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    Secondary (Scatter) Radiation and Undercut Control

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    kingston
    Secondary or scatter radiation occurs when photons emitted from the x-ray source strike objects near the film and scatter onto the film, reducing contrast and definition. Scatter can be controlled by moving objects away from the film, centering the x-ray tube, or using a collimator. Backscatter radiation comes from behind the film and is verified and controlled using a lead letter "B" on the cassette back. Undercut is caused by increased radiation intensity where a part thickness changes, scattering light within the film and blurring the image. Undercut is controlled using masks like lead sheets or metallic absorbers.

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    Secondary (Scatter) Radiation and Undercut Control

    Uploaded by

    kingston
    83 views2 pages
    Secondary or scatter radiation occurs when photons emitted from the x-ray source strike objects near the film and scatter onto the film, reducing contrast and definition. Scatter can be controlled by moving objects away from the film, centering the x-ray tube, or using a collimator. Backscatter radiation comes from behind the film and is verified and controlled using a lead letter "B" on the cassette back. Undercut is caused by increased radiation intensity where a part thickness changes, scattering light within the film and blurring the image. Undercut is controlled using masks like lead sheets or metallic absorbers.

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    rt-15

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    Secondary or scatter radiation occurs when photons emitted from the x-ray source strike objects near the film and scatter onto the film, reducing contrast and definition. Scatter can be controlled by moving objects away from the film, centering the x-ray tube, or using a collimator. Backscatter radiation comes from behind the film and is verified and controlled using a lead letter "B" on the cassette back. Undercut is caused by increased radiation intensity where a part thickness changes, scattering light within the film and blurring the image. Undercut is controlled using masks like lead sheets or metallic absorbers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    83 views2 pages

    Secondary (Scatter) Radiation and Undercut Control

    Uploaded by

    kingston
    Secondary or scatter radiation occurs when photons emitted from the x-ray source strike objects near the film and scatter onto the film, reducing contrast and definition. Scatter can be controlled by moving objects away from the film, centering the x-ray tube, or using a collimator. Backscatter radiation comes from behind the film and is verified and controlled using a lead letter "B" on the cassette back. Undercut is caused by increased radiation intensity where a part thickness changes, scattering light within the film and blurring the image. Undercut is controlled using masks like lead sheets or metallic absorbers.

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    1/28/13 Scatter & Radiation Control

    Home - Education Resources - NDT Course Material - Radiography


    -
    Radiography

    Introduction
    Secondary (Scatter) Radiation and Undercut Control History
    Pre se nt State
    Future Dire ction
    Secondary (Scatter) Radiation
    Secondary or scatter radiation must often be taken Physics of Radiography
    Nature of Pe ne trating
    into consideration when producing a radiograph. The R adiation
    X-rays
    scattered photons create a loss of contrast and Gam m a R ays
    definition. Often secondary radiation is thought of as Activity
    De cay R ate
    radiation striking the film reflected from an object in -C arbon 14 Dating
    the immediate area, such as a wall, or from the table Ionization
    Inve rse Square Law
    or floor where the part is resting. Side scatter Inte raction of R T/Matte r
    Atte nuation C oe fficie nt
    originates from walls, or objects on the source side of Half-Value Laye r
    Source s of Atte nuation
    the film. Control of side scatter can be achieved by -C om pton Scatte ring
    moving objects in the room away from the film, Ge om e tric Unsharpne ss
    Filte rs in R adiography
    moving the x-ray tube to the center of the vault, or Scatte r/R adiation C ontrol
    placing a collimator at the exit port, thus reducing the R adiation Safe ty

    diverging radiation surrounding the central beam. Equipment & Materials


    X-ray Ge ne rators
    R adio Isotope Source s
    It is often called backscatter when it comes from R adiographic Film
    Ex posure Vaults
    objects behind the film. Industry codes and standards
    often require that a lead letter "B" be placed on the Techniques & Calibrations
    back of the cassette to verify the control of Im aging C onside ration
    C ontrast
    backscatter. If the letter "B" shows as a "ghost" image De finition
    R adiographic De nsity
    on the film, a significant amount of backscatter C haracte ristic C urve s
    Ex posure C alculations
    radiation is reaching the film. The image of the "B" is C ontrolling Q uality
    often very nondistinct as shown in the image to the Film Proce ssing
    Vie wing R adiographs
    right. The arrow points to the area of backscatter R adiograph Inte rp-W e lds
    R adiograph Inte rp -
    radiation from the lead "B" located on the back side C astings
    of the film. The control of backscatter radiation is
    A dvanced Techniques
    achieved by backing the film in the cassette with a R e al-tim e R adiography
    sheet of lead that is at least 0.010 inch thick. It is a C om pute d Tom ography
    XR SIM
    common practice in industry to place a 0.005" lead screen in front and a 0.010" screen behind
    the film. R e fe re nce s

    Quizzes
    Undercut -

    Another condition that must often be


    controlled when producing a radiograph is
    called undercut. Parts with holes, hollow
    www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Radiography/Physics/scatterradcontrol.htm 1/2
    1/28/13 Scatter & Radiation Control

    areas, or abrupt thickness changes are likely


    to suffer from undercut if controls are not put
    in place. Undercut appears as a darkening of
    the radiograph in the area of the thickness
    transition. This results in a loss of resolution
    or blurring at the transition area. Undercut
    occurs due to scattering within the film. At
    the edges of a part or areas where the part transitions from thick to thin, the intensity of the
    radiation reaching the film is much greater than in the thicker areas of the part. The high level of
    radiation intensity reaching the film results in a high level of scattering within the film. It should
    also be noted that the faster the film speed, the more undercut that is likely to occur. Scattering
    from within the walls of the part also contributes to undercut, but research has shown that
    scattering within the film is the primary cause. Masks are used to control undercut. Sheets of
    lead cut to fill holes or surround the part and metallic shot and liquid absorbers are often used as
    masks.

    www.ndt-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Radiography/Physics/scatterradcontrol.htm 2/2

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