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    Understanding The Self

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    Michael John Pedrajas
    The document discusses different philosophical perspectives on the concept of self. It examines views from Plato, who saw the soul as consisting of rational, appetitive, and spiritual parts; Descartes, who argued the self is an immaterial mind distinct from the material body; and Hume, who viewed the self as a collection of perceptions without a single underlying entity. Later philosophers like Kant saw the self as relating to both an inner rational intellect and outer experiences interpreted by the inner self. Freud contributed the idea of different levels of consciousness, including the unconscious.

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    Understanding The Self

    Uploaded by

    Michael John Pedrajas
    226 views3 pages
    The document discusses different philosophical perspectives on the concept of self. It examines views from Plato, who saw the soul as consisting of rational, appetitive, and spiritual parts; Descartes, who argued the self is an immaterial mind distinct from the material body; and Hume, who viewed the self as a collection of perceptions without a single underlying entity. Later philosophers like Kant saw the self as relating to both an inner rational intellect and outer experiences interpreted by the inner self. Freud contributed the idea of different levels of consciousness, including the unconscious.

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    The document discusses different philosophical perspectives on the concept of self. It examines views from Plato, who saw the soul as consisting of rational, appetitive, and spiritual parts; Descartes, who argued the self is an immaterial mind distinct from the material body; and Hume, who viewed the self as a collection of perceptions without a single underlying entity. Later philosophers like Kant saw the self as relating to both an inner rational intellect and outer experiences interpreted by the inner self. Freud contributed the idea of different levels of consciousness, including the unconscious.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    226 views3 pages

    Understanding The Self

    Uploaded by

    Michael John Pedrajas
    The document discusses different philosophical perspectives on the concept of self. It examines views from Plato, who saw the soul as consisting of rational, appetitive, and spiritual parts; Descartes, who argued the self is an immaterial mind distinct from the material body; and Hume, who viewed the self as a collection of perceptions without a single underlying entity. Later philosophers like Kant saw the self as relating to both an inner rational intellect and outer experiences interpreted by the inner self. Freud contributed the idea of different levels of consciousness, including the unconscious.

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    Self-knowledge/examination of ones’ self

    Understanding the Self ⮞ Knowing oneself can hope to improve your life.
    THE PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW OF SELF Two kinds of existence
    Defining the self: Personal and Developmental 1. Visible – body
    Perspectives on Self and Identity
    2. Invisible – soul

    PHILOSOPHY
    Plato
    – comes from the Ancient Greek word (philosophia)
    means "love of wisdom." ⮞ Student of Socrates
    – is a way of thinking about the self, world, and society. ⮞ Philosophical Method
    – It works by asking very basic questions about the – Collection and Division
    nature of human thought, the nature of the universe,
    and the connections between them. Soul is the most divine part of the body.

    3 Parts of the Soul

    DIFFERENT PHILOSOPHERS 1. The Appetitive (Sensual)

    2. The Rational (Reasoning)


    Socrates
    3. The Spiritual (Feeling)
    ⮞ Greek Philosopher
    Theory of Forms – physical world is not really the “real”
    ⮞ His works were handed through his student Plato and world but exist beyond the physical world.
    historian Xenophon

    ⮞ Known for his method of inquiry in testing an idea


    (Socratic Method)-asking series of questions. St. Augustine of Hippo
    ⮞ The Bishop of Hippo
    Some of Socrates’ Ideas ⮞ The Latin Father of the Church
    1. Soul is immortal ⮞ One of the Doctors of the Church
    2. The care of the soul is the task of philosophy
    ⮞ Influenced by Plato and adopted the view that “self”
    3. Virtue is necessary to attain happiness is immaterial (but rational)

    Theory of Forms (Christian Perspective)

    – Philosophy had a very important role to play in the – These forms were concepts existing within the
    lives of the people. perfect and eternal God where the soul belonged.

    “The unexamined life is not worth living.” 1. Self – inner and immaterial “I” that had self-
    knowledge and self-awareness

    2. Human is both body and soul.


    Rene Descartes
    ⮞ French philosopher, mathematician and scientist. DISTINCTIONS

    ⮞ First thinker to emphasize the use of reason to Soul Body


    describe, predict and understand natural phenomena
    Material substance that
    based on observational and empirical evidence. Conscious, thinking
    change throughout time
    substance that is
    – Doubt was a principal tool of disciplined inquiry. unaffected by time
    It can be doubted
    Made up of physical,
    Only known to itself
    quantifiable, divisible
    Not made-up of parts
    parts.
    Method

    1. Hyperbolical/Metaphysical Doubt

    Also known as,

    Methodological Skepticism (Cartesian Doubt) – being John Locke


    skeptical about the truth of ones’ belief. ⮞ Self – include the memory of the thinking thing.

    ⮞ A person’s memories provide a continuity of


    ⮞ “Cogito ergo sum” – “I think, therefore I am” experience that allows him to identify himself as the
    same person
    1. Everything perceived by the senses could be not be
    used as proof of existence because human senses could ⮞ Tabula rasa
    be fooled

    2. One thing could be sure “Everything could be


    doubted.”

    Rationalism – reason is the foundation of knowledge. David Hume


    ⮞ Was a fierce opponent of Descartes, Rationalism

    Self are: ⮞ Made Empiricism – origin of knowledge is sense


    experience.
    1. Constant and not prone to change, not affected by
    time.

    2. The immaterial soul remains the same. Bundle Theory – “self” or person (mind) as a bundle or
    collection of different perceptions that are moving in a
    3. Immaterial soul is the source of identity. very fast and successive manner.
    Soul can exist without the body, because it is an
    ⮞ Believed that human intellect and experiences are
    immaterial substance, but possesses a body and
    limited; therefore, it is impossible to attribute it to an
    intimately bound.
    independent persisting entity.

    ⮞ Two groups of mind’s perceptions.

    1. Impression – These are directly experienced. Enters


    through the senses.
    2. Ideas – These are mechanisms that copy and
    reproduce sense data formulated based upon the
    Psychoanalytic Theory
    previously perceived impressions.
    – Is a personality theory based on the notion that
    unseen forces, controlled by the conscious and the
    Immanuel Kant rational thought, motivate an individual.

    ⮞ The human mind creates the structure of human


    experience. – Three parts of the psyche/mind
    ⮞ “Self” is transcendental, which means the “self” is 1. Id – the pleasure principle
    related to a spiritual or non-physical realm.
    2. Ego – the reality principle
    ⮞ “Self” is not the body, but it is outside the body.
    3. Superego – incorporates the values and morals of the
    Knowledge bridges the self and material things
    society
    together.
    – Conscience
    Apperception is the mental process by which a person
    makes sense of an idea by assimilating it to the body of – Ideal Self – imaginary picture of how you ought to be
    ideas he or she already possesses.

    Two Components of Self


    Gilbert Ryle
    ⮞ He wrote The Concept of Mind (1949) where he
    1. Inner Self – This includes your rational intellect and
    rejected the notion that mental states are separable
    psychological state, such as moods, feelings, and
    from physical states.
    sensations, pleasure and pain.

    2. Outer Self – It gathers information from the external


    world through the senses, which the inner self ⮞ Ryle’s point against the theory of Descartes are:
    interprets and coherently.
    1. The relation between the mind and body are not
    Self organizes information in three ways. isolated
    1. Raw perceptual inputs 2. Mental processes are intelligent acts, and are not
    distinct from each other.
    2. Recognizing the concepts
    3. The operation of the mind is itself an intelligent act.
    3. Reproducing in the imagination
    ⮞ Your own action defines your own concept of self.

    Sigmund Freud
    ⮞ His most important contribution was psychoanalysis.

    Three levels of consciousness

    1. Conscious

    2. Pre-conscious/subconscious

    3. Unconscious

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