The Covid-19 Pandemic and Haemoglobin Disorders: Vaccinations & Therapeutic Drugs

THE COVID–19 PANDEMIC
AND HAEMOGLOBIN
DISORDERS
VACCINATIONS &
THERAPEUTIC
DRUGS
An Informational Guide
from the
Thalassaemia
International Federation
(TIF)
Prepared by:
Dr Androulla Eleftheriou,
Executive Director, TIF
Last Updated:
12 May 2020
VACCINATIONS & THERAPEUTIC DRUGS
Introduction
It is important to note that there are currently no FDA1 or EMA2-approved or even

recommended agents for the treatment of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), for which
the World Health Organization (WHO) declared as pandemic on Wednesday 11th of March
2020. Any agent being used at this time is being administered in an experimental setting
under controlled conditions.
Thalassaemia International Federation (TIF) has made an effort to compile a list of

studies/clinical trials for treatment and vaccines, which is by no means exhaustive as this
situation is extremely labile and research in this area is dramatically intensified. New
information is anticipated to be added to this guide which is prepared exclusively for TIF’s
global thalassemia community.
The viral genome was mapped very soon as rom early January 2020 and shared globally.
In February 2020, the WHO published an overview of the potential therapeutic candidates
for the treatment of COVID-19. The document outlines 76 regimens that have been
proposed (as of February 17, 2020) for the treatment of patients infected with the virus.
Thirty-eight of these candidates are in the preclinical state with minimal information
available on their proposed mechanism, uses, doses routes, or planned trials. Sixteen of
the remaining regimens contain an interferon-based product. The rest include a variety of
antimicrobials, corticosteroids, convalescent plasma, and biologics.
The Director-General of the WHO, Mr Tedros Adhanom, stated on the 10th of April 2020,
that more than 70 countries have joined WHO’s trial to accelerate research on effective
treatments and 20 Institutions and companies ‘are racing to develop a vaccine’. The
Director-General will be soon announcing an initiative for the accelerated development
and equitable distribution of vaccines.
Global research and innovation forum: towards a research roadmap
On 30 January 2020, following the recommendations of the Emergency Committee, the

WHO Director-General declared that the outbreak constitutes a Public Health Emergency
of International Concern (PHEIC).
1 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
2 European Medicines Agency (EMA)
2
World scientists on COVID-19 met at the World Health Organization’s Geneva

headquarters from 11 to 12 February 2020 to assess the current level of knowledge about
the new virus, agree on critical research questions that need to be answered urgently, and
ways to work together to accelerate and fund priority research that can contribute to curtail
this outbreak and prepare for future outbreaks.
 2019 Novel Coronavirus: Global Research and Innovation Forum: Towards a

Research Roadmap/report
 2019 Novel Coronavirus: Overview of the state of the art and outline of key
knowledge gaps/slides
 A coordinated Global Research Roadmap
Vaccines
An international randomised trial of candidate vaccines against COVID-19, 19th April 2020
This large, international, randomized controlled clinical trial is designed to enable an

expeditious, agile and concurrent evaluation of the benefits and risks of multiple candidate
preventive vaccines against COVID-19 at international sites with sufficient COVID-19
attack rates. Different candidate vaccines may be available or suitable to enter the trial at
different times; for each candidate vaccine, the primary efficacy results are expected within
3-6 months of the vaccine entering the trial.
The trial will rapidly enroll and individually randomize very large numbers of adult
participants in many different populations. Each participant will be contacted weekly for
information as to whether any potentially relevant symptoms have arisen, with laboratory
testing triggered if the report suggests COVID-19. By using a shared placebo/control group
and a common Core protocol to evaluate multiple candidate vaccines in the trial, resources
allocated to the evaluation of each candidate vaccine are judiciously saved while a high
standard of scientific rigor and efficiency is ensured.
The trial is powered to provide sufficient evidence of safety and vaccine efficacy against
COVID-19 to support decision-making about global vaccine.
3
Moreover, a survey by Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News (GEN) reveals:

35 active drug development programs in North America, Europe, and China. Companies
involved range from pharma giants like GlaxoSmithKline and Sanofi, to small and large
biotechs such as Moderna and Gilead Sciences. Gilead has already begun clinical trials
in China where 234 clinical trials are registered (Chinese Clinical Trial Registry) 50% of
which (105), of which 85 registered studies focus on treatments f for COVID-19.
Many of these are included in the 60 studies listed in ClinicalTrials.gov whose descriptions
include the term COVID-19, as well as the 7 studies whose descriptions include SARS-
CoV-2. The U.S. website lists 331,715 trials in 209 countries.
China published Guidelines for clinical studies of drugs and vaccines intended to combat
the deadly viral outbreak giving priority to drugs already marketed and whose efficacy has
been proven in animal and in vitro studies.
In all the above studies and programmes, considerable effort is placed on repurposing
existing drugs and assessing their effectiveness and safety in addressing COVID-19 while
at the same time there is a plethora of drug developers, as seen in GEN’s A-List of top 35
treatments under development and/or clinical study for COVID-19.
Τhere are 412 published articles in the PubMed (a free full-text archive of biomedical and
life sciences journal) and 312 clinical trials recruited at clinicaltrials.gov for 2020. “A global
war of pharmaceutical industry and countries” with interest of over 1 trillion dollars always
declaring of course “no conflict of interest”.
4
WHAT IS MOST NEEDED TODAY, MORE THAN EVER IS:
A strong international co-ordination and co-operation is needed between the

pharmaceutical industry to develop vaccines, regulatory authorities, policy makers,
funders, public health agencies and governments to ensure that vaccines candidate
for clinical trials would be manufactured in sufficient quantities and be accessible
to all.
Earlier this month Microsoft founder and billionaire philanthropist Bill Gates issued an
urgent call for world leaders to unite and start planning how vaccines will be manufactured
and distributed now, to avoid a potentially deadly delay in delivering the treatment further
down the line.
“We aren’t sure which vaccines will be the most effective yet, and each requires unique
technology to make,” he said.
“That means nations need to invest in many different kinds of manufacturing facilities now,
knowing that some will never be used. Otherwise, we’ll waste months after the lab
develops an immunization, waiting for the right manufacturer to scale up.”
The COVID-19 pandemic represents the greatest global public health crisis of this
generation and, potentially, since the pandemic influenza outbreak of 1918. The speed
and volume of clinical trials launched to investigate potential therapies for COVID-19
highlight both the need and capability to produce high-quality evidence even in the middle
of a pandemic.
5
Measures during Spanish Influenza Pandemic
6
Candidate Vaccinations and Therapeutic Drugs
Below is a catalogue of the prospective vaccinations and therapeutic drugs listed by their
developer and a short description.
VACCINATIONS
New England Journal of Medicine - Perspective, Developing Covid-19 Vaccines at Pandemic Speed
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1. AJ Vaccines
AJ Vaccines has launched the development of a vaccine against COVID-19. The company
will use the latest technology to develop antigens that can mimic the native structures of
the virus. The vaccine will be capable of inducing a strong immune response in the body
thereby protecting against the infection. As of the beginning of May the development is
still at a preclinical stage.
2. Altimmune
Single-dose, intranasal vaccine designed to provide systemic immunity
Vaccine based on Altimmune’s proprietary platform vaccine technology, which the

company applied in developing NasoVAX, the company’s influenza vaccine candidate that
showed positive Phase IIa results.
Altimmune said February 28 that it completed the design and synthesis of the vaccine,
and was advancing it toward animal testing and manufacturing. Clinical testing of the
vaccine, it was announced could start in the third quarter. The company also said it was
“actively engaged in discussions with a number of potential partners.”
3. BioNTech and Pfizer
BNTX, -4.44% COVID-19 candidate vaccine, was developed by BioNTech and supported
by Pfizer. 360 patients in the U.S. had started to receive the first doses of the vaccine as
of May 5. Dosing in 200 participants in the German trial began April 23. The vaccine uses
a gene-based technology, messenger RNA, which has an advantage as it can move faster
into clinical trials
The first round of trial data are expected in May or June, with the vaccine candidate moving
into “expanded trials that could allow emergency use or accelerated approval coming in
the fall, possibly October.”
CanSino Biologics and the Beijing Institute of

4.
Biotechnology
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Adenovirus type 5 vector-based recombinant COVID-19 vaccine, Ad5-nCoV, which has

entered Phase 2 clinical trials in China. The decision to go forward was based on the
preliminary safety data of the phase 1 clinical trial.
The study is designed to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of the Ad5-nCoV
vaccine—which encodes for a full-length spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. The target is
to enrol 500 participants, with 250 of the subjects to receive a middle-dose vaccine group,
125 subjects to recieve a low-dose and 125 subjects in the placebo group. They will
investigate the immunogenicity at days 0, 14, 28 and 6 months after vaccination. Results
are not yet known.
5. Clover biopharmaceutical & GSK
The vaccine is being developed based on the trimeric s protein (S-TRIMER) of the COVID-
19 virus which is responsible for binding with the host cell causing a viral infection. Clover
scientists started designing the viral spike (S)-protein construct and completed its gene
synthesis. The vaccine has been produced in February in a mammalian cell culture. A
highly purified form is expected for pre-clinical studies.
Clover and GSK announce research collaboration to evaluate coronavirus COVID-19 S-

Trimer vaccine. GSK will provide Clover with its pandemic adjuvant system for further
evaluation of S-Trimer in preclinical studies.
6. CureVac
mRNA-based vaccine
Vaccine applying CureVac’s mRNA vaccine development platform
CureVac and the public-private Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI)
are collaborating to develop a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the partners said January
31, extending their existing partnership to develop a rapid-response vaccine platform.
CEPI has committed up to $8.3 million in additional funding for accelerated development,
manufacturing, and clinical tests. CEPI CEO Richard Hatchett said the Coalition and
CureVac aspire to bring the pathogen’s gene sequence to a vaccine candidate for clinical
testing “within a few months.”
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The EU Commission has offered up to €80 million of financial support to CureVac a

vaccine developer from Tübingen, Germany, to scale up development and production of
a vaccine against the Coronavirus in Europe
7. Generex Biotechnology
Generex Biotechnology Corporation has been working to develop a peptide vaccine

against the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 using the company’s proprietary and patented
Ii-Key immune system activation technology. The Ii-Key ensures potent activation of CD4+
T cells, which in turn facilitates antibody production to ward off infection. This Ii-Key
modification can be applied to any protein fragment of any pathogen to increase the
potency of immune stimulation.
Generex said February 27 it has received a contract from the China Technology
Exchange, Beijing Zhonghua Investment Fund Management Co. Ltd., Biology Institute of
Shandong Academy of Sciences, and Sinotek-Advocates International Industry
Development (Shenzhen) Co. Ltd. to develop a Ii-key vaccine. Generex said it would
receive $1 million upfront to initiate project work in the U.S., a $5 million licensing fee for
the Ii-Key technology, payment by the Chinese consortium for all costs and expenses
related to the development of a COVID-19 vaccine, and a 20% royalty on each dose of
vaccine produced.
The intention is to conduct Clinical Trial with Lead Ii-Key/SARS-COV-2 Peptides, to

evaluate safety & immunogenicity (DTH Assay) and ten to proceed to commercial
manufacturing & distribution in 5 to 9 months
GSK agreed to provide Clover with its pandemic adjuvant system for further evaluation of
S-Trimer in preclinical studies, the companies said February 24, under a research
collaboration. GSK reasons that Clover could rapidly scale-up and produce large-
quantities of a new coronavirus vaccine since it has one of the largest in-house,
commercial-scale cGMP biomanufacturing capabilities in China.
8. Heat Biologics
Heat Biologics has announced plans to develop a vaccine to treat or prevent coronavirus
infection using its proprietary gp96 vaccine platform. The technology is capable of
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reprogramming live cells to produce antigens that can bind to the gp96 protein and
generate an immune response against those antigens. The company is finalizing
completion of the vaccine and plan to commence preclinical testing this spring.
9. iBio and Beijing CC-Pharming
Plant-derived vaccine to be manufactured using iBio’s FastPharming System™ iBio is

hoping its technology can help accelerate manufacturing and scale up for a vaccine which
the company is developing for COVID-19 and has partnered with Beijing CC-Pharming to
test the vaccine in China. Plant-based production saves months in initial setup time
compared with traditional pharma manufacturing methods.
The two companies on February 3 disclosed plans to develop and test the COVID-19
vaccine, combining the vaccine R&D experience (including work on the MERS-
coronavirus), in a rapid design of manufacturing processes for biopharmaceutical
production in plant-based expression systems. If successful, the research will deliver
product candidates for production at iBio’s FastPharming Manufacturing Facility, built in
2010 with funding from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), to
establish facilities capable of rapid delivery of medical countermeasures in response to a
disease pandemic.
10. ImmunoPrecise Antibodies
Vaccines and coronavirus-neutralizing antibodies
Prophylactic (i.e. vaccine) and therapeutic compounds (i.e. antibodies) using

ImmunoPrecise’s proprietary discovery platforms (including B Cell Select™ and
DeepDisplay™) and ImmunoPrecise subsidiary Talem Therapeutics’ access to the
transgenic animal platform OmniAb® for direct generation of human antibodies.
The company has updated its research efforts and noted that it will be using the PolyTope
mAb TherapyTM and EVQLV’s artificial intelligence platforms to develop a COVID-19
therapy.
ImmunoPrecise announced its commitment to finding COVID-19 treatments on February

20, saying it had designated Ilse Roodink, PhD, chairwoman of Talem’s scientific
committee, as its Coronavirus Global Project Leader.
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11. Imperial College Londo
Researchers at the Imperial College have developed a candidate which, when injected,
will deliver the genetic instructions to muscle cells to make the SARS-CoV-2 spike surface
protein. This should provoke an immune response and create immunity to the virus.
The team, led by Professor Robin Shattock from Imperial's Department of Infectious
Disease, has been testing the candidate in animals since early February.
Clinical trials are expected to begin in June and the team will look to recruit healthy adults
to test the vaccine.
Results could be available as soon as September.
Inovio Pharmaceuticals and Beijing Advaccine

12.
Biotechnology
The investigational DNA immunotherapy, INO-4800 (GLS-5300) is being developed by

Inovio in partnership with GeneOne Life Science. It is delivered as vaccine intramuscularly,
using the Cellectra® (electroporation) delivery device.
The vaccine was well-tolerated and demonstrated high immune responses, when
previously used against the MERS-CoV with high response in 94% of patients in the early-
stage clinical trial in July 2019. It also generated broad-based T cell responses in 88% of
the subjects.
The company stated pre-clinical testing for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The development is
supported by a $9 million grant from the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations
(CEPI). Also, the company has received a $5 million grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation to accelerate the testing and development of the Cellectra® delivery device
for the intradermal delivery of INO-4800. Phase 1 trial has started this month (April), in 40
volunteers. INO-4800 Phase 2/3 U.S. clinical trial being prepared to start this summer,
according to a report from the company on 30th April. The company has entered into an
agreement to expand its manufacturing partnership with the German contract
manufacturer Richter-Helm BioLogics GmbH & Co. KG, to support large-scale
manufacturing of INOVIO's investigational DNA vaccine, with plans to produce one million
doses of INO-4800 by the end of 2020.
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13. Integral Molecular
Integral Molecular has launched a vaccine programme using its two technology platforms
including Shotgun Mutagenesis Epitope Mapping and the Membrane Proteome Array.
The technologies will help in understanding the human immune response to the
coronavirus and isolate the cellular receptors that enable the virus to spread quickly.
SARS-CoV-2 reporter virus particles are designed to be antigenically identical to wild-type
viruses but with a modified genome that expresses a convenient optical reporter gene
(GFP or luciferase) upon cellular infection.
The Shotgun technology helps in identifying more than 1,000 binding sites for antibodies,
while the Membrane Proteome Array technology is capable of identifying the receptors
through which viruses infect cells.
The company is providing access to free SARS-CoV-2 RVP trial samples to vaccine
developers to support COVID-19 research
Janssen Pharmaceutical Cos. (Johnson &

14.
Johnson)
An experimental vaccine is under development and human trials are expected to start in
September. On March 30, the company stated that it had identified a lead vaccine
candidate, and is scaling up its vaccine manufacturing capabilities aiming to put its lead
vaccine candidate in a Phase 1 clinical trial in September.
LineaRx (Applied DNA Sciences) and Takis

15.
Biotech
Linear DNA vaccine
To be based on PCR-produced linear DNA designed to induce antibodies that can

neutralize SARS-CoV-2
The PCR technology offers several advantages including high purity, increased production
speed, and absence of antibiotics and bacterial contaminants. Further, the vaccine gene
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developed through this technology can be effective without being inserted into the patient’s
genome.
The design for four DNA vaccine candidates is expected to be produced using the PCR
technology for carrying out animal testing. The design of one of the vaccine candidates is
based on the entire spike gene of the coronavirus, while the remaining are designed based
on the antigenic portions of the protein.
LineaRx, a majority-owned subsidiary of Applied DNA Sciences of Stony Brook, NY, and
Rome-based Takis Biotech said February 7 they have formed a joint venture to develop
the preclinical vaccine using PCR-based DNA manufacturing technology. No commercial
partner to take the coronavirus vaccine to market has been identified, the companies said.
16. Medicago
The company is developing a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 and is partly funded by the
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR).
Medicago expects to initiate human trials by this summer (July/August 2020) with the
objective of completing the development program and submitting a dossier to authorities
by the end of next year (November 2021). The vaccine should be available after approval
from respective regulatory authorities.
17. MIGAL Research Institute
A newly formed Israeli company working to develop a vaccine for the novel coronavirus
based on research by scientists at the Migal Galilee Research Institute secured $12 million
in an investment round led by Israeli crowdfunding venture investment platform OurCrowd.
The scientists had been working for four years to develop a vaccine against IBV (Infectious
Bronchitis Virus), which affects the respiratory tract, Avian coronavirus Infectious
Bronchitis Virus (IBV) vaccine. This vaccine has been modified to treat COVID-19. The
IBV vaccine was developed after 4 years of research and has high genetic similarity to the
human coronavirus. The Institute modified genetically the vaccine to treat COVID-19 and
will be available in the oral form. Migal believes that its proposed oral (mucosal)
vaccination technology can be ready for testing recently.
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The company is in talks with major strategic partners able to manufacture at high volume
and distribute globally.
18. Modern and Vaccine Research Centre
Novel lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNA vaccine (mRNA-1273)

against the COVID-19 encoding for a prefusion stabilized form of the Spike (S) protein.
Moderna said February 24 that it shipped the first batch of mRNA-1273 to the NIH’s
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) for use in a planned Phase I
study in the U.S. The primary aim of the Phase I open-label, dose-ranging trial study
(NCT04283461), which had yet to recruit patients at deadline, is to evaluate the safety and
reacto-genicity of a 2-dose vaccination schedule of mRNA-1273, given 28 days apart,
across 3 dosages in healthy adults. Moderna designed the vaccine in collaboration with
investigators at the NIAID Vaccine Research Center (VRC).
The first patient was dosed on March 16 and Phase I is still ongoing and is expected to
conclude in June 1. Participants will be followed for one year.
An unusual aspect is that this vaccine has NOT BEEN TESTED in laboratory animals as
is the rule. Phase 2 trials are expected to start this spring, since Moderna has received
the green light to initiate the trial. However, Moderna is pushing forward with
manufacturing the potential vaccine, as early as July, hoping that it proves safe for humans
and effective against the coronavirus.
19. Novavax
Vaccines designed to apply company’s proprietary recombinant protein nanoparticle

technology platform to generate antigens derived from the coronavirus spike (S) protein.
Novavax said it expects to utilize its proprietary saponin-based Matrix-M™ adjuvant with
COVID-19 vaccine candidates to enhance immune responses.
Novavax developed a novel Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus

vaccine candidate in 2013, post the identification of the first MERS coronavirus ((MERS-
CoV) in Saudi Arabia in 2012. It is a crucial target for vaccine development by the Coalition
for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) and is a priority disease for the World
Health Organisation (WHO).
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Phase 1 clinical trials are scheduled to start in mid-May. The first phase of the placebo-
controlled study will enrol 130 healthy adults and the first round of data from that study is
expected in July.
20. Oxford University
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. This is a more so-called platform technology which is used
to make vaccines against many different diseases.
The Oxford University, supported by the UK Ministry of Heath (announced April 21) has
already started clinical trials in humans in April 2020.
A £52.5 million funding has also been announced by the UK Health Secretary for anther
vaccine trial at London’s Imperial University due to begin in June.
The vaccine is an adenovirus vaccine vector (ChAdOx1) and was developed at Oxford’s
Jenner Institute. It has recently received further £20 million funding from the UK
Government almost all of it expected to be spent on the clinical trial development
programme. Prof Andrew Pollard, Chief Investigator, said that they expected to produce a
million doses as early as September (ahead of the 12-18 month timeline quoted by experts
around the world).
It was chosen as the most suitable vaccine for COVID-19 as it can generate a strong
immune response from one dose, but is not a replicating virus.
The Oxford University team's experimental product, called "ChAdOx1 nCoV-19", is a type
of immunisation known as a recombinant viral vector vaccine and is just one of at least 70
potential Covid-19 candidate shots under development by biotech and research teams
around the world.
The vaccine was chosen as the most suitable vaccine technology for the virus as it can
generate a strong immune response from one dose, said the team.
This means that the vaccine won’t cause an ongoing infection in the vaccinated person,
and also makes it safer to give to children, the elderly and anyone with a pre-existing
condition such as diabetes.
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Who is the vaccine being tested on?
The trial will be split into three main Phases:
1. Phase 1 will involve 510 healthy participants, aged 18 to 55, who will either receive
the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or a control injection for comparison. At the start of
the trial we will also recruit a separate small group of 10 volunteers who will receive
2 doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 four weeks apart.
What does the study involve?

Up to 1102 participants will be recruited across multiple study sites in Oxford,
Southampton, London and Bristol. These participants will be randomly allocated to
receive either the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or a licensed vaccine (MenACWY)
that will be used as a ‘control’ for comparison. This study is currently in progress
and results are expected in June. If favourable a vaccine should be available for
the public in September.
What is the MenACWY vaccine?

The MenACWY vaccine is a licensed vaccine against group A, C, W and Y
meningococcus which has been given routinely to teenagers in the UK since 2015
and protects against one of the most common causes of meningitis and sepsis.
This vaccine is also given as a travel vaccine for high risk countries.
The MenACWY vaccine is being used as an ‘active control’ vaccine in this study,
to help us understand participants’ response to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. The reason for
using this vaccine, rather than a saline control, is because we expect to see some
minor side effects from the ChAdOx1 nCOV-19 vaccine such as a sore arm,
headache and fever. Saline does not cause any of these side effects. If participants
were to receive only this vaccine or a saline control, and went on to develop side
effects, they would be aware that they had received the new vaccine. It is critical
for this study that participants remain blinded to whether or not they have received
the vaccine, as, if they knew, this could affect their health behaviour in the
community following vaccination, and may lead to a bias in the results of the study.
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2. If Phase 1 goes well, Phase 2 will then extend the maximum age of trial participants
to 55-70 years, then over 70.
3. Finally, Phase 3 will see 5,000 volunteers aged over 18 years tested, with half
receiving the COVID-19 vaccine.
The researchers explained: “Clear efficacy endpoints will be used to assess the
effectiveness of the vaccine, and volunteers from phase I and II will be included in the
follow-up.”
How long will the trial last?
The researchers say they’re remaining cautious when mapping out a timeline for the trial,
however, scientists working on the vaccine have said they could know within six weeks,
from the onset of the clinical trial whether it will work.
They explained: “The best-case scenario is that by the autumn of 2020 we could have an
efficacy result from the phase III trial to show that the vaccine protects against the virus,
alongside the ability to manufacture large amounts of the vaccine, but these best-case
timeframes are highly ambitious and subject to change.”
When will the vaccine be available to the public?
The researchers have purposefully remained tight-lipped about their predicted timelines
for a public rollout of the vaccine.
Prof John Bell, a researcher working on the project, explained in a recent (30th April)
statement to CNN that the first results should be available in mid- June. Several hundred
people have been vaccinated to date. "If we can see evidence of a strong immune
response by the middle or the end of May, then I think the game is on,” he said, adding
that the next step would then be “the massive issue of how you manufacture at scale many
billions of doses.” To this end the Oxford University team is partnering with the
pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca, with the aim of manufacturing the vaccine on a
large scale.
Are there any other vaccine trials going on?
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The Oxford trial is the first in the UK, but several other human vaccine trials are now
underway in the US.
Moderna and Inovio have started their trials, and several other research groups have
expressed interest in rolling out trials in the coming weeks.
Human trials began on 23rd April 2020.
21. Predictive Oncology
Predictive Oncology has launched an AI Platform for the discovery and development of
vaccines against coronavirus. The company has signed an agreement with
InventaBioTech to acquire Soluble Therapeutics, which provides it with access to the
HSCTM Technology.
Predictive will use the HSCTM Technology along with its predictive modeling platform to
deploy an AI discovery platform that can screen the ideal combination of additives and
excipients for protein formulations.
22. Sanofi
Vaccine based on Sanofi’s recombinant DNA platform, designed to produce an exact

genetic match to proteins found on the surface of the virus (the S protein). Sanofi said the
DNA sequence encoding the antigen will be combined into the DNA of the baculovirus
expression platform and used for rapidly producing large quantities of the coronavirus
antigen, which will be formulated to stimulate the immune system to protect against the
virus.
In pre-clinical studies, the SARS vaccine candidate was immunogenic and afforded partial
protection as assessed in animal challenge models, Phase 1 human studies are between
March 2021 and August 2021.
Sanofi expects to produce 600 million doses next year if its clinical trials with
GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) goes as planned.
23. Serum Institute of India

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Serum Institute of India (SII) is collaborating with Codagenix, a US-based

biopharmaceutical company, to develop a cure for coronavirus using a vaccine strain
similar to the original virus. The vaccine is currently in the pre-clinical testing phase, while
human trials are expected to commence in the next six months. SII is expected to launch
the vaccine in the market by early 2022.
24. Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding
TNX-1800 is a live modified horsepox virus vaccine for percutaneous administration
Tonix said February 26 it has partnered with Southern Research to develop TNX-1800 as
a vaccine treatment for COVID-19. TNX-1800 is under development as a potential
smallpox preventing vaccine for the U.S. strategic national stockpile and as a monkeypox
preventing vaccine.
Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp and the University of Alberta, a leading Canadian
research university, have announced a new research collaboration and exclusive licensing
agreement for three new vaccines for the prevention of COVID-19, the novel coronavirus
disease identified in 2019 which is caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus
TNX-801 and TNX-1800 are in the pre-IND stage and have not been approved for any
indication.
25. Vaxart
Vaccine based on proprietary VAAST™ Platform, Vaxart is developing an oral

recombinant vaccine administered in tablet form
Vaxart said January 31 that it plans to generate vaccine candidates based on the
published genome of the 2019 COVID-19 (SARS-nCoV-2) and evaluate them in preclinical
models based on their ability to generate both mucosal and systemic immune responses.
It has five vaccine candidates for preclinical testing
The company plans to start a Phase 1 clinical trial in the U.S. in the second half of 2020,
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26. Zydus Cadila
Zydus Cadila announced the launch of an accelerated research programme to develop a

vaccine for COVID-19 using two novel approaches. The first approach includes the
development of a DNA vaccine against the viral membrane protein of the virus, while a
live attenuated recombinant measles virus (rMV) vectored vaccine will be developed in
the second approach. The rMV-based vaccine works by inducing specific neutralising
antibodies, which will provide protection from the coronavirus infection.
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THERAPEUTIC DRUGS
Therapeutic strategies for critically ill patients with COVID-19
 Antiviral therapy
 Fabiravir and ribavirin
 Lopinavir/ritonavir
 Remdesivir
 Arbidol
 Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine
 Antibacterial therapy
 Adjunctive interventions
 Corticosteroids
 Thymosin alpha-1
 Cyclosporine A
 Interferons
 Gammaglobulin
 Tocilizumab
 Chinese traditional medicine
 Convalescent plasma
 Respiratory supportive strategies
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ASHP Pharmacists Advancing Healthcare - Assessment of Evidence for COVID-19-Related Treatments: Updated 4/24/2020
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JAMA Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19
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1. AbbVie
Kaletra® (also marketed as Aluvia; lopinavir/ritonavir)
HIV-1 protease inhibitor indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the
treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults and children 14 days old and older.
China’s National Health Commission authorized Kaletra to treat pneumonia caused by

SARS-CoV-2, AbbVie announced on January 27. AbbVie has donated RMB 10 million
($1.4 million) of Kaletra to Chinese authorities “as an experimental option to support this
growing public health crisis.”
This is one of the four drugs/drug combinations which is under review by the World Health
Organisation (WHO). It was shown to be effective against severe acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS) in vitro, and in some clinical trials. Like umifenovir, lopinavir/ritonavir is
included in the latest Chinese guidelines using a 200 mg/50 mg capsule at a dose of 2
capsules twice a day for up to 10 days. The medication is being studied alone and in
combination with other agents including ribavirin and interferon.
In a completed trial, on 199 patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, China,
showed no benefit beyond standard care. Whether earlier intervention is more beneficial
should be subject of further studies [Cao B, et al NEJM March 18, doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001282.]
The combination from published information has been more currently included in French,
Belgium, German, US, Singapore and Japanese Guidelines, and is in phase 3 clinical
trials. Also the combination with the addition of Interferon beta 1a is now part of the
Solidarity clinical trial [ Sallard E, Lescure FX, Yazdanpanah Y, Mentre F, Peiffer-Smadja N. Type 1
interferons as a potential treatment against COVID-19. Antiviral Res. 2020;178:104791.
doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104791]
According to the Oxford COVID-19 Evidence Service Team, Centre for Evidence-
Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, there is
currently no strong evidence for the efficacy of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of
COVID-19 (April 14th), primary outcomes of time to clinical improvement and negative
pharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 PCR test.
2. AIM ImmunoTech
Ampligen® (rintatolimod). Immune modulator initially developed to treat severe chronic

fatigue syndrome, it is a TLR-3 agonist that is being tested as a potential treatment for
COVID-19 by the National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID) in Japan and the
University of Tokyo. It is a broad-spectrum antiviral agent., which has shown 100%
protective efficacy against SARS-CoV-1 in animal models.
For the COVID-19 disease early trials started in March in Japan and results have yet to
be announced
3. Airway Therapeutics
AT-100, is a recombinant protein which has shown efficacy in preclinical studies in

reducing inflammation and infection in the lungs, while also generating an immune
response against various respiratory diseases. Airway in March, filed an application with
the Respiratory Diseases Branch of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), National
Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), to evaluate AT-100 (rhSP-D) as a
therapeutic for the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Clinical trials expected soon.
4. Algernon Pharmaceuticals
NP-120 (Ifenprodil)
NP-120 can reduce the infiltration of neutrophils and T-cells into the lungs where they can
release glutamate and cytokines respectively. It is already approved to reduce lung
fibrosis in other conditions. There is approval for a phase 2b/3 clinical trial for patients with
advanced COVID-19 lung disease.
5. APEIRON Biologics
APN01
Recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (rhACE2) developed for the

treatment of acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and pulmonary arterial
hypertension.
29
Vienna-based APEIRON on February 26 launched a pilot investigator-initiated clinical trial

in China designed to assess APN01 as a treatment for patients with severe SARS-CoV-2
infection. The randomized, unblinded trial will treat 24 patients for seven days to obtain
preliminary data on the impact of rhACE2 on biological, physiologic, and clinical outcomes,
as well as safety. Suzhou-based Angalpharma is coordinating the Chinese clinical trial,
with support from dMed Pharmaceutical, a CRO based in Shanghai.
In addition, the company has secured approvals from regulatory agencies in Austria,
Germany and Denmark to conduct a Phase II clinical trial of APN01 for the treatment of
Covid-19.
6. Ascletis Pharma
Ganovo® danoprevir plus ritonavir; ASC09 and ritonavir; ASC09 and oseltamivir; ritonavir
and oseltamivir;
HIV protease inhibitors.
A clinical study has been published on 11 patients taking danovepir plus ritonavir: The
data from this small-sample clinical study showed that danoprevir boosted by ritonavir is
safe and well tolerated in all patients, of whom 8 patients showed significant clinical
manifestations such as fever, and dry coughing, while 3 patients didn't show significant
clinical manifestation. After 4 to 12-day treatment all eleven patients enrolled, were
discharged well with significantly reuced viral load [Chen H et al. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.22.20034041].
On February 2, Ascletis said it is actively assisting “relevant medical institutions and

medical researchers” in clinical trials assessing the combination of Ascletis’ ASC09 and
ritonavir for COVID-19, following a request they made to the company. Phase 3 trials are
now ongoing in several sites in China.
7. Bayer and numerous Chinese manufacturers
Chloroquine phosphate (marketed by Bayer as Resochin®)
Phosphate salt of chloroquine, a quinoline compound with antimalarial and anti-

inflammatory properties. Resochin was discovered by Bayer and introduced into clinical
30
practice in 1947 to treat malaria. It is also used in the clinical management of autoimmune
diseases including erythematosus lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.
Evaluated in clinical trials in over 10 hospitals in Beijing, as well as in south China’s

Guangdong Province and central China’s Hunan Province, where it has “shown fairly good
efficacy” according to Sun Yanrong, deputy head of the China National Center for
Biotechnology Development under the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), the
state-owned Xinhua news agency reported on February 17. Chloroquine and remdesivir
(developed by Gilead) were “highly effective in the control of 2019-nCoV infection in vitro,”
a team of Chinese researchers reported in a study published February 4 in Cell Research.
After China’s National Health Commission included chloroquine phosphate in its latest
treatment guidelines for COVID-19 pneumonia, eight Chinese companies sped up
manufacturing and supply of the drug, Shanghai Daily reported February 20. Some clinical
studies have also been undertaken in France, mostly in combination with Azithromycin
(antibiotic). Most of the studies have not been used in severe cases, and in the USA there
is an ongoing study to use high doses (results are anticipated shortly – NCT, 04308668,
2020).
Since adverse effects are quite limited and effectiveness satisfactory, future studies
perhaps should also focus on severe cases to expand the knowledge on its effectiveness.
A large ongoing study is comparing hydroxychloroquine’s clinical outcomes to carrimycin,

lopinavir/ritonavir, and umifenovir, but the study is not anticipated to conclude before
February 2021. The most recent Chinese guidelines on COVID-19 recommend
chloroquine phosphate 500 mg twice a day for up to 10 days.
Chloroquine phosphate or hydroxychloroquine sulfate (plaquenil) is used alone or in

combination with antibiotic in France, Belgium, Germany, Canada, USA, Singapore and
Japan.
8. Beijing Staidson Biopharma and InflaRx
IFX-1 - Anti-C5a monoclonal antibody in development for COVID-19 as well as

hidradenitis suppurativa
The Chinese authorities approved clinical trials of IFX-1 as a COVID-19 treatment in

February. This is already in phase 2 clinical trials for vasculitis
31
9. BenevolentAI
Baricitinib
This already approved drugs for COVID-19 was identified by Benevolent AI using artificial
intelligence. This substance is believed to reduce the ability of the corona virus to enter
the alveolar epithelial cells, probably by blocking the ACE2 pathway.
Baricitinib enters a randomised-controlled trial with the US National Institute of Allergy and
Infectious Diseases (NIAID); predicted to inhibit COVID-19 infection of human lungs and
reduce inflammatory damage.
Baricitinib is an already approved drug developed by Eli Lilly and Incyte for the treatment
of rheumatoid arthritis and is being studied for other indications. The randomised trial
announced by Eli Lilly today with the US National Institute for Allergies and Infectious
Diseases (NIAID) will investigate the efficacy and safety of baricitinib as a potential
treatment for patients with serious COVID-19 infections. The study will begin in the US in
late April with planned expansion to additional sites in Europe and Asia. Results are
expected within the next two months.
10. BeyondSpring
BPI-002
It has the ability to activate CD4+helper T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, generating an
immune response
11. Biocryst
Galidesivir (BCX4430)
Nucleoside RNA polymerase inhibitor designed to disrupt the viral replication process
Shown broad-spectrum activity in vitro against more than 20 RNA viruses in

coronaviruses, by blocking the synthesis of RNA.
32
The drug has already shown survival benefits in patients against deadly viruses such as
Ebola, Zika, Marburg, and Yellow fever.
Galidesivir is currently in advanced development stage under the Animal Rule to combat
multiple potential viral threats including coronaviruses, flaviviruses filoviruses,
paramyxoviruses, togaviruses, bunyaviruses, and arenaviruses. For the SARS-CoV-2
virus a clinical trial is initiated in Brazil with 24 patients initially, to be expanded later
according to the initial results. The trial is supported by the NIH (US)
12. BioXyTran
BXT-25 - to treat late-stage acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Anti-necrosis drug whose glyco-polymer structure consists of hybrid molecules integrating

the Hemoglobin molecule and a proprietary polymer chemical structure. BXT-25 is
company’s lead product candidate, designed to carry oxygen to tissues when the flow of
blood is blocked.
Boston-based Bioxytran said February 5 that it is exploring partnering with “international

drug companies” to develop BXT-25 as a treatment for Acute Respiratory Distress
Syndrome (ARDS) in end-stage patients with SARS-CoV-2.
The diffusion of oxygen to the blood is compromised in patients suffering from ARDS
leading to fluid build-up in the lungs. Since BXT-25 is 5,000 times smaller than red blood
cells, the drug can help in supplying oxygen to the vital organs and enable the patient to
recover and survive.
The company will use MDX Life Sciences’ MDX Viewer to assess the safety and efficacy
of the drug.
13. CEL-SCI
CEL-SCI is developing immunotherapy against COVID-19 using its proprietary LEAPS

peptide technology, which utilises conserved areas of the coronavirus proteins to generate
T-cell responses and reduce viral load. The technology can also be used to develop
immunotherapeutic peptides with both antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties.
33
The peptides developed using this technology can help in reducing tissue damage from
inflammation caused due to lung infection, which is a major cause of mortality in elderly
patients.
14. Celularity and Sorrento Therapeutics
CYNK-001 - Allogeneic, off-the-shelf, placental-derived Natural Killer (NK) cell therapy
The companies on January 30 launched a clinical and manufacturing

collaboration designed to expand the therapeutic use of Celularity’s CYNK-001 to COVID-
19. Sorrento and Celularity agreed to assess CYNK-001 as a potential novel therapy for
coronaviruses, specifically SARS-CoV-2. Sorrento—which owns 25% of Celularity—
agreed to use current existing capacity in its cGMP cell therapy manufacturing facilities in
San Diego to supplement Celularity’s new cGMP facility in Florham Park, NJ. Sorrento
said it is already in contact with “leading” scientists and local Chinese experts to discuss
clinical validation and logistics requirements for fast-tracking CYNK-001 in China.
Chugai Pharmaceutical and Zhejiang Hisun

15.
Pharmaceutical
Tocilizumab (Actemra)
Humanized mAb targeting interleukin-6
A 94-patient trial assessing Tocilizumab has been registered with Chinese authorities by
The First Affiliated Hospital of University of science and technology of China (Anhui
Provincial Hospital) (ChiCTR2000029765). A phase 2 trial in Italy (this is planned to
include 330 patients hospitalised with first signs of respiratory failure. In addition a
randomised phase 3 clinical trial has been approved by FDA (enrolment is expected to
start in April 2020).
16. Columbia University
Researchers at Columbia University have been awarded a $2.1m grant by the Jack Ma
Foundation to develop a cure for coronavirus. Four different teams at the university will
adopt various approaches towards the development of a vaccine against coronavirus.
34
17. CytoDyn
Leronlimab (PRO 140) - Humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody. Leronlimab is CytoDyn’s

lead candidate, and is a CCR5 antagonist with potential for multiple therapeutic
indications.
CytoDyn has initiated a phase 2b/3 randomised clinical trial in the US, targeting 390
COVID-19 patients. It is being proposed as a treatment for mild-to-moderate respiratory
complications that occur in patients with the disease as well as severely and critically ill
patients.
The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study will test the efficacy and safety of
leronlimab initially in 75 patients.
18. Emergent BioSolutions
Emergent BioSolutions is developing two plasma-derived product candidates or

hyperimmunes using its hyperimmune platforms for the treatment of coronavirus. The
hyperimmune platforms have been used previously for the development of several
approved products including vaccines for smallpox, botulism, and anthrax.
The hyperimmunes are polyclonal antibodies derived from plasma, which are capable of
generating an immune response and protecting against infection. Product candidate
derived from human plasma is named COVID-HIG, while COVID-EIG is derived from
equine plasma. Both will be explored for the treatment of patients with a severe case of
infection.
19. Enanta Pharmaceuticals
Enanta Pharmaceuticals has announced its plans to develop antiviral drug candidates to
treat COVID-19 patients. The company is testing compounds from its existing antiviral
compound library for potential efficacy in treating COVID-19. It has also launched a drug
discovery programme to develop direct-acting drug candidates to treat COVID-19.
35
Fujifilm Holdings and Zhejiang Hisun

20.
Pharmaceutical
Favipiravir (marketed by Fujifilm as Avigan and by Hisun in China as Favilavir)
Broad spectrum anti-viral agent that is designed to selectively and potently inhibit the RNA-
dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of RNA viruses. Japan has approved Avigan for novel
or re-emergent influenza and was previously used to treat Ebola patients in Guinea.
Apart from trials in Japan, This promising anti-viral is currently being tried in several
countries, in phase 3 trials.
Cyprus is also participating in this trial with 20 patients. Study shown that use of 1600mg
twice the first day and 600mg twice daily until the 14th day, gave positive results in
combating COVID-19 as compared to LPV/RTV.
The Russian Direct Investment Fund (RDIF) with a local drug maker will start the
production of a new drug designed analogue of the favipiravir drug initially developed by
Fujifilm Holdings approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan in 2015 and showed
effectiveness in patients with coronavirus and Shenzhen.
The trade name is AVIGAN and the plan is to produce 600.000 packages this year.
21. Gilead Sciences
Remdesivir (GS-5734). Originally under development for Ebola, remdesivir incorporates

into nascent viral RNA chains, and causes premature termination.
Several phase 3 clinical trials are ongoing at present. The only known results are from the
university of Chicago, where 125 cases have been recruited for phase 3 trial and have
responded well to IV remdesivir [https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/what-is-
remdesivir-and-can-it-be-useful-in-treating-covid19-1586947150-1]. It has been shown
that the drug can reduce recovery time by about 30%. Based on these initial favourable
results the WHO has included this anti-viral agents in its Innovator trial and the US FDA
has approved it for emergency use in this pandemic, based on a study involving 1063
patients. There have been some negative results from a trial in China but this was
regraded a small case experience.
36
Gilead’s notable clinical trials:
1. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases trial has enrolled patients in a
randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase 3 trial evaluating 1,063 hospitalized
patients with COVID-19 at 68 sites worldwide, including at three sites in Singapore and
South Korea, according to the NIAID. However, the majority of the study locations are in
the U.S. The study began Feb. 21 and is expected to conclude April 1, 2023.
2. A Gilead-sponsored randomized, open-label Phase 3 trial is testing remdesivir in 1,600

patients with moderate COVID-19. It previously said it would enroll 600 participants. The
trial started enrolling patients in March, with results to come in May. The clinical trial listing
states the study is taking place in 13 countries, including Hong Kong, Singapore, South
Korea and the U.S.
3. A Gilead-sponsored randomized, open-label Phase 3 trial is evaluating remdesivir in

6,000 patients with severe COVID-19. The trial started enrolling patients in March, and
early results based on 397 patients included in the initial phase of the study were used to
inform the EUA. The clinical trial listing states the study is taking place in Hong Kong,
Singapore, South Korea and the U.S.
Results: It was reported on April 16 that University of Chicago Medicine researchers saw
“rapid recoveries” in 125 COVID-19 patients remdesivir, though that data isn’t part of the
full clinical trial data set.
What’s next: Gilead plans to donate 1.5 million vials, about 140,000 10-day courses of
treatment, of the drug through June. It also said on May 5, that it plans to contract with
pharmaceutical manufacturers abroad to ensure access to remdesivir outside of the U.S.
At this time, evaluation of an oral version of remdesivir has not been proposed and it is
unknown if this antiviral would be useful for patients whose symptoms are not severe
enough to warrant hospitalization.
22. Incyte, Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical
Camrelizumab and thymosin
Humanized monoclonal antibody targeting PD-1 (Camrelizumab); 5-Da polypeptide

hormone secreted by the thymus gland (thymosin)
37
Chinese clinical trials assessing the combination treatment have been registered by
Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital (Wuhan Infectious Diseases Hospital) (ChiCTR2000029806)
and Southeast University (NCT04268537). At present (May 2020) no updated data have
been made available
23. Innovation Pharmaceuticals
Brilacidin -Defensin mimetic in Phase II development in oral muscositis in Head and Neck
Cancer patients
Innovation said February 24 that it submitted a Material Transfer Agreement with an

unidentified “leading U.S.-based virology laboratory” to study Brilacidin as a potential novel
treatment for SARS-CoV-2. If lab tests prove successful, Innovation said, it will expedite
research and clinical development of Brilacidin “via pharmaceutical partnerships,
academic collaborations and government grants.” Innovation has also submitted a
preliminary summary of Brilacidin’s potential for treating coronavirus to the Biomedical
Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA). As of May 8th, this drug is still
not yet in human trials for COVID-19
Janssen Pharmaceutical Cos. (Johnson &

24.
Johnson)
Prezcobix™ (darunavir and cobicistat) is an HIV protease inhibitors (Prezcobix)
Janssen has provided DVR-based medicines to support three clinical studies in China.
Unpublished results from one clinical study show that five days of darunavir and cobicistat
was not effective in treating COVID-19. As further preclinical and / or clinical data become
available, thjis information will be updated
A Chinese trial is assessing Precobix or the lopinavir-ritonavir combination combined with

thymosin a1 (ChiCTR2000029541).
25. Mateon Therapeutics
38
Mateon Therapeutics has launched an antiviral response programme to develop

coronavirus treatments using its therapeutic and artificial intelligence (AI) platforms. It has
also established a division, which will adopt a multi-modal approach to developing COVID-
19 treatments as well as other future zootonic outbreaks.
On April 24th, Mateon published a report in the biomedical journal Annals of Pulmonary
and Critical Care Medicine regarding the medical-scientific rationale for its planned
randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase 2 Study of OT-101 (TGF-β inhibitor) in COVID-19
patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure. [Uckun FM, Trieu V. Medical-Scientific
Rationale for a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 2 Study of Trabedersen/OT-101
in COVID-19 Patients with Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure. Annals of Pulmonary and
Critical Care Medicine 2020; 3(1); 01-09, and Hwang L, Cynthia L, Vuong N Trieu. COVID-
19 Epidemic: China and ex-China. Open Acc Biostat Bioinform. 3(1). OABB.000552. 2020.
DOI: 10.31031/OABB.2020.03.000552.]
26. NanoViricides
Antiviral therapy based on company’s novel nanomedicines platform.
Broad-spectrum virus-binding ligand: “It is like a ‘Venus-Fly-Trap’ for the virus,” says Anil
R. Diwan, PhD, President and Executive Chairman.
The Company has worked on developing an animal model to test anti-coronavirus
effectiveness in vivo using a model coronavirus that binds to the same ACE2 ("angiotensin
convertase enzyme 2") receptor as SARS-CoV-2, namely human coronavirus NL-63
(hCoV-NL63). The Company anticipates using this animal model to obtain indications of
effectiveness of the nanoviricide test drug candidates against the model coronavirus in
vivo.
27. Novartis
Jakavi® (ruxolitinib)
New clinical trial to evaluate Jakavi® (ruxolitinib) a well-established JAK inhibitor) in

patients with COVID-19 associated cytokine storm (severe immune overreaction (to date
licensed for myelofribosis and polycythemia vera).
39
A global phase III clinical trial evaluating ruxolitinib (Jakafi) in combination with standard
of care for the treatment of cytokine storm associated with coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19) in patients 12 years and older has been initiated, was announced by Incyte
on April 21st. This is the first randomized, placebo-controlled phase III study to evaluate
the efficacy and safety of this indication.
28. OyaGen
OYA1 has been found effective in inhibiting SARS-COV-2 from replicating in cell culture.
OYA1 was approved earlier as an investigative drug for cancer but abandoned due to lack
of efficacy.
Now, OyaGen has announced positive findings from collaborative research of a drug
candidate, OYA1, for Covid-19 treatment. The research was conducted in partnership with
the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases’ Integrated Research Facility.
Cell culture infectivity studies demonstrated strong dose-dependent antiviral activity of

OYA1, compared to chlorpromazine HCl, against live SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus
that causes Covid-19. OYA1 is said to possess broad-spectrum antiviral activity in lab
assays against coronaviruses SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV. It also has antiviral activity
against filoviruses such as Ebola virus. However, the drug has not yet reached clinical trial
stage.
29. Pfizer
Pfizer announced that it has identified certain under development antiviral compounds that
may be effective in treating coronavirus. The company is planning to partner with a third
party to screen and identify potential compounds by the end of March and begin testing in
April.
30. Pharmstandard
Arbidol (umifenovir), a membrane fusion inhibitor developed as a treatment for influenza
Pharmstandard is assessing Arbidol in clinical trials as monotherapy and in combinations

that include AbbVie’s Kaletra (See above), Ascletis Pharma’s ASC09 (See above),
lopinavir, ritonavir, carrimycin, and Bromhexine Hydrochloride (enrolling by invitation).
Five trials including Arbidol were listed on ClinicalTrials.gov. China’s Ruijin Hospital is
40
conducting the monotherapy trial (NCT04260594), while various Chinese hospitals are
investigating the combination therapies
(NCT04252885, NCT04273763, NCT04261907, NCT04286503).
Umifenovir (Arbidol) monotherapy offers little benefit, according to a study published
online April 17 in Med.
31. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
REGN3048 and REGN 3051
Discovered by Regeneron, the combination of neutralising monoclonal antibodies

REGN3048 and REGN3051 leveraging Regeneron’s monoclonal antibody discovery
platform called VelocImmune® (part of the company’s VelociSuite™ technologies).
It is being studied against coronavirus infection in a first-in-human clinical trial sponsored

by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), which will be initiated
in June. The safety and tolerability of the drug will be studied in 48 patients.
Both the antibodies bind to S-protein of MERS coronavirus. The intravenous

administration of the drug in the mouse model of MERS resulted in the high-level
neutralisation of the MERS coronavirus in circulating blood with reduced viral loads in the
lungs.
On February 4, The Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA)

said it was expanding upon an earlier partnership agreement with Regeneron to develop
“multiple monoclonal antibodies that, individually or in combination, could be used to treat
new treatments.”
32. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals & Sanofi
Kevzara® (sarilumab)
Regeneron has partnered with Sanofi to evaluated Kevzara®, a fully-human monoclonal

antibody, in a phase two/three clinical trial in patients with severe COVID-19 infection,
which started in March. Kevzara® is approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and
is known to block the interleukin-6 (IL-6) pathway, which causes an overactive
inflammatory response in the lungs of COVID-19 patients.
41
It will test 400 patents in about 16 US sites. The aim is to evaluate if the drug lessens
patient fevers and their need for supplemental oxygen. The Phase 3 trial will evaluate if
Kevzara prevents deaths and reduces need for mechanical ventilation, supplemental
oxygen, or hospitalization.
The next phase of the study will also only include a higher dose of the drug (400 milligrams)
and the placebo, and not the lower dose of 200 milligrams used in the mid-stage trial.
33. Roche
Actemra
Actemra by Roche to treat coronavirus-related complications. China approved the use of

Roche’s Actemra for the treatment of severe complications related to coronavirus. Drugs
like Actemra have the ability to prevent cytokine storms or overreaction of the immune
system, which is considered as the main reason behind organ failure leading to death in
some coronavirus patients.
In a small 21-person trial in China it was found that some patients on Actemra, reported
reductions in fever, and 7% of them had a reduced need for supplemental oxygen within
days of starting treatment.
Actemra is also being further evaluated in a clinical trial in China, which is expected to
enroll 188 coronavirus patients. The clinical trial is expected to be conducted until May 10.
In addition, Roche has initiated a Phase 3 clinical trial evaluating Actemra as a treatment
for patients with COVID-19 who have been hospitalized with severe pneumonia. Around
330 patients are being enrolled in 55 sites in the U.S. and elsewhere in the world. The
company plans to examine patient mortality and need for mechanical ventilation or an
intensive care unit stay among other primary and secondary endpoints. Results are
expected in early summer.
34. Southwest Research Institute
Southwest Research Institute is using its virtual screening called Rhodium to identify
potential drug candidates for treating coronavirus from more than two million drug
compounds. The most promising compounds will be identified for further development.
42
35. Takeda Pharmaceutical Company
Takeda Pharmaceutical Company has announced plans to develop a plasma-derived

therapy against coronavirus. The anti-SARS-CoV-2 polyclonal hyperimmune globulin (H-
IG) therapy will be designed to treat high-risk patients. The H-IG therapy includes
concentrated pathogen-specific antibodies derived from plasma of recovered patients.
These antibodies have the potential to generate an immune response when injected into
a new patient, but are still in a preclinical phase.
36. Tiziana Life Sciences
The company developed a monoclonal antibody named TZLS-501 which is a human

anti-interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R). It helps in preventing lung damage and elevated
levels of IL-6. This technology enables direct delivery of anti-IL-6 receptor (anti-IL-6R)
monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) into the lungs using a handheld inhaler or nebuliser.
The Company has submitted (APRIL 2020) a provisional patent application for the
delivery technology. Following this it will be introduced to clinical trials.
37. Vir Biotechnology
Vir Biotechnology, a clinical-stage immunology company, announced on 12 February

that it has identified two monoclonal antibodies that can bind to the virus that causes
COVID-19. The antibodies target the spike (S) protein of the virus by entering through
the cellular receptor ACE2.
Vir has also partnered with Alnylam Pharmaceuticals to identify siRNA candidates
targeting SARS-CoV-2. The companies said they aim to file for an investigational new
drug application by the end of 2020.
Starting Feb. 25, the company is collaborating with Shanghai-based WuXi Biologics to
test monoclonal antibodies as a treatment for COVID-19 in China and elsewhere.
It has formed another partnership with Biogen for cell line and process development and
manufacturing of the antibodies.
43
Plasma derived and immune response therapy – convalescent sera
Post- infection plasma as a source of antibodies to the virus is being investigated at

various locations but at present effectiveness has not been tested in infected patients.
Such passive immunity may be used to help infected individuals, before vaccinations
become available to induce active immunity in the populations. Convalescent plasma is
still investigational, in terms of both safety and effectiveness.
Monoclonal antibody drugs may also fall into the category of passive immunity since they
target specific proteins of the virus. They are being discussed above under drug therapies
44
Review of the HIV drugs for coronavirus

treatment
Abbvie’s HIV protease inhibitor, lopinavir is being studied along with ritonavir for the
treatment of MERS and SARS coronaviruses. The repurposed drug is already approved
for the treatment of HIV infection under the trade name Kaletra®.
The combination is listed in the WHO list of essential medicines. Lopinavir is believed to
act on the intracellular processes of coronavirus replication and demonstrated reduced
mortality in the non-human primates (NHP) model of the MERS.
Lopinavir/ritonavir in combination with ribavirin showed reduced fatality rate and milder
disease course during an open clinical trial in patients in the 2003 SARS outbreak.
Cipla is also reportedly planning to repurpose its HIV drug LOPIMUNE, which is a
combination of protease inhibitors Lopinavir and Ritonavir, for the treatment of
coronavirus.
A licensed generic of Kaletra®, LOPIMUNE is currently available in packs of 60 tablets

each, containing 200mg of Lopinavir and 50mg of Ritonavir.
Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson, donated its

PREZCOBIX® HIV medication (darunavir/cobicistat) for use in research activities aimed
at finding a treatment for COVID-19.
Darunavir is a protease inhibitor marketed by Janssen. Anecdotal reports suggest

darunavir as potentially having antiviral activity against COVID-19. It is, however, currently
approved only for use with a boosting agent, and in combination with other antiretrovirals,
for the treatment of HIV-1.
Janssen has no in vitro or clinical data to support the use of darunavir as a treatment for
COVID-19. The drug is in the process of being evaluated in vitro for any potential activity
against the coronavirus.
Further, Janssen has partnered with the Biomedical Advanced Research and
Development Authority (BARDA) to expedite the development of a COVID-19 treatment.
45
News & Updates
European Medicines Agency (EMA)
EMA launched on April 17th an enhanced fast-track monitoring system to help prevent
and mitigate supply issues with crucial medicines used for treating COVID-19 patients.
Under this system, each pharmaceutical company is appointing a single contact point
(industry single point of contact or i-SPOC) who will report to EMA all ongoing or
anticipated shortages of medicines used for treating COVID-19, irrespective of their
authorisation route. This mechanism is similar to the single point of contact (SPOC)
network that EMA and the national competent authorities already use to exchange
information on shortages. Initially, the system will focus on medicines used in intensive
care (such as anaesthetics, antibiotics, resuscitation drugs and muscle relaxants), which
are in greatest demand, before extending to a broader range of medicines.
In addition, EMA offers medicine developers several opportunities for early dialogue and
consultation before submitting a marketing authorisation application. This is intended to
provide regulatory and scientific support to facilitate the preparation of applications and
enable a smooth validation and assessment procedure.
The World Health Organisation (WHO)
 Four drugs or drug combinations already licensed and used for other illnesses will
be tested by WHO and 10 countries have indicated their interest to take part in
the trial:
1. Remdesivir (by Gilead)
2. Lopinavir and Ritonavir (sold as Kaletra or Aluvia by AbbVie)
3. Lopinavir and Ritonavir plus Interferon β; and
4. the antimalarial drug Chloroquine.
 Like Umifenovir used in China, Lopinavir/ Ritonavir use a 200gm/50mg capsule at

a dose of 2 capsules twice a day for up to 10 days. The medication is studied
alone or in combination with others including ribavirin and interferon.
 Corticosteroids- Interim guidance from WHO recommends against using them in

patient with COVID-19 unless they have another indication.
46
In the meantime, however, a plethora of other combinations are either under

consideration or in studies/trials e.g. (i) interferon alfacon-1 with corticosteroids
and (ii) ribavirin with corticosteroids
 FDA allows treatment of life threatening COVID-19 cases using blood from
patients who have recovered. It is a temporary authorization under FDA’s
investigational NEW DRUG APPLICANTS (INDs) exemption.
Convalescent plasma transfusion has been used against H1N1 flu, and SARS
and MERS epidemic with varying results. It is not new and is relatively safe.
 May 7th. Convalescent plasma: Trials to treat COVID-19 using the blood plasma
from those who have already recovered from the illness have begun. The first 14
units of convalescent plasma from former coronavirus patients have been
supplied to three NHS trusts, and transfusions have already taken place.
 Triple combination of Interferon β-1b, lopinavir-ritonavir, and ribavirin, was tested

in 127 corona infected patients in Hong Kong, with mild to moderate symptoms.
The combination was found superior to in alleviating symptoms and shortening
the duration of viral shedding, compared to lopinavir-ritonavir alone. The study
was published on the 8th of May edition of the Lancet [ https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0140-6736(20)31042-4]
47
CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF COVID-19 IN SELECTED COUNTRIES
Current therapeutic practices - COVID-19

Country Drugs used Administration Source
Haut Conseil de la santé publique, Avis relatif aux recommandations
people ≥ 40 kg : 200 mg/ day, then 100 mg/ day from day 2 to day thérapeutiques dans la prise en charge du COVID-19 (complémentaire
remdesivir
10 à l’avis du 5 mars 2020), p. 3 - available at
https://www.hcsp.fr/explore.cgi/avisrapportsdomaine?clefr=785
Combination of 2 pills of lopinavir/ritonavir 200/50 mg (a total of 400/100 mg) thérapeutiques dans la prise en charge du COVID-19 (complémentaire
France
lopinavir/ritonavir twice/day for 14 days à l’avis du 5 mars 2020), p. 4 - available at
400 mg twice/day in day 1, then 400 mg once/day for 9 days thérapeutiques dans la prise en charge du COVID-19 (complémentaire
hydroxychloroquin
(Detailed guidance in Table 2, p.8) à l’avis du 5 mars 2020), p. 6 - available at
Interim Clinical Guidance for Adults with suspected or confirmed COVID-
hydroxychloroquine 19 in Belgium, p.5 - available at https://epidemio.wiv-
400mg BID on day 1, followed by 200mg BID on days 2-5 (max. 5
sulphate (Plaquenil) isp.be/ID/Documents/Covid19/COVID-
days) (Detailed guidance in Table 2, p.8)
19_InterimGuidelines_Treatment_ENG.pdf
19 in Belgium, p.5 - available at https://epidemio.wiv-
Belgium chloroquine a total of 25 mg/kg within 3 days - restricted to hospitalised patients
isp.be/ID/Documents/Covid19/COVID-
a second choice, when hydroxychloroquine is contraindicated / to
19 in Belgium, p.5 - available at https://epidemio.wiv-
lopinavir/ritonavir be administered early in the course of the disease (within 12 days
isp.be/ID/Documents/Covid19/COVID-
after symptoms onset)
United
No data
Kingdom
Use of investigational anti-COVID-19 therapeutics Robert Koch-Institut, Notes on the detection, diagnosis and therapy of
(Lopinavir/Ritonavir, Hydroxychloroquin, Patients with COVID-19, p.6 - available at
Germany No
Favirpiravir, Camostat) should be done under ethically approved, https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Kommissionen/Stakob/Stellungnahmen/
randomized, controlled trials. Stellungnahme-Covid-19_Therapie_Diagnose.html
Clinical management of patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 -
Use of investigational anti-COVID-19 therapeutics should be done Interim guidance - available at: https://www.canada.ca/en/public-
Canada No
under ethically approved, randomized, controlled trials. health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection/clinical-
management-covid-19.html
48
Nebraska Medicine, COVID-19 Antiviral and Pharmacotherapy

Recommendations - available at:
lydroxychloroquine 400mg BID x2 doses, then 200mg PO BID for 5-10 days
https://www.nebraskamed.com/sites/default/files/documents/covid-
19/covid19-antiviral-pharmacotherapy-recommendations.pdf
United States Recommendations - available at:
lopinavir/ritonavir 400/100mg (2 tabs) BID for 5-10 days
(state level) https://www.nebraskamed.com/sites/default/files/documents/covid-
remdesivir Recommendations - available at:
-
(compassionate use) https://www.nebraskamed.com/sites/default/files/documents/covid-
Singapore National Center for Infectious Diseases, Interim Treatment
200 mg IV loading, 100 mg IV daily x 5 to 10 days (as part of clinical Guidelines for COVID-19 (Version 1.0, dated 2 April 2020) - available at:
Remdesivir
trial) https://www.ncid.sg/Health-Professionals/Diseases-and-
Conditions/Pages/COVID-19.aspx
Guidelines for COVID-19 (Version 1.0, dated 2 April 2020) - available at:
Lopinavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg BD x 14 days
https://www.ncid.sg/Health-Professionals/Diseases-and-
250 microgram (8.0 million IU), contained in 1 ml of the
Guidelines for COVID-19 (Version 1.0, dated 2 April 2020) - available at:
Singapore Interferon Beta-1B reconstituted solution, to be injected subcutaneously every other
https://www.ncid.sg/Health-Professionals/Diseases-and-
day up to 7-14 days (3-7 doses).
400 mg BD x 1 day (loading dose) followed by 200 mg bd for a 4 Guidelines for COVID-19 (Version 1.0, dated 2 April 2020) - available at:
Hydroxychloroquine
further days https://www.ncid.sg/Health-Professionals/Diseases-and-
To discuss with Rheumatology-Allergy-Immunology / Infectious Guidelines for COVID-19 (Version 1.0, dated 2 April 2020) - available at:
Tocilizumab
Diseases /Intensive Care Physicians https://www.ncid.sg/Health-Professionals/Diseases-and-
49
Chinese Clinical Guidance for COVID-19, available at:

China
http://kjfy.meetingchina.org/msite/main/cn
Concept of antiviral treatment for COVID-19 1st edition (February 26,

Lopinavir and Ritonavir 400 mg / 100 mg twice a day 2020), available at:
http://www.kansensho.or.jp/modules/topics/index.php?content_id=31
1) Pyrazinamide, 2)
Repaglinide, 3) Concept of antiviral treatment for COVID-19 1st edition (February 26,
Japan Theophylline Use with caution 2020), available at:
4) famciclovir, 5) http://www.kansensho.or.jp/modules/topics/index.php?content_id=32
sulindac
Concept of antiviral treatment for COVID-19 1st edition (February 26,
Remdecib, Interferon,
Not recommended yet 2020), available at:
chloroquine
http://www.kansensho.or.jp/modules/topics/index.php?content_id=33
50
COVID-19 Treatments under development as of April 20th
Active substance Company/ies Phase of clinical trial Countries Comments

Lopinavir/ritonavir AbbVie Phase 3 Several in Europe and US
(Kaletra)
Hydroxychloroquine or Several generics Phase 3 Multiple sites in Europe, Side effects such as
chloroquine China and US arrhythmias and
haemolysis if G6PD
deficient
ASC-09 + ritonavir Ascletis pharma Phase 3 China
Tocilizumab (Actemra) Genetech/Roche Phase 3 Multiple sites
Favipiravir (Avigan) Fujifilm Phase 3 Multiple sites
Remdesivir Gilead Phase 3 China, Japan, US and other
sites
Sarilumab (Kevzara) Regeneron/Sanofi Phase 3 US
Leronlimab (PRO 140) CytoDyn Phase 2b/3 US Study 1. For severely ill
to critical patients Study
2. For mild to moderate
patients
Ifenprodil Algernon Phase 2 South Korea
APN01 Apeiron Phase 2 Austria, Germany, Denmark
Baricitinib ?other name for Recruiting for a phase 3 US Danger of
ritonavir trial thromboembolism
51
References
1. AHA/ASA Journals – Association of Inpatient Use of Angiotensin Converting

Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers with Mortality Among
Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized With COVID-19
2. ASHP Pharmacists Advancing Healthcare - Assessment of Evidence for

COVID-19-Related Treatments: Updated 4/24/2020
3. BBC News
4. Clinical Trials Arena - Coronavirus treatment: Vaccines/drugs in the pipeline for

COVID-19, 30 MARCH 2020
5. CureVac - CureVac focuses on the development of mRNA-based coronavirus

vaccine to protect people worldwide
6. Elsevier Journal – COVID-19 Drug Therapy- Potential Options
7. Euronews- Racing for a cure: where are we with COVID-19 vaccines and
treatments?
8. Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News - How to Conquer Coronavirus:

Top 35 Treatments in Development, by Alex Philippidis, March 2, 2020
9. JAMA – Clinical JAMA, Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019

(COVID-19
10. KeAi Chinese Roots Global Impact - Recommended prophylactic and

management strategies for severeacute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
infection in transplant recipients
11. New England Journal of Medicine - Perspective, Developing Covid-19

Vaccines at Pandemic Speed
12. Pan American Journal of Public Health - Clinical trials on drug repositioning for
COVID-19 treatment
13. Pharmacy Times - Potential Pipeline Medications May Help Patients With Novel
Coronavirus, 2020-03-11
52
14. Springer Open - Therapeutic strategies for critically ill patients with COVID-19
15. STAT news - WHO to launch multinational trial to jumpstart search for
coronavirus drugs
16. World Health Organisation (WHO) – Landscape analysis of therapeutics as

21st March 2020
17. WHO R&D Blueprint - Nnovel Coronavirus An international randomised trial of

candidate vaccines against COVID-19, 09 April 2020
18. World Health Organisation (WHO) - DRAFT landscape of COVID-19 candidate

vaccines – 11 April 2020
19. World Health Organisation (WHO) - DRAFT landscape of COVID-19 candidate

vaccines – 11 April 2020
53

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THE COVID–19 PANDEMIC

It is important to note that there are currently no FDA1 or EMA2-approved or even

Thalassaemia International Federation (TIF) has made an effort to compile a list of

Global research and innovation forum: towards a research roadmap

On 30 January 2020, following the recommendations of the Emergency Committee, the

World scientists on COVID-19 met at the World Health Organization’s Geneva

 2019 Novel Coronavirus: Global Research and Innovation Forum: Towards a

This large, international, randomized controlled clinical trial is designed to enable an

Moreover, a survey by Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News (GEN) reveals:

WHAT IS MOST NEEDED TODAY, MORE THAN EVER IS:

A strong international co-ordination and co-operation is needed between the

Measures during Spanish Influenza Pandemic

Single-dose, intranasal vaccine designed to provide systemic immunity

Vaccine based on Altimmune’s proprietary platform vaccine technology, which the

3. BioNTech and Pfizer

CanSino Biologics and the Beijing Institute of

Adenovirus type 5 vector-based recombinant COVID-19 vaccine, Ad5-nCoV, which has

5. Clover biopharmaceutical & GSK

Clover and GSK announce research collaboration to evaluate coronavirus COVID-19 S-

Vaccine applying CureVac’s mRNA vaccine development platform

The EU Commission has offered up to €80 million of financial support to CureVac a

Generex Biotechnology Corporation has been working to develop a peptide vaccine

The intention is to conduct Clinical Trial with Lead Ii-Key/SARS-COV-2 Peptides, to

9. iBio and Beijing CC-Pharming

Plant-derived vaccine to be manufactured using iBio’s FastPharming System™ iBio is

10. ImmunoPrecise Antibodies

Vaccines and coronavirus-neutralizing antibodies

Prophylactic (i.e. vaccine) and therapeutic compounds (i.e. antibodies) using

ImmunoPrecise announced its commitment to finding COVID-19 treatments on February

11. Imperial College Londo

Results could be available as soon as September.

Inovio Pharmaceuticals and Beijing Advaccine

The investigational DNA immunotherapy, INO-4800 (GLS-5300) is being developed by

13. Integral Molecular

Janssen Pharmaceutical Cos. (Johnson &

LineaRx (Applied DNA Sciences) and Takis

Linear DNA vaccine

To be based on PCR-produced linear DNA designed to induce antibodies that can

17. MIGAL Research Institute

18. Modern and Vaccine Research Centre

Novel lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNA vaccine (mRNA-1273)

Vaccines designed to apply company’s proprietary recombinant protein nanoparticle

Novavax developed a novel Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus

20. Oxford University

Who is the vaccine being tested on?

The trial will be split into three main Phases:

What does the study involve?

What is the MenACWY vaccine?

How long will the trial last?

When will the vaccine be available to the public?

Are there any other vaccine trials going on?

Human trials began on 23rd April 2020.

21. Predictive Oncology

Vaccine based on Sanofi’s recombinant DNA platform, designed to produce an exact

23. Serum Institute of India

Serum Institute of India (SII) is collaborating with Codagenix, a US-based

24. Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding

TNX-1800 is a live modified horsepox virus vaccine for percutaneous administration

Vaccine based on proprietary VAAST™ Platform, Vaxart is developing an oral