Lec 2 NE41102 19.2.19

NE41102 Fats and Oil
Technology
Semester 2 Session 2018/19
Fats and Oil Extraction and

Recovery
Fats and Oils Extraction and
Recovery
2. know the principles and the application

of major technologies and processes in
edible fats and oil production.
 Only few crude fats and oils are suitable
for edible purposes, processed in some
manner
 Always involve some type of purification
 Refine, Flavorless and odorless, change of
colour, harden, soften, melt slower or
faster, change of crystal habit, rearrange
molecular structure…
Fats and Oils Processing

 Choice of processing equipment and
techniques
1. Source oils handled
2. Quality of raw materials
3. Available manpower
4. Maintenance capabilities
5. Daily processed oil requirements
6. Available financial resources
7. Proximity of crude fats and oils
8. Product marketing philosophy
9. Governmental regulations
Fats and Oils Processing
10.Number of other considerations
 To obtain triacylglycerides in high yield
and purity and produce co-products of
maximum rate
Extraction and Recovery

 Processes:
1. Expeller or screw press extraction
2. Prepress solvent extraction
3. Expander-solvent extraction
 Depends on
◦ Quantity of oil present
◦ Quantity of oil can remain in the meal
◦ How much meal protein denaturation is allowed
◦ Investment capital available
◦ How restrictive environmental laws
Oilseeds Extraction
 Cleaning
◦ Foreign matter reduces oil yields and quality
◦ Used:
 High-capacity dry screeners
 Permanent or electromagnets
 Dehull
◦ Hull can absorb and retain oil in press cake
◦ Used:
 Aspirator
Oilseeds Extraction
 Reduction of particle size
◦ To disrupt oil-bearing cells
◦ Used:
 Grinding
 Rolling
Oilseeds Extraction
 Heating / Cooking
◦ Complete breakdown of oil cells, coagulation of
proteins to facilitate oil and meal separation,
insolubilization of phospholipids, increased
fluidity of oil at higher temperatures,
destruction of molds and bacteria, inactivation
of enzymes, drying to suitable moisture
content
◦ Temperatures vary with seed type, 80 to 105C
◦ Avoid 57 to 85C, due to highly active
phospholipase D enzyme
Oilseeds Extraction
 Expander
◦ Low-shear extruder that heats, homogenizes,
and shapes oilseeds into porous collets or
pellets with high bulk density
◦ Steam injected
◦ Produced collets capable of direct solvent
extraction
◦ Inactivate enzymes in oxidation
◦ Produce higher levels of more hydratable
phosphatides
Oilseeds Extraction
 Expeller or Screw Press Extraction
◦ mechanically squeezes oil from seed, seed high
with extractable oil
 Prepress Solvent Extraction
◦ Removes portion of oil with expellers
◦ Remainder of oil is extracted with organic solvent
 Direct Solvent Extraction
◦ Problematic for high oil contents oilseeds
◦ May decrease oil quality due to increased content of
undesirable
Oilseeds Extraction
 Processes:
1. Press, sometimes after drying or sterilizing
2. Cold pressed
Oil-bearing Fruits Extraction

Harvest when reach maturity
Washing
Ground or milled to a course paste
Extraction
(Hydraulic presses, continuous centrifuges, adhesion filtering)
Oil Wastewater Husks or

residues
Olive oil Dried,
(< 3.5% FFA) extracted with solvent
Olive Oil Extraction
Pomace Oil ( olive oil)
Olive Oil Extraction
Source: http://www.oliveoilpakistan.com/infrastructures.htm
Palm Oil Extraction
Delivered to oil mill when reach
maturity
Sterilized with steam (130 –

145C, 1 hr)
Fruits stripped from bunch stalks

by shaking, beating
Reheat (95 - 100 C, 20-30 min)
Separated with screw press
Centrifuge and vacuum dried

Palm Oil Extraction
Source: http://strantextrading.com/crude.htm
Animal Fats Recovery
 Animal fats recovered from fatty tissues by
cooking process > rendering:
1. Wet Rendering
 Better oil quality
2. Dry Rendering
 Best quality protein
process that converts waste animal tissue into

stable, value-added materials. Rendering can
refer to any processing of animal products into
more useful materials, or, more narrowly, to the
 rendering
Materialsof to
whole animal fatty
be rendered aretissue intoup into
broken
purified
small fats like(2
pieces lard
– 5orcm)
tallow
with crusher
 Cooked in batch or continuous cookers with
agitation
 Two varieties:
1. Low temp up to boiling water point
2. High temp or steam rendering, under
pressure in closed vessels
 Steam injected to boil the water
together with fatty material
 Fats separates from solids and rises to
top of vessel
 Fats is drawn off and purified by settling
or centrifuge
Wet Rendering
 Cooking material at 115 – 120C, 1.5 – 4
hrs, in agitated, steam-jacketed vessels
 Cooked material is screened to drain off
the free fat, then pressed to separate the
remaining 6 – 10% residual fat
 Fats accumulated are then centrifuged
and filtered
Dry Rendering
Refining, bleached, deodorized
(RBD) process
2. know the principles and the application

of major technologies and processes in
edible fats and oils production.
Major Processes & Technologies
Crude Palm
Oils
Refining
RBD PO
Fractionation
RBD Interesterification
Hydrogenation
POL, IE Products
Hydro
RBD PST
Products
Various Oil
Blending
Texturising
Packed Products
(downstream)
 Involved mainly degumming,
neutralisation, bleaching, deodorisation
 Removal of nontriglyceride components:
◦ Free Fatty Acid, partial diglycerides,
phosphatides, sterols etc.
◦ Amounts vary with the oil source,
extraction process, season,
geographical source
 With least possible damage to
triacylglycerides and minimal loss of
desirable constituents
Refining
Refining
 Types of refining:
1.Physical Refining
 FFA removed by distillation during
deodorization; phosphatides and other
impurities removed prior to steam distillation
2.Chemical Refining
 FFA, most of phosphatides, other impurities
neutralized with NaOH (usually)
 Choice of refining:
◦ Normally refined physically
◦ Can be refined physically or chemically
◦ Can only be refined chemically
Physical Refining
CRUDE OILS
DEGUMMING
BLEACHING
FILTRATION
Spent earth
BLEACHED OILS
Under
Vacum HEATING/STRIPPING
DEODORISATION
FATTY
RBD OIL
ACID DISTILLATE
Chemical Refining
CRUDE OILS
DEGUMMING
Soapstock
Alkaline solution NEUTRALIZATION
Bleaching Earth BLEACHING SOAPSTOCK SPLITTING
FILTRATION
Spent Earth
Acid
Under
BLEACHED PALM OIL oils
Vacum
DEODORISATION
FATTY
RNBD OILS
ACID DISTILLATE
FFA -
5% max
Moisture -
0.5% max
DOBI -
2.31 min
Phosphatides -
0.1% max
Iodine Value - 50
FFA
to 51< 0.1%
Moisture < 0.1%
Peroxide Value < 1
Palm Oil Refining Quality
mEq/kg
Degumming
 Remove phosphatides,
waxes, prooxidants and
other impurities
 Convert phosphatides to
hydrated gums
(insoluble in oil and
readily separated as
sludge)
Degumming cont…
 Treatment of crude oils with
water, salt solutions, enzymes,
caustic soda, dilute acids
(phosphoric, citric, maleic)
- Water degumming
proper amount of water, temperature
control, by mechanical agitation
Remove hydratable phosphatides
- Acid degumming
Use combination of water and acid
(phosphoric, citric)
Conditioned nonhydratable gums into
hydratable forms, removed by aqueous
Degumming cont…
◦ Dry degumming
 Treated with an acid to decompose metal
ion/phosphatides complexed, then mixed
with bleaching earth, removed by filtration
 For oil with low phosphatides content
◦ Enzymatic degumming
 Phospholipase A1, produced by microbial
fermentation
 Adjustment of pH with buffer, mix enzyme
with oil with high-shear mixer, enzymatic
reaction in holding tank for less than six
hours, separation of gums (sludge) from
oil
 Suitable for most vegetable oils, gums
recovered are found suitable for lecithin
production
Neutralization
 For degummed or
acid-conditioned
crude oil
Reaction between alkaline solution

(NaOH) and FFA from high
phosphatides contents vegetable oils
form soapstock (mixture of sodium
salts of fatty acids, neutral oil, water,
unused caustic, other impurities)
 Alkaline solution sprayed on oil and form
soaps that soluble in water, agitated and
settle to the bottom and centrifuged
 Selection of caustic treatment:

◦ Type of crude oil
◦ FFA content
◦ Past refining experience with similar oils
◦ Refining equipment available
Neutralization cont…
Bleaching
 Provide lighter
coloured oil,
purification prior for
further processing;
also:
- removal of nonpigment materials

(soap, gums, prooxidant metals)
- removal of peroxides and secondary

oxidation products
 Procedures: batch atmospheric, batch
vacuum, continuous vacuum
◦ Atmospheric bleaching cause oxidative
reactions
◦ Vacuum bleaching more effective, avoid
oxidation
◦ Continuous bleaching allowed large volumes
processing without interruptions
 Adsorbents are removed from oil by
filtration, passing through permeable filter
material to separate particles from fluid
Bleaching cont…
 Adsorbents effectiveness depends on
molecular lattice structure, macropore
structure, particle size, chemical
composition, pore distribution, moisture
content:
1) Natural bleaching earth
 Bentonite clays, ‘Fuller’s earth’, performed best
with atmospheric bleaching for easily bleached
oils
 Do not elevate FFA content nor isomerize
unsaturated fatty acid
Bleaching cont…
2) Activated bleaching earth
 Treated with sulfuric or hydrochloric acid to varying
degrees
 Useful for difficult bleached oils
 Elevate FFA, destroy peroxides and secondary
oxidation products, promote isomerization
3) Activated carbon
 Effective in adsorbing certain impurities, non-volatile
aromatic materials
4) Synthetic amorphous silica
 Capable in adsorbing secondary oxidation products
(aldehydes, ketones), phosphatides compounds, trace
metals, soap
Bleaching cont….
 Dosage of bleaching agents depends on
type of adsorbent, type of refined oil,
adsorption of colour bodies and other
impurities
◦ 0.15 – 3%
◦ Acid-activated clays more effective than natural
clays
Bleaching cont…
Deodorization
 Deodorization is actually a
stripping process in which a
given amount of a stripping
agent (usually steam) is
passed for a given period
of time through hot oil at a
low pressure. Hence, it is
mainly a physical process
in which various volatile
components are removed.
 However, since it is usually

carried out at high
temperature (>200°C),
some chemical and thermal
effects may take place as
well.
In physical refining, it is mainly free fatty acids
(FFA) that need to be stripped. Apart from FFA,
other volatile components, either valuable
(tocopherols, sterols, etc.) or unwanted (off-flavors,
pesticide residues, light polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, dioxins, etc.), are also removed
during deodorization.
Objectives;
-to remove volatile odorous
compounds
- this process produces a by
product called Palm Fatty Acid
Thank You

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NE41102 Fats and Oil

Fats and Oil Extraction and

2. know the principles and the application

Fats and Oils Processing

Extraction and Recovery

Oil-bearing Fruits Extraction

Oil Wastewater Husks or

Sterilized with steam (130 –

Fruits stripped from bunch stalks

Reheat (95 - 100 C, 20-30 min)

Separated with screw press

Centrifuge and vacuum dried

process that converts waste animal tissue into

2. know the principles and the application

Bleaching Earth BLEACHING SOAPSTOCK SPLITTING

Reaction between alkaline solution

 Selection of caustic treatment:

- removal of nonpigment materials

- removal of peroxides and secondary

 However, since it is usually

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