Complete HSEB Solution of Mathematics Grade-11 / 51 52/Curve Sketching

Chapter-3  
(iv) For –  x  0, y increases and for 0 x  , y decreases. So, at x =
2 2
Curve Sketching 0, the curve turns down.
 
(v) For all values of x  –  , y is positive, so, the curve lies above
Syllabus Issued by HSEB  2 2
 Odd and even functions x-axis.
 Periodicity of a function Now, the graph of the given function with above characteristics is shown
 Symmetry (about x-axis, y-axis and origin) below.
 Monotonocity of a function
 Sketching the graph of polynomial functions and rational functions Y
(0,1)
1 x – a  1  x2 x3
2 2

x x – a x + a 
 Trigonometric function X
 X'
Exponential function A (- ,0)O B (  ,0)
 Logarithmic functions 2 2
HSEB Questions and Answers
Y'
1. Test the periodicity and the symmetricity of the function y = sin x.
[HSEB 2068 Q.N. 1(c)] 3. Test the periodicity of the function f(x) = sin 2x and find its period.
Solution: [HSEB 2069 Set 'A' Q.N. 1(c)]
We have, y = sin x. Solution:
Let y = f (x) = sin x We have, y = sin 2x.
then f (x + 2) = sin (x + 2) = sin x = f (x) Let y = f (x) = sin 2x, then
 y = f (x) = sin x is the periodic function of period 2. f (x + ) = sin 2 (x + )
For symmetricity, = sin (2x + 2)
f (x) = sin x, then f (– x) = sin (– x) = – sin x = – f (x) = sin 2x
 f (–x) = –f (x). = f (x)
Hence, the function y = f (x) = sin x is symmetric about the origin. f (x + ) = f (x)
 ≤ x ≤  Hence, f (x) is a periodic function and its period is .
2. Draw the graph of y = cos x
2 2
using its different
6. Examine the function y = cos x for symmentry and even or odd
characteristics. [HSEB 2068 Q.N. 6(b)]
nature. [HSEB 2069 Set 'B' Q.N. 1(c)]
Solution:
Solution:
 
We have, y = cos x – x  We have, y = cos x.
 2 2
Let y = f (x) = cos x
(i) When x = 0 then, y = 1, so the curve does not pass through the
then f (– x) = cos (– x) = cos x = f (x)
origin. But it cuts the y-axis at (0, 1)
(ii) When y = 0, then cos x = 0  f (–x) = f (x)
 Hence,the given function is symmetric about y-axis.
or, cos x = cos  
 2 Since f (– x) = f (x). So the given function is an even function.
  7. Sketch the graph of f(x) = (x – 4)2 – 8 indicating its characteristics.
 x = – ,
2 2 [HSEB 2069 Set 'B' Q.N. 6(b)]
 
 The curve meets the x-axis at two points –  0 and   0
Solution:
 2  2  We have, f (x) = (x – 4)2 – 8 = x2 – 8x + 16 – 8 = x2 – 8x + 8
(iii) Since cos x is an even function, so the curve is symmetric about This function represents a parabola
  (i) When x = 0, then y = 8. So, the curve does not pass through the
y-axis for – ≤ x 
2 2 origin, but cuts the y-axis at (0, 8).
 Complete HSEB Solution of Mathematics Grade-11 / 53 54/Curve Sketching
(ii) Comparing y = x – 8x + 8
2
y = (1)2 – 2 × 1 – 3 = 1 – 2 – 3 = – 4 [∵ y = x2 – 2x – 3]
with y = ax2 + bx + c we get  The vertex of the parabola is (1, – 4)
a = 1, b = – 8, c = 8 Also, y = x2 – 2x – 3
We have, = x2 – 2x + 1 – 4
–b 8 = (x2 – 2x + 1) – 4
x= = =4 [∵ y = (x – 4)2 – 8]
2a 2 × 1 = (x – 1)2 – 4
and, y = (4 – 4)2 – 8 = – 8 or, y + 4 = (x – 1)2
 The vertex of parabola is (4, – 8)  (x – 1)2 = y + 4 which is similar to X2 = y
(iii) Also, y = (x – 4)2 – 8 So, the curve is symmetric about y-axis
or, (x – 4)2 = y + 8 which is similar to x2 = y i.e., x = 0  x – 1 = 0
So, the curve is symmetrical about y-axis i.e., x = 0 or, x = 1
 x – 4 = 0 Since a > 0, so the parabola turns upward. The graph of the given function
 x = 4 with above characteristics is shown below:
(iv) Domain = (– , ), range = [– 8, ) Y
8. Test the periodicity of the function f(x) = cos  x and find its period.
[HSEB 2069 Q.N. 1(c) Supp.]
Solution: x=1
We have, f (x) = cos x
Then, f (x + 2) = cos  (x + 2) = cos (x + 2) = cos x = f (x)
 The given function f (x) is a periodic function and its period is 2. X' A(-1,0) O X
(0,-3) B(3,0)
9. Draw the graph of the function f (x) = x2 – 2x – 3 with its different
characteristics. [HSEB 2069 Q.N. 6(b) Supp.] C(1,-4)
Solution:
We have, f (x) = x2 – 2x – 3 Y'
i.e., y = f (x) = x2 – 2x – 3
ex – e–x
This function represents a parabola. 10. Examine whether the function: f(x) = is even or odd. Also
ex + e–x
(i) When x = 0, y = – 3, So, the curve doesnot pass through the origin,
examine for its symmetricity. [HSEB 2070 'C' Q.N. 1(c)]
but cuts the y axis at (0, – 3).
Solution:
(ii) When y = 0, then x2 – 2x – 3 = 0 ex – e–x
or, x2 – 3x + x – 3 = 0 We have, f (x) = x –x
e +e
or, x (x – 3) + 1 (x – 3) = 0
e–x – ex ex – e–x
or, (x – 3) (x + 1) = 0 then, f (– x) = –x x = –  x –x  = – f (x)
e +e e +e 
Either, x – 3 = 0
 f (– x) = – f (x)
 x = 3
So, given function is odd function.
or, x + 1 = 0
Here, f (– x) = – f (x). So, this function is symmetric about the origin.
 x = – 1
 x = 3, – 1 11. Using different characteristics, sketch the graph of y = –x2 + 4x – 3.
i.e., the curve cuts the x-axis at (– 1, 0) and (3, 0) [HSEB 2070 'C' Q.N. 6(b)]
(iii) Comparing y = x2 – 2x – 3 with y = ax2 + bx + c, we get Solution:
a = 1, b = – 2, c = – 3 We have, y = – x2+ 4x – 3
We have, This function represent a parabola.
– b – (– 2) 2 (i) When x = 0, y = – 3, so the curve does not pass through the origin,
x= = = =1 but cuts the y-axis at (0, – 3) .
2a 2 × 1 2
(ii) When y = 0, then, – x2 + 4x – 3 = 0
 Complete HSEB Solution of Mathematics Grade-11 / 55 56/Curve Sketching
or, x – 4x + 3 = 0
2
f (–x) = f (x)
or, x2 – 3x – x + 3 = 0 Hence, the given function is an even function.
or, x (x – 3) – 1 (x – 3) = 0 Since f (–x) = f (x). So, f (x) is symmetric about y-axis.
or, (x – 1) (x – 3) = 0
Either, x – 1 = 0 13. Using different characteristics, sketch the graph of
 x = 1 y = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3). [HSEB 2070 'D' Q.N. 6(b)]
or, x – 3 = 0 Solution:
 x = 3 We have,
 x = 1, 3 y = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3)
Thus, the curve cuts the x-axis at (1, 0) and (3, 0) (i) When x = 0, then y = – 6. So, the curve does not pass through the
(iii) Comparing y = – x2 + 4x – 3 with y = ax2 + bx + c, we get origin, but cuts the y-axis at (0, –6).
a = – 1, b = 4, c = – 3 (ii) When y = 0, then x = 1, 2 and 3.
We have, The curve cuts the x-axis at (1, 0), (2, 0) and (3, 0).
–b –4 –4 (iii) When 1 < x < 2, y > 0, then the curve lies above x-axis.
x = = = =2
2a 2 × – 1 – 2 When 2 < x < 3, y < 0, then the curve lies below x-axis.
y = – (2)2 + 4 × 2 – 3 [∵ y = –x2 + 4x – 3] (iv) When x > 3, y > 0, so, when x increases, y also increases.
=–4+8–3=1 (v) The curve y = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) is not symmetric about origin, x-
 The vertex of parabola is (2, 1) axis and y-axis.
Also, y = – x2 + 4x – 3 The graph of the curve with above characteristics is shown below.
= – (x2 – 4x + 3) Y
= – [x2 – 2.2.x + 4 – 1]
= – [(x – 2)2 – 1]
= – (x – 2)2 + 1 (2,0)
or, (x – 2)2 = 1 – y = – (y – 1) (3,0)
X
O
which is similar to x2 = – y (1,0)
So the curve is symmetric about y-axis, i.e. x = 0
(0,-6)
x–2=0
x = 2
Since a < 0, so the parabola turns downward. 14. Draw the graph of the function y = x2 – 4x + 3 using its different
The graph of the function with above characteristics is shown below. characteristics. [HSEB 2069 set 'A' Q.N. 6(b)]
Y
Solution:
C(2,1) We have,
y = x2 – 4x + 3
(1,0) This function represents a parabola
X
O A B(3,0) (i) When x = 0, y = 3. So, the curve does not pass through the origin,
but it cuts the y-axis at (0, 3).
D (ii) When y = 0, then
(0,-3)
x2 – 4x + 3 = 0
or, x2 – 3x – x + 3 = 0
12. Test the even or odd nature and the symmetricity of the function or, x(x – 3) – 1(x – 3) = 0
f(x) = x4 + 3x2 + 1. [HSEB 2070 'D' Q.N. 1(c)] or, (x – 3) (x – 1) = 0
Solution: Either, x – 3 = 0
We have, f (x) = x4 + 3x2 + 1.  x = 3
Then, f (–x) = (–x)4 + 3(–x)2 + 1= x4 + 3x2 + 1 = f (x) or, x – 1 = 0
 Complete HSEB Solution of Mathematics Grade-11 / 57 58/Curve Sketching

x = 1 For the second part:

x = 1, 3 If (x, y) lies on the curve then (–x, y) also lies on the same curve. Hence
So the curve cuts the x-axis at (1, 0) and (3, 0). f (x) = x2 – 1 is symmetrical about y-axis i.e., two parts of the curve
(iii) Comparing y = x2 – 4x + 3 with y = ax2 + bx + c, we get lying on either side of y-axis are equal.
a = 1, b = –4 and c = 3
We have 16. Sketch the graph of y = –x2 + 4x – 3 indicating its characteristics.
–b –(–4) 4 [HSEB 2071 Set C Q.N. 6(b)]
x= = = = 2 Solution:
2a 21 2
See answer of Q.N. 11.
and y = (2)2 – 4  2 + 3
= 4 – 8 + 3 = –1 17. Define even and odd functions and give examples of each.
The vertex of the parabola = (2, –1) [HSEB 2071 set D Q.N. 1(c)]
Also, Solution:
y = x2 – 4x + 3 A function f (x) is said to be an even function if f (x) = f (–x)
= x2 – 2.2x + 4 – 1 eg. cos x, x2
= (x – 2)2 – 1 A function f (x) is said to be an odd function if f (x) = – f (x)
or, y + 1 = (x – 2)2 eg. sin x, x3
i.e., (x – 2)2 = y + 1 which is similar to X2 = y
18. Sketch the graph of y = x2 + 5x + 4 indicating its characteristics.
So, the curve is symmetric about y-axis
[HSEB 2071 Set D Q.N. 6(b)]
i.e., X = 0
Solution:
 x – 2 = 0
Similar to Q.N. 14
 x = 2
Since a > 0, so the parabola turns upward. 19. Examine the even or odd nature and the symmetricity of the function
The graph of the function with above characteristics is shown below. y = 10x – 10–x. [2072 Set C Q.N. 1(c)]
Y Solution:
Let f (x) = 10x – 10–x
y = x2  4x + 3 –x
then f (–x) = 10 – 10x
= – (10x – 10–x)
(0,3) = – f (x)
 f (x) is an odd function.
X' X Since f (x) is odd function. So, the given function f (x) is symmetric about
O (1,0) (3,0) the origin.
20. Sketch the graph of y = x – x2 indicating its characteristics.
Y' (2,-1) [2072 Set C Q.N. 6(b)]
Solution:
15. Determine wheather the function f (x) = x2 – 1 is even or odd. Also The given curve is
test its symmetricity. [HSEB 2071 Set C Q.N. 1(c)]
y = f (x) = x – x2 = x(1 – x)
Solution:
The graph of the above function has the following characteristics:
For the first part:
(i) When x = 0, then, y = 0. So, the curve passes through the origin.
The given function is
(ii) When y = 0, then x = 0, 1. So, the curve cuts the x-axis at (0, 0) and
f (x) = x2 – 1 (1, 0).
We have, (iii) When, 0 < x < 1, then y > 0, then the curve lies above x-axis.
f (–x) = (–x)2 – 1 = x2 – 1 = f (x) (iv) When x > 1, y < 0, So, when x increases, y decreases the graph of the
Thus, the given function is even function. function with above characteristics is below.
 Complete HSEB Solution of Mathematics Grade-11 / 59 60/Curve Sketching

Y  f (–x) = f (x)
So, f (x) is symmetric about y-axis.
24. Examine the symmetry and even or odd nature of the function y = x3.
[HSEB 2073 Q.N. 1(c)]
Solution:
Let y = f (x) = x3.
Then, f (– x) = (– x)3 = – x3 = – f (x).
 f (– x) = – f (x)
(0,0)O So, the given function is odd.
(1,0) X Thus, the given function y = x3 is symmetric about origin.
(y = x  x2) 25. Draw the graph of f (x) = x2– 6x + 5 indicating the characteristics.
[HSEB 2073 Q.N. 6(b)]
Solution:
3x We have,
21. Find the periodicity of the function y = tan and its period. y = f (x) = x2 – 6x + 5 . . . . (i)
5
[2072 Set D Q.N. 1(c)] The given function represents a parabola.
Solution: (i) When x = 0, y = 5. So the curve doesnot pass through the origin but
  cuts the y-axis at (0, 5).
One period interval of tangent function is (– , ) (ii) Comparing (i) with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
2 2
3x  a = 1, b = – 6, c = 5
One period begins: = – We have,
5 2
–6
=– =3
b
6x = – 5 =–
or, x
2a  2.1
5
 x = –   y = 32 – 6 × 3 + 5
6
= 9 – 18 + 5
3x  =–4
 One period ends: =
5 2  The vertex of the parabola = (3, – 4)
or, 6x = 5 Also,
5 y = x2 – 6x + 5
 x = 
6 = x2 – 2.3x + 32 – 32 + 5
One period = length of one period interval = (x – 3)2 – 4
=–  –  = –
5 5 10 10 5 (iii) The curve is symmetric about the line x = 3 i.e., parallel to y-axis.
 6 6   6  = 6 = 3. (iv) Since a = 1 > 0. So the parabola turns upwards. The graph of the
function is below.
22. Sketch the graph of y = x2 – 2x – 3 with its different characteristics.
(0,5)
[2072, D Q.N. (b)]
Solution: (x =3)
See answer of Q.N.8.
(5,0)
23. Test for symmetry : y = x2 – 1 . [2072 'E' Q.N. 1(C)]
Solution:
The given equation of curve is (1,0)
y = f (x) = x2 – 1 (3, -4)
then, f (–x) = (–x)2 – 1
= x2 – 1 Here, the points on the x-axis is obtained by y = 0
= f (x) i.e., x2 – 6x + 5 = 0
 Complete HSEB Solution of Mathematics Grade-11 / 61 62/Curve Sketching
or, x – x – 5x + 5 = 0
2
29. Draw the graph of the function f (x) = x – x2 indicating its
or, x (x – 1) – 5 (x – 1) = 0 characteristics. [NEB 2074 (set A) Q.N. 6(b)]
or, (x – 1) (x – 5) = 0 Solution:
 x = 1, 5 See answer of Q.N. 20.
Hence, the points on x-axis are (1, 0) and (5, 0).
30. Show that the function f (x) = 5 – 2x is decreasing for all x  ℝ .
26. Define even and odd function with suitable examples. [NEB 2074 (set B) Q.N. 1(c)]
[HSEB 2060/2073 Q.N. 1(c)] Solution:
Solution: We have, f (x) = 5 – 2x . . . . (i)
See answer of Q.N.17. Differentiating equation (i) with respect to x, we get
27. Stating the different characteristics sketch the curve of the f '(x) = 0 – 2.1
function: f (x) = x2 + 2x – 3. [HSEB 2073 Q.N. 6(c)]
= –2 < 0
Solution: i.e., f '(x) < 0
The given equation of the curve is Thus, f (x) = 5 – 2x is decreasing to all x  ℝ.
y = x2 + 2x – 3 . . . . (i) 31. Sketch the graph of the function f (x) = x2 – 4x + 3 stating its main
The given function represents a parabola. characteristics. [NEB 2074 (set B) Q.N. 6(b)]
(i) When x = 0, y = – 3. So, the curve does not pass through the origin Solution:
but cuts the y-axis at (0, –3)
See answer of Q.N.14.
(ii) Comparing (i) with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 1, b = 2, c = – 3
We have,
–b – (2) 2
x= = = – = –1
2a 2.1 2 
 y = (–1)2 + 2 (–1) – 3 = 1 – 2 – 3 = – 4
 The vertex of the parabola = (–1, –4)
Also, y = x2 + 2x – 3 [ from (i)]
= (x + 1)2 –1 – 3
= (x + 1)2 – 4
 (x + 1)2 = y + 4 which is in the form of X2 = Y
(iii) The curve is symmetric about y-axis i.e., about x – 1 = 0.
(iv) Since a > 0. So, the parabola turns upwards.
x = -1

(-3,0) (1,0)

(0,-3)
(-1,-4)

28. Test the periodicity of the function f (x) = cos x and find its period.
[NEB 2074 (set A) Q.N. 1(c)]
Solution:
See answer of Q.N.8.