International Journal of Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering, ISSN: 2347-6982 Volume-2, Issue-11, Nov.

-2014

EFFICIENT LOAD CONTROLLED MULTI-INPUT SINGLE-

CONTROL (MISC) BATTERY CHARGER FOR DC NANO GRIDS
1
T.DIVYA PRASANNA, 2K.RAJU, 3M.LAKSHMIKANTHA REDDY
1
pg Student, Dept Of Electrical And Electronics Engineering, Chadalawada Ramanamma Engineering College, Tirupati,
A.P, India
2
assistant Professor, Dept Of Electrical And Electronics Engineering, Chadalawada Ramanamma Engineering College,
Tirupati, A.P, India
3
(H.O.D, Dept Of Electrical And Electronics Engineering, Chadalawada Ramanamma Engineering College, Tirupati, A.P,
India
Email Id: tdivyaprasanna@gmail.com, Email Id: rajueps712@gmail.com,

Abstract: This project looks at an alternate circuit to comprehend a power electronic interface for nanogrids, with multiple
unidirectional input sources and a single output. The converter structure is comprehended using a single master control with
multiple sources of comparatively lesser power rating. The output of the converter is directly connected to a battery to store a
supplementary stage as well as MPPT control. The concept is represented by using a Simulink model for distinctive working
scenarios with a solar panel as a master source working under MPPT. As per the characteristic of the source, the suggested
converter works under a number of working modes are conversed.

Keywords- DC Nanogrid, Multi Input Single Control (MISC), Battery Charging ,Heighten Converter, Multi-port

I. INTRODUCTION In future, the DC based nanogrid will have a

number of sources interfaced to the DC-distribution
A DC voltage based power distribution to bus as shown in Fig. 2. Unidirectional Renewable
power a number of household loads has DC nanogrid Sources are interfaced directly to the converter from
is a small housing supply system (at hundreds of which power is supplied to the distribution bus.
Watts to few kWatts level). The purpose DC based A multiport converter is depicted which
nanogrids are an attractive alternative for future employs multiple heighten converters with ordinary
household power system intention is due to the output as interfaces between a number of sources and
insertion of more and more renewable and emerging the DC bus. In, a multi-input series output concept is
power sources for household consumption. Fig. 1 utilized to comprehend this interface which works at
shows the block diagram of a DC nanogrid in ZVS. In, the authors employ a number of sources
standalone application. An input solar source (Vp) is with its full bridge and the output of the full-bridges
interfaced to a DC distribution bus (Vd) using a are connected to an AC link and then rectified. The
DCIDC converter. It employs a DC based distribution sources and the grid are individually controlled and
with a number of loads connected to it through the converters utilized to interface all these.
devoted point-of-load converters. The vision is
basically stimulated from computer power system.
The renewable power sources are generally DC. Due
to the intermittent nature of renewable sources, even
though the generated power is AC or DC (e.g., solar
power is DC and wind power is AC), before further
processing they are converted to a DC and interfaced
with storage.
A storage component is a must for
continuity in supply of power with renewable
sources. It is beneficial to make the distribution Fig. 2. Multi-Input Converter Application
voltage and battery voltage to be the identical in a
small power system like a nanogrid to upgrade The majority of the researches have focused
efficiency of power usage. on the multi-source power utilization problem by
using individually controlled converters. That means,
the source and grid have a devoted converter between
them. This alternative is quite good for higher power
installations. In spite of this, in a nanogrid where the
power generation is restricted and the sources have
restricted output, these alternatives may not be the
majority effective ones as more converters will
Fig. 1. Concept of DC Nanogrid degrade efficiency and eliability. Therefore, instead

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International Journal of Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering, ISSN: 2347-6982 Volume-2, Issue-11, Nov.-2014

of using distinctive devoted converters from a It is imperative to note that all the ordinary
number of unidirectional renewable sources, this renewable sources are unidirectional in nature and
project proposes a single stage heighten converter should be interfaced with a diode. When a current
with multiple inputs that can effectively decimate source is interfaced to the converter, a capacitor is
generated energy to charge a battery. utilized at the input terminal as can be seen from Fig.
4. This capacitor is needed to meet the ripple
II. MULTI-INPUT SINGLE CONTROL necessities of the converter input current. When the
(MISC) SCHEME source has a voltage source appropriatety, an input
capacitor is avoided as it will consistently force the
The general scheme is derived from heighten capacitor voltage to become one and the same to the
Converter as shown in Fig. 3. There is a Master master source terminal voltage due to duty restriction.
source S1 (can be voltage or current source) and N-l
slave sources S2 to Sn are interfaced to the drain of III. MODES OF FUNCTION
the control switch through devoted inductors. The
converter scheme is referred to as Multi Input Single The distinctive modes of function of MISC
Control (MISC) due to the fact that the master source converter is as outlined in Table I. All the modes
is always in control of the duty. The Master Source given in Fig. 4 are applicable if the basic restriction
S1 fixes the duty cycle of switch Ml based on the of output voltage being greater than input voltage is
MPP working point of the input source, if input is a contented. Note that the output of the converter is
solar panel. The loads are connected to the battery connected to a battery in parallel to a resistive load.
bus directly or through an interface converter. As the The resistive load characterizes the load on the DC
converter scheme is based on heighten converter bus. All the working modes justified below are very
output voltage is always greater than input voltage for much reliant on the intention of input inductor.
the function of the converter.
TABLE-I
MODES OF FUNCTION

A. Mode I: Current Source and Voltage

Source(CSVS)
As shown in Fig. 4 (a), when a current
source is the master source and voltage source acts as
a slave source there are two working scenarios
practicable which is justified below as two sub-
modes. The duty ratio for these modes is settled by
the current source.
1) Sub-Mode I(A): V1>V2: When the input
voltage of the master source is greater than that of the
Fig. 3. Multi Input Single Control (MISC) Heighten Converter slave sources there will be 3 working intervals for
MISC converter, as shown in Fig. 5 (a), Fig. 5 (b),
Based on the characteristics of the sources and Fig. 5 (c). For a suitably intentioned inductor, the
connected to the converter it can be categorized either current through the inductor (LI) of master source
as a voltage or a current source. The practicable will be in CCM. Therefore, for a related or lesser
arrangements for a two input MISC Converter with value of inductor (L2), the current from voltage
current and voltage sources are as shown in Fig. 4. source is strained to be in DCM. Assuming the L2 to
be lesser is practicable as the power rating of the
slave source is not high. The inductor Current
waveforms ILl and IL2 are as shown in Fig. 6 (a).

Fig. 4. (a) Current and Voltage Source Inputs, (b) Current and
Current Source Inputs, (c) Voltage and Voltage Source Inputs,
Fig. 5. Working Intervals when Current and Voltage Sources
and (d) Voltage and Current Source Inputs.
are utilized: (a)

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International Journal of Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering, ISSN: 2347-6982 Volume-2, Issue-11, Nov.-2014

when Ml is on,(b) when Diode D is on, and (c) Input average current drawn from the current source 12 is
Diode D2 is off positive but the negative portion of the current
indicates that inductor current ILl is charging the
input capacitor of slave source 12 every switching
2) Sub-Mode I(B): VI V2: When the
master source terminal voltage is one and the same to cycle. Current IL I drawn from the source should be
that of the slave source, both the input currents are in transferred only to the output battery and therefore
CCM. In spite of this, this may not be practicable all this working scenario is not effective. To prevent this
the time, as the second source is assumed lesser. This mode of function the appropriate collection of
may lead to the second source working under current Inductance and capacitance value is obligatory.
limit. Relatively, if slave source voltage is larger, for
identical duty cycle as the master, its current will
consistently reach current limit. Therefore, all that
can be said about this mode is that, in a practical
scenerio, the slave source works under current limit.
The inductor current waveform IL2 indicated in Fig.
6 (b) indicates the state of function before the source
current attains its limit. When the slave source attains
current limit the inductor current waveform depend
on the charecteristics of source such as type of Fig. 8. Inductor Current waveforms (a) Typical Function, and
source, source impedance etc. (b) High Ripple function.

C. Mode III: Voltage Source and Voltage Source

(VSVS)
The inputs of MISC converter are connected
to voltage sources as shown in Fig. 4 (c). In this mode
of function there are two sub-modes practicable
which are given below. The duty ratio for this mode
is settled by the master source. 1) Sub-Mode III(A):
VI > V2: When input voltage of master source is
greater than the slave source voltage there will be
Fig. 6. Inductor current Waveforms (a) Sub-Mode I( A), and
(b) Sub-Mode 1(8). three working intervals as shown in Fig. 9 (a), Fig. 9
(b), and Fig. 9 (c). The slave voltage source will be
B. Mode II: Current Source and Current Source strained to operate in OCM as the gain needed is
(CSCS) more. As the power generated from the source is not
In this mode both inputs of the two input very high, interfacing a separate converter for power
MISC converter are connected to current sources heritage is not necessary and OCM function can be
(shown in Fig. 4 (b)).The terminal voltages VI and utilized for heritage of the available power. The input
V2 will be strained to become one and the same by current waveforms are as shown in Fig. 10(a).
the duty ratio of the switch controlled by master
source. The equivalent circuits under this mode of
function are as shown in Fig. 7 (a) and Fig. 7 (b). For
Typical function of MISC converter the inductor
current waveforms are as shown in Fig. 8 (a).The
Typical function of the converter is applicable when
input inductors and capacitors are elected suitably.

Fig. 7. Working Intervals when both inputs are current

sources: (a) when Ml is on, and (b) when Diode D is on.
Fig. 8 (b) shows the function of the converter under
Fig. 9. Working Intervals when both inputs are voltage
high ripple due to the irregular collection of the sources: (a) when MI is on, (b) when D is on, and (c) when
inductor and capacitance value. It can be seen that the input diode D2 is off.
current waveform IL2 has a negative portion. The

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International Journal of Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering, ISSN: 2347-6982 Volume-2, Issue-11, Nov.-2014

2) Sub-Mode III(B): VI V2: In this sub- Under high ripple function which is realized
mode of function the input inductor currents I L1 and when low value of inductance is elected and
IL2 should operate in CCM. The harmonizing appropriate value of capacitance is not utilized to
working intervals of MISC converter is as shown in maintain the ripple the input current waveforms are as
Fig. 9 (a) and Fig. 9 (b). As the duty ratio is settled by shown in Fig. 12 (b). This mode of function is not
master source, when input voltage of master source is preferred as the there is a negative portion of current
less than or one and the same to the slave source which indicates the charging of the slave source input
voltage it will have a higher gain than needed due to capacitor by master source which decreases the
higher duty ratio. Output current from slave source amount of current flowing to the output.
increases till it attains its current limit which is the
equilibrium point of function for the source. The IV. INTENTION OF MISC COMPONENTS
input inductor IL2 current waveform before the slave
source attains the current limit is as shown in Fig. 10 The intention of components is done for the
(b). When source attains the current limit the working working modes Mode I and Mode II which is of
waveform will depend of source characteristics such primary importance in nanogrid interconnection of
as source type, source impedance etc. the MISC converter. This is due to the fact that solar
panels working under MPP are assumed to be the
master source and any other lesser sources work as
slave. The intention process depicted below is a
general process and hence can be utilized for all
modes of function.
A. Collection of input inductor Ll
The ripple in main inductor is kept as low as
practicable so as to operate the converter in CCM
Fig. 10. Inductor Current Waveforms (a) Sub-Mode III( A), function for distinctive insolation levels of solar
and (b) Sub-Mode 111(8).
panel. As the ripple is decreased the value of
inductance needed increases. So a exchange
D. Mode IV: Voltage Source and Current Source
between the value of inductance and ripple is
(VSCS)
necessary. The inductor is intentioned at the
When a voltage source is the master source
MPP point of solar panel hence Vin and IL 1 for
and a current source acts as a slave (as shown in Fig.
a particular insolation level is known.
4 (d)), the duty ratio of switch Ml is controlled by
voltage source. The terminal voltage V2 of the Let represent the ripple in inductor current I L 1.
current source will be strained to be one and the same
to terminal voltage V1 and the current that can be
supplied by the source is drawn from the source. Where x is the ripple percentage of current IL I
There will be only two working intervals as shown in Input inductance LI is calculated using (2)
Fig. 11 (a) and Fig. 11 (b).

Where,
Vin characterizes the MPP voltage of master source
Duty ratio,

Fig. 11. Working Intervals when voltage and current sources

are utilized: (a) when M I is on, and (b) when D is on. Vbat- Terminal voltage of battery
Under Typical working conditions, when the Ts- Time period of switching pulse.
input inductor and capacitors are elected suitably, B. Collection of input capacitor Cl
both the converters work in CCM function and the The collection of input capacitance is based on (4)
input inductor current waveforms are as shown in
Fig. 12 (a).

Where,
is the ripple in inductor current given by (1)
Ts- Time period of switching pulse
Input Voltage ripple

Fig. 12. Inductor Current Waveforms (a) Typical function, and

(b) High ripple mode of function.

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International Journal of Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering, ISSN: 2347-6982 Volume-2, Issue-11, Nov.-2014

Voc is the open circuit voltage of panel, y is in literature. The tracking of MPP is done with the
percentage voltage ripple help of Perturb & Observe (P&O) algorithm. The
C. Collection of input inductor L2 MPP point is calculated using P&O algorithm by
The cost implicated in making of inductor observing the change in power for the deviation of
forces the employ of lower value inductor which can duty cycle. The direction of change of duty cycle is
employs more ripple in input current. As the value of based on the direction of change in power. The slave
inductance is decreased we get less no of turns and sources that can be connected to MISC are as shown
lower size of inductor. Using a lower inductance in Fig. 2. For Mode I function a low power fuel cell
value can employ the function of source in DCM can be interfaced as slave source. Depending on the
which is allowed as the power level of slave source is terminal voltage sub modes I (A) or I (B) exists as the
not high. From (1) we can get the amount of ripple in working mode. For Mode II function a lower power
current based on the value of x utilized. To reduce the solar panel is interfaced as the slave source to the
inductance value amount of ripple is increased by converter.
using higher value of x (50%). For this higher value
of ripple inductor is intentioned based on (2). VI. SIMULATION RESULTS
D. Collection of input capacitor C2
The input inductance L2 utilized is The proposed model is simulated using
decreased as the cost of making inductor is higher MATLAB/SIMULINK and the simulation results are
than the cost of capacitance utilized. As the shown below:
inductance value is decreased the capacitor should be
able to sustain more amount of ripple. To sustain
more current ripple higher capacitor value has to be
utilized which is calculated using (4).
E. Collection of Switches
The main switch Ml and Diode D is rated to
convey l.5 times (aspect of safety) the sum of peak
currents of all the source currents.

V. MASTER SOURCE CONTROL Mode I sub 1

The source with highest power rating will be

intentionated as the master source and all other low
power sources will be utilized as slave sources.
When MISC converter is utilized to supply power in
DC nanogrid the master source is elected as a solar
panel which is modeled as a current source. The
characteristics of solar panel are as shown in Fig. 13
for a particular solar insolation level. The point
represented by MPP (Maximum Power Point) is the Mode 1B : V1  V2
normal point of function of the solar panel.

MODE 2 : NORMAL OPERATION

Fig. 13. Characteristics of Solar panel

With the deviation in insolation level MPP

shifts and hence a controller is necessary to track the
shifting point. The tracking of MPP point is done by
the varying the duty cycle of MISC converter. There
are a number of methods of tracking MPP available MODE 2 : HIGH RIPPLE OPERATION

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International Journal of Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering, ISSN: 2347-6982 Volume-2, Issue-11, Nov.-2014

Mode 3A Mode 4(normal working and High ripple Load –ve

current, This mode is avoided in mode IV

MODE 3B: V1 V2

Mode 4 Normal working

MODE 4: NORMAL OPERATION

Mode 4 Load Ripple –ve Current operation

CONCLUSION

In this project, a Multi-Input-Single Control

(MISC) converter. It recognizes multiple inputs and
heightens the voltage to charge a battery using a
single control is suggested. A settled duty cycle based
on the highest power source (Master source)
MODE 4: HI RIPPLE OPERATION characteristics is utilized to control the circuit. The
This project proposes a single stage boost converter whole lesser sources act as slave and supply the
with multiple inputs that can efficiently decimate power that can be extracted from it. Depending upon
generated energy to charge a battery. The proposed the interfaced source characteristics distinctive modes
development introduces a load sensing strategy to of functions are practicable. The modes are justified
efficiently control the battery charging system and the concept is applicable using a Simulation
considering load demand and the model is designed model for distinctive working scenarios with a solar
and the results are shown below: panel as a master source.

REFERENCES

[1] DC Nanogrids Using A Multi-Input Single-Control (MISC)

Battery Charger
[2] D. Dong, I. Cvetkovic, D. Boroyevich, W. Zhang, R. Wang,
P. Mattavelli, "Grid-Interface Bidirectional Converter for
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Two-Stage SCHEME ",IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. :
28, no. 4, pp. 1655 - 1666, April 2013.
[3] R. Adda, O. Ray, S. K. Mishra, A. Joshi, "Synchronous-
Reference-Frame­Based Control of Switched Heighten
Mode 4 high ripple operation (adjust Load Ripple Inverter for Standalone DC Nanogrid Applications ", IEEE
Generator: period=0.00025 &pulse width=5) Trans. Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 1219 - 1233, Mar.
2013.

Efficient Load Controlled Multi-Input Single-Control (MISC) Battery Charger For DC Nano Grids

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International Journal of Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering, ISSN: 2347-6982 Volume-2, Issue-11, Nov.-2014
[4] R. Adda, O. Ray, S. K. Mishra, A. Joshi, "Implementation and [7] S. Poshtkouhi, O. Trescases, "Multi-input Single-inductor
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Efficient Load Controlled Multi-Input Single-Control (MISC) Battery Charger For DC Nano Grids