HYDROGEN CRACKS, SOLIDFICATION CRACKS,

LAMELLAR TEARS, FRACTURES

1. Which of the following is most likely to increase the chance of solidification cracking?
a. reduction in sulphur content of the parent material
b. increase restraint on the joint during welding
C. increase in weld hydrogen content from 15ml/100 g to 25ml/100 g
d. poor through thickness ductility in the materials being welded
e. both a & b

2. Which of the
following elements may cause hot shortness
a. sulphur
b. phosphorous
manganese
silicon

3. Which of thefollowing materials the most

are
susceptible to HICC in the weld zone?
a. carbon manganese steel
b. micro alloyed steel (HSLA)
C. austenitic steel
d. both a &b
e. all of the above

4. Lamellar tearing is:

a. A product defect caused
during the manufacturing of certain steels
. A crack type, which occurs in the
parent material due to welding strains acting
in the short transverse direction of the
parent material.
A type of hot crack associated with
impurities (sulphur, carbon, and
phosphorous).
d. A type of crack that occurs in the weld or parent material due to cyclic stresses.

5. The risk of hydrogen cracking is higher when MMA

welding is used on..
a. CIMn steels
b. austenitic stainless steels
C. low alloy steels for elevated temperature service (Cr-Mo
steels)
d. low carbon steels for cryogenic service (with nickel
addition)
6. A concentration of iron sulphide inclusions in a carbon steel weld bead may
cause.
a. solidification cracking
b. hydrogen cracking
C. lamellar tearingg
d. weld decay

7. Which type of cracking occurs more often with SAW than with MMA?
a. HAZ hydrogen cracking
b. weld metal solidification cracking
C. HAZ cracking during PWHT (re-heat cracking)
lamellar tearing
 High sulphur level in steel weld metal can be detrimental because:
8
it gives high levels of porosity
. it can increase the risk of lamellar tearing
C. it can increase the risk of solidification cracking
d. all of the above

9. The fracture face of a lamellar tear has:

a.
branch cracks running out from the initiation point
b. a flat and
featureless appearance
C. a
woody step like appearance
d. beach marks

10. Hot
shortness in a steel weld may mean
a. it is short of
b. it contains a
ductility at high temperature
it is
high level of iron sulphides
susceptible to solidification cracking
all of the above

11. Lamellar tearing is best

a. prevented
by:
b. he useof plate materials containing low levels of impurities
The use of
C. buttering runs
Post weld stress
d. relieve
Both a & b
e. all of the above

12. Which of the

following is
they are best detectedapplicable
by
to a plate lamination
b.
they are mainly caused byradiography
c. they originate in the hydrogen entrapment
are caused whenparent material
.
the they
parent plate welding stresses act parallel with the rolled direction of

13. Hot
a.
cracking in steel
weldments occurs:
along the fusion line
b. in the last metal to
C. weld center line
solidify
d. in areas of the
lowest dilution
14. Which element in steel if present in
phosphorus significant amounts may lead to hot shortness?
manganese
silicon
d.
sulphur
15. Hydrogen cracking in HAZ is most likely to occur when welding:
a. carbon manganese steels
b. austenitic stainless steel
micro alloyed steel (HSLA)
low carbon steel
16. What four criteria are
necessary to produce hydrogen induced cold cracking?
a.
Hydrogen, moisture, martens tic grain structure and heat
b.
hydrogen, poor weld profiles, temperatures above 200C and a slow cooling rate
C.
hydrogen, a graln
structure susceptible to cracking, stress and a
below 200C temperature
d.
hydrogen,
cracking
existing weld defects, stress and a grain structure susceptible to

17. A crack type mostassociated with the

hydrogen cracking in the HAZ submerged arc welding process is:
b. solidification cracking
c. lamellar tearing
d fatigue cracking
18. What effect to
midthickness lamination in steel
located within a weld HAZ? plate normally have when they are
d. cause lamellar tearing
b. fuse together to form a bond
c. affect the weld metal
d. cause internal composition
tearing on a micro scale
19. Lamellar
tearing has been occurred in steel fabrication.
have been found by: BEFORE welding could it

X-ray examination
. Dye penetrant
C Ultrasonic inspection
d. It would not have been
found by any inspection method
20. Cracks in the weld
may be due to:
solidification problems
b. hydrogen problems
C. excessive stress
d. all of the above

21. A metallurgical problem most associated with submerged arc welding is:
a. hydrogen cracking in HAZ
b. solidification cracking in the weld metal
hydrogen cracking in the weld metal
lamellar tearing in the weld metal

22. Hydrogen cracking in the weld metal is likely when:

a. carbon manganese steels
D. stainless steels
micro alloyed steels (HSLA)
d. low carbon steels

23. The presence of iron sulphide in the weld metal is most

the following upon contraction of the weld: likely to produce which of

solidification cracking
b. hydrogen cracking
C. intergranular corrosion
stress corrosion cracking
24. Hot shortness term is used to indicate:
a. lamellar tearing
solidification cracking
C.
hydrogen cracking
d. none of the above

25. Fish
eyes, chevron cracks
a. not associated with and fissures are:
. type of cracks
welding
only encountered in MMA welds
d.
hydrogen related problems
26. What would be
a.
a typical appearance of a ductile fracture surface?
rough randomly torn and a reduction in area
b. smooth fracture surface
C. step like appearance displaying beach marks
d. bright crystalline fracture with
e. both a & b very little reduction in area

27. The main reason

for toe blending on certain welded component is:
corrosion considerations
. fatigue life
C.
appearance
d. all of the above

28. What is the cause of fatigue failure?

a. cyclic stress
. corrosion
C. sudden stress above the yield
point
d sudden stress above the U.T.S.

29. In a transverse tensile

test, brittleness would be indicated
a. there is a large reduction in if..
cross-sectional area at the position of fracture
b. the fracture surface is flat but
has a rough surface
c. fracture occurred in the
center of the weld
d. fracture occurs in the HAZ

30. When a
Tee-joint is set up for ready for welding, which NDE
ensuring that no lamellar tears are technique is the best for
present before welding commences?
a. X-ray examination
. liquid penetrant examination
C. ultrasonic examination
d. it could not have been found
by any inspection method
31. A fatigue cracks fracture
surface is:
a. rough randomly torn
b. smooth
C. step like appearance
d. bright crystalline
32. The likelihood of a brittle fracture in steels will
the formation of a fine increase with:
a.
grain structure
b. a reduction
in-service temperature to sub-zero conditions
G. a slow cooling rate
d. all of the above

33. A tatigue failure characteristic by the appearance of the fracture surface. It would be:
a. rough and torn
. "cheveron"- like
C. smooth
d. none of the above

34. The likelihood of brittle fracture in steels will

increase with:
a. a large grain formation
. a reduction of in service temperature to sub zero levels
ferritic rather than austenitic steels
d. all of the above

35. What is the problem with restraint

during welding?
a. it does not cause a problem
. it may lead to cracking, especially with small welds between large components
C. it causes distortion
d. restraint is term not used in relation to welding

36. Fluctuating load is: cyclic stresses, below the UTS on a weld component may lead
to:
a. tensile failure
b. yield failure
C. fatigue failure
d. shear failure
ArUSWER

B- 3

C
C
D

2
B 3
LA

A 1
C 16
B 2
A
b

B 2

A
B 24
2
A 2
B
A
B

D
B

A
B