Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter provides comprehensive and up-to-date writeups and researches
vital to the consideration of the copyright and authenticity of the study. Furthermore, the
literatures and studies that are included in the study are all relevant to the subject of the
problem that serves as a backdrop for further ideas helpful to the researchers.
A. Literature
1. Foreign
Blended Learning, according to the article “Blended Learning Becoming Standard”
written by Justin Ferriman (2014), has now become a standardized method of teaching
which most countries in the world have adapted to—this massive adaptation is caused
by the increased usage of computer devices which then led to the usage of this
materials as learning mediums. The conversion of the mere computer devices to e-
learning tools were deemed by the U.S Secretary of Education Arne Duncan as the
“new-normal” that puts an accent on schools doing more with less. Though, schools
begin to rethink about the resources and their successful delivery, the main problem is
the consistency. Moreover, the careful planning and provision of the technology and
support infrastractures will always be the topmost consideration to the adaptation of
Blended Learning on institutions. The article conferred that as Blended Learning have
been adapted, it still does not neglect the efforts of the students’ on their performances
not only online but on the traditional learning too.
Contrary to the idea of Justin Ferriman which infers that the successful learning
of a student relies solely on the technology, support infrastractures and student’s
traditional performance, Megan Murphy (2016). wrote a very different perspective
regarding the succesful delivery of Blended Learning to students on his article
“Teaching The Teachers”. According to the teacher interviewed for the completion of the
article, there is too much content on Blended Learning that it overwhelms the mentors.
Furthermore, institutions that provide professional education do not meet the
expectations of the successful delivery of this new teaching method. Thus, it is not only
the students’ and resources’ fault but teachers may also be blamed to the breach of the
performance of the learners.
Due to these arguments, Michael Horn and Heather Staker (2014) wrote a book
guide entitled “Blended: Using Disrupted Innovation to Improve Schools” that evaluated
and provided a detailed information about the strategy, design, and implementation of a
successful blended learning program. The book answered the “how-to” FAQs by the
patrons of Blended Learning. The book encloses a useful framework for the
implementation of blended learning, the benefits and risk mitigators of online learning,
and a guide to a more creative student-centered systems that functions as a positive
force across grade levels.
2. Local
The article “Blended Learning: Education Without Borders” written by Ime
Morales (2016), emphasized the idea of online education; Blended learning is not a
revolutionary idea. On the contrary, it is a return to what is natural, a back-to-basics
approach where the child’s natural learning tendencies, interests and passions are
respected as much as the prescribed curriculum. It addresses the observed
disadvantages found in traditional schooling: too many students, too few mentors, lack
of focus and time for each child, difficulty in addressing individual needs and
development and the cookie-cutter teaching solutions that are failing on so many levels.
Formoso (2014) mentioned in his article that the idea of Blended Learning made
Anant Argawal, CEO of edX; an online learning platform developed by Harvard
University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology to spark the interest of the
executives of Philippine Higher Education to push OED to students with the interest of
acquainting them more and diminishing the poor-quality education that produces low-
quality education in return. Since the goal of Higher Education Institutions towards the
realization of an appropriate, responsive and high-quality Philippine higher education”
are: Creating higher quality programs and improving faculty development, building
linkages between the academe and industry, rationalizing and developing research,
funding post-secondary education, governing Philippine education and supporting the K
to 12 reform, it is highly expected that the adaptation of this teaching method will
increase through the years since the commissions for higher education held talks about
this.
Due to the possible implementation of Blended Learning on many higher
education institutions in the Philippines, as what is mentioned on the aforementioned
article. It is expected that there will be shortages on materials too, including the most
essential one; teachers. On the article “Preparing The Teachers For The Big Reform”
written by Queena Chua (2012), she implied that good teachers are essential on the
implementation of Kto12; this is far from the talks of Online Education needing literate
teachers. Contrary to foreign article by Ferriman, she inferred a very different
perspective—online education are equivalent to teachers, they represent the traditional
teachers in classrooms in the forms of computers.
B. Studies
1. Foreign
In a study conducted by Reem A. Alebaikan (2012) at Saudi Higher Education,
he explored the perceptions of the Saudi Female lecturers and undergraduate students
to learn from their experience and become a participant in blended courses. This was
recognized by the ministry of Saudi Higher Education as a solution for the rapid growth
of student population. This study showed that the quality of learning and teaching
experience affects the students and lecturers. The objective of this study is to identify
the female undergraduate students and lecturers’ perception of the advantages. The
researcher used qualitative method to obtain rich descriptive data to facilitate the grow
of this phenomena. The research later concluded that Blended Learning made the
Saudi women still pursue their degrees despite their traditions and personalities.
Furthermore, the result of the study indicated that Blended Learning has promising
modalities that enhance student engagement and learning.
In the study conducted by Jin Young Kim (2012) regarding the inter-relational
effects of the tradition and personality traits and blended learning, he probed into the
influence of personality types and situational factors on public speaking. Also, it
examined the effect of communication apprehension on students’ academic
achievement in a blended learning environment. As Reem Abelaikan found out on his
study that blended learning was beneficial to the timid personality and tradition of the
Saudi women; this study implies that the Big Five personality traits indeed affected the
performance of the students but the indicator of his final average was his rehearsal and
attendance to the classes.
In the quasi-experimental study conducted by Nigel Smith (2013), he stated that
there were no problems in engaging to the old teaching style despite the personality and
traditions nor were there benefits in Blended Learning towards the performance of the
students, he indicated that progressing was solely up to the learner’s coping styles.
However, differences emerged between the classes in their perceptions of learning,
connectedness, enjoyment and teacher support. Concerns about the effects of
technology- mediated instruction may be partly allayed by these findings. While the
displacement of the teacher from the centre of the learning process may be
uncomfortable for teachers, the provision of a rich online learning environment may
have positive benefits for students (sciencedirect.com, 2013).
2. Local
A study conducted (2013) by Karen Diane Natera, a Filipino student from an
institution in Hongkong, talked about the lapses of the government in achieving the
vision of the educational reform in the Philippines. The study argued that the
introduction of technology and blended learning programs in schools should go beyond
addressing the problem of classroom shortage and achievement test results. It
questioned the government's vision of educational reform and recommended a change
in its perception of the role of technology in education. A change in vision, curriculum,
assessments and work practices were found to be essential elements that enable
lasting educational reform. The study recommended a review of the scheduling scheme,
the practice of team teaching and training on collaborative technologies for both
teachers and students. From the policy perspective, a program framework, a blended
learning curriculum and evaluation standards for blended learning teachers were
identified as critical support mechanisms for successful program implementation
(books.google.com.ph, 2017).
In a study conducted by Ava Clare Marie O. Robles on Mindanao State
University (2012) can be found many presentations of instructional strategies, on how
to effectively integrate content, pedagogy and technology to enhance the teaching and
learning of education courses. This provided the most effective and efficient learning
experiences on both teachers and learners with its practical applications against retailed
software which often burden many universities. Finally, some implications on how to
effectively blend pedagogy and technology, which inevitably lead to significant
enhancement of the curriculum, were also discussed. In view of the findings and
conclusion of the study, it is recommended that blended learning be utilized by faculty
members in teaching education subjects. However, despite its importance, this study's
limitations are apparent. BL needs effective planning and upgrading for educators to
address critical issues such as establishing appropriate assessments and rubrics.
Equally important is the technological expertise of both teachers and students. This
innovation recommends that teachers must learn.
In the study conducted by Aguinaldo (2013)—The researcher implemented
blended learning in an impoverished academic institution using a Bricolage approach
model. The study resulted to high acceptability rate of e-learning usage despite of the
socio-economic profile of the student’s parents, unavailability of internet connection and
inadequacy of technological resources of Isabela State University San Mateo Campus.
This implies that blended learning can be implemented successfully using the right
blend of online learning and face-to-face learning following the Bricolage approach
model.
Synthesis
The overall collation of Chapter 2 supports the authenticity of the topic reflective
of the included previous but up-to-date resources utilized by the researchers. It was
answered in the Chapter 2 that the successful implementation of the Blended Learning
relies on the reforms of the Government, the successful delivery is upon the teachers
and the achievement of this depends upon the student. On the first review, the article
given conferred that as Blended Learning have been adapted, it still does not neglect
the efforts of the students’ on their performances not only online but on the traditional
learning too. Therefore, Blended Learning's continual use will solely depend upon its
users. In contrary another article published that institutions that provide professional
education do not meet the expectations of the successful delivery of this new teaching
method. This was all addressed in a book that published which encloses a useful
framework for the implementation of blended learning, the benefits and risk mitigators of
online learning, and a guide to more creative student-centered systems that functions
as a positive force across grade levels. On the other hand, all the given articles
conferred the same perceptions which are the contrast and support to each variable on
the national sources. There were different studies conducted regarding blended
learning, all gave different yet relevant outcomes which were tackled in the wholeness
of the Chapter 2.
 Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES
As indicated in the title, this chapter explains the system of approach of the
researchers towards the phenomena of the study. Moreover, this chapter precisely
outlines the research method, locale of the study, respondents of the study, the testing
hypothesis, research instruments and its validation, the data collection procedure and
the statistical treatment of the project.
Research Method
In order to satisfy the objectives of the research, the researchers utilized the
Descriptive Quantitative method to test the hypotheses essential to the final output of
the results. Quantitative methods aims to describe the situations through statistical
testings to come out for an answer. The usage of this method in the study is essential
since the objectives aims to test the implications of the phenomenon being studied
(Blended Learning) towards the population (ABM Students in ACLC Antipolo).
Research Locale
The participants that will be utilized in the study are located in AMA Computer
Learning Center, situated in 4/F Femar Bldg. M.L Quezon St. Brgy. San Roque,
Antipolo City 1870 Philippines—the branch of AMAES directed by Rommel Someros
who was previously a product engineer of an analog device company. The institution
was integrated upon a business intuition. As of now, the school is pacing towards a
quota of producing 600 Senior High Graduates and 300 Basic Education students. The
school offers Kto12 curriculum from all levels, specializing in Senior High School tracks:,
ABM and Technical Vocational Courses-ICT.
Participants for the study will be located at the AMA Computer Learning Center,
located at 4 / F Femar Bldg. M.L Quezon St. Brgy. San Roque, Antipolo City 1870
Philippines - the AMAES branch led by Rommel Someros who was previously a product
engineer of an analog device company. The institution is integrated into a business
intuition. Today, the school is stepping toward a quota of producing 600 Senior High
Graduates and 300 Primary Education students. The school offers Kto12 curriculum
from all levels, specializing in the tracks of Senior High School:, ABM and ICT
Technology.
Research Respondents
The random sampling method will be used to generate the research sample
under discussion, this sampling technique was chosen because the selected members
have the relationships and expertise of the study subject. The respondents included in
this example are Accountancy, Business and Management students enrolled in ACLC
Antipolo who are said to have knowledge of Blended Learning. We conduct survey
questions of each of the population, determining the appropriate sample frame of study
that will provide the expected result - study output, through the research instrument to
be used.
Research Instrument
The process outlined in the conceptual framework indicated that the methodology
to be used in data collection was by conducting a survey with the respondents of the
study. As far as the research instrument is concerned, conducting the survey involved
the use of a questionnaire consisting of 15 objective and research questions (indicated
in the Statement of Problem). The instrument questions will guide researchers toward
the fulfillment of goals that will eventually result in the output of what will be reviewed in
Chapter 4.
Validation
Prior to the actual validation of this research, the study topic was reviewed by the
class facilitator, Mrs. Minda Carritero. The class centered on the discussion of the
research paper and the papers were reviewed by trial-and-error per session, each
chapter was discussed by the facilitator and the paper was constructed by the students
afterwards. Mistakes were corrected thereafter. As for the research instrument, the
questions generated are in line with the research questions from the problem statement
to satisfy the objectives of the study.
Data Gathering Procedure
The process in the systematic approach of the study is indicated as administering
a survey to the respondents, the responses will be reviewed later and arranged in the
continuation chapter. The survey questionnaire will be personally provided by the
researchers through a lead researcher visit, shared survey done (previous) and they will
be answered in a 5 minute length. It is expected to take 5 minutes time to get the right
answers from the respondents, it will also get quick and inappropriate responses from
the students. The answers will be tabulated and presented in Chapter 4.
 Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION, AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
The results of the intervention with the research respondents are presented in
this chapter. The three main objectives are: (a) to evaluate the effectiveness of Blended
Learning, (b) to identify strategies used by students to cope with this teaching style, and
(c) how it has impacted the implementation of Blended Students learn by referring to
their perspective here. The results are interpreted through graphs.
The researcher aims to explore the underlying issues behind the AMA education
system and how it has affected the performances of SHS students in particular the
academic track ABM at ACLC Antipolo. Researchers aim to identify what they are
learning and discover more by counting and evaluating the advantages and
disadvantages of the topic.
Respondent’s Profile
The questions due herein correspond to the Respondent's Profile which includes
(a) Name (marked as optional), (b) Age, (c) Last School Attendant and (d) Academic
Standing at Last School of the Year .