)
Natural draft
It is the draft produced by density difference between the two fluids. Consider the hot gas column
shown in the figure. The hot gas column is surrounded by atmospheric cold air. A monometer mounted
at point 1 and 2 reads the draft d1 and d2 . The relation between draft and density difference can be
obtained as follows:
P P ρ Z (4)
P P ρ Z (5)
By equation 1 and 4 and we get. (6)
d d Z Z ρ ρ
ρ is density of air and ρ is density of hot gas. Eq 6 is the draft produced in a static column of gas. If the
chimney is open to atmosphere then d2 0 so that draft or suction at the bottoms is
d Z Z ρ ρ (7)
Due to flow of gases, the draft is reduced by frictional losses, so that the static draft is the maximum
draft which the stack of a given height can produce under limiting condition.
By using mechanical energy balance equation (equation 7 of lecture 21) and using equation 7
(expressP P in equation 7 in terms of d and d ) we get the mechanical energy balance equation
expressed in terms and draft:
V V
g Z Z 1 F M 0. (8)
Reference
R. Schuhmann: Metallurgical Engineering, Volume 1 Engineering Principles
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