STUDY OF A

HISTORIC /
ANCIENT
SETTLEMENT
-FLORENCE (ITALY)

-HIMANI SURYAVANSHI
-171110211
-SECTION -B
➢ REGIONAL SETTING AND LOCATION OF THE
CITY
(GEOGRAPHY,CLIMATE)
GEOGRAPHY (LOCATION AND SURRONDING)
• FLORENCE IS LOCATED IN ITALY AND THE CAPITAL OF
FLORENCE IS TUSCANY.
• FLORENCE HAS ITS OWN REPUBLIC WHERE THEY HAD
THEIR OWN FORM OF GOVERNMENT AND WAY OF
LIVING.
• THE GEOGRAPHY OF FLORENCE INCLUDE MANY
DIFFERENTS TYPES OF LANDSCAPES ,LAND FORMS
,MAJOR RIVERS ,LAKES AND THEY HAVE A LOT OF
NEIGHBORING CITIES,THAT THEY HAVE A LOT OF
INFLUENCE IN ITALY.
• THE LOCATION IN FLORENCE IS NEAR TO THE
MOUNTAIN CHAIN NAMED THE APENNINE CHAIN .THE
SOUTH OF FLORENCE LIES THE CITY OF ROME AND THE
CITY OF NAPLES. THE NORTH OF FLORENCE ARE THE
CITIES PARMA ,FERRARA,RAVENNA, PADOVA, TREVISO,
PAVIAETC….
GEOGRAPHY
❖ RENAISSANCE BEGAN IN FLORENCE ,
ITALY IN THE EARLY FIFTEENTH CENTURY
,ENCOMPASSING ROME AND SPREAD TO
THE REST OF EUROPE AND AFTER
125YEAR IT REACHED FRANCE.

❖ THE RENAISSANCE BEGAN TO SPREAD

AFTER 1500S TO ENGLAND ,GERMANY,
FRANCE,SPAIN ,POLAND AND THE
NETHERLAND.
GEOGRAPHY
GEOGRAPHY(CLIMATE)
• THE GEOGRAPHY OF FLORENCE , ITALY AISO CONSISTS OF BOTH HUMID SUBTROPICAL WEATHER
ANDMEDITERRANCECLIMATE BECAUSE OF ITS LOCATION .
• ON THE FOUR SEASONS THERE ARE A TEMPERATURE OF :IN THE SUMMER FROM 16DEGREE C. TO
31DEGREE C.,IN THE AUTHUMN MORE OR LESS 22DEGREE C. , IN THE WINTER FROM 1DEGREE C.TO
10DEGREE C. AND IN SPRING FROM 15DEGREE C.TO 20DEGREE C.
 INTRODUCTION
• FLORENCE, ITALIAN FIRENZE, LATIN FLORENTIA, CITY, CAPITAL OF
FIRENZE PROVINCIA (PROVINCE) AND TOSCANA (TUSCANY) REGIONE (REGION),
CENTRAL ITALY. THE CITY, LOCATED ABOUT 145 MILES (230 KM) NORTHWEST OF ROME,
IS SURROUNDED BY GENTLY ROLLING HILLS THAT ARE COVERED WITH VILLAS AND
FARMS, VINEYARDS, AND ORCHARDS.
• FLORENCE WAS FOUNDED AS A ROMAN MILITARY COLONY ABOUT THE 1ST
CENTURY BCE, AND DURING ITS LONG HISTORY IT HAS BEEN A REPUBLIC, A SEAT OF THE
DUCHY OF TUSCANY, AND A CAPITAL (1865–70) OF ITALY.MS, VINEYARDS, AND
ORCHARDS.
• THE 14TH–16TH CENTURY FLORENCE ACHIEVED PREEMINENCE IN COMMERCE AND
FINANCE, LEARNING, AND ESPECIALLY THE ARTS.
• THE PRESENT GLORY OF FLORENCE IS MAINLY ITS PAST. INDEED, ITS HISTORIC CENTRE
WAS INSCRIBED ON UNESCO’S WORLD HERITAGE LIST IN 1982.
➢ HISTORY
HISTORY AND DEVLOPMENTS
• THE HISTORY OF FLORENCE START WITH THE COLONIES OF ROME BUT IN PREHISTORY THERE ALREADY
OCCUPIED. BUT THE IMPORTANT ONE WAS WHEN ROME WAS VERY POWERFUL AND ONE OF CAESAR'S
COLONIES GO THERE TO PROTECT THE CITY AND PROTECT THE PEOPLE.
• A 15TH CENTURY LEGEND CLAIMED THAT THE CITY’S BAPTISTERY WAS BUILT ON THE FOUNDATION OF AN
ANCIENT ROMAN TEMPLE DEDICATED TO MARS, THE GOD OF WAR AND ANCIENT PROTECTOR OF THE
CITY. TODAY, NO ARCHITECTURAL EVIDENCE EXISTS TO BRING ANY TRUTH TO THIS MYTH; NONETHELESS
SOME TRACE OF FLORENCE'S ROMAN PAST CAN STILL BE SEEN IN THE CITY. NOW WE CAN SAW SOME
PROGRESS BUT SOME PARTS OF FLORENCE CONTINUE THE SAME
➢ LAYOUT PLAN AND STREET PATTERN
ANCIENT TOWN PLANNING-
ITALY TOWN – PLANNING
➢ THE ORIGINS
▪ THE TERREMORE(COSTELLAZZO FONTANELLATO)
▪ MANZABATTO
▪ POMPEII
▪ MODENA
➢ THE LATE REPUBLIC AND EIRLY EMPIRE
➢ INSTANCES
▪ TURIN
▪ AOSTA
▪ FLORENCE
▪ HERCULANAM
 FLORENCE (ITALY)
• LAYOUT PLAN-
• A YET MORE INTERESTING INSTANCE OF A ROMAN TOWN-PLAN PRESERVED IN
MANY STREETS MAY BE FOUND IN FLORENCE.
• IN ROMAN TIMES FLORENCE WAS A 'COLONIA’ . WHEN THIS 'COLONIA' WAS
PLANTED IS VERY DOUBTFUL. PERHAPS THE AGE OF SULLA (90-80 B.C.) IS THE
LIKELIEST DATE; ALL THAT IS ACTUALLY CERTAIN IS THAT THE FOUNDATION WAS
MADE BEFORE THE END OF THE FIRST CENTURY A.D.
• THIS 'COLONIA’ , LIKE OTHERS, WAS LAID OUT IN CHESS-BOARD FASHION, AND
VESTIGES OF ITS STREETS SURVIVE IN THE CENTRO WHICH FORMS THE HEART
OF THE PRESENT TOWN. THE CENTRO OF FLORENCE, AS WE SEE IT TO-DAY, IS
VERY MODERN.
• IT WAS, INDEED, LAID OUT A GENERATION AGO BY ITALIAN ARCHITECTS WHO
DESIGNED THE BROAD STREETS CROSSING AT RIGHT ANGLE.-
▪ THIS 'HAUSSMANNIZATION' REVIVED, CONSCIOUSLY OR UNCONSCIOUSLY, AN
OLD ARRANGEMENT.
▪ THE PLAN OF FLORENCE IN 1427 SHOWS A GROUP OF TWENTY UNMISTAKABLE
'INSULAE', EACH OF THEM ABOUT 1-1/8 ACRE IN AREA, THAT IS, VERY SIMILAR
IN SIZE TO THE 'INSULAE' OF TURIN.
▪ THIS GROUP IS BOUNDED BY THE MODERN STREETS TORNABUONI ON THE
WEST, PORTA ROSSA ON THE SOUTH, CALZAIOLI ON THE EAST, TEATINA ON THE
NORTH; IT COVERS A RECTANGLE OF SOME 305 X 327 YDS., NOT QUITE 21
ACRES.
❖ THE ORIGINAL ROMAN TOWN PRESUMABLY EXTENDED BEYOND THESE
NARROW LIMITS. BUT IT IS NOT EASY TO FIX ITS AREA, NOR ARE FLORENCE, SINCE THE REBUILDING OF THE CENTRAL PORTION (Centro sha
UNMISTAKABLE 'INSULAE' TO BE DETECTED OUTSIDE THEM.
▪ ON THE WEST -THE VIA TORNABUONI SEEMS TO HAVE MARKED THE ROMAN
LIMIT, AS IT DOES TO-DAY.
▪ ON THE NORTH - A PROBABLE LINE IS GIVEN BY THE GATEWAY,
▪ ON THE EAST -OPAN SPACE OF THE ARCHBISHOP'S PALACE.
- THE 'COLONIA' IS SUPPOSED TO HAVE STRETCHED TO THE VIA DEL
PROCONSOLO
-THE GATWAY- THE OLD POR S. PIERO
-12BLOCKS
-20NOTED
▪ ON THE SOUTH - ROMAN FLORENCE TOWARDS THE ARNO IS ALTOGETHER
DOUBTFUL.
-ROMAN BATH -VIA DELLE TERME.(BETWEEN THE STRETCHED RIVERWARDS THE
OLD GATE POR S. MARIA AND THE PIAZZA S. TRINITA) AND THE SIZE OF THE BATH
WAS 46ACRES (380X590YDS).
❖ THE STREETS PATTERN-
▪ THE INTERIOR OF THE ROMAN TOWN LITTLE IS KNOWN.
▪ THE STREETS NOW CALLED STROZZI AND SPEZIALI PLAINLY PRESERVE THE
ROMAN MAIN STREET FROM EAST TO WEST, WHILE THE VIA CALIMARA
OVERLIES THAT WHICH RAN FROM NORTH TO SOUTH.
▪ WHERE THESE CROSSED WAS THE MEDIAEVAL MERCATO VECCHIO, NOW
ENLARGED INTO A PATRIOTIC PIAZZA VITTORIO EMMANUELE; HERE WE MAY PUT
THE ROMAN FORUM, AND HERE TOO, BY THE FORMER CHURCH OF S.
▪ MARIA IN CAMPIDOGLIO, WAS THE TEMPLE OF CAPITOLINE JUPPITER. THERE
WERE ALSO THEATRES, A SHRINE OF ISIS, AND, OUTSIDE THE ROMAN LIMIT, AN FLORENCE ABOUT 1795, FROM L. BARDI The chief
AMPHITHEATRE STILL DISCERNIBLE IN THE CURVES OF CERTAIN STREETS (PLAN
17 B). HOWEVER SMALL FLORENTIA WAS, IT POSSESSED THE TRUE ELEMENTS OF streets which seem to have preserved Roman lines
THE ROMAN TOWN. are marked in black
 URBAN PLAN
• THE CITY OF FLORENCE IS DIVEDED INTO FIVE MAIN ‘DISTRICTS’: CENTRO
STORICO;CAMPO DE MARTE : GALLUZZO:ISOLOTTO-LEGNAIA:AND REFREDI.
HOW TO CITY LAID OUT

❖ Although most of the city of Florence was a

creation of the nascent renaissance era the
city’s roman beginnings as a typical cestrum,
or garrison town.
❖ The tip of the house are normal they have
flat and house they use England houses and
some flat above the river like hang.
❖ They also have churches monuments and
museums.
EVOLUTION OF PLANNING WIRGHT EXAMPLES OF
DIFFORENT TOWNS
THE OLD FLORENCE THE NEW FLORENCE
➢ CHRONOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT
IMPACT OF THE CITY PLANNINGIN IN
NEIGHBOURING STATES
• FLORENCE, THE “BIRTHPLACE” OF THE RENAISSANCE, EARLY EXHIBITED A SENSATE USE OF THE RENAISSANCE
TOOLS OF CITY RENEWAL AND DESIGN.
• ORIGINALLY A ROMAN CAMP, LAID OUT ON A GRID PATTERN, THE LATER RAPID GROWTH OF THE CITY OF
ALONG ROADS BEYOND GRID, AND WAS DISORDERLY.
• THE FIVE GREAT DISTRICT CHURCHES, SANTA MARIA NOVELLA, SANTA CROCE, 2ND CARMEN, SANTISSIMA
ANNUNCIATA, AND SANT ESPIRITO, BECOME THE FOCAL POINTS AROUND WHICH THE LIFE OF THE CITY WAS
ORGANIZED.
• THE STREET SYSTEM WAS AS SUCH THAT IT INTERCONNECTED THE MAJOR CHURCH BUILDINGS, WITH A
CAREFUL INTEGRATION OF NEW AND OLD BUILDINGS, THROUGHOUT THE RENAISSANCE.
• OTHER STATES STARTING ADOPTED THE PLANNING METHODS.
• LIKE IN ROME ARCHITECT, DOMINICO FONTANA, PLANNED TO ESTABLISH A MAJOR STREET SYSTEM
INTERCONNECTING THE SEVEN PILGRIMAGE CHURCHES OF ROME. SUCH AN OPERATION WOULD BOTH RELIEVE
TRAFFIC PROBLEMS AND IMPRESS VISITORS TO THE CITY, MAKING ALL OF ROME A SINGLE “HOLY SHRINE”.
• THE MOST IMPORTANT CITY OF SOUTHERN ITALY HAS BEEN NAPLES. RAPID GROWTH AWAY FROM THE
CLASSICAL GRID PATTERN CENTER OF THE CITY, COMBINED WITH A ROYALTY WHICH HAD VASTLY INCREASED ITS
PHYSICAL DOMAIN AND TEMPORAL POWERS, BROUGHT FORTH A NEED TO GIVE THE OVERALL CITY A
COMMON BONDING ARRANGEMENT DURING THE 16TH CENTURY. TO THIS END, A RELATIVELY STRAIGHT STREET
WAS CONSTRUCTED TO CONNECT THE “COUNTRY” PLACE IN THE HILLS BEHIND THE CITY WITH THE “CITY”
PLACE, WHICH WAS LOCATED IN CLOSE PROXIMITY TO THE HARBOR.
 CHARACTERSTICS
• THE PREOCCUPATION WITH SYMMETRY, AND THE CREATION OF BALANCED AXIAL
COMPOSITIONS WERE CENTRAL MOTIFS.
• ALSO OF GREAT IMPORTANCE WAS PLACEMENT OF MONUMENTAL BUILDINGS, OBELISKS,
AND STATUES AT THE END OF LONG, STRAIGHT STREETS.
• ON THE BASIS OF THEIR TRAFFIC FUNCTIONS RENAISSANCE URBAN SPACE CAN BE
GROUPED UNDER THREE BROAD HEADINGS:
1. FIRST, TRAFFIC SPACE, FORMING PART OF THE MAIN URBAN ROUTE SYSTEM AND USED BY
BOTH PEDESTRIANS AND HORSE DRAWN VEHICLES
2. SECOND, RESIDENTIAL SPACE, INTENDED FOR LOCAL ACCESS TRAFFIC ONLY AND WITH A
PREDOMINANTLY PEDESTRIAN RECREATIONAL PURPOSE
3. THIRD, PEDESTRIAN SPACE, FROM WHICH WHEELED TRAFFIC WAS NORMALLY EXCLUDED.
• THE MONUMENTS AT THE END IS RECOMPENSE, AS IT WERE, FOR WALKING ALONG A
STRAIGHT ROAD (DEVOID OF THE SURPRISE AND ROMANTIC CHARM OF THE TWISTING
STREETS) AND ECONOMIES ARE MET BY KEEPING THE FRONTING BUILDINGS PLAIN SO
ENHANCED THE CLIMAX – PRIVATE SIMPLICITY AND PUBLIC MAGNIFICENCE
PLAN AND STRUCTURE(THE CATHEDRAL OF FLORENCE)
• THE CATHEDRAL OF FLORENCE IS BUILD AS A BASILLICA,
HAVING AWIDE CENTRAL NAVE OF FOUR SQUARE BAYS,
WITH AN AISLE ON EITHER SIDE .
• THE CHANCEL AND TRANSEPTS ARE OF IDENTICAL
POLYGONAL PLAN ,SEPARATED BY TWO SMALLER
POLYGONAL CHAPEL . THE WHOLE PLAN FORMS A LATIN
CROSS.
• THE NAVE AND AISLES ARE SEPARATED BY WIDE POINTED
GOTHIC ARCHES RESTING ON COMOSITE PIERS.
• THE DIM. OF THE BUILDING ARE ENORMOUS :
▪ LENGTH 153M (502FT).
▪ WIDE 38M (124FT).
▪ WIDE AT THE CROSSING 90M (295FT).
▪ THE HIGHT OF THE ARCHES IN THE AISLES IS 23M (75FT).
▪ THE HIGHT OF THE DOME IS 114.5M.
 PART OF THE CATHEDRAL
• THE BAPTISTERY OF SAINT JOHN
• THE CATHEDRAL OF SANTA MARIA DEL
FIORE(THE DUOMO)WITH THE
EXCAVATIONS OF SANT REPARATA
• GIOTTO’S BELL TOWER
• THE MUSEUM OF THE OPERA DEL
DUOMO
• THE CATHEDRAL CANONRIES
• THE LAYCONFRATERNITY OF MERCY
• THE BIGALLO PORTICO
• THE ARCHBISHOP’S PALACE
• THE COLUMN OF SAINT ZANOBIUS
• THE PISAN PORPHYRY COLUMN
 THE DOMUS
❖ TO REDUCE DEAD LOAD, HE CREATED A DOUBLE SHELL AS WAS DONE
IN THE PANTHEON
❖ EMPLOYED THE GOTHIC POINTED ARCH CROSS SECTION INSTEAD OF A
SEMI-CIRCULAR ONE
❖ EMPLOYED 24 VERTICAL RIBS AND % HORIZONTAL RINGS OF
SANDSTONE, AS OBSERVED IN THE RUINS OF ROMAN CONSTRUCTION
❖ THE CUPOLA ON TOP WAS A TEMPLE OF MASONRY ACTING AS A
WEIGHT ON TOP OF THE DOME.
❖ A WOODEN FRAMEWORK WAS LAID ON WHICH STONE STRINGS WERE
ATTACHED AT 5 SEGMENTS/LEVELS.
❖ BRICKS WERE LAID ON TOP OF THE FRAMEWORK.
❖ HERRINGBONE FASHION OF CONSTRUCTION WAS FOLLOWED.
❖ THE RIBS, 13 FEET (4 METERS) DEEP, ARE SUPPORTED BY 16
CONCEALED RIBS RADIATING FROM CENTER .
❖ THE RIBS HAD SLITS TO TAKE BEAMS THAT SUPPORTED PLATFORMS,
THUS ALLOWING THE WORK TO PROGRESS UPWARD WITHOUT THE
NEED FOR SCAFFOLDING.
➢ SIGNIFICANT FEATURES AND PUBLIC PLACES
SIGNIFICANCE
PERSPECTIVE WAS COMMENCED IN CITY PLANNING IN ORDER TO
CREATE SYMMETRICAL BUILDINGS THAT LED TO A FORM OF BEAUTY
MAKING THE RENAISSANCE CITIES DISTINCTIVE AND UNIQUE FROM
THEIR MEDIEVAL ANTECEDENTS.

THE URBAN CENTRES OF THIS GENERATION ALSO CARRIED A PURPOSE

EXCEEDING THAT OF PURELY A RESIDENCE – AS AN ART GALLERY TO
SHOWCASE THE ARTISTIC TASTE OF ITS PARTISANS.

FURTHER MORE , THE APPLICATION OF IDEALISM INTO CONSTRUCTION

LED TO NEW MATHEMATICAL WAYS OF DESIGNING THE CITY IN
COLLABORATION WITH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PERSPECTIVE
WITHIN CONSTRUCTION BUILDINGS WERE BUILT USING THE PERFECT
SHAPES SQUARES AND CIRCLES.

THE TWO COMBINED TO FORM A UNIQUELY DISCIPLINE BUILDING

STYLE THAT FIRMLY SET RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE AS ONE OF THE
MOST IDIOSYNCRATIC YET UNCOMPLICATED CONSTRUCTING METHOD
IN ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY.
➢ SOCIO-CULTURAL CHARACTER
CULTURE AND IT IMPACT ON ARCHITECTURE AND CITY
PLANNING
❖ THE RENAISSANCE WAS NOT ONLY A CULTURAL MOVEMENT ASSOCIATED
WITH ARTS BUT ALSO ASSOCIATED WITH THE STUDY OF ANCIENT GREEK
AND LATIN WORKS.
❖ THERE WAS INVENTION OF THE TECHNIQUES AND A NEW WAY OF
REPRESENTING OLD IDEAS AND CLASSIC WORKS, AS WELL AS CREATING
NEW ONES.
❖ THE RENAISSANCE BECOME A TIME IN WHICH POETS, WRITERS, ARTISTS,
SCULPTORS AND ARCHITECTS WERE WIDELY RECOGNISED AND VALUED AS
IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS OF THE SOCIETY.
❖ THAT WAS NOT THE CASE DURING THE EARLIER YEARS. PEOPLE DID NOT
APPRECIATE LITERATURE AS THEY DID IN THE RENAISSANCE.
❖ THE REASONS BEING THERE WERE NOT MANY BOOKS THAT HAD BEEN
PRINTED IN THE VERNACULAR. MOST BOOKS WERE PRINTED IN GREEK OR
LATIN AND TO BE INTERPRETED TO THE COMMON PEOPLE BY MEANS OF
THE CHURCH OR HIGHLY EDUCATED SCHOLARS.
CULTURE AND IT IMPACT ON ARCHITECTURE AND CITY
PLANNING
❖ ARTISTS AND ARCHITECTS ALSO HELP SPREAD THE IDEA OF
RENAISSANCE. THE RENAISSANCE WAS GREATLY FOCUSED ON THE
INDIVIDUAL AND CLASSIC. SCULPTORS, ARTISTS AND ARCHITECTS
COMBINED CLASSIC IDEAS WITH THE HUMANIST IDEA OF EMPHASIS
ON AN INDIVIDUAL. SCULPTORS FOCUSED ON CREATING THEIR
SUBJECTS AS THEY WOULD BE IN A PARTICULAR MOVEMENT. TWO
MAJOR SCULPTORS OF THE AGE WERE DONATELLO AND
MICHELANGELO.
❖ ARCHITECTS OF THE RENAISSANCE AGE BEGAN TO MOVE AWAY
FROM THE GOTHIC STYLE THAT HAD ORIGINATED FROM FRANCE
AND TURN TO MORE OLDER ROMAN STYLES. FILLIPO BRUNELLESCHI
ONE OF THE FIRST GREAT ARCHITECT OF THE CITY. THE
BRUNELLESCHI DOME HE DESIGNED WAS ONE OF THE LARGEST
DURING THAT TIME. THE RECONSTRUCTION OF ST PETER TOOK
TWO CENTURIES AND WAS FINALLY COMPLETE IN THE 1600’S.
MANY ARCHITECT FOCUSED ON PROPORTIONS, SYMMETRY AND
PERSPECTIVE.
CULTURE AND IT IMPACT ON ARCHITECTURE AND CITY PLANNING
❖ For painters of the renaissance age it was
harder for them to look for inspiration in
ancient art work as there was not many works
to study. Instead they got inspiration from
classical sculptors.
❖ Earlier paintings had been of two dimensional
figures and focused on blank backgrounds and
combined many scenes in one painting.
Renaissance paintings focused on one
particular moment or scene in a three
dimensional. Painters of the renaissance
researched perspective and creating illusion on
a three dimensional area. Italy was introduce to
oil paintings and painting on canvas in the
market work as the cost of art reduced and
transporting pictures became easy.
❖ The renaissance was a movement which
allowed people to break away from traditional
views, ideas, and practices into a new way to
look at things and a new way of thinking
 POLITICAL BACKGROUND
❖ IN THE 15TH CENTURY FLORENCE, VENICE AND NAPLES EXTENDED THEIR POWER THROUGH MUCH
OF THE AREA THAT SURROUNDED THEM, MAKING THE MOVEMENT OF ARTISTS POSSIBLE. THIS
ENABLED FLORENCE TO HAVE SIGNIFICANT ARTISTIC INFLUENCE IN MILAN, AND THROUGH MILAN,
FRANCE.
❖ IN 1377, THE RETURN OF THE POPE FROM THE AVIGNON PAPACY AND THE RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF
THE PAPAL COURT IN ROME, BROUGHT WEALTH AND IMPORTANCE TO THAT CITY, AS WELL AS A
RENEWAL IN THE IMPORTANCE OF THE POPE IN ITALY, WHICH WAS FURTHER STRENGTHENED BY
THE COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE IN 1417. SUCCESSIVE POPES, ESPECIALLY JULIUS LL, 1503-13,
SOUGHT TO EXTEND THE POPE’S TEMPORAL POWER THROUGHOUT ITALY.
❖ VARIOUS CITIES BORE RULE OVER THE SURROUNDINGS TOWNS AND VILLAGES.
❖ FLORENCE, ROME, MILAN AND VENICE WERE INDEPENDENT CITIES.
❖ THEY WERE CONSTANTLY FEUDING WITH ONE ANOTHER.
❖ THE NOBLES OF EACH CITIES WERE ALSO ENGAGED IN THEIR OWN FEUDS.
❖ LARGE FAMILIES HAD FORTIFIED HOUSES OR PALAZZOS WHICH CONTAINED FAMILY AND FIENDS,
PERSONAL SERVANTS AND KNIGHTS FOR PROTECTION.
❖ FAMILY CRESTS WERE FOUND ON BUILDINGS COMMISSIONED BY THESE FAMILIES AS WALL AS ON
THE SHIELDS AND ARMOUR OF THEIR HIRED PROTECTORS.
➢ DESIGN AND PLANNING PRINCIPLES
TECHNOLOGICAL ACHIEVEMENT AND ITS REFLECTION IN
PLANNING
• RENAISSANCE MEANS ‘AWAKENING’ OR
‘REVIVAL’.
• THE ARCHITECTURE STYLE IS BASICALLY THE
REVIVAL OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE.
• THE ARTISTS OF THE RENAISSANCE ERA
WERE SEARCHING THE WAYS OF REVIVING
AND SEARCHING THE METHODS OF
CONSTRUCTION OF ROMAN.
• ARCHITECT, THAT LEAD IN THE NEW FORM
OF ARCHITECTURE.
• THE FLORENCE CATHEDRAL. THE
CATHEDRAL WAS CONSTRUCTION BY FILLIPO
• BRUNELLESCHI LOCATED AT PIAZZA DEL
DUOMOAND WAS COMPLETED IN
• THE YEAR 1436.
TECHNOLOGICAL ACHIEVEMENT AND ITS REFLECTION IN
PLANNING

❖ THE ROMAN
CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGIES OF
DOMES,VAULTS, ORDER
OF COLUMNS , ARCHES
AND ARCADES WAS THE
BASE OF THIS NEW STYLE
OF ARCHITECTURE

❖ THE ROMANS HAD THEIR

OWN COLUMN ORDER AS
THE GREEKS
 TECHNOLOGICAL ACHIEVEMENT AND ITS
REFLECTION IN PLANNING
• THE DOME CONSISTS OF TWO LAYERS, AN INNER
DOME AND OUTEOUTER DOME.
• BOTH DOMES ARE SUPPORTED BY 24 STONE HALF
ARCHES, OR RIBS, OF CIRCULAR FORM, 21 METERS (7
FEET) THICK AT THE BASE AND TAPERING TO 1.5
METRES (5 FEET).
• TO RESIST OUTWARD THRUST, THE RINGS OF STONE
HELD TOGETHER WITH METAL CRAMPS RUN
HORIZONTALLY BETWEEN THE RIBS TERE ARE ALSO
THE RINGS OF OAK TIMBERS JOINED BY METAL.
CONNECTORS THESE MEMBERS KEEP THE DOME IN
ABALANCED POSITION.
• THE ENTIRE STRUCTURE WAS BUILT WITHOUT
FORMWORK, THE ARCHES WERE SO HUGE THAT THE
TIMBER SCAFFOLDING COULDNOT BE PROVIDED
• THE HOLLOW DOUBLE DOME STRUCTURE HAS THE
SAME COFFERED CELING OF THE PANTHEON AS IT
REDUCES WEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE.
• OCULUS DENOTES A CIRCULAR OPENING IN THE
CENTRE OF A DOME OR IN A WALL
 ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER OF THE CITIES
FEATURES OF RENAISSANCE
BUILDINGS.
• --SYMMETRICAL
ARRANGEMENT OF
WINDOWS AND DOOR.
• -EXTENSIVEUSE OF CLASSICAL
COLUMNS AND PILASTERS.
• -TRIANGULAR PEDIMENTS.
• -SQUARE LINTELS.
• -ARCHES.
• -DOMES.
• -NICHES WITH SCULPTURES.
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER OF THE CITY
• PLAN – RENAISSANCE BUILDINGS HAVE A
SQUARE, SYMMETRICAL APPEARANCE IN WHICH
PROPORTIONS ARE USUALLY BASED ON MODULE.
• FACADE- FACADES ARE SYMMETRICAL AROUND
THEIR VERTICAL AXIS.
• COLUMNS AND PILASTERS – USED EITHER AS
STRUCTURAL, SUPPORTING AN ARCADE OR
ARCHITRAVE, OR PURELY DECORATIVE, SET
AGAINST A WALL IN THE FORM OF PILASTERS
• ARCHES – ARCHES ARE SEMI-CIRCULAR OR (IN
THE MANNERIST STYLE) SEGMENTAL ARCHES ARE
OFTEN USED IN ARCADES, SUPPORTED ON PIERS
OR COLUMNS WITH CAPITALS.
• DOMES – IS USED FREQUENTLY, BOTH AS A VERY
LARGE STRUCTURAL FEATURE THAT IS VISIBLE
FROM THE EXTERIOR, AND ALSO AS A MEANS OF
ROOFING SMALLER SPACE WHERE THEY ARE
ONLY VISIBLE INTERNALLY.
• CELLINGS – REFITTED WITH FLAT OR COFFERED
CEILINGS. THEY ARE NOT LEFT OPEN AS IN
MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE. THEY ARE
FREQUENTLY PAINTED OR DECORATED.
 REFFERENCES
• BOOK- ANCIENT TOWN PLANNING (BY F.HAVERFIELD)
• BOOK- https://books.google.com/books/about/Florence.html?id=p6xJCgAAQBAJ
• FLORENCE ABOUT 1795, FROM L. BARDI The chief streets which seem to have preserved Roman lines are
marked in black
• https://www.britannica.com/place/Florence
• https://www.tripsavvy.com/top-sights-and-attractions-in-florence-1547378
• https://www.lonelyplanet.com/italy/florence/history
• http://www.aboutflorence.com/history-of-Florence.html
• http://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/duomo/
• https://www.ricksteves.com/watch-read-listen/read/articles/florence-the-cultural-capital-of-europe
• https://www.britannica.com/video/140389/overview-Renaissance-architecture
• http://oer2go.org/mods/en-boundless/www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-
textbook/the-italian-renaissance-23/renaissance-architecture-152/renaissance-architecture-in-florence-590-
10898/index.html
• https://thisismyhappiness.com/architecture-in-florence/
• http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/architecture/renaissance.htm
• https://www.britannica.com/place/Florence/History
THANK YOU…..