Recommendations

for the design, calculation,

installation and inspection
of wind-turbine foundations
Members of the Working Group
""'Wind turbine foundations"
Chair
Berthelot Patrick Bureau Veritas
Secretaries
Glandy Michel Soletanche-Bachy-Pieux
Lamadon Thierry Bureau Veritas
Authors
Aguado Pascal Apave
Carpinteiro Luis Socotec
Dano Christophe Ecole Centrale Nantes
Durand Daniel Bureau Veritas
Durand Frédéric Fugro
Gauthey J-Robert Spie Fondations
Jandel Eric Fondasol
Lambert Serge Keller
Martin Alexander CTE
Plomteux Cyril Ménard
Thorel Luc LCPC
With contribution from
Antoinet Eric Antéa
Bersch Matias CTE
Bourne Gilles Alios
Bretelle Sylvie Cathie-Associates
De Muynck Pascale EDF-EN
Denois Thierry EDF-EN
Le Kouby Alain LCPC
Liausu Philippe Ménard
Mazaré Bruno Egis
Pal Olivier Eiffage
Reboul Michaël Terrasol
With recommendations from
Marburger N ordex
Niedermowwe Nills Enercon
Puech Alain SOLCYP
Remillon Vincent Re power
Schacknies Meik Enercon
51
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 X

Notations and Units

Latin Notations

AP Cross-section of inclusion or column [m2J

Asw Surface area of shear force reinforcement [m2J

B Foundation width "compressed soi!" [ml

c

C' Effective cohesion [Pa)

c ffi<IX Ratio taking required concrete consistency into account

d d = 1 - n c/(1 + n c)
dX Solid grain diameter at x percent passing [ml
d1 Failure mechanism length [ml
d2 Failure mechanism length [m)

e Vertical Joad eccentricity = MN [m)

E Young's modulus (for deformations between 10- and 10-3 4)

[Pal
Ec Spherical modulus (Ménard) [Pal
Ect Deviatoric modulus (Ménard) [Pal
Eeq Equivalent deformation modulus [Pal

Emax Young's modulus for deformation of about 10- 6 [Pa)

Eoed Oedometric modulus [Pa)

Eyst Young's modulus for deformation of about 10- 2 [Pal

EM Modulus determined from a standardized Ménard pressuremeter test [Pal

EmEq Harmonie mean EM [Pa)

EV1 Plate loading test: modulus of the first load [Pal

EV2 Plate loading test: modulus of the second load [Pa)

52
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q Kvs = q/w [Pal
q'o = p' X yx Z [Pal
q, Stress in load-transfer platform underside (to the right of the inclusion) [Pal
q2 Stress in load-transfer platform underside (to the right of the soi!) [Pal
qa Stress in stone columns [Pal
q'app Mean stress applied to soi! over mesh [Pal
qç Tip resistance (or cane resistance) [Pal
q,, Equivalent tip (or cane) resistance [Pal

qcci "i" section design tip resistance [Pal

qci "i" section tip resistance [Pal

qcEq Harmonie mean of q, [Pal

qcm Mean tip resistance [Pa]

qcol Stress in columns [Pa]

qd Tip resistance with dynamic penetrometer [Pa]

qplat Allowable stress in Joad transfer plateform at inclusion head level [Pal
qp Soi! bearing capacity under footing [Pal
qp Stress transmitted to inclusion by load-transfer platform [Pal
qP;l Inclusion tip unit resistance [Pa]
qr Vertical failure stress q, of an isolated column [Pa]
qre and qrp See definitions § 5.4 in the "Recommandations colonnes ballastées du CFMS (2011)" [Pa]
(stone-column recommendations)

qref Maximum stress applied on soi! [Pa]

qrefSLS SLS design stress [Pa]

qrefULS ULS design stress [Pal

qs Ultimate unit skin friction [Pal
qs Stress un der footing [Pa]
qs Stress transmitted to compressible soi! by loadtransfer platform [Pa]

qS;l Failure stress un der footing [Pa]

qsoi\ Overall soi! bearing capacity (for stone columns) [Pal

Qcol Maximum stress value in stone column [NJ

q Load value for imaginary column in loadtransfer platform to the right of the inclusion [NJ

Qmax Maximum vertical compressive force in the vertical rigid component, induced by overturning moment [NJ
Qp Vertical Joad per inclusion under central Joad [NJ

Qsem Compressive Joad applied to the soi! on footing underside [NJ

r Radius of equivalent circular foundation slab with same section as wind-turbine foundation slab [m]
r* Radius of equivalent circular foundation slab with same section as completely compressed surface area
Rb Inclusion tip bearing [NJ

Rr Friction ratio H
R, Inclusion friction bearing [NJ
s, Coi! to coi! spacing [m]

s Settlement [ml
s Pile full section [m2]

Sco1 Column compressed section [m2]

55
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 calculation must be carried out for al! load cases, so 6Wp

that their respective reactions with the soil and piles Footing base ,
W;(~
Levelo . . - - - - - - - - - - - , , . . . . . - , . . . - -
l 1/W• 101

can be combined in each case. oownward dispfacement

orsettlement
/
This model must use behavior laws developed for /
/
various types of ground and al! interfaces. It must
also be able to describe system behavior over the
/ ""' Uncompressible pile
settlement
_,/"
whole operating range of stress, up to the approach / Compressible pile sttlement

of failure. /
/
Since the soil withstands stresses and deformations
in this type of solution, sensitivity studies on soil W f..f;lt fz} Soil settlement
parameters are always required. under footing

Comment: A structural behavior study is essential

for this type of solution. It must take vertical and
horizontal stresses and overturning moments into
account, as an extension of design methods taking
account of central vertical loading (Combarieu, 1988) Pile base (tip)
;;/pÏHl--~ -
and horizontal stresses (Borel, 2005).

16R,
Depth (z)
Geotechnical data
To justify the bearing and calculate settlements and Soi! and foundation settlement.
rotation for this type of foundation, remember that the
geotechnical data must combine:
-The requirements of chapter 5.1.2 on gravity-bases; In the upper section of the piles under the footing,
- Specific requirements for pile bearing calculations, the relative settlement wr (z) is always very low. It is
namely knowledge of the soil over a height equal to L thus advisable to consider that mobilizable friction t (z)
+max (5 m; 7 <1> 1). over a length Rs = <I>/2 may be disregarded. For the
Successive geotechnical studies must allow for a bearing calculation, it is recommended to cancel out
standard curve, with al! soi! parameters as per § 4.6.1 this friction over R/2.
and 4.6.2 for every homogeneous layer. The friction mobilized under R/2 is calculated
The geotechnical engineer must also give the value according to the relative pile displacement in relation
of Pie* and qce under the footing, and the short- and
to the soil.
long-term Kv Kx, KY K2 and K~ soil stiffness under this Pile settlement calculations are carried out in
footing. The G values to be taken into account for the accordance with current regulations, following the
calculation in very slight deformation (10- 3 to 10- 5) method described by Combarieu (1988).
must be given as part of a geotechnical study. As long as mean tensile stress of the concrete
over the tensile section of pile is greater than fct / 'Ys'
the only produced pile ES retained for calculating
pile elongation when the piles are connected to the
Pile justification structure is the steel one.
Taking account of the cross-coupled stiffness of
bath components (soi! under the footing and piles), as
well as the horizontal interaction and applied moment
Calculating deformations and load distribution on the slab, requires 3D finite element calculations or
iterative calculations, which must highlight:
Calculating deformations and load distribution
is essential for designing hybrid or "composite" - friction mobilized along the pile shaft;
foundations. - foundation slab rotation;
This calculation is based on relations between unit - mobilized stress in the soil under the footing;
forces and deformations for the various foundation - applied load under compression or under tension for
components. For a load applied to the foundations, the each pile;
calculation involves determining the forces applied to - pile heads moments applied to the mat foundation
the footing, lateral surface and pile points respectively, when the piles are embedded in it;
and calculating settlement in the foundation head. In
this way, a load-settlement curve can be drawn for - horizontal stresses applied to each pile.
the foundations and the level of mobilization for each This mode! must use behavior laws developed for
component in relation to the corresponding ultimate various types of ground and all interfaces. It must also
loads or intrinsic pile load can be verified for all load be able to describe the system's behavior over the
cases (SLS and ULS). whole operational range up to the approach of failure.
Figure '16 depicts the respective soi! and pile
settlements according to depth z, for a footing
downward displacement depth value ws (0), with Verifying reinforced soil bearing capacity
the hypothesis that this footing may or may not be

88 compressible.

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In all SLS and ULS load cases:

N" 138~139
1"' et 2" trimestres 2012
 Construction measures required to ensure that
Foundation soil support this sub-base layer is not contaminated by the
supporting soil are to be implemented (geotextile, anti-
This solution requires the implementation of contamination layer, etc.).
mitigation measures to protect the bottom of the
excavation during construction.
This includes making piles at the bottom of the
excavation using a work platform (sub-base layer) Pile Reinforcement
suitable for equipment movements. Concrete piles are reinforced:
This sub-base layer will then be used as the - Longitudinally over the height calculated: at least 4 m;
foundation soi! support, to ensure homogeneous
contact between the footing and the soil, thus enabling - The entire height in the case of a tension-bending
loads to be transferred from the footing to the soi!. moment;
The work platform with a height H lat must be - Transversally in accordance with current pile
installed according to "sub-grade layeril or "road" regulations.
requirements (LCPC/SETRA 2000a and b), whether
they are made of frictional materials (natural gravel)
and/or reinforced with binders (cernent, lime, etc.).
Piles under tensile loads
It is characterized using in-situ "road" or "sub-grade
layer" tests (plate bearing tests, etc.), or more standard Tensile force is not allowed in piles at quasi-
geotechnical tests (pressuremeter or penetrometer permanent SLS.
tests), or laboratory tests (CBR or Immediate Bearing
Capacity ratio, cohesion measurements, friction angle
and water content, etc.).
The aim of these tests is to verify the in-situ Verification and inspection
corn pactness of mate rials and determine their behavior
laws by estimating the various common deformation Current regulations and those of§ 5.1.2 apply and
moduli (pressuremeter modulus, if possible, Young's are completed in the following chapters.
modulus E or oedometric modulus M), shear
characteristics (c', cp') and calculating the settlement
and shear strength of this layer.
Bearing and weathering of the excavation top
The soil support's geomechanical characteristics,
for example EV2 modulus and platform thickness, Please refer to § 5.1.3.
vary according to the design study for the foundation
system and depend on in-situ soi! characteristics.
This distribution layer generally consists of at least
40 cm of material: Sub-base Layer
- Natural grave! granular backfill:
• for example, class D1, D2 or D3 or R in accordance
with GTR92 (NFP 11-300), Thickness
•compacted to 95% of OPM,
• this gives it a deformation modulus (equivalent to Platform thickness is checked by comparing
an EV2 modulus) of around 50 MPa, an EV2/EV1 ratio topographie readings at 3 points per wind turbine.
< 2.1, and a friction angle of 40° for crushed material
and 38° for rolled material;
- For soils treated with binders, the ordinary cohesion Quality
characteristics and friction angle to be taken into account
for the calculations arec'= 50 kPa and cp' = 25°. "Sub-grade layer" tests, plate loading, CBR or
The sub-base layer is to be laid according to Immediate Bearing Capacity tests, as well as cp' and
professional rules and is subject to standard inspections particle-size measurements, are recommended.
for the validation of sub-grade layers beneath ground Comment: For embankments thicker than 80 cm, a
slabs. pressuremeter test or CPT can be used.
Blinding concrete is made as soon as possible after the These tests can be carried out at the following
geotechnical engineer or project manager has validated frequencies:
the work. The sub-base layer must be reconditioned - Bearing tests (a choice between plate loading, qc, p 1
before being covered with this blinding concrete. or CBR);
It is very important to avoid any disturbance at the • at least 3 per foundation slab and 3 per construction
bottom of the excavation bytaking standard precautions site,
for surfaces (especially for piles in mud, etc.).
- Identification (particle size) and/or characterization
To distribute the concentration of foundation-slab (c', cp') tests;
peripheral stresses, there must be a load-transfer
platform extended over a width corresponding to least • at least 1 per construction site.
the maximum (Hmax /2; 0.5m) beyond the edge of the Comment: for high-quality natural grave] as
foundation slab and last row of columns. This is the characterized above, characterization tests may be

90 minimum width to ensure satisfactory compaction.

REVUE FRANÇAISE DE GÉOTECHNIQUE

dispensed.

N°138-139
1er et Ç!e trimestres 2012
 Appendix A (informative) are used to gather geological and geotechnical infor-
mation about a site's soi! and rock conditions. This in-
Glossary cludes their nature, composition, structure and spatial
A.1 Geotechnical Action distribution, as well as their physical, chemical, geo-
Geotechnical action is defined as the action trans- mechanical and hydrogeological characteristics. There
mitted to the structure by the ground, an embankment, is a whole range of tests for geotechnical investigations
water body or underground water. (See Standards NF P 94- Soils: surveying and tests, and
Eurocode 7 NF EN 1997-2).
A.2 Operational Load
The operational load (Standard NF EN 61400 -1) A.9 Project Management
must equal the highest value of: The project management assignment (Law 85-
704), which may be entrusted to a private law entity
a) the loads during normal electricity production, or group of private law entities by the contracting au-
taking an average over its life span; thority, must supply the project with an architectural,
b) the loads during emergency stop for a wind speed technical and economic response [... ]. When building
chosen to ensure that loads before the stop equal those a structure, the project management assignment is dis-
obtained using a). tinct from the contractor's assignment.
A.3 Contracting Authority A.10 Technical Inspection
The contracting authority (Law 85-704 & Standard See chapters 2.1.2 and 2.2.4.
NFP 94-500) is the legal entity (or natural person) [... ]
for whom the structure is built. The contracting au- A.11 Miscellaneous
thority has main responsibility for the structure; this Geotechnical structures (Standard NFP 94-500) are
role includes a general interest function that it cannot structures (or parts of a structure) ensuring the trans-
waive. fer of interactions between the overall structure and
ground in which it stands. Although non-exhaustive,
A.4 Project Manager the most common examples of geotechnical structures
According to NFP 94-500, the project manager is are:
the legal entity or natural person who designs and/or
manages and supervises the installation of the struc- - Foundations (footings, mat foundations, wells, piles,
ture on behalf of the contracting authority. supporting-wall units, buried walls, etc.);
- Support structures made using any process (prefab-
A.5 Technical Supervisor ricated walls, diaphgram walls, shotcrete, inclusions,
See chapters 2.1.2 and 2.2.4. ground nailing, reinforced earth, etc.);
A.6 Geotechnical Engineer - Earth structures (using aggregate from the site or
The geotechnical engineer (NFP 94-500) is the legal elsewhere) and ground modifications via earthworks,
entity or natural person who carries out geotechnical undercutting, dredging (bank sloping, slope modifica-
engineering services and/or geotechnical investiga- tion, quarrying, embankments, sub-grade layers, dikes,
tions. dams, etc.);
A. 7 Operator - Underground structures, with or without support
The operator is the person who develops a wealth- structures (wells, excavations, galleries, tunnels, store-
producing asset. rooms, etc.);
A.8 Geotechnical study - Drainage, dewatering and pumping structures, etc.
Geotechnics (as per NFP 94-500) covers ail activi- A geotechnical report (Fascicle 62, Article A.2.2
ties linked to applied soi! mechanics, rock mechanics [MELT, 1993], Standard NF P94-500) is drawn up on the
and engineering geology. Geotechnics encompasses basis of the completed tests and local experience of the
the study of soi! geotechnical properties, including in- ground gained from previous construction work and
teractions between the ground and the surrounding various types of assignment.
structures, and constructing and operating the sup- Soi! (NFP 94-500) [... ] is the generic term used by
plied structure. geotechnical engineers to define any natural or arti-
Geotechnics focuses mainly on the following earth ficial ground liable to be mobilized when a structure
sciences: is built. The term encompasses in-situ and backfill soi!
- Geology; and rocks. It is completely different from the ordinary
- Hydrogeology; literai sense of the word, which designates only the
- Soi! and rock mechanics; ground surface. The rest of the soi! (sub-soil) consists
- Geomaterial rheology; first of a superficial layer with variable thickness (soi!
- Geophysics; in the agricultural or pedological sense), which results
- Geodynamics; from the weathering of underlying rock. The next lay-
- Geochemistry. er consists of minerais in the earth's crust, which are
rocks in the geological sense of the word.
Geotechnical investigations (NFP 94-500) bring to-
gether ail investigations and surveys carried out us-
ing boringrn, sounding(2l and measuring equipment, as
well as in situ and laboratory geotechnical tests. These

111 Boring (NFP 94-500): carrying out a linear excavation using a speci-
fic boring tool and procedure.
121 Sounding (NFP 94-500): local, methodical exploration of ground via
an excavation, bore hale, probe insertion or using physical techniques
that cause little or no damage. This is to determine the nature and
structure of the ground or measure its physical, chemical, mechanical

92 or hydraulic properties

REVUE FRANÇAISE DE GËOTECHNIQUE

N° 138-139
?"trimestre 2013
 reception criteria for the distribution Article L. 111-24 à 26 du code de la con- établissements recevant du public et des
layer - ISSMGE, Mexico, 2006. struction et de l'habitation. immeubles de grande hauteur, modi-
Berthelot P., Durand F., Frossard A., Glan- Article R 111-38 du Code de la construction fiant le code de la construction et de
dy M. - Dallages et modules de déforma- et de l'habitation, Partie réglementaire l'habitation et portant diverses disposi-
tion des couches de sol ; application aux Livre 1°r : Dispositions générales. Titre tions relatives au code de l'urbanisme.
renforcements de sols par inclusions et rer: Construction des bâtiments. Chapitre Loi n° 85-704 du 12 juillet 1985 relative à la
analyse du comportement du matelas de 1°r : Règles générales. Section 7 : Con- maîtrise d'ouvrage publique et à ses rap-
repartition. 14e Congrès européen, Ma- trôle technique. Sous-section 2 : Con- ports avec la maîtrise d'œuvre privée.
drid, 2007. trôle technique obligatoire. Modifié par Loi n° 2003-699 du 30 juillet 2003 rela-
Berthelot P., Durand F., Glandy M. - Mé- Décret n°2007-1327 du 11 septembre tive à la prévention des risques tech-
thode analytique du comportement 2007 -Art. 2 JORF 12 septembre 2007 en nologiques et naturels et à la réparation
d'un matelas de répartition au-dessus vigueur le 1er octobre 2008. des dommages.
d'inclusions rigides et supportant ou Articles R 11-27 à 37 et 111-39 à 42 du code Décret n° 2004-554 du 9 juin 2004 relatif à la
non une structure en béton. 15e Congrès de la Construction et de !'Habitation. prévention du risque d'effondrement de
européen, Athènes, 2011. Décret n° 2007-1727 du 7 décembre 2007 cavités souterraines et de marnières et
Bustamante M., Grau Ph., Le Kouby A. relatif à l'extension du contrôle tech- modifiant le décret n° 90-918 du 11 oc-
- Cas des éoliennes. Document pow- nique obligatoire à certaines construc- tobre 1990 relatif à l'exercice du droit à
erpoint présenté à la journée CFMS du tions exposées à un risque sismique et l'information sur les risques majeurs.
7/4/06 « sollicitations cyclique et fatigue modifiant le code de la construction et
Article L. 241-1et2 - Code des assurances
des matériaux JJ, 2006, 46 p. de l'habitation.
sur l'assurance de responsabilité obliga-
Faber T - Offshore Wind Energy in Europe Loi n° 7 8-12 du 4 janvier 1978 relative à la
toire des travaux de bâtiment.
- Actual Situation and Future Develop- responsabilité et à l'assurance dans le
domaine de la construction (loi Spin- Article L. 242-1 et 2 - Code des assurances
ments Proceedings of the Sixteenth sur l'assurance de dommages obliga-
International Offshore and Polar Engi- etta).
Loi n° 2008-735 du 28juillet 2008. toire des travaux de bâtiment.
neering Conference. Lisbon, Portugal,
July 1-6, 2007. Décret n° 78-1146 du 7 décembre 1978 - Article L. 243-1 à 8 - Code des assurances
Agrément des contrôleurs techniques. sur l'assurance obligatoire des travaux
Frank R. - Fondations profondes. Tech-
NF P03-100 - Critères généraux pour la de bâtiment.
niques de !'Ingénieur. C248, 1996, 45 p.
contribution du contrôle technique à la Code de l'environnement - Partie législa-
Frank R., Zhao S.R. - Estimation par
les paramètres pressiométriques de prévention des aléas techniques dans le tive - Livre V : Prévention des pollutions,
l'enfoncement sous charge axiale des domaine de la construction. General cri- des risques et des nuisances. Titre V :
pieux forés dans les sols fins. Bull. Liai- teria for the contribution of the technical Dispositions particulières à certains
son Labo P. et Ch. N° 119, mai-juin 1982, inspection towards the prevention of ouvrages ou installations. Chapitre III :
p. 17-24. technical risks in the construction field, Éoliennes.
Frossard A., Glandy M. - Justification 1995, 20 p.
d'une fondation superficielle sur un sol Loi n° 83-440 du 2 juin 1983 Donnant force Other documents
renforcé d'inclusions. Annales ITBTP, de loi à la 1re partie (législative) du code
de la construction et de l'habitation et Philipponnat G. - Paramètres dynamiques
février 2002. du sol. Fondations et ouvrages en terre.
Houlsby G.T, Kelly R.B., Huxtable J., modifiant certaines dispositions de ce
code. Art. 2 (V) (modification de la loi Eyrolles, 1997, p. 379-382.
Byrne B.W. - Field trials of suction cais- Baugrunddynamik - DGGT, Berlin, 2002.
sons in clay for offshore wind turbine Spinetta).
Grundbau-Taschenbuch (Part 1, chap-
foundations. Géotechnique 55, n° 4, ter 1.8, section 4.2, picture 38).
2005, 287-296. Earthquakes
Norme NF P06-013 - Règles de construc- Cahiers des charges techniques particu-
Sieffert J. G., Cevaer F. - Manuel des fonc- liers des différents constructeurs.
tions d'impédance. Fondations super- tion parasismique - Règles PS applica-
ficielles. Ouest Editions, Presses aca- bles aux bâtiments, dites règles PS 92. Combarieu O. - Calcul d'une fondation
démiques, 1992, 174 p. Earthquake resistant construction rules. mixte, semelles-pieux, sous charge ver-
Earthquake resistant rules applicable to ticale centrée - Note d'information tech-
buildings, called PS 92, 1995, 218 p. nique LCPC, 1988.
Legislative texts
Annales Bâtiment Travaux Publics
Décret n° 93-1164 du 11 octobre 1993 relatif Miscellaneous « Soulèvement de fondation JJ, oct.-nov.
à la composition du cahier des clauses 1998.
techniques générales applicables aux Article 121-3 du Code pénal, Partie législa-
tive, Titre II: De la responsabilité pénale. CFMS (Comité Français de Mécanique
marchés publics de travaux et approu- des Sols et de géotechnique) - Recom-
vant ou modifiant divers fascicules. Chapitre 1er : Dispositions générales.
Modifié par la loi n° 2000-647 du 10 juil- mandations sur la conception, le calcul,
Loi n° 2005-781 du 13 juillet 2005 de pro- l'exécution et le contrôle des colonnes
gramme fixant les orientations de la let 2000, art. 1 JORF 11 juillet 2000.
Article 1792-1 du Code civil, Livre III : ballastées sous bâtiments et ouvrages
politique énergétique. sensibles au tassement. Revue française
Des différentes manières dont on ac-
Décret 91-1147 relatif aux Demandes de de géotechnique n° 111, 2011, 16 p.
quiert la propriété. Titre VIII : Du con-
Renseignements (DR) concernant les USG - Recommandations sur les investiga-
trat de louage, Chapitre III : Du louage
réseaux existants et la liste des conces- tions géotechniques pour la construc-
d'ouvrage et d'industrie. Section 3 : Des
sionnaires. tion. Le Moniteur n° 5325 -16 décembre
devis et des marchés.
Article 2270 du Code civil (au sujet de la ga- 2005. XP P 94-010 (1996), Sols : recon-
Technical inspection rantie décennale). naissance et essais - Glossaire géotech-
Article L. 111-23 du Code de la construc- Décret n° 95-20 du 9 janvier 1995 pris pour nique - Définitions - Notations - Sym-
tion et de l'habitation, Partie législa- l'application de l'article L. 111-11-1 du boles, décembre, AFNOR.
tive, Livre rer : Dispositions générales. code de la construction et de l'habitation NF X02-006 - Normes fondamentales. Le
Titre rer : Construction des bâtiments. et relatif aux caractéristiques acous- système international d'unités. Descrip-
Chapitre I0 r : Règles générales. Section tiques de certains bâtiments autres que tion et règles d'emploi - Choix de mul-
7 : contrôle technique. Modifié par or- d'habitation et de leurs équipements. tiples et de sous-multiples, 1994.
donnance n° 2005-658 du 8 juin 2005 - Décret n° 2007-1327 du 11 septembre 2007 AFNOR - Présentation des rapports. Re-
Art. 4 JORF 9 juin 2005. relatif à la sécurité et à l'accessibilité des commandation aux auteurs, 1991, 4 p.

97
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