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Foreword
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
This Summary of Research presents a listing and the use of thermal spraying to enhance the bonding
description of the research activity and productivity of characteristics of a urethane coated propeller,
the faculty, civilian and military, and midshipmen at the incorporation of a magnetotail into the global model of
United States Naval Academy for the 1998 - 1999 the Saturnian Magnetosphere, study of the effect of
academic year. A total of 2.9 million dollars was externally retrofitted carbon fiber reinforced polymer
devoted to research. The funding categories break down composites on the ductility of reinforced concrete
into approximately 71% Navy, 10% non-Navy DoD, beams, and study of the proposed multilateral force as
16% non-DoD federal, and 3% private research America=s nuclear solution for NATO. Midshipman
foundations. James B. Coleman, whose Trident project was
The Chief of Naval Research, Naval Surface Warfare supervised by Associate Professor David R. Smith and
Center, Naval Research Laboratory, and Naval Space Adjunct Associate Professor Richard W. Spinrad of the
Command are the primary Navy sponsors of faculty and Oceanography Department and Associate Professor
midshipman research. Among non-DoD federal Steven N. Montgomery of the Physics Department, was
sponsors, the National Science Foundation and the awarded the Harry E. Ward Trident Scholar Prize for his
Department of Energy have been the main sources of outstanding work on the project titled "Optical
funding. Variability of the Chesapeake Bay."
Midshipman activities in research at the Naval Professor John M. Hill of the English Department was
Academy continued with students participating in the recipient of the Research Excellence Award in 1999.
independent research courses and honors projects. Professor Hill is a nationally known scholar in the field
Twelve members of the Class of 1999 completed the of Old English literature whose work has received
Trident Scholar Program during this academic year. widespread critical acclaim, several examples of which
Their research achievements included non-invasive can be found in this year=s Summary of Research.
detection of CH-46 aft gearbox faults, model-based Research at the Naval Academy continues to play a
control of combustion, study of optical variability of the key role in maintaining an atmosphere of scholarship in
Chesapeake Bay, development and implementation of an which midshipmen are exposed to the technical needs of
adaptive error correction coding scheme for a full the Navy as well as experience an analytic approach to
duplex communications channel, development of error problem solving, an important ingredient of our teaching
statistics of time-delay embedding prediction on chaotic mission.
time-series, study of reduction in copper electrode life
due to the resistance welding of aluminum, analysis of
W. C. MILLER REZA MALEK-MADANI

Academic Dean and Provost Director of Research and Scholarship
Division of
Engineering and Weapons
CAPT William R. Rubel, USN
Director
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Aerospace Engineering
Professor Maido Saarlas
Chair
Research in the Aerospace Engineering Department engineering faculty and students have benefitted the
covered a broad range of topics from astrophysics to Academy in three fundamental areas: midshipmen have
practical engineering design of propellers. The had opportunities to participate in research work at the
publications and presentations by the departmental leading edge of both aeronautical and astronautical
faculty reflect interest in both highly theoretical topics engineering technology, and the Defense Department
and very practical long time concerns to the flying has been the beneficiary of the Academy’s extensive
community. Although the capstone courses are not computer and manpower resources. Also, faculty
explicitly listed, midshipmen and faculty advisors were participation in developments in the field of aerospace
aligned with research and current interest in other engineering has enhanced the learning process in the
government agencies. Scientists and engineers from classroom, from the most fundamental courses to
National Air and Space Administration (NASA), the sophisticated design course projects.
Naval Space Command, and the Center for Naval Support for research has come from various
Analyses assisted in review and evaluation of sources including NASA, the Naval Space Command,
midshipmen projects. This occasionally leads to the Naval Research Laboratory, the U.S. Air Force
follow-on research and midshipmen opportunities. By Academy, and others. Ongoing research, in
use of numerical methods and sophisticated computer cooperation with other engineering departments (to be
graphics techniques, extensive work of interest to the reported in the future) into composite materials is being
Navy and Coast Guard was carried out and published supported by the Great Lakes Composite Consortium.
concerning ship hull-superstructure interaction.
The research efforts of the aerospace
Sponsored Research
Recovery of Pulsed Signals Buried in Noise
Researchers: Professor William J. Bagaria,

Associate Professor Colin P. Ratcliffe (Mechanical Engineering Department)
and Lieutenant Colonel Billy R. Smith, USAF
Sponsors: Naval Space Command and Naval Research Laboratory
Pulsars that are in the Milky Way Galaxy can be used detect the pulsar signal, and the Doppler shift in near
for orbital velocity and position determination. real time. Once the signals from three or more pulsars
However, the pulsar signal is about 100 orders of are measured, the velocity and position of an object,
magnitude lower than the background noise. Vibration like the earth, can be determined.
techniques, such as cross-correlation, are being used to
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AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
Space Mission Analysis and Design Space Technology Series
Researcher: Associate Professor Daryl G. Boden

Sponsor: United States Air Force Academy
The Space Technology Series is a series of books that goal of the series is to capture the knowledge and
focus on the process of moving from a mission need, experience of engineers who have worked in the space
through the systems’ acquisition phases, to an business from its inception before these engineers
operational space mission. The Department of retire.
Astronautics at the United States Air Force Academy The Aerospace Engineering Department is a
has provided program management and editorial partner in the program management of this project.
support for the project for the past ten years. Funding Specific tasks performed by this researcher included
for the project has come from numerous sources, looking for funding support from Navy agencies,
including the U.S. Navy. providing editorial support for the books, identifying
The series includes books describing all potential authors to contribute to the books, and
aspects of space mission design. As the number of writing selected chapters.
books increases, the level of detail of the books
increases (with more detail on a particular topic). A
Asymmetric Changes in the C IV Emission Profiles

of the Seyfert I AGN NGC 3516 and NGC 4151
Researcher: Visiting Professor Richard P. Fahey (Naval Space Command Research Chair),
A.G. Michalitsianos and D.M. Kazanas
Sponsor: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
The C IV λ1549 emission feature in the spectra of the at almost the same wavelength. At the resolution of the
AGN NGC 3516 and NGC 4151 shows two narrow peaks, Goddard High Resolution Spectrometer (GHRS), the C
about 1-2,000 km s -1 wide and 3,000 km s -1 apart. Both IV λ1549 absorption feature has the appearance of a
peaks vary in response to changes in the activity level deep, rectangular well, indicating saturation, with
of the system, but the blueward of these peaks varies in several weak, narrow Gaussian emission lines
amplitude and in total flux by more than a factor of 2 superimposed. We suggest that this effect could be
relative to the redward one. Moreover, the ratio of the due to a wind between the observer and the source of
blueward to redward amplitude, or the blueward to the predominant emission line. The current study
redward flux, correlates strongly with the strength of extends our previous findings, and leads to the
the continuum, e.g., at 1300 A, in a way similar to the possibility that several Seyfert I AGN share this same
Baldwin effect. When examined at the resolution of the behavior.
International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE), the pair of
peaks seem to be a result of asymmetric absorption of
light from a single Lorentzian-shaped emission feature
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Independent Research
Stress Analysis of Hollow Helical Springs Including Curvature and Pitch
Researcher: Professor William J. Bagaria
Helical Springs of low pitch angle, fabricated from solid entire theory. Test data is being collected to verify the
bar, have been extensively analyzed. Significant weight theory. In addition, design charts are being created to
reduction can be achieved by fabricating them from aid the designer in quickly determining the necessary
hollow bar. This necessitates the reformulation of the parameters of the spring.
Wing Gust Load Alleviation Using Fuzzy Logic to Control Active Ailerons
Researchers: Professor William J. Bagaria and Professor Gabriel N. Karpouzian
Currently, the structural design of a wing must account the ailerons allows the gust loads to be alleviated
for the shear and bending loads due to both without having to use a classical feedback control
maneuvering and gusts. Active ailerons can be used to system. This results in a faster response, with little or
alleviate the gust loads by the appropriate deflections no overshoot.
of the ailerons when a gust is sensed. This allows the
design of a lighter wing. Using fuzzy logic to control
Analysis and Practical Applications of the Newly Discovered Mikkola-Innanen Orbits
Researcher: Professor William J. Bagaria
Using numerical methods, Mikkola and Innanen studied planet such that the satellite also orbits the planet.
the long term stability of the Solar System. In doing so, This work is determining the analytical equations that
they discovered new stable solar orbits which are also govern the M-I orbits so that they may be used for
gravitationally bound with each planet. A satellite in practical engineering and scientific purposes.
this type of solar orbit has a motion relative to the
Research in Automating Space Mission Operations
Researcher: Associate Professor Daryl G. Boden
Research in Automating Space Mission Operations is development project which uses existing facilities in the
a joint Navy/NASA/Industry/academia research and Aerospace Engineering Department at the U.S. Naval
4
Academy (USNA). The goals of the project are to test The laboratory is also used to support USNA classes
and evaluate automation techniques for command and and associated laboratories, as well as midshipmen and
control of space systems. The project is unique faculty research projects.
because it uses the UHF Follow-On (UFO) Flight #1
spacecraft as an on-orbit test article, providing the
means to qualify software applications for use in space.
Rapid Extraction of a Pulsed Signal Buried in Noise
Researchers: Professor William J. Bagaria,

Associate Professor Colin P. Ratcliffe (Mechanical Engineering Department),
Associate Professor Sonia M. Garcia (Mathematics Department) and
Visiting Professor Richard P. Fahey (Naval Space Command Research Chair)
The motivation for this research was the need to extract The paper resulting from this research is
pulsed signals that are buried in noise. The signals of divided into three parts. First, the classical theory is
interest have a “short” pulse duration compared to the reviewed. Second, a method is presented that allows
period of the signal and they are “weak.” A the rapid determination of the period of the signal, and
consideration when analyzing these signals is that the the start time of the first pulse of the signal in the
length of the recorded signal be as short as possible. recorded data. Third, a method is presented by which
In this way, factors which might change the period of the temporally average wave form shape of the pulsed
the signal over the short term, such as a variable signal can be recovered from the noisy data.
Doppler shift, can be detected. If the signal is recorded
and analyzed over a long period of time, the short time
variations would be averaged out.
Flow Simulation of a Co-Flowing Laminar Diffusion Flame
Researcher: LCDR David D. Myre, USN

Advisor: Professor Catherine Mavriplis, Department of Civil, Mechanical and Environmental Engineering
George Washington University, Washington, D.C.
A computational study of a methane-air co-flowing uses the spectral-element method, which combines the
laminar diffusion flame was compared with results in the best attributes of the finite element method and spectral
literature, including experimental studies and other methods for the solution of complex incompressible
numerical calculations. The computational method flows. The spectral-element method takes advantage of
solves the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with the high accuracy possible using spectral methods and
variable properties and a Boussinesq buoyancy term. the generality and geometric flexibility of the finite
This solution is coupled to the convection-diffusion of element method. The velocity, temperature and mixture
a conserved scalar representing a mixture fraction. The fraction fields are presented for several co-flowing
energy equation is solved using heat addition axisymmetric cases, and these are then be compared to
incorporating an expression developed by R. W. Bilger experimental and other numerical results.
of the University of Sydney. This expression directly
relates the conserved scalar mixture fraction to the
consumption of methane. The numerical calculation
5
Analysis of Contour Smoothed Concentration Data
Researcher: LCDR David D. Myre, USN

Advisor: Professor J. Houston, Department of Chemistry
George Washington University, Washington, D.C.
Previously, workers at the National Institute of one in the fuel stream and zero in the air stream. Since
Standards and Technology (NIST) and George carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and methane account
Washington University (GWU) measured laser-induced for about 99% of the fuel in the flow an approximation
fluorescence from hydroxyl radical laser light scattering, of mixture fraction can be made from the concentration
laser-induced luminescence from soot particles, and of these constituents. Analysis of this data has
quantitative concentrations for carbon dioxide, carbon continued by examining the concentration data as a
monoxide, and methane using tunable diode laser function of mixture fraction at all heights in the flame.
absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS). A steady and time- Derived parameters such as scalar dissipation and heat
varying co-flowing, axisymmetric flame system was set- release have been obtained by calculating gradients in
up to reproduce conditions established by Smyth and the mixture fraction field and by correlating density and
co-workers. A co-flowing methane-air laminar diffusion diffusivity to an experimental temperature field also
flame was modulated at a 10 Hz rate and data were taken obtained from NIST. Correlation of the production of
by synchronizing the data acquisition to the correct CO and CO2 to mixture fraction will be made in both a
phase angle in 10% (10 ms) phase increments. The steady flame case and modulated flame cases. This will
latter measurement can be used to calculate mixture be compared to existing experimental and numerical
fraction. To improve the quality of this calculation, a databases. In addition, derived values of scalar
contour-aligned smoothing technique used by groups dissipation and heat release can be used to compare to
at the University of Sydney and at Yale University was numerical calculations.
applied to the data as previously described. Mixture
fraction is a conserved scalar that is given a value of
Research Course Projects

and Trident Scholar Projects
Prototype Communications Satellite (PCSAT)
Researcher: Midshipman 1/C Christopher K. Morgan, USN

Faculty Advisor: Associate Professor Daryl G. Boden
PCSAT is a simple communications satellite designed Robert Bruninga of the USNA Satellite Ground Station
to provide a space-based node to the Amateur Position (SGS), and operating in the amateur radio band, it will
Reporting System (APRS). Conceived by CDR (ret) receive position and identification data from amateur
6
radio operators participating in APRS, and then the satellite is currently underway, with testing planned
rebroadcast that data to the USNA SGS for integration for fall 2000 and launch expected prior to March 2001.
into the APRS database. In this project, the preliminary
design of the satellite was determined. Fabrication of
Design and Construction of a Semi-Span Rectangular Wing with Leading Edge and Trailing
Edge Oscillatory Flaps
Researchers: Midshipman 1/C Travis G. Deaton, USN and Midshipman 1/C Thomas J. Weaver, Jr., USN
Faculty Advisor: Professor Gabriel N. Karpouzian
A semi-span rectangular wing was designed and built, model, the work aims at studying the effect of flap
having a 18-inch semi span and a 6-inch chord length. oscillations of the aerodynamic performance. The motor
The wing has leading edge and trailing edge flaps along that drives the flaps to oscillate has enough power to
the span which are allowed to oscillate. Each flap is overcome the dynamic loads at the leading edge as the
driven by a motor to oscillate about its hinge line along latter oscillates in a relatively high speed air flow. This
the wing span at various amplitudes and frequencies. sizing of power requirement was a challenge in itself.
The choice of this design was made to simplify the The next phase of the project is to install the wing and
complexity of the mechanism that oscillates the flaps. the mechanism in a wind tunnel and run tests to obtain
It was borne out of a previous design of a F/A-18 wing measurements of aerodynamic loads for various
model which created difficulty in driving the flaps oscillatory modes of the flaps.
having swept uneven hinge lines. With this new wing
Mechanical Properties of Silica Aerogels
Researcher: Midshipman 1/C Kelly A. George, USN

Advisors: Associate Professor Michael D. A. Mackney and LCDR David D. Myre, USN
The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) aerogels. The extremely low weight, density, and
project referred to as the Integrated Biosensor Program tensile and shear strength make working with silica
(IBP) has the mission of developing a micro-unmanned aerogels very challenging. These properties also
aerial vehicle (µ-UAV) carrying a biosensor for the restrict the use of traditional engineering testing
detection and identification of biological weapons. The methods for determining mechanical properties.
material selected as the filter medium for the biosensor Concurrent to this effort was the purchase and
is silica aerogel. Aerogel is an innovative low-density integration of a lightweight materials test machine for
porous material capable of filtering microbes out of the testing in the appropriate load ranges. Once this
air. It also has a very high strength to weight ratio, machine was on-site, fixtures and techniques were
which gives the material potential applications for developed, and these were subsequently tested.
structural components of the µ-UAV. In order to Difficulty was encountered in converting the data to a
facilitate the development of aerogel structural useable form due to software incompatibilities in the
components, the United States Naval Academy new machine, but our efforts resulted in a significant
Aerospace Engineering Department was assigned the advance in our understanding of the handling and
task of determining the mechanical properties of silica testing aerogels.
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Evaluating Methods for Calculating Lift and Drag of Aircraft Fuselages
Researcher: Midshipman 1/C Josue M. Diaz, USN

Faculty Advisor: Professor Maido Saarlas
The purpose of this project was to collect and evaluate information is of interest for Naval UAV applications as
methods that can be utilized for practical preliminary well as for the Aerospace Engineering Department
design as one calculates the lift and drag of aircraft design course, EA440. A summary report will be
bodies. Since a large body of information exists, the published shortly.
emphasis was on determining methods that do not
require an extensive computational effort. This
Establishing the State-of-the-Art of Pusher Propellers
Researcher: Midshipman 1/C Mark C. Parrella, USN

Faculty Advisor: Professor Maido Saarlas
Although propellers have been studied for well over to discover the sources of existing information and to
one hundred years and a considerable body of data and establish the directions of additional research and
reports have been accumulated, there seems to be a development. After considerable literature research,
peculiar lack of information available on pusher type of only a handful of useful references could be found.
propellers. With the current naval interest in pushers The literature phase of this research will be continued
for unmanned areal vehicles (UAV) and the lack of before embarking on follow-up research activity.
available design data, the purpose of this project was
Applicability of the XCASTLE Flight Simulation
Researcher: Midshipman 1/C Mark W. Sand, USN

Faculty Advisor: Major David G. Schnorenberg, USMC
The Aerospace Engineering Department has an on- parameters. The purpose of this project was to install
going need to conduct flight simulation. The XCASTLE a newly released PC version of XCASTLE for a general
simulation package, designed by the Flight Simulation aviation light aircraft model and complete all software
Branch, Manned Flight Simulator, Naval Aircraft and hardware configurations necessary to run the
Warfare Center Aircraft Division, Patuxent River, offers simulation package on a Windows based PC using
the ability to perform both real time and compressed commercially available interfaces and controllers. Once
time flight simulation. The software is designed to run all configuration issues have been resolved, specific
on a variety of different airframe models, as well as aerospace engineering course applications can be
offering the ability to change airframe design explored.
8
Publications
BODEN, Daryl G., Associate Professor, “Introduction intelligence (AI) applications for use in space. The
to Astrodynamics,” Space Mission Analysis and laboratory is also used to support USNA classes and
Design, 3rd Edition, Chapter 6, Torrance, CA: associated laboratories, as well as midshipmen and
Microcosm, Inc., 1999. faculty research projects. This paper describes the
SAIL project and how the Aerospace Engineering
Space Mission Analysis and Design addresses the art Department uses the project to support midshipmen
and science of designing a space mission from concept education.
to preliminary design. Chapter 6 explains the terms
used to describe satellite orbits, provides equations MACKNEY, Michael D. A., Associate Professor and
necessary to calculate classical orbital elements from Ross, Carl T. F., “Superstructure Effectiveness in the
position and velocity, and shows how to predict the Preliminary Assessment of the Hull Behaviour,” Marine
future position and velocity of a satellite. The chapter Technology, Journal of the Society of Naval Architects
also discusses orbit perturbations and orbit and Marine Engineers, Volume 36, Number 1, January
maneuvering strategies. 1999.
BODEN, Daryl G., Associate Professor, and Stephen J. In a study of hull-superstructure interaction, a
Hoffman, “Orbit Selection and Astrodynamics,”Human parametric investigation was undertaken, which was
Space Mission Analysis and Design, Chapter 9, New designed to examine a large number of hull-
York: McGraw-Hill, 1999. superstructure arrangements, broadly representative of
warship configurations. The study was essentially
Human Space Mission Analysis and Design describes numerical, based on the finite element method, but was
the process for designing human space missions with supported by an experimental program used to validate
a goal of achieving low-Earth orbit, a lunar mission, or aspects of the modeling. The majority of the numerical
a mission to Mars. Chapter 9 specifically describes the work was the analysis of three-dimensional simplified
design as it applies to the three different missions. models having either a single superstructure on a
Numerous example trajectories for lunar and Mars standardized hull, or a double superstructure
missions are shown. arrangement on an alternative standardized hull. Such
models represented simplified structural configurations
BODEN, Daryl G., Associate Professor, “Satellite from which preliminary assessments of the hull-
Artificial Intelligence Lab,” Proceeding from 1999 ASEE superstructure behavior could be systematically
Annual Conference and Exposition. The Spacecraft addressed within an initial design sequence.
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL) is a joint Superstructure effectiveness is not universally
Navy/NASA/Industry/academia research and defined or used in the literature. Since stresses are
development project which uses existing facilities in idiosyncratic, effectiveness in this work is defined in
the Aerospace Engineering Department at the U.S. terms of overall structural displacement, as the ratio of
Naval Academy (USNA). The goals of the project are the maximum displacement of the plain hull to the
to test and evaluate automation and machine maximumdisplacement with superstructures. A variety
intelligence techniques for operating space systems. of cases was considered, including single and double
The SAIL project is unique because it uses the UHF superstructure arrangements of various sizes and in
Follow-On (UFO) Flight #1 spacecraft as an on-orbit various positions on the hull. Design curves were
test article, providing the means to qualify artificial formed for the different arrangements showing the
9
variation in the effectiveness. Superstructure One-dimensional models consistently and

effectiveness varies with superstructure length, uniformly underestimated the three-dimensional
becoming greater as the superstructure becomes longer. behavior, but were fast to create and run. Two-
There is a finite limit to the maximum effectiveness dimensional models were also consistent in their
which is dependent on the relative cross sectional assessment, and considerably closer in predicting the
properties. The position of the superstructure also actual behaviors. These models took longer to create
affects the effectiveness, with the greatest than the one-dimensional, but ran in very much less
effectiveness occurring at the mid hull position. The time than the refined three-dimensional finite element
change in effectiveness is less when the superstructure models.
is small and changing position than when it is long. Parametric insights were accomplished quickly
Two superstructures having comparable total and effectively with the simplest model and processor,
length to a single superstructure are less effective than but two-dimensional analyses achieved closer absolute
the single superstructure. Three superstructures are measure of the displacement behaviors. Although only
more effective than two, but still less than one. As the static analysis with simple loading and support
number of superstructures increases for a given total conditions were presented, it is believed that similar
length, the effectiveness tends towards the single benefits would be found for other loadings and support
superstructure value. Superstructures, even of modest conditions. Other engineering components and
dimensions, add considerably to the cross-sectional structures may benefit from similarly judged
properties and should be considered as part of the hull simplification using one- and two-dimensional models
girder when doing the preliminary design. to reduce the time and cost of preliminary design.
MACKNEY, Michael D. A., Associate Professor and NIEWOEHNER, Robert J., CDR, USN, Assistant
Ross, Carl T. F., “Preliminary Ship Design Using One- Professor, Ricardo Traven and John Hagan “Solving
and Two-Dimensional Models,” Marine Technology, Wing Drop on the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet,” 42nd
Journal of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Symposium Proceedings, Society of Experimental
Engineers, Volume 36, Number 2, April 1999. Test Pilots, September 1998, 67-84.
Computational studies of hull-superstructure The F/A-18E/F recently surpassed 2,000 flights and
interaction were carried out using one-, two- and three- 3,000 flight hours, 29 months after commencing a three-
dimensional finite element analyses. Simplification of year Engineering and Manufacturing Development
the original three-dimensional cases to one- and two- (EMD) test program. One of the many challenges that
dimensional ones was undertaken to reduce the data arose during the flight test program was defining a
preparation and computer solution times in an extensive solution to what became known as “wing drop”. Wing
parametric study. Both the one- and two-dimensional drop was an abrupt, uncommanded rolling motion
models were evaluated from numerical and experimental encountered while maneuvering the aircraft. Not to be
studies of the three-dimensional arrangements of hull confused with the wing drop behavior that many
and superstructure. aircraft exhibit at high angle of attack (AOA), this
One-dimensional analysis used a simple beam particular wing drop phenomena occurred at low AOA
finite element with appropriately changed section and transonic speed conditions in the heart of the
properties at stations where super-structure existed. operational envelope.
Two-dimensional analysis used a four node, first order Many aircraft have manifested this type of
quadrilateral isoparametric plane elasticity finite transonic low AOA wing drop from the F-86 to the
element, with a corresponding increase in the grid NASA F-111 TACT. Unfortunately, predictive design
domain where the superstructure existed. Changes in tools have not matured to a level that can guarantee a
the thickness properly reflected deck stiffness. This wing drop free aircraft before first flight. Historically,
model was essentially a multi-flanged beam with the post design “fixes” in susceptible aircraft have not
shear webs representing the hull and superstructure yielded reliable techniques to alleviate the problem.
sides, and the flanges representing the decks. This paper reviews the wing drop solutions
10
that were flight tested on the F/A-18E/F, the techniques ROGERS, David F., Professor, “Range,” Newsletter of
used to evaluate the concepts, and summarizes how the the World Beechcraft Society, May/June 1998, 14-15.
solution was integrated into the aircraft while
minimizing the impact on the F/A-18E/F test aircraft, the ROGERS, David F., Professor, “Engine Upgrade
EMD program, and the production F/A-18E/F design. Performance,” Newsletter of the World Beechcraft
Society, January/February 1999, 15-17.
Presentations
BODEN, Daryl G., Associate Professor, and Stephen J. NIEWOEHNER, Robert J., CDR, USN, Assistant
Hoffman, “Orbit Selection and Astrodynamics,” Professor, Ricardo Traven and John Hagan “Solving
American Astronautical Society Conference on Human Wing Drop on the F/A-18 E/F Super Hornet,” Society
Space Mission Analysis and Design, Houston, Texas, of Experimental Test Pilots Symposium, Beverly Hills,
18 February 1999. California, 28 September 1998. (Won best paper of 25
presentations.)
BODEN, Daryl G., Associate Professor, “Satellite
Artificial Intelligence Lab,” ASEE Annual Conference ROGERS, David F., Professor, “Flight Testing with an
and Exposition, Charlotte, North Caroline, 22 June 1999. A-36," American Bonanza Society Meeting, Salisbury,
North Carolina, 30 October 1998.
KARPOUZIAN, Gabriel N., Professor, “Aeroelastic
Instabilities and their Control,” The Raouf Ali Raouf
Memorial Lecture, USNA, 23 February 1999.
11
DEPARTMENT OF
Electrical Engineering
Colonel James F. Kendrick, USAF
Chair
Research and scholarly activity are fundamental to the during the past year included high performance fiber
vitality and viability of any discipline. This is optic communications, wireless communication of
particularly applicable to electrical engineering, which distributed shipboard sensors, dynamic path planning
is broadly based and rapidly expanding. Research and scheduling among a field of moving obstacles,
helps both faculty and midshipmen keep abreast of satellite oscillator frequency determination,
advancing technology and ultimately improves the noninvasive probing of high performance microwave
effectiveness of the academic environment by circuits, JAVA applet applications, non-linear array
encouraging a modern and relevant curriculum. beamforming, noninvasive helicopter gearbox fault
Funding for our research comes from the Naval detection, adaptive error correction coding, and very
Research Laboratory (NRL), the Naval Surface Warfare low elevation antenna effects. This faculty research
Center (NSWC), the National Aeronautics and Space contributes directly to the fleet’s operational
Administration (NASA), the Johns Hopkins University capabilities, and provides relevant topics which benefit
Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL), the Korean the professional as well as the academic development
Agency for Defense Development, and from within the of our midshipmen.
Naval Academy. Research topics supported
Sponsored Research
Simulation in High-Speed Fiber Optic Communication Systems
Researcher: Assistant Professor Brian Jenkins

Sponsor: Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Irl Duling, III
High performance fiber optic communication is rates above 10 Gb/s is complicated by both linear and
essential to meet the increasing bandwidth demands of nonlinear phenomena. Hence, such links often employ
modern telecommunication and computing systems. solitons and require high-speed sources, detectors and
The design of fiber optic links which operate at data modulators as well as amplification, filtering, and
12
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
dispersion management to insure the accurate a packet switched optical network, where simulation can
transmission of data. Building such a link without assess the viability of other technical innovations
numerical simulation can be difficult and expensive. In (wavelength conversion, optical clock recovery,
this project, we use a commercially available simulation packetization and demultiplexing techniques) on
package to model various broadband optical network architecture. The initial focus of the
communication systems. Recent research has simulations was on repeaterless communication using
emphasized the use of dispersion management in fiber adiabatic soliton propagation, with a single 10 Gb/s
links using solitons at data rates of 10-20 Gb/s. We wavelength channel transmitted over a distance of 300
simulate links at the much higher data rate of 100 Gb/s. km. The number of wavelength channels was increased
Such data rates require high-speed sources such as the to eight, with total throughput of 80 Gb/s. In laboratory
sigma laser developed at NRL. Numerical models are experiments,four wavelength channels were transmitted
used to optimize the design of the laser as well as the error-free with a bit-error rate below 10-9. We are now
design of the link. In a practical system application, continuing simulations which include optical
such a link might be used in the physical backbone of amplification and data rates of 100 Gb/s.
A Distributed Sensor System with Wireless Communication Network
Researcher: Professor Antal A. Sarkady

Sponsor: Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division (NSWCCD)
Philadelphia, PA, Code 825, Henry Whitesel
Advanced damage control systems are being a surface ship. This wireless communication system is
developed and evaluated at the Naval Surface Warfare in the evaluation phase and I am providing guidance
Center, Carderock Division, Philadelphia, PA. A large and help to overcome some of the signal to noise ratio
number of distributed shipboard sensors with spread problems experienced when electromagnetic waves are
spectrum type transmitters and receivers are propagating inside closed steel compartments and
interconnected to form a large wireless communication obscured by shipboard fire .
network with display terminals at strategic locations on
Autonomous Path Planning and Scheduling
Researcher: Associate Professor Kelly A. Korzeniowski

Sponsor: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL)
Research continued, under an Office of Naval Research space/time domain representation and specifying
contract at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics motion control for the agent in that domain. In this
Laboratory, to develop a hierarchical system for space/time domain representation, time requirements
dynamic path planning and scheduling among a field of can be imposed upon the goal(s) and therefore
moving obstacles. This type of planning capability is scheduling can also be accomplished. This algorithm
directly applicable to many autonomous navigation was successfully run as part of a simulated planning
scenarios, such as movement on a manufacturing floor, environment. In terms of real-time system performance,
navigation of surface/subsurface ships, or coordination the algorithm makes path planning tractable.
of air traffic. This was accomplished by developing a
13
Determining Oscillator Frequency in Space.
Researcher: Assistant Professor Christopher T. Field

GLAS is a laser ranging system scheduled to be required for the trip. The frequency of the oscillator
launched in 2001 to measure the surface topography of must be known to better than one part in 109 over the 5
the polar ice sheets. The distance between the satellite year mission life. I have been researching how to use a
in a polar orbit about 600 km above the earth’s surface simple quartz oscillator and the on-board GPS receiver
and the surface will be measured with an accuracy to perform the time measurement. This has required
smaller than 10 cm. The distance is determined by finding a way to bound the oscillator frequency
measuring the time required for a short pulse of light to variations from an average frequency measured with the
travel from the satellite to the surface and back. GPS receiver. This work has been performed at Goddard
The round trip travel time is measured Space Flight Center in consultation with the National
counting the number of cycles of an on-board oscillator Institutes of Standards and Technology in Boulder, CO.
Advanced Packaging Applications
Researcher: Assistant Professor Deborah M. Mechtel

A noninvasive, laser-based instrument was used to processing and transmitting information. Polymers are
probe multichip module (MCM) structures fabricated attractive materials for waveguide use in both the chip-
with poled polyimide interlayer dielectrics and thin film to-chip and chip-to-board interconnects within MCM-D
metallizations on silicon carriers. The electro-optic structures because of their electrical and optical
interaction between the poled dielectric and the laser properties and ease of processing. A new technique for
beam allows the strength of the internal fields within simultaneously implementing polyimide as both a
the MCM to be determined as a function of position. In dielectric layer and an optical waveguide in the same
this work, electric field detection results were obtained MCM-D structure has been demonstrated. This
for different polyimides with circuit elements technique, using poled polymers, would permit
characteristic of MCM-D structures. Electrical, electrical and optical interlayers to be made
mechanical, and optical properties of the electro-optic simultaneously from the same dielectric polymer. The
dielectric layers for various polyimides were compared thermal, mechanical and electrical properties of the
along with details of the associated poling and polyimide along with the index of refraction were
processing operations. studied for this optical waveguides application.
The laser-based instrument responds to a change in Some polymers, such as polyimide, may be doped
the index of refraction of MCM dielectric layers caused and poled to change their index of refraction. Our study
by the poled material’s electro-optic response to has concentrated on selectively changing the doping
electrical signals in the MCM circuit. We have shown and poling process to optimize the index of refraction
that polyimide, appropriately doped and made electro- for waveguide applications while monitoring the effect
optic upon poling, may be probed noninvasively. Our on the electrical properties of the polyimide when
current work built on these results by comparing employed as a dielectric layer. The optical layer was
different polyimides and their efficacy for poling and prepared using two different approaches. In the first
processing done in normal MCM-D-type construction. appoach, a change in index between the poled and
Wide bandwidth applications have driven the unpoled regions of a doped optical layer was used to
demand for optical waveguide components for form the waveguide. The second approach used the
14
index change between undoped and doped polyimide. two waveguide approaches. The effect of the
We studied the result of selectively changing the processing changes on the material’s efficacy as a
doping and poling levels on the index of refraction and dielectric material was also investigated.
the electrical, thermal and mechanical properties for the
JAVA Applet Tutorials and Quizzes
Researcher: Associate Professor David Harding

Sponsor: USNA sabbatical for one semester
The spring semester of the academic year 1999 was server and be simultaneously accessed by multiple
spent learning the JAVA programming language and students using their WEB Browsers. The use of the
beginning to develop Applets to be used as self-graded Scientific Notebook software as a vehicle for quizzes
quizzes and tutorials. Thus far, a quiz Applet has been and tutorials will also be investigated. This effort will
written which will be used in the Electrical Engineering continue over the summer of 1999.
core next fall. Applet programs can reside on a network
Bearing Ambiguity Solution By Nonlinear Array Beamforming
Researcher: Commander Wooyoung Hong, KN

Associate Professor, Korean Naval Academy
Sponsor: Agency for Defense Development, Korea
A nonlinear beamforming method is described to solve location. The bearing ambiguity resolution performance
bearing ambiguity of a towed line array sonar. The was investigated in terms of towing ship maneuvering
method estimates a towed array shaped by a Kalman pattern of cycle and amplitude. Computer simulation
filter with heading sensor information and performs results recommend preferred towing ship patterns to
array signal processing of the nonlinear array distorted gain high bearing ambiguity resolution in the boundary
by towing ship motion to form left and right bearing of Kalman filter tracking.
beams based on the adaptively estimated array sensor
Wireless System Innovation and Design
15
Researcher: Commander Thaddeus B. Welch, III, USN, Assistant Professor
I am working with Dr. Rodger Ziemer {University of system operating in a double spread channel and the
Colorado at Colorado Springs} and Dr. Mike Walker effects on the spaced-time correlation function of
{United States Air Force Academy} on a variety of highly directive antenna arrays being designed for use
wireless/cellular design and analysis projects. This in mobile radio applications. These and other projects
includes, but is not limited to, the bit error probability are progressing very well. Success and publication of
determination for a differentially coherent direct- each result is expected.
sequence spread-spectrum multicarrier modulation
Motor Speed Control Using DAC Techniques
Researcher: Professor Tian S. Lim
This paper describes a motor speed control and a DAC (digital to analog converter), are converted to
measurement project in which a transistor circuit is used analog voltages. These are applied to the base of a
to control and measure the speed of a dc motor. An transistor circuit to vary and control the collector
8051 microcontroller assembly language program is current and hence the speed of a dc motor connected in
designed to output digital bytes which, when input to the collector circuit.

Non-Invasive Detection of CH-46 Aft Gearbox Faults
Researcher: Midshipman 1/C Bryan D. Rex, USN, Trident Scholar

Faculty Advisors: Professor Antal A. Sarkady and Associate Professor Kelly A Korzeniowski
Currently, the U.S. Navy performs routine intrusive both manpower and materials. This research deals with
maintenance on CH-46 helicopter gearboxes in order to the development a non-invasive fault detector through
diagnose and correct possible fault conditions which a combination of digital signal processing and artificial
could eventually lead to gearbox failure. This type of neural network technology. The detector would classify
preventative maintenance is costly, and it decreases incipient faults based on real-time vibration data taken
mission readiness by temporarily grounding usable from the gearbox itself.
helicopters. Non-invasive detection of these fault
conditions would save time and prove cost-effective in
16
Development and Implementation of an Adaptive Error Correction Coding Scheme

for a Full Duplex Communications Channel
Researcher: Midshipman 1/C John Waterston, USN, Trident Scholar

Faculty Advisors: Assistant Professsor Ellen C. Wooten and Associate Professor William E. Bennett
This research investigates, via simulation, the bit error receiver’s input and calculates the signal to noise ratio
probability (BEP) associated with a variable (Eb/No), while the second method observes the number
redundancy coding scheme operating in a wireless of corrected errors in recently decoded blocks. With
communications environment. Within a slowly varying this information, the adaptive system decides to modify
(flat fading) Rayleigh channel, adaptive algorithms the correction ability of the code, and then transmits
provide increased throughput over fixed coding this decision to the encoder over a low bandwidth
implementations. From a family of BCH codes of the feedback channel. The correction ability can be
same block length (n=63), a code with appropriate changed on a block by block basis. This algorithm is
redundancy is chosen depending on the receiver’s implemented in software and, therefore, can be
estimation of the current conditions experienced in this optimized for many real world communications
channel. Two different decision techniques are systems .
compared. The first method statistically evaluates the
Very Low Antenna Measurements
Researcher: Midshipman 2/C Ray Foran, USN

Faculty Advisor: Commander Thaddeus B. Welch, III, USN, Assistant Professor
Sponsor: Armed Forces Communication Electronics Association (AFCEA) gift fund
Research to measure the effects of placing an antenna One paper has been published and a second has been
very near to the ground. This geometry is of concern accepted for publication later this year. Defense
for tactical forces as well as for civilian cellular, Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) and
cordless, wireless, and personal communication Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command
services system users and designers (3G and 4G alike). (SPAWAR) are very interested in this work.
Publications
FIELD, Christopher T., Assistant Professor and Pam This paper develops a general model of a laser
Millar NASA/GSFC, “Laser Remote Sensing System remote sensing system for search and rescue using
Analysis for Search and Rescue,” Applied Optics, 38 fluorescent dye markers. The dye fluorescence occurs
(20 April 1999), 2586-2593. at longer wavelengths than the incident wavelength so
that a dye covered target can be distinguished from the
Searches for downed small airplanes currently rely on unshifted ground return.
Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELT) which have While altimeter systems almost always receive a
proven to be inadequate. In such cases, search and return from a large target such as the ground, search
rescue teams resort to visually searching from the systems need to distinguish between a ground return
ground and/or air for the distressed plane. and a small target return which may or may not be
17
present. The wavelength shift between pump and conditioning and microprocessor control. This paper
target fluorescence is used to distinguish the target describes demonstrations used for pre-college
from ground return. Search systems must also recruiting and laboratory experiments used in a
distinguish the target's return signal from mineral or microprocessor based digital design course.
plant fluorescence. The Khepera robot is a versatile teaching tool. The
The main conclusion of this paper is a simple robot itself is an excellent object lesson for a
expression for the average laser power required to microprocessor based device. At the simplest level,
search at a particular rate given a required ground level students generate on-line commands that pass through
energy density. It is also shown with an example a serial computer interface. The robot responds by
system that active probing for lost planes may be moving as directed. Students may also investigate the
practical. operation of the proximity sensors by queuing the on-
board analog to digital converter for the current state of
HONG, Wooyoung, CDR, KN, Associate Professor, the sensors. By adding the proper signal conditioning
Korean Naval Academy, “ Bearing Ambiguity Solution circuitry, other sensors may also be added to the robot.
of Towed Array Sensor System By Nonlinear Array At the design project level, students may automate the
Beamforming,” Proceedings of ’98 Fall Conference of robot and write code to generate desired behavior such
Korean Acoustic Society, (October 1997), 125-138. as autonomous maze navigation.
JENKINS, Brian R., Assistant Professor, Michael L. KORZENIOWSKI, Kelly. A., Associate Professor and
Dennis, Thomas F. Carruthers, Walter I. Kaechele, Jin C.B. McVey, “Hierarchical System for Automated Path
U. Kang, and Irl N. Duling, III., “Long Span Planning and Scheduling”, Proceedings of the SPIE,
Repeaterless Transmission Using Adiabatic Solitons”, Mobile Robots XIII and Intelligent Transportation
Photonics Technology Letters, 11 (April 1999), 478-480. Systems, pp. 204-211, Boston, November 1998.
We demonstrate transmission of 10 Gb/s data over 296 This paper describes a hierarchical system for dynamic
km without inline amplification using adiabatically path planning and scheduling among a field of moving
propagating optical solitons as the data carrier. obstacles. The solution is directly applicable to many
Adiabatic soliton propagation suppresses the autonomous navigation scenarios, such as movement
deleterious effects of self-phase modulation and on a manufacturing floor, navigation of
stimulated Brillouin scattering, allowing higher optical surface/subsurface ships or coordination of air traffic.
powers at the transmitter. The system power budget is The overall system is discussed in terms of global/local
also enhanced by the narrowing of the optical perception and generative planning/reactive control.
bandwidth under adiabatic propagation, allowing The development and implementation of the generative
improved receiver sensitivity. We show that the planner portion of the existing system are described in
technique may ultimately enable repeaterless spans in detail. In terms of real-time system performance, the
excess of 500 km. multi-dimensional search problem is made tractable by
applying two dependent 2-D techniques in series. First,
KORZENIOWSKI, Kelly A, Associate Professor, and the shortest distance, obstacle-avoiding path to the
Josette L. RICE, Commander, USN, “The Khepera Robot goal is calculated, then for that path, the time to the
as a Teaching Tool”, American Society for Engineering goal is optimized. In this space-time representation of
Education, CDROM, Charlotte, June 1999. the domain, time requirements can be imposed upon the
The Khepera robot is a small, commercially goal(s) and therefore scheduling can also be
available, microprocessor driven robotic device that has accomplished.
been used at the United States Naval Academy for pre-
college recruiting, college level engineering recruiting, MECHTEL, D.M., Assistant Professor, H.K. Charles,
course work and research purposes. It is a convenient and A.S. Francomacaro, “Laser Testing of MCM-D
platform for investigating each element of an Structures ”, Proceedings International Conference and
autonomous system; namely data acquisition, signal Exhibition on High Density Packaging and MCMs,
18
Denver, 1999. stationary illustrations of inherently dynamic concepts

can be greatly enhanced via computer animation.
Non-invasive techniques for measuring electric field Animation significantly improves student
strengths in multichip module substrates can be comprehension of time dependent functions, and
extremely important in determining ultimate module provides a secondary benefit for students by improving
performance. Certain polymers such as polyimide computer programming skills.
exhibit an electro-optic response, after appropriate
doping and poling, that permits direct measurement of MECHTEL, D. M., Assistant Professor, H. K. Charles,
these internal fields with a laser probe. Our work and A.S. Francomacaro, “Laser-Based Electro-optic
compares different poled polyimides for their efficacy Testing of Multichip Module Structures ”,
as both an MCM dielectric layer and as an electro-optic Microelectronics Reliability, published by Elsevier
material. Science Ltd, Vol. 38, Issue 12, December 1998, pp. 1847
– 1853.
MECHTEL, D. M., Assistant Professor, H. K. Charles,
and A. S. Francomacaro, “Poled Polymers for MCMs Laser-based electro-optic probing is a proven
with Integrated Dielectric and Optical Layers”, noninvasive technique for testing high-speed
Proceedings of Electronic Components and microwave circuits on substrates such as gallium
Technology Conference, San Diego, 1999. arsenide (GaAs) and indium phosphide (InP). We have
extended this technique to probe circuit structures on
Low dielectric constants and ease of processing make doped and poled polyimide substrates that are useful in
polymers attractive materials for building both optical high-density packaging applications such as multichip
waveguides and dielectric layers. The change in the modules (MCMs). Our results demonstrate the potential
index of refraction of certain polymers such as to improve the testability of MCMs by probing circuit
polyimide, after appropriate doping and poling, makes structures that are buried in the central layers of an
it possible to build an optical waveguide using MCM. In addition to direct, point-by-point electric field
established polymer processing techniques. Our work measurements in representative MCM structures, we
uses these results to demonstrate optical waveguide have investigated the poled polyimide dielectric
fabrication for applications requiring optical and efficacy both as a dielectric circuit layer and as a
electrical interlayers on the same thin-film multichip suitable electro-optic material.
module structure (MCM-D).
REX, Bryan D., Midshipman 1/C, Professor Antal A.
MECHTEL, D. M., Assistant Professor, H. K. Charles, SARKADY and Associate Professor Kelly A.
and A. S. Francomacaro, “Noninvasive Laser Probing: KORZENIOWSKI, “Non-Invasive Detection of CH-46
A Solution for Improving the Testability of Buried Aft Gearbox Faults Using Digital Pattern Recognition
MDM-D Circuit Structures”, (Accepted for and Classification Techniques”, Proceedings of the 53rd
Publication), International Symposium on Meeting of the Society for Machinery Failure
Microelectronics, Chicago, October 1999. Prevention Technology, pp. 301-311, Virginia Beach,
April 1999.
MECHTEL D.M., Assistant Professor, Assistant
Professor C. T. FIELD, and Assistant Professor R. B. Currently, the US Navy performs routine intrusive
JENKINS , “Graphical Analysis and Animation in an maintenance on CH-46 helicopter gearboxes in order to
Introductory Electrodynamics Course”, American diagnose and correct possible fault conditions which
Society for Engineering Education, Charlotte, North could eventually lead to gearbox failure. This type of
Carolina, 1999. preventative maintenance is costly, and it decreases
mission readiness by temporarily grounding usable
Students frequently experience difficulty visualizing helicopters. Non-invasive detection of these fault
complex multidimensional electrodynamics topics, conditions would save time and prove cost-effective in
especially those with time variation. The classic both manpower and materials. This research deals with
19
the development of a non-invasive fault detector The functional artificial neural network (FANN) is
through a combination of digital signal processing and applied to the control of a serial-link robot to obtain
artificial neural network technology. The detector good views for a digital video camera mounted on the
would classify incipient faults based on real-time end-effector. The Puma 560 robot is used as an example
vibration data taken from the gearbox itself. to illustrate the practicability of FANN based robot
camera control. Since FANNs can learn under
REX, Bryan D., Midn 1/C, “Non-Invasive Detection of supervision, mapping functions to functions rather
CH-46 Aft Gearbox Faults”, USNA Trident Report No. than just points to points, as with conventional
266, U.S. Naval Academy, May 1999. multilayer perceptrons, their VLSI realization enables
the execution of the forward pass operation of FANNs
Currently, the US Navy performs routine intrusive at high speeds. Thus FANNs are good candidates for
maintenance on CH-46 helicopter gearboxes in order to real-time robotics applications. It is shown that this
diagnose and correct possible fault conditions which VLSI FANN controlled robot can result in efficient
could eventually lead to gearbox failure. This type of usage of video channel bandwidth while tracking an
preventative maintenance is costly, and it decreases object.
mission readiness by temporarily grounding usable
helicopters. Non-invasive detection of these fault Panagiotopoulos, D. A., Assistant Professor Louiza
conditions would save time and prove cost-effective in SELLAMI, S. K, Singh, and R. W. Newcomb, “The
both manpower and materials. This research deals with Large Signal Behavior of El Masry’s Differentiator,”
the development of a non-invasive fault detector Proceedings of the 2 nd IMACS International Conference
through a combination of digital signal processing and on Circuits, Systems, and Computers, pp. 293-296,
artificial neural network technology. The detector Greece, Oct. 1998.
would classify incipient faults based on real-time
vibration data taken from the gearbox itself. Analysis of the continuous-time current mode
differentiator introduced by El Masry and Gates is
Banks, E. M.,. Assistant Professor Louiza SELLAMI, performed in this work. It is shown that this circuit
and M. E. Zaghloul, “VLSI Implementation of a Neural differentiates not only under the small signal
Type Cell Chaotic Modulator,” Proceedings of the 5th assumption made by El Masry and Gates but also for
International Conference on Control, Automation, large signals. This circuit is studied because of its
Robotics and Vision, pp. 727-731, Singapore, Dec. 8-11, simplicity in CMOS implementation, its small size, low
1998. power consumption, and its applicability to filter
design.
This paper presents VLSI circuit implementations of the
neural type cell (NTC) chaos generator and a chaotic WATERSTON, John, Midn 1/C, “Development and
modulator system using 1.2µ CMOS process. The Implementation of an Adaptive Error Correction Coding
modulator is constructed by feeding the chaotic signal Scheme for a Full Duplex Communications Channel,”
generated by the NTC into a differential pair and can be USNA Trident Report No. 270, U.S. Naval Academy,
operated in a multiplicative or additive way. Pspice May 1999.
simulation results and Spice extractions from the layout
are included to demonstrate the operation of these This research investigates, via simulation, the bit error
circuits. probability (BEP) associated with a variable
redundancy coding scheme operating in a wireless
Singh, S. K., Assistant Professor Louiza SELLAMI, and communications environment. Within a slowly varying
R. W. Newcomb, “Functional Neural Network Control (flat fading) Rayleigh channel, adaptive algorithms
of a Robot Camera,” Proceedings of the 5 th International provide increased throughput over fixed coding
Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and implementations. From a family of BCH codes of the
Vision, pp. 919-923, Singapore, Dec. 8-11, 1998. same block length (n=63), a code with appropriate
redundancy is chosen depending on the receiver’s
20
estimation of the current conditions experienced in this in the learning process. Additional laboratory time also
channel. Two different decision techniques are leads to numerous other learning opportunities for the
compared. The first method statistically evaluates the student. This paper discusses the utilization of the
receiver’s input and calculates the signal to noise ratio three-phase low-voltage power supply as a teaching
(Eb/No), while the second method observes the number tool.
of corrected errors in recently decoded blocks. With
this information, the adaptive system decides to modify WELCH, Thaddeus B., CDR, USN, Assistant Professor,
the correction ability of the code, and then transmits “Teaching Real-world DSP Using MATLAB,”ASEE 98,
this decision to the encoder over a low bandwidth 28 June - 1 July 1998, CD-ROM Session 1320 (w/ C.H.G.
feedback channel. The correction ability can be Wright).
changed on a block by block basis. This algorithm is
implemented in software and, therefore, can be Enhancements to MATLAB written by the authors
optimized for many real world communications make teaching various real-world DSP concepts much
systems . easier and more effective. These enhancements
eliminate the need to purchase expensive specialized
WELCH, Thaddeus B., CDR, USN, Assistant Professor, software programs for this purpose. The particular DSP
“An Integrated Approach to Teaching Engineering concept described in this paper is an interactive
Courses,”ASEE 98, 28 June - 1 July 1998, CD-ROM demonstration showing how quantization of digital
Session 1232 (w/ P.W. de Graaf, C.H.G. Wright, and filter coefficients, which is inevitable with widely-used
M.J. Walker). fixed-point DSP hardware, adversely affects filter
performance.
Many undergraduate engineering students have
difficulty understanding the connections between the WELCH, Thaddeus B., CDR, USN, Assistant Professor,
different courses they are required to take. Too many “Teaching DSP Concepts Using MATLAB and The
of them focus on learning just details of a specific TMS320C31 DSK,” ICASSP 99, 15 - 19 March 1999, CD-
course without any consideration of how the concepts ROM Paper 1778 (w/ C.H.G. Wright).
fit with those of other courses. The integrated
approach to teaching engineering involves a “systems A graphically-oriented MATLAB program written by
view” to the curriculum. Throughout their course, the the authors facilitates teaching real-world digital signal
students are reminded of where they are in the system. processing concepts such as quantization of digital
filter coefficients that occur in fixed-point processors,
WELCH, Thaddeus B., CDR, USN, Assistant Professor, for example the widely used TMS320C5x. While many
“Teaching Three-phase Electrical Power Using a Low- universities have or plan to buy the inexpensive
voltage Power Supply,” ASEE 98, 28 June - 1 July 1998, floating-point TMS320C31 DSKs for pedagogical
CD-ROM Session 1532 (w/ J.N. Berry). reasons, this MATLAB program simulates certain fixed-
point effects on these floating point devices and
While computer simulations and modeling techniques eliminates the need to purchase expensive specialized
have become pervasive throughout most of the software programs or extra hardware. The program
engineering curricula, and while the utilization of described in this paper provides an interactive
computers in the classroom and the laboratory graphical user interface which communicates directly
represents a major pedagogical improvement, a with the DSK, and demonstrates in real-time how
hardware-based approach to teaching several electrical coefficient quantization adversely affects filter
power distribution and usage topics can also be very performance, without the need for tedious programming
effective. A locally designed and manufactured three- of the TMS320C31.
phase, low-voltage, variable-frequency power supply is
used to teach parts of this Electrical Power Systems WELCH, Thaddeus B., CDR, USN, Assistant Professor,
course. The three-phase low-voltage system enhances “Teaching DSP Concepts Using MATLAB and The
student safety while allowing for student involvement TMS320c5x,” TI DSPS 98, 6 - 8 August 1998, Web
21
Distribution (w/ C.H.G. Wright). fading channel) is due, in part, to the use of coherent
modulation/demodulation and perfect knowledge of the
Enhancements to MATLAB written by the authors complex channel gains for each of the independent
make teaching various real-world DSP concepts much channels associated with every subcarrier. In this paper
easier and more effective. These enhancements we investigate the performance degradation associated
eliminate the need to purchase expensive specialized with a more easily realized system. Our system employs
software programs for this purpose. The particular DSP differentially coherent modulation/demodulation with
concept described in this paper is an interactive an equal gain combiner (EGC) at the receiver. We
demonstration showing how quantization of digital investigate the performance of this system operating in
filter coefficients, which is inevitable with widely-used a doubly spread (Doppler and delay spread) channel. In
fixed-point DSP hardware, adversely affects filter a doubly spread channel, any system which does not
performance. account for the rapid variations in channel phase will
exhibit an irreducible bit error probability. This
WELCH, Thaddeus B., CDR, USN, Assistant Professor, phenomenon exists even for the single user case.
“Simulation of Coded MC-DS-CDMA Systems,
RAWCON 98, 9 - 12 August 1998 (w/ R.E. Ziemer), pp. WELCH, Thaddeus B., CDR, USN, Assistant Professor,
189 - 192. “The Spaced-time Correlation Function and its Effect on
the Efficient Simulation of Multicarrier Systems,” VTC,
In this paper computer simulations are used to compare 17-20 May 1999, CD-ROM Paper 447.
the performance improvements associated with As multicarrier communication systems become more
convolutional coding with soft Viterbi decoding on a complicated, the utilization of computer simulations to
gaussianized BPSK-MC-DS-CDMA system and a more estimate the bit error performance of these systems will
easily realized system. Specifically, we show through increase. Knowledge of the simulated channel’s
computer simulations, that the effects of coding on the autocorrelation function can allow for the reuse of the
gaussianized system approach the performance of a complex channel gains. With the reuse of these
BPSK system operating in a Gaussian channel. For a complex channel gains, the estimate of a multicarrier
multicarrier system that does not achieve Gaussian system’s performance can be accomplished in less than
channel performance, coding can significantly improve half the previously required time.
the bit error performance; however, the performance
does not closely approach the performance of a coded WELCH, Thaddeus B., CDR, USN, Assistant Professor,
AWGN channel. “Very Near Ground RF Propagation Measurements And
Analysis,” MPRG 99, 2-4 June 1999 (w/ Michael J.
WELCH, Thaddeus B., CDR, USN, Assistant Professor, Walker, and Ray A. Foran), pp. 1 - 9.
“Analysis of MC-DS-CDMA Systems,” MILCOM 98,
18 - 21 October 1998, CD-ROM Session We analyze and measure the effects associated with
22.5(w/R.E.Ziemer). placing a cordless phone antenna, with three different
orientations, very near the ground (3 - 28 cm). A
Kondo and Milstein introduced and analyzed the significant decrease in signal strength occurs when a
performance of a system that combined multicarrier user falls from the sitting position to the prone position.
modulation (MCM) with direct-sequence spread As much as a 12 dB decrease in signal strength can
spectrum (DSSS) in late 1993. Their system and similar occur. This information, if available to an injured
systems are called MC-DS-CDMA systems [1]. The cordless phone user, could allow for a successfully
dramatic performance improvement of this system (as completed 911 call.
compared to a single carrier system operating in a flat
Presentations
22
FIELD, Christopher T., Assistant Professor, William Bennett, “Development and Implementation of
“Measuring Oscillator Frequency in the GLAS an Adaptive Error Correction Coding Scheme for a Full
Instrument,” GLAS Critical Design Review, March Duplex Communications Channel”, MPRG Ninth
1999. Symposium on Wireless Communications, Virginia
Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 10 June 1999.
JENKINS, R. Brian, Assistant Professor, Michael L.
Dennis, Walter I. Kaechele, and Irl N. Duling, III, WELCH, Thaddeus B., CDR, USN, Assistant Professor,
“Timing Jitter in Adiabatic Soliton Transmission “Analysis of MC-DS-CDMA Systems,” MILCOM 98,
Spans”, CLEO’99 Conference on Lasers and Electro- 18 - 21 October 1998 (w/ R.E. Ziemer).
Optics, Baltimore, Maryland, 26 May 1999.
WELCH, Thaddeus B., CDR, USN, Assistant Professor,
JENKINS, R. Brian, Assistant Professor, “Simulation “Teaching DSP Concepts Using MATLAB And The
and Animation in Optical Fiber Communication”, TMS320C31 DSK,” ICASSP 99, 15 - 19 March 1999 (w/
American Society for Engineering Education Annual C.H.G. Wright).
Conference, Seattle, Washington, 29 June 1998.
JENKINS, R. Brian, Assistant Professor, Michael, L. “The Spaced-time Correlation Function and its Effect on
Dennis, Walter I. Kaechele, Thomas F. Carruthers, Jin the Efficient Simulation of Multicarrier Systems,” VTC,
U. Kang, and Irl N. Duling, III, “Long Unrepeated 17-20 May 1999.
Transmission at 10 GB/S Using Adiabatic Soliton
Propagation”, OFC’99 Conference on Optical Fiber WELCH, Thaddeus B., CDR, USN, Assistant Professor,
Communication, San Diego, California, 24 February “An Integrated Approach to Teaching Engineering
1999. Courses,” ASEE 98, 28 June - 1 July 1998 (w/ P.W. de
Graaf, C.H.G. Wright, and M.J. Walker).
KORZENIOWSKI, K. A., Associate Professor and C.B.
McVey, “Hierarchical System for Automated Path WELCH, Thaddeus B., CDR, USN, Assistant Professor,
Planning and Scheduling”, SPIE, Mobile Robots XIII “Teaching Three-phase Electrical Power Using a Low-
and Intelligent Transportation Systems, Boston, voltage Power Supply,” ASEE 98, 28 June - 1 July 1998
November 1998. (w/ J.N. Berry).
KORZENIOWSKI, K. A., Associate Professor, and J. L. WELCH, Thaddeus B., CDR, USN, Assistant Professor,
Rice, Commander, USN, “The Khepera Robot as a “Teaching Real-world DSP Using MATLAB,” ASEE 98,
Teaching Tool”, American Society for Engineering 28 June - 1 July 1998 (w/ C.H.G. Wright).
Education, Charlotte, North Carolina, June 1999.
LIM, Tian S., Professor, “Motor Speed Control Using “Teaching DSP Concepts Using MATLAB And The
DAC Techniques”, 1999 ASEE Annual Conference, TMS320C5X,” TI DSPS 98, 6 - 8 August 1998 (w/ C.H.G.
Charlotte, North Carolina, Session 2548, June 22, 1999. Wright).
MORROW, Michael G., Lieutenant Commander, CEC, WELCH, Thaddeus B., CDR, USN, Assistant Professor,
USN, “An Embedded DSK Development System for “Simulation of Coded MC-DS-CDMA Systems”,
Teaching Real-Time Interfacing”, Texas Instruments RAWCON 98, 9 - 12 August 1998 (w/ R.E. Ziemer).
DSP Educator’s Conference, Houston, Texas, 6 August
1998. WELCH, Thaddeus B., CDR, USN, Assistant Professor,
“Simulation of Coded MC-DS-CDMA Systems”,
WATERSON, John, Midshipman 1/C, Assistant RAWCON 98, 9 - 12 August 1998 (w/ R.E. Ziemer).
Professor E. Curran Wooten and Associate Professor
23
DEPARTMENT OF
Hydromechanics Laboratory
Professor David L. Kriebel, P.E.
Director
The Hydromechanics Laboratory supports midshipmen • Resistance and seakeeping tests of a trimaran hull
education, as well as midshipmen, faculty and staff form (Sponsor: U.S. Coast Guard)
research, in the areas of naval architecture and ocean
engineering. The laboratory facilities include a large • Transit stability characteristics of the Mobile Offshore
towing tank (380 ft long, 26 ft wide, and 16 ft deep), a Base (Sponsor: Office of Naval Research and Naval
small towing tank (120 ft long, 8 ft wide, and 5 ft deep), Facilities Engineering Services center)
a coastal engineering wave basin (52 ft long, 48 ft wide,
and 2 ft deep), a circulating water channel, and a The Laboratory is operated and maintained by a staff
stability and ballasting tank. All facilities are linked by which includes four engineers/naval architects, three
a local network to a host computer system which is engineering technicians, and an office
used to both operate the facilities and to acquire and manager/secretary. Supporting laboratory efforts are
analyze data. the shop and model-making facilities in the Technical
The laboratory facilities are used on a weekly-basis Support Department. The laboratory is further
by midshipmen in the Naval Architecture and Ocean supported by a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)
Engineering majors, and are used each semester by with the Naval Station-Annapolis, providing support
midshipmen in the Mechanical Engineering, Electrical for diving operations in the laboratory.
Engineering, Systems Engineering, Physics, and The results of laboratory research efforts are
Oceanography majors. In addition, the laboratory is reflected in journal articles written by faculty and
used by more than 600 midshipmen each year in EN200, laboratory staff members and in presentations at
a core engineering course taken by all midshipmen in technical symposia. The Laboratory is actively
science and humanities majors. As a result, nearly all represented on two of the technical committees of the
midshipmen use the Hydromechanics Laboratory International Towing Tank Conference and staff
facilities at some point during their four years at the members are active participants in the Society of Naval
Naval Academy. Architects and Marine Engineers, the American Society
In addition to classroom support, the laboratory of Naval Engineers, the American Towing Tank
facilities are used for both fundamental and applied Conference, and the American Society of Civil
research by midshipmen, faculty and staff supporting Engineers. The diverse interests of these organizations
other naval laboratories and government agencies. reflects the broad nature of the Hydromechanics
During the past year, research programs conducted by Laboratory's activities.
the laboratory have included:
• Characteristics of ocean wave groups (Sponsor: Office

of Naval Research)
• Resistance and seakeeping tests of a catamaran

research vessel (Sponsor: Band, Lavis & Associates)
24
HYDROMECHANICS LABORATORY
Sponsored Research
Model Testing of a Mobile Offshore Base Module
Researchers: Prof. David L. Kriebel and Louise Wallendorf (Hydromechanics Laboratory)

Sponsors: Office of Naval Research and
Naval Facilities Engineering Services Center
This project involved small-scale physical model Naval Academy Hydromechanics Laboratory. The
testing of one semi-submersible module of the Mobile purpose of these tests was to evaluate the dynamic
Offshore Base (MOB), a future-generation floating air motions of such a large semi-submersible in heave,
base currently being investigated for its technical pitch, and roll, specifically in the transit condition. The
feasibility. The overall MOB platform considered in this MOB model was built in the TSD shops in Rickover
project would be about 5000 feet long, 400 feet wide, Hall during the summer and fall of 1998. The model was
with a total height from keel to deck of about 250 feet. built using a scale ratio of 1-to-70, and was thus more
The structure would consist of five modules linked than 14 feet long, almost 6 feet wide, and about 3.5 feet
end-to-end. Each module would be a semi-submersible high. Initial testing was performed in January 1999 with
floating platform, 1000 feet long and 400 feet wide, with the model held stationary in the wave tank, and
a draft of about 40 feet when transiting across the additional tests were completed in March 1999 with the
ocean and a draft of about 100 feet when ballasted model towed at various forward speeds. In each set of
down for air take-off and landing operations. If tests, severe ocean sea states were simulated and the
constructed, this structure would be much larger than resulting motions of the platform were recorded.
any semi-submersible platform now in use. Results of these tests are being analyzed during the
The USNA research effort involved two summer of 1999 and will be presented at the Very Large
distinct phases: (1) construction of a scale model of a Floating Structures Conference in September 1999.
single module of the MOB platform and (2) testing of
this model in the large wave/towing tank located in the
Resistance and Seakeeping Tests of a Trimaran Hull Form
Researcher: Nancy Harris, Naval Architect, (Hydromechanics Laboratory)

Sponsor: U. S. Coast Guard Deepwater Project
The USNA Hydromechanics Laboratory conducted program consisted of resistance tests in calm water and
hydrodynamic model tests on a concept trimaran hull in waves and seakeeping tests (regular and irregular
form to support the U. S. Coast Guard Deepwater waves.) The model was tested in 18 different
Project. The concept was developed by the MIT 13A configurations in calm water and in two different
program to fulfill the requirements cited in the USCG configurations in waves. The 18 calm water conditions
Deepwater Circular of Requirements for the Hamilton consisted of two displacements, three longitudinal
378' replacement. The design was modified and faired sidehull positions, and three transverse sidehull
by the Hydromechanics Laboratory, and a model with positions. The objective of these tests was to validate
a scale ratio of 1-to-36 was built at the USNA Model the trimaran concept and determine the most favorable
Shop. The model was then tested in the 380' Towing position of the sidehulls relative to the main hull for
Tank in the Hydromechanics Laboratory. The test resistance and seakeeping in head seas.
25
Resistance and Seakeeping Tests of a Catamaran Research Vessel
Researcher: Nancy Harris, Naval Architect, (Hydromechanics Laboratory)

Sponsor: Band, Lavis, and Associates
Laboratory model tests were performed for Band, Lavis, The objectives of these tests included the following: (1)
and Associates on a catamaran research vessel determine the EHP characteristics of a catamaran
designed by TGMD, Inc. for the University of Miami. research vessel at various loading conditions and at
The test program consisted of calm water tests, towed various speeds to identify the capabilities and
seakeeping tests, and zero-speed lightly restrained limitations of the current design in calm water, and (2)
seakeeping tests. The model was tested at three identify the seakeeping capabilities of the vessel in the
different ballast conditions and in four different sea sea conditions in which the vessel will most likely be
conditions. operating.
Guidelines for Conducting Model Tests of High Speed Marine Vehicles
Model Tests of High Speed Marine Vehicles

Specialist Committee Report and Recommendations to the 22nd ITTC
Researcher: John Zseleczky, Naval Architect (Hydromechanics Laboratory)
Hydrodynamic model tests of high speed marine KRISO (Korea)

vehicles (HSMV’s) are subjected to many unique MARINTEK (Norway)
problems that are not encountered in conventional ship
model testing. These problems were acknowledged at Four meetings were held and regular email
the 21st International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC) correspondence was conducted over a period of three
and a committee of specialists was formed to identify years. Over this period the committee members worked
specific problems and publish guidelines and together to produce a final report that was submitted to
recommendations for addressing those problems. The the 22nd ITTC. A first step in this undertaking was to
committee was composed of eight members from conduct a survey of ITTC members so that current
facilities around the world, each of which had trends and practices could be documented. Each
significant experience with the testing of high speed committee member took primary responsibility for one
marine vehicles. The facilities represented were: type of model testing and, using input from the survey,
produced a draft that was revised and agreed upon by
USNA (USA) other committee members. The categories of model
INSEAN (Italy) testing that were focused on in the report were:
University of Southampton (UK) resistance, seakeeping, propulsion, maneuvering,
SSPA (Sweden) structural loads, and dynamic instability. The codes of
Osaka U. (Japan) practice recommended in the report can be debated in
MARIN (Netherlands) the future and amended as necessary.
26
Technical Reports
ZSELECZKY, John J., Naval Architect, Co-author, problems that are not encountered in conventional ship
“Model Tests of High Speed Marine Vehicles Specialist model testing. This report presents guidelines and
Committee Report and Recommendations to the 22nd recommendations for conducting HSMV model tests
ITTC,” 22nd ITTC, Seoul, Korea, September 1999. based on input from an international survey and the
experience of specialists from around the world. The
Hydrodynamic model tests of high speed marine codes of practice recommended in the report will be
vehicles (HSMV’s) are subjected to many unique debated in the future and amended as necessary.
Presentations
ZSELECZKY, John J., Naval Architect, Chairman, High ZSELECZKY, John J., Naval Architect, General
Speed Vehicles Committee, 25th American Towing Tank Chairman, 14th Chesapeake Sailing Yacht Symposium
Conference, “High Speed Vehicles Committee Report,” (co-sponsored by the Society of Naval Architects and
25th ATTC, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa, Marine Engineers), “14th CSYS,” U.S. Naval Academy,
September 1998. Annapolis, Maryland, January 1999.
27
DEPARTMENT OF
Mechanical Engineering
Professor Patrick J. Moran
Chair
Research by faculty and midshipmen in the Mechanical mechanics, vibrations and flow field studies. In
Engineering Department reflects the board interests of summary, the department was involved in 37 projects,
a diverse and highly qualified group of engineers. of which 17 were sponsored research, 12 were
Research efforts in the department are promoted by midshipmen projects earning academic credit and 8 were
faculty and midshipmen interest in studying new independent projects. Research sponsors included the
technology and solving problems of interest to the U.S. Office of Naval Research, Naval Surface Warfare
Navy. This activity not only creates excitement among Center, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Naval
the research teams, but promotes the study and Research Laboratory, Colorado State University and the
introduction of new technology in the classroom. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, the U.S.
Faculty and midshipmen involvement in publication of Department of Energy, National Institute for Standards
research and invited presentations reflects credit and and Technology, NASA, and the U.S. Naval Academy
recognition for the individuals and the U.S. Naval Research Council. Industrial sponsors included the
Academy. Ford Research Laboratory and the Great Lakes
Projects active in this period included internal Composite Consortium. The Department is grateful for
combustion engines, fracture mechanics, fluid the cooperation and support by sponsoring agencies
mechanics of pumps, thermal systems design, materials and organizations.
processing and engineering, corrosion, continuum
Sponsored Research
Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of
Fiber-Steered Composites
Researchers: Associate Professor Oscar Barton, Jr.,

Associate Professor Michael D.A. Mackney (Aerospace Engineering Department),
Associate Professor Sarah Mouring (Naval Architecture, Marine and Ocean Engineering Department)
and Professor Gabriel N. Karpouzian (Aerospace Engineering Department)
Sponsors: Office of Naval Research (ONR)/Great Lakes Composite Consortium (GLCC)
This research investigated the characterization of the inter-laminar shear. Similar information was determined
mechanical properties of fiber-steered composites. More for filled-hole specimens.
directly, the effort considered the effect of fiber Coupon specimens were acquired from fiber-steered
curvature on the mechanical response of fiber-steered panels of varying size. The panels were constructed
composites. Important properties under consideration using an IM7/977-3 composite system in the form of
included the longitudinal modulus in compression and 10.7 mil slit tape stacked either in a 4 or 8 ply
tension, the transverse modulus in compression and unidirectional lay-up. For these tests, the fiber
tension, as well as the longitudinal and transverse placement occurred along paths with radii varying from
strengths. Other properties investigated included the 18 in to 45 in. This generated test specimens with 20 in,
28
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
30 in and 40 in radii. Specimens tested included a set of baseline coupons with straight fibers.
Temperature Field of a Free Surface Undergoing Evaporation
Researchers: Associate Professor Karen A. Flack, John Saylor and Geoffrey Smith
Sponsor: Naval Research Lab (NRL), Remote Sensing Division
The surface temperature of a body of water undergoing surfactants. The heat flux for these two cases was also
evaporation was measured using infrared imaging varied by a factor of approximately 10. The presence of
techniques, demonstrating for the first time the effect of a surfactant dramatically increased the characteristic
surfactant monolayers on the spatial structure of this length scale of the temperature field for both heat flux
field. Measurements were obtained from a water surface conditions.
which was covered with a surfactant monolayer and
also from a water surface which was nominally free of
Elastic-plastic Fracture Mechanics Technology for Lwr Alloys
Researcher: Professor James A. Joyce

Sponsor: United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission
This research project involves investigations of fracture computational analysis, and NRC and ASTM fracture
behavior of metallic alloys used in commercial nuclear mechanics code and standards development. Most
power reactors and their components. The goals of the effort during the 1999-2000 time frame is being
research are to develop the fracture mechanics dedicated to defining methodologies in the ductile-to-
technology and methodologies necessary for brittle transition regime and has involved testing
predicting the behavior of the reactor pressure vessel specimens from Charpy scale to full size 1T C(T),
and reactor components containing flaws and to standard fracture mechanics specimens. Special short
develop methodology to properly access the effects of crack specimens have also been investigated because
radiation embrittlement using small scale surveillance of their special low-constraint properties.
specimens. Work involves experimental testing,
The Effect of Temperature on the Mechanical

Behavior of Advanced Materials
Researchers: Professor Dennis F. Hasson and Dr. Michelle A. Gaudett

Sponsor: Office of Naval Research (ONR)
Naval structural and power systems require high are candidate materials. These materials must retain
performance engineered materials. Two advanced their integrity when subjected to or after soaking at
material systems for structural applications are elevated temperatures in an oxidative atmosphere.
structural porous metals (SPM’s) and lattice block The SPM materials were instrument impact tested.
materials (LBM’s). The latter is a repeatable structure The porosity of the Al 6061 specimens resulted in a
which consists of repeating internal nodes with an material with a density of 16.7 percent of nonporous
open structure that provides macroporosity. In regards density, while the Al-12Si specimens had a variation
to materials for advanced power systems intermetallics from 17.7 to 23.3 percent. The experimental results
29
indicated that the compression deformation of was successful.

aluminumfoam occurs by cell wall buckling and tearing. For the Ti-44Al-11Nb intermetallic material high
This information was combined with split Hopkinson temperature tensile tests were performed. Extensive
pressure bar and fragment simulating projectile tests. metallography, SEM and TEM microscopy have been
For the LBM study two steel castings were made. The performed. Analysis to explain the fracture behavior
first casting had only a 70 percent fill. The casting was has been completed. Also, the equal channel angular
cut up for metallographic study, tensile and impact extrusion apparatus for grain refinement has been
tests. The casting material met specification values. fabricated.
After an evaluation of the gating and riser system,
changes were made. Consequently a second casting
Damage Assessment in High Temperature Materials
Researchers: Associate Professor Angela L. Moran and

Assistant Research Professor Matthew C. Osborne (Postdoctoral Fellow)
Sponsors: Department of Energy (DOE) and Office of Naval Research (ONR)
Materials for high temperature applications are required compare the results of analytical codes developed by
for the Department of Energy as well as for the Navy. various academic institutions and research facilities to
This project involves analyzing the validity of computer predict elastic stress states for different composite
codes developed to predict the properties of ceramic architectures. Materials have been acquired from
composites. SiC/SiC composites will be experimentally commercial sources and fabricated in-house.
tested to determine mechanical properties, density and
uniformity. The test data will be utilized to evaluate and
Transition Range Fracture Toughness of A514 Weldments and Heat Affected Zone
Researcher: Assistant Professor Richard E. Link

Sponsor: Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, Fatigue and Fracture Branch
The fracture toughness behavior of the heat-affected Specific recommendations about the fitness-for-service
zone of A516 steel weldments was determined in the of structures containing the weldments were provided.
ductile-brittle transition regions. The effect of weld
process on the fracture toughness was characterized.
Development of Measurement Techniques for Fracture Toughness Determination
Researcher: Assistant Professor Richard E. Link

Sponsor: Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, Fatigue and Fracture Branch
New laboratory procedures and analysis techniques conditions. Revisions to the ASTM standards
were developed for measuring the fracture toughness governing the determination of fracture toughness were
of metals under quasi-static and rapid loading proposed. Experimental verification of proposed
30
changes was performed as required to validate the new methods.
CFD Analysis of the Flow Distribution in the Oily

Waste Ultrafiltration System
Researcher: Associate Professor Steven Miner

Sponsor: Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division
CFD is used to analyze the distribution of flow to a distribution of flow is within the system. Several
bank of five parallel filters in an oily waste ultrafiltration different combinations of inlet and outlet locations are
system. The purpose is to determine how uniform the considered.
High Temperature Copper Alloys for the Automotive Industry
Researcher: Associate Professor Angela L. Moran

Sponsor: Ford Research Lab
Spot welding electrodes deteriorate very rapidly when developing novel electrode compositions which
used for welding of aluminum automotive components. suppress the formation of low melting point phases,
This is due to the formation of a low melting point thereby increasing electrode life. Advanced
eutectic phase at the interface of the copper electrode manufacturing methods such as laser cladding, ion
and the aluminum, dissolving away the surface of the implantation and spray deposition are being utilized
electrode. This project involves assessing the and evaluated.
weldability of current electrode materials and
Correlation of Evaporation and Condensation Heat-transfer Coefficients

for Flammable Refrigerants in Brazed-plate Heat Exchangers
Researcher: Assistant Professor Sheila C. Palmer

Sponsors: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
and Naval Academy Recognition Grant
In an effort to promote the use of natural refrigerants in intermediate heat exchanger in which the secondary
the United States, refrigeration systems must be fluid and refrigerant interact in order to aid in system
designed so that all of the refrigerant is outside of the design and refrigerant selection. This study will
space being conditioned. This requires that a determine the refrigerant heat transfer coefficients for
secondary fluid be used between the flammable this intermediate heat exchanger, using data previously
refrigerant and the air being conditioned. Information obtained in the operation of the water-to-water heat
must be obtained on the performance of the pump.
31
Optimization of Natural-gas Fueled Spark-ignited Engine Combustion
Researcher: Assistant Professor Paul V. Puzinauskas

Sponsors: National Renewable Energy Laboratory and
Naval Academy Research Council (NARC)
Recent emphasis on air quality has motivated delivery configurations in an otherwise identical
investigating alternatives to gasoline and Diesel fuels engine. Ignition and flame propagation are being
for use in automobiles and heavy-duty vehicles. evaluated using combustion-chamber mounted fast-
Natural gas is one promising alternative fuel due to its response surface thermocouples as flame-arrival
clean burning characteristics and plentiful domestic indicators. Heat-release calculations based on
supply. To date, most efforts in developing natural gas combustion pressure measurements are being
for automotive applications have centered on fuel evaluated. Additional diagnostics will include
storage and delivery. The engines themselves are not conventional 5-gas and FTIR emission measurements.
substantially different from their gasoline-fueled Insight from the experimental data will be further
counterparts. This research has focused on optimizing extended through use of a two-zone thermodynamic
the engine intake and combustion systems for use with engine-simulation program. This program includes
natural-gas fuel. Issues related to mixing, ignition and intake and exhaust flow in-cylinder mean-flow and
flame propagation are being investigated experimentally turbulence, heat transfer and combustion sub-models
and analytically. Possible mixing deficiencies are being which will be calibrated using the test data. The output
isolated by comparing combustion performance of of the sub-models will then provide additional detail on
single-point premixed and port-fuel injected fuel- engine-modification effects.
Experimental Modal Analysis of Four Composite Deck Panels
Researcher: Associate Professor Colin P. Ratcliffe

This project experimentally investigated the vibrational service equipment. The chosen test method was impact
performance of a new design of glass reinforced plastic excitation, with several fixed reference accelerometers.
composite deck panel. Work was conducted at half This was a field trial. The results were used by
scale, with each of the four panels being 20 ft by 6 ft. NSWC to verify a complex finite element model of the
The panels were built into a test frame that was floating entire structure. Subsequent to this modal survey, the
on a shock test quarry, near Frostburg, Virginia. The structure was subject to an explosive MIL-S-901 shock
test structure included a number of dummy masses, to test, and the results compared to numerical predictions.
simulate the mass and center of gravity of potential in
32
Dynamic Characterization of Urethane Damping

During the last few years, the Naval Surface Warfare vibrational damping material. This project continued
Center has funded projects concerning the vibrational the process of quantifying the performance of the
behavior of underwater cylinders constructed from reinforced urethane material system. Experimental
various composite materials and cross sectional modal analysis was used on a variety of structural
geometries. An interesting finding was that reinforced configurations in order to characterize the material
urethane acts both as a structural material, and as a system.
Automated Procedures for Determining the Exponential Window Required

for Transient Testing and Determining Structural Damping

This project developed an automatic procedure for determined. In essence, the log decrement technique of
determining the optimum exponential window to be estimating damping is also automated. The theory is
applied in a signal processor when measuring transient, developed using a single-degree-of-freedom system.
decaying signals such as those obtained when The effect of multi-modal signals, and very low level
vibration testing a structure with impact excitation. signals, is also demonstrated with measured signals. In
During the first part of the window determination all cases it is shown that the optimization procedure is
procedure, the natural attenuation of a signal is highly satisfactory. The numerical procedure is
determined. As a result, there is a side benefit to the computationally inexpensive.
procedure that the damping of a structure can also be
Correcting a Significant and Consistent Error in the Modal

Damping Obtained Using Transient Vibration Data

This project investigates the experimental vibration modal damping estimates. The error can be significant,
technique of impact excitation when used to obtain with levels of damping being wrongly predicted by a
frequency response functions. It is shown that current factor of three or more. The report identifies the source
practices introduce a consistent error in the derived of the error. It then derives and presents a simple
33
correction to be applied to the observed modal damping experiment.

estimates. The procedure is demonstrated by
Boundary Layer Separation and Transition under

Low-pressure Turbine Conditions
Researcher: Assistant Professor Ralph Volino

Sponsors: NASA/ASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship and
USNA Recognition Grant
Boundary layer separation, reattachment, and laminar- Summer Faculty Fellowship Program. A test wall was
turbulent transition are under experimental placed in a low speed wind tunnel and configured such
investigation. These phenomena are important in the that the pressure distribution along the wall matched
flow over modern low-pressure turbine airfoils. The the pressure distribution along the suction side of a
flow over the trailing section of the suction side of an modern low-pressure turbine airfoil. Extensive velocity
airfoil is subject to an adverse pressure gradient, which measurements were acquired using hot-wire
tends to cause boundary layer separation. Transition anemometry. Various Reynolds numbers and free-
often leads to reattachment of the boundary layer. stream turbulence levels representative of gas turbine
Boundary layer separation causes a degradation of operating conditions were considered. The locations of
performance, particularly if the boundary layer does not boundary layer separation, transition, and reattachment
reattach. The interaction between separation and have been documented. As expected, the length of the
transition is complex and difficult to predict, presenting separation region is decreased as the Reynolds number
a limitation to designers. A detailed experimental data and/or the turbulence level is increased. The data is
base is needed to provide a better understanding of the currently under further analysis. Future measurements
flow, and a basis for new computational efforts and are expected to include Reynolds shear stresses, which
modeling. Experiments were initiated at the NASA will provide needed information about turbulent
Lewis Research Center under the 1998 NASA/ASEE transport.
Intelligent Computer Aided Instruction (ICAI)
Researcher: Professor Chih Wu

The Mechanical Engineering Department at the United lectures and aids students in visualization and design.
States Naval Academy is currently evaluating a new The contents of undergraduate thermodynamics
teaching method which implements the use of a courses was established long before computers existed.
computer software. Utilizing the thermodynamic based Problem assignments appearing in popular textbooks
software CyclePad, Intelligent Computer Aided have been developed with an understanding that
Instruction (ICAI) is incorporated in a basic students will work them by hand. Interesting practical
Engineering Thermodynamics course (EM319) for problems which are difficult to solve or which involve
engineering major students and an advanced Energy parametric studies are usually not assigned because the
Conversion Course (EM443) for mechanical engineering long calculation would require an unreasonable time
students. The use of the CyclePad software enhances investment by the students. CyclePad allows users to
34
concentrate on the fundamental engineering design thermodynamic cycles. This visualization allows the
principles without being distracted by the tedious students to easily exploit the effects that changing
computation and wrong input design data. As a design parameters have on the behaviour of a cycle.
consequence, students can do more comprehensive The approach of the CyclePad makes the learning of
design and cover more material without necessarily thermodynamic cycle design more exciting and results
devoting more study time to the course. in more effective training of future designers.
CyclePad introduces students to the concept of CyclePad has been in use for five semesters now at
design as an open-ended process involving synthesis, the U.S. Naval Academy for design homework and
analysis, and choices among design alternatives. It projects. The experience has been a positive one. The
provides a valuable design aid by giving visualization future version of the software will incorporate
of the schematic combination of a variety of modifications suggested by users.
Energy Transport in One Dimensional, Multi-Coupled, Anderson Localizing Systems
Researcher: Assistant Professor John Burkhardt
An investigation into the spatial and time-domain that localization lengths scale with the system’s modal
evolution of energy density in a multi-coupled, density per unit length while transport times are found
one-dimensional, disordered system is being to scale as modal density per unit length times the
conducted. Scaling theory predications have been distance traveled. A test of these predications has
generated for both localization lengths and rates of been conducted through the numerical simulation of
diffuse transport. Initial results indicate that cylindrical membranes influenced by a foundation of
localization lengths scale with the system’s modal radially oriented springs of random stiffness. The
density per unit length while transport times are found simulation results have strongly supported the scaling
to scale as modal density per both localization lengths theories but minor inconsistencies exist which continue
and rates of diffuse transport. Initial results indicate to be explored.
Characterization of Structural Damage Using Free Decays
A non-destructive technique for the identification and and assumes that a finite number of equally damaged
characterization of damage in built-up structures is connections are distributed at random locations
investigated. The technique presumes that the throughout the structure. The resulting decay model
presence of damage in a structure will result in contains two significant parameters; one parameter is
increased internal friction, localized in the region of the proportional to the number of damaged connections
damage, which is therefore non-proportional in nature. while the second parameter is proportional to the
A power-law decay model for the free decay of intensity of that damage. Consequently, the derived
non-proportionally damped (damaged) structures is decay model is advanced as the basis of a
presented. The derived decay model relies on a non-destructive technique for the detection of
statistical description of the system’s eigen-structure structural damage and for the estimation of both its
35
extent and severity. Numerical simulations of An experimental effort has been initiated to test the
non-proportionally damped (damaged) trusses have practical aspects of the technique.
been performed which support the proposed technique.
Finite Elements Solution of the Radiative Transfer Equation
An investigation into the application of the finite transfer equation for material characterization will,
element method for solution of the radiative transfer however, require efficient, robust and flexible numerical
equation has been initiated for the specific purpose of solutions of this equation. Unfortunately, to date, no
enhancing material characterization using diffuse practical solution technique for the radiative transfer
ultrasonics. The radiative transfer equation, which equation has been demonstrated which is suitable for
governs the propagation of wave energy in multiple the complex system models relevant to material
scattering media, has recently emerged as a powerful characterization. Consequently, an innovative
tool for materials characterization since its identification numerical approach based on the finite element method
with ultrasonic wave propagation in polycrystalline is proposed.
materials. Successful application of the radiative
Application of Remote Sensing Concepts and Techniques to the

Ultrasonic Evaluation of Materials
Numerous challenges face the field of ultrasonic testing ultrasonic signature significantly different from the
because of the increasing demands and expectations surrounding heterogeneous material. This difficulty
placed on these technologies. Particular challenges arises because the inherent heterogeneity of the
include the identification of flaws in heterogeneous background material is not modeled in traditional
materials such as ceramic based composites and ultrasonics. Consequently, a study has been initiated
textured titaniums as well as the seemingly unrelated to apply concepts from remote sensing, a field which
task of locating small tumors in fibrous breast tissues. specifically addresses the impact of random system
Traditional ultrasonics typically have difficulty with properties on system characterization, to the field of
these tasks because the flaw or tumor does not have an ultrasonics.
Direct Numerical Simulation of Ultrasosnic Wave Propagation In Polycrystal
An effort to numerically simulate ultrasonic wave materials with high fidelity using the finite element code
propagation in polycrystals and other heterogeneous ABAQUS is currently underway. Numerous
36
applications of the effort are expected including disordered materials and other novel ultrasonic
exploration of energy transport in three-dimensional inspection techniques currently under development.
Characterization of Fatigue Damage in Ceramic Composite Materials
An ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation technique for severity are derived. Comparisons of theory with
the characterization of fatigue damage is currently numerical simulations have been conducted and
under investigation. By exploiting the excess internal support the proposed technique. Current efforts center
friction that often accompanies fatigue damage, on an experimental confirmation of the technique by
theoretical estimates relating reverberant decay evaluating fatigue damage in ceramic composites.
characteristics to both damaged volume and damage
Drag Reduction Turbulators
Researchers: Lieutenant Commander Daniel Ray, CEC, USNR

and Professor Robert Granger
The purpose of this project was to build and test experiment were tested as well as other geometrically
different models with surface turbulence generators of shaped cavities. The parameters of this study were
various geometric shapes, depth, and spacing over the variable Reynolds number for a fixed angle-of-attack
surfaces of a sharp leading edge wedge and NACA and various spacing and depth of different “dimple”
0015 aerofoil. geometries. The goal of this phase of the experiment
A sharp leading edge wedge was constructed with was to achieve an overall drag reduction for a
acrylic and positioned with a sting mount in a “dimpled” surface compared to a smooth surface.
circulating water channel. A flow visualization device Various techniques were developed to coat the NACA
was attached to the turbulators so that the nature of the wing so that turbulators could be etched into the
flow in the depressions could be seen and recorded. surface. A unique approach involved using sheet wax,
The objective of this phase of the experiment was to applied to the model with an adhesive, and “dimples”
identify at least one geometric shape of turbulator etched into the wax coating.
(cavity or “dimple”) that would generate a standing The results from the visual study showed that a
vortex within the cavity. standing vortex can be achieved in a cavity on a
An NACA 0015 aerofoil was constructed of a smooth surface placed in a circulating water channel.
composite material and was mounted on an aluminum This result suggests that with the correct geometry,
carrier in a 120 foot tow tank. The design turbulators separation can be delayed, and a reduction in overall
obtained from the results of the sharp edged flat plate drag on a flat plate or aerofoil could be achieved.
37
Investigation of Inventory and Local Heat Transfer of

R-410A and a Miscible Lubricant for Flow Boiling
Within a Micro-fin Tube at High Qualities
Researcher: Lieutenant Commander Daniel Ray, CEC, USNR
For many years, experimentally obtained mean heat lubricant. Consequently, the concentration of the
transfer coefficients have been presented by various lubricant in the liquid refrigerant increases as the
researchers for evaporation of refrigerant/lubricant refrigerant evaporates. As a result, the lubricant has an
mixtures inside plain and augmented tubes (Schlager). increasing effect on the performance of the evaporator
More recently, attempts have been made to measure at higher qualities.
local boiling heat transfer coefficients. The large The study in progress will determine local flow boiling
variation found in local micro-fin boiling coefficients as heat transfer coefficients for refrigerant R-410A mixed
a function of local vapor quality and local lubricant with a completely miscible lubricating oil. Primary
concentration have resulted in the use of local rather emphasis will be placed on high quality flow where
than mean boiling heat transfer coefficients in new thermodynamic effects of the refrigerant/lubricant
design methods. Studies have shown that at high mixture are most acute. An existing flow boiling test
qualities, the local boiling heat transfer coefficients facility with a horizontal micro-fin tube test section will
dropped off rapidly with increasing lubricant be used to complete the study. Sample taps will be
concentration (Nidegger). used to measure the concentration of lubricant in the
Lubricants are used to protect the compressors of air- liquid near the tube wall for various qualities. The
conditioning and refrigeration equipment from performance of the pure refrigerant will be measured to
mechanical failure. The lubricant migrates from the serve as a baseline for comparison with the
compressor to the heat exchangers of the system. The refrigerant/lubricant mixture. Statistical means will be
refrigerant/lubricant mixture enters the evaporator at a used to ensure that the data is accurate and to quantify
relatively low concentration of lubricant. However, as the performance difference between the pure fluid and
the refrigerant evaporates along the length of the the mixture with confidence intervals.
evaporator it predominantly leaves behind the

Improved Methods for Turbine Blade Cooling
Researcher: Midshipman 1/C Nicole Aunapu, USN, Trident Scholar

Advisors: Associate Professor Karen A. Flack and
Assistant Professor Ralph J. Volino
Turbine performance in gas turbine engines is limited recirculating flow and vortices. One such hot spot is
by the maximum inlet temperature to the turbine. found near the endwall of a turbine blade as the
Material restrictions are generally the cause for this footprint of a horseshoe vortex that is wrapped around
limitation. Even though advanced materials have the blade within the turbulent boundary layer. The
allowed for higher inlet temperatures, hot spots still ability to diffuse this vortex by mixing the hot fluid in
occur within the turbine that push the material limits. the vortex with the cooler free stream fluid would
These hot spots generally occur near regions of improve turbine performance by increasing the
38
allowable inlet temperature. The object of this research free stream. Endwall jets were able to modify the path of
was to test the feasibility of breaking up this horseshoe the vortex, reducing its effect on the adjacent suction
vortex using the technique of boundary layer blowing. blade. Additional aerodynamic losses were incurred
Fluid was injected through the endwall of the turbine due to the complicated jet/vortex flow pattern.
blade near the vortex core to "blow" the vortex into the
An Investigation of Various Manufacturing

Techniques of Thin-Walled Composite Tubes
Researcher: Midshipman 1/C Joseph J. Furco, USN

Advisor: Professor Dennis F. Hasson
The intent of the research was to investigate different its composite tube sleeve.
tube manufacturing techniques and release techniques. Thin-walled fiberglass tubes were manufactured and
Specifically, the manufacturing techniques of: a basic tested. The composite architecture consisted of four
wet lay-up, shrink tape, vacuum bag with bleeder, the layers oriented 0E/90E, 45E/-45E, 45E/-45E, 0E/90E.
Torr tube compactor, and prepregs were explored. Burnout tests showed the lowest fiber-resin ratio
Release materials such as FREKOTE vs. PVA mandrel occurred using a wet lay-up, while the highest ratio was
prepping were compared. Release techniques to obtained using the Torr tube compactor. Torsion tests
separate the composite tube and the mandrel were also were also performed. The maximum torque was
investigated. These techniques include drill pressing observed for the tube manufactured by the shrink tape
as well as using a come-along to pull the mandrel from technique.
Development of a Torsion Laboratory Exercise for EM217
Researcher: Midshipman 1/C Pamela Rawe, USN

Advisor: Assistant Professor Richard E. Link
Hollow specimens of A36 steel and 6061-T6 aluminum specimens and were only within 36% for the steel
were tested on a torsion test machine. The results were specimens. It was determined that the experiments were
compared to standard tensile results. The mechanical too complex to be implemented as a lab exercise in
properties determined for the tensile and torsion tests EM217.
were very similar (within 1%) for the aluminum
Copper Electrode Degradation Due to the

Resistance Welding of Aluminum
Researcher: Midshipman 1/C James Schroeder, USN, Trident Scholar
39
Advisor: Associate Professor Angela L. Moran
This Trident research project focused on increasing the chromium, have been fabricated. Since the refractory
life of copper electrodes used in the resistance welding metals are not readily soluble in copper, it was
of aluminum work pieces employed in the automotive necessary to use unconventional processing
and aerospace industries. When the copper and techniques to produce electrodes of uniform
aluminum make contact at the interface, there is some composition. These techniques included spray
undesirable mixing which results in the formation of a forming, rapid solidification, ion implantation, laser
copper-aluminum eutectic phase. The welding cladding, and mechanical alloying. The new processing
temperature is high enough to melt the aluminum, but techniques allow for a higher concentration and a more
the eutectic phase has a lower melting temperature than uniform distribution of the refractory metal, as
either pure copper or pure aluminum. During confirmed by metallurgical analysis involving optical
subsequent welds the eutectic melts away, causing the and electron microscopy. The electrodes were tested for
copper to degrade rapidly and the electrode lifetime to homogeneity, conductivity and welding lifetime.
be shortened. As an alternative, electrodes made from Recommendations were provided concerning alloy
copper alloys with very high melting temperature selection for improved electrode performance.
refractory metals, such as molybdenum, niobium, and
Fabrication of Ceramic Matrix Composites
Researcher: Midshipman 1/C Marissa Dunlap, USN

Advisors: Associate Professor Angela L. Moran,
Dr. Fred Lauten (Visiting Scientist) and Dr. Matthew Osborne (ONR Post-doctoral Fellow)
Advanced energy applications dictate the need for production of composites by impregnation and
higher and higher temperature materials. This project infiltration methods in various sizes and thicknesses.
involved developing techniques for the fabrication of Samples were evaluated in terms of density, uniformity
ceramic matrix composites in the USNA Materials and mechanical properties and the values obtained were
Laboratory. A facility has been established for the compared to those for commercially produced materials.
HMS DeBraak Metallurgical Evaluation
Researcher: Midshipman 1/C Sarah Self, USN

The HMS DeBraak is a British ship that sunk off the recovered when the ship was raised. The fittings have
coast of Delaware in the late 1700's and which is now been evaluated in terms of optical microscopy and
the subject of an extensive investigation by the electron microscopy to identify their microstructure.
Delaware State Museums. As part of a collaborative This information was compared to historical data on
effort with the Physics Department, this project copper components to assess the types of processing
involved metallurgical analysis of the copper fittings utilized in manufacturing.
Failures Analysis - Special Projects
40
Researchers: Midshipman 1/C K. Kenyon, USN and Midshipman 1/C B. Schulz, USN
Failed components from the Academy Sailing Squadron as well as an evaluation of environmental and operating
and from aircraft located at Patuxent River were conditions for these components. Recommendations
forwarded for evaluation. Mode and cause of failure concerning subsequent prevention of future failures
were identified using non-destructive testing, optical were included in the reports provided to each facility.
microscopy, electron microscopy and chemical analysis
The Use of Thermal Spraying to Enhance the Bonding

Characteristics of a Urethane Coated Propeller
Researcher: Midshipman 1/C Corey A. Poorman, USN, Trident Scholar

Advisors: CAPT Owen G. Thorp, USNR and Professor Patrick J. Moran
In order to reduce the cost and machining time of was thermal spraying, specifically arc wire spraying,
producing propeller blades, the Naval Surface Warfare which created a rough, porous surface. This type of
Center, NSWC, has developed an alternative surface promoted mechanical bonding, as well as
production method for propeller blades. The alternative enhanced chemical bonding, of the paint to the
production method consisted of a Nickel-Aluminum- substrate. In order to produce various surfaces, the
Bronze (NAB) blade, covered by two coats of paint and thermal spray distance was varied at six inch intervals
a urethane coating. After exposure to seawater and from six inches to two feet. A 90-degree peel test, SEM
impressed current cathodic protection, the bond analysis with x-ray micro-analysis, and optical
between the paint and the NAB substrate failed to meet metallography were all used to evaluate the
NSWC’s minimum required bond strength of 80 characteristics of each coating.
lbs/linear inch. After testing, it was determined that flame sprayed
This project attempted to improve the bond coatings created a surface that produced a mechanical
between the paint and NAB by developing a surface bond, increased chemical bonding, and reduced the
treatment technique that would produce a strong, effects of cathodic protection.
lasting bond. The surface treatment technique chosen
One Dimensional Compressible Flow in Manifold Runner
Researcher: Midshipman 1/C Matthew Hayden, USN

Advisor: Assistant Professor Paul V. Puzinauskas
A mathematical model of flow in a pipe initially the air is an ideal gas flowing in an isentropic process.
pressurized and then opened to atmosphere at one end Significant progress was made in learning finite
was initiated. This model is a first attempt at modeling difference techniques and computer programming, but
flow in an intake runner attached to a single cylinder the model as yet does not yield reasonable results.
engine. The model includes one-dimensional solution Work continued in the spring on the project with the
to the continuity and momentum equations assuming intent to form the basis for Midn Hayden’s Masters
41
Thesis, but Mr. Hayden elected to do another project at The Johns Hopkins University.
Non-Destructive Damage Detection in Beams using a Time Domain Method
Researcher: Midshipman 1/C M. J. Hiler, USN

Advisor: Associate Professor Colin P. Ratcliffe
Locating damage in structures is an engineering damage, the location of the damage can be found using
problem that has been approached in the past by the time vs. position data as well as the frequency
looking at the variation of the natural frequencies with response functions. It was determined that the time
damage, and performing a modal analysis on sample domain method is very sensitive, as damage was
structures. This project took the current frequency located at a minimum of 0.5% reduction in thickness
domain methods that use a damage index, a broadband due to damage, while earlier tests using the frequency
vibration data, and extended them into the time domain. domain located damage at a minimum reduction in
It is shown that in a steel beam with a small amount of thickness of 0.8%.
An Investigation into the Effectiveness of Sports Headgear
Researcher: Midshipman 1/C M. A. Stratton, USN

Advisor: Associate Professor Colin P. Ratcliffe
During the course of the semester, the effectiveness of used to regulate sports headgear. A new test apparatus
sports headgear was studied. This process first began and method were designed and subsequently
with research into the mechanics of a brain injury and constructed. The device is ready to be used in
the medical implications. Further, a literature search evaluating headgear.
was conducted into the current evaluation methods
Publications
AUNAPU, Nicole V., Midn 1/C, “Improved Methods for the blade within the turbulent boundary layer. The
Turbine Blade Cooling”, USNA Trident Report No. 260, ability to diffuse this vortex by mixing the hot fluid in
U.S. Naval Academy, May 1999. the vortex with the cooler free stream fluid would
improve turbine performance by increasing the
Turbine performance in gas turbine engines is limited allowable inlet temperature. The object of this research
by the maximum inlet temperature to the turbine. was to test the feasibility of breaking up this horseshoe
Material restrictions are generally the cause for this vortex using the technique of boundary layer blowing.
limitation. Even though advanced materials have Fluid was injected through the endwall of the turbine
allowed for higher inlet temperatures, hot spots still blade near the vortex core to "blow" the vortex into the
occur within the turbine that push the material limits. free stream. Endwall jets were able to modify the path of
These hot spots generally occur near regions of the vortex, reducing its effect on the adjacent suction
recirculating flow and vortices. One such hot spot is blade. Additional aerodynamic losses were incurred
found near the endwall of a turbine blade as the due to the complicated jet/vortex flow pattern.
footprint of a horseshoe vortex that is wrapped around
42
BARTON, O., Jr., Associate Professor and MACKNEY, elective course offered at the U.S. Naval Academy in
Michael, Associate Professor, MOURING, Sarah, composite mechanics, provides the background of
Associate Professor, and KARPOUZIAN, Gabriel, these topics, and presents an overview of the
Professor, “The Longitudinal and Transverse Properties MATLAB code that performs the analysis.
of Fiber-Steered Composites,” Proceedings of the ASC
Conference, September 27, 1999, Dayton, OH, pp.587 - BARTON, O., Jr., Associate Professor, “Fundamental
596. Frequency of Tapered Plates by the Method of
Eigensensitivity Analysis, Ocean Engineering, Vol. 26,
In this paper, results are reported for the mechanical No. 6, June 6, 1999, pp. 565-574.
properties of test coupons that have been The fundamental frequency of a rectangular isotropic
manufactured using steered fibers. The motivation of plate having a linear thickness variation is computed
the research is to assess the effect of fiber curvature on using the method of eigensensitivity analysis. The
mechanical properties. The properties under approach incorporates eigen derivatives to evaluate a
investigation include longitudinal tension and Maclaurin series representation of the desired
compression response, transverse tension and eigenvalue, here the fundamental frequency.
compression response, and both the longitudinal and Comparison with published results, for various taper
transverse compressive strengths. To accomplish this ratios, aspect ratios, and support conditions,
effort, twelve composite panels were fabricated using a demonstrate the accuracy and utility of the expression
productions fiber placement machine. Fiber placement and methodology.
is the technology that uses composite materials in the
form of tape to be placed in any desired path thus BURKHARDT, J., Assistant Professor and Weaver, R.
maximizing the utility of the material. The tape, called L. ”Transport in Multi-Coupled Anderson Localizing
tows, and can vary in width from 0.125 in to 0.182 in. Systems,” Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, (in press).
Each panel is constructed using an IM7/977-3
composite system in the form of 10.7 mil slit tape which The time-domain behavior of a multi-coupled disorder
is stacked either in a 4 or 8 ply unidirectional lay-up. For system is studied by numerical simulation. A
these tests, the fiber placement occurred along paths two-dimensional mesh with periodic boundary
with radii varying from 18 in to 45 in. This generated conditions in a short, circumferential direction, and
test specimens with 20 in, 30 in and 40 in radii. fixed boundary conditions in a long, axial direction, is
Specimens tested included a set of baseline coupons subjected to a tone-burst load on the central ring. The
with straight fibers. To adequately assess the effect of resulting narrow-band process has an energy density
fiber curvature on the mechanical properties, groups of which evolves in space and time. On short time scales
specimens were tested with each group consisting of 5 it diffuses classically. On long time scales the transport
specimens. All test were conducted according to ceases and the profile approaches exponential.
ASTM standards. Localization lengths and time scales are compared with
earlier predictions.
BARTON, O., Jr., Associate Professor and Wallace,
Jacob B., “Composite Structural Mechanical Using FLACK, K.A. Assistant Professor and VOLINO, R.J.,
MATLAB,” Proceedings of the ASEE, paper No. 2520, Assistant Professor, “A Series-Parallel Heat Exchanger
Charlotte, NC, June 1999, (CD-ROM). Experiment,” ASEE Journal of Engineering Education,
Vol 88, No. 1, pp. 27-30.
In this paper MATLAB is adopted as the programming
tool used for the analysis of composite materials An experimental apparatus has been designed to test
mechanics. Since the formulation of the mechanical the use of cross flow heat exchangers in series and
behavior of composite materials involves extensive use parallel configurations. The experiment can be used in
of matrices, MATLAB is ideally suited. Morever, a number of ways to demonstrate heat exchanger
graphical interfaces provide an effective means of use. performance in a laboratory. The apparatus consists of
This article considers several topics presented in an three identical fin-tube type cross flow heat exchangers
43
mounted on a board which is instrumented with Subjected to Combined Loading in the Ductile-to Brittle
thermocouples, flow meters and a pressure transducer. Transition Region,” Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics:
The apparatus can be set to test the performance of a 29th Vol. ASTM STP 1332, T.L. Panontin and S.D.
solo heat exchanger, two or three heat exchangers in Sheppard, Eds., American Society for Testing and
series or parallel, or combinations incorporating both Materials, pp. 55-81, 1998.
series and parallel configurations. The apparatus is
relatively simple, inexpensive and versatile. It may be Surface cracked tension specimens of ASTM A533,
used in a variety of configurations for several types of Grade B steel plate were tested to failure in the ductile-
student laboratories ranging from demonstrations to to-brittle transition region. Two different specimen
design projects. This allows the instructor to design configurations were used: one configuration was
and change experiments for a specific course. The use loaded in tension except for the natural bending
of an apparatus such as this gives students hands on resulting from the presence of the surface crack; the
experience with experimental procedures and helps them second configuration had an offset test section and
to gain a physical understanding of heat transfer was pin-loaded to provide a strong bending component
phenomena. in addition to the tension load. For each configuration,
at least seven repeat tests were conducted at each of
FLACK, K.A., Assistant Professor, Pruitt, B. and two temperatures. All specimens failed by cleavage and
Callari, M.J. “Velocity Measurements in the Flow the critical J-integral, Jc , was obtained using three-
Around a Rotating End Mill,” Proceedings of the dimensional finite element analysis of the specimen.
ASME Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting The FEM analysis was validated by comparison with
(CD-ROM), No. FEDSM98-4903, Washington, D.C., experimental strain gage and displacement
June 22-25,1998. measurements taken during the tests. The results were
compared with previous fracture toughness
Recent experiments using acoustic emission (AE) measurements on the same plate using 2T SE(B)
signal monitoring to detect end mill and work piece specimens and surface cracked bend SC(B) specimens.
interaction has shown high signal levels prior to The present results exhibited the expected elevation in
material removal. A detectable increase in the AE signal fracture toughness and downward shift in the transition
is present for separation distances of 25 - 65 mm. A temperature compared to the highly constrained, deeply
portion of this premature signal is due to elastic contact cracked SE(B) specimens. The master curve approach
of the tool and work piece. In addition, it is was used to characterize the transition curves for each
hypothesized that the AE sensor is detecting the flow specimen geometry and the shift in the transition
induced noise from the squeeze film similar to that of a temperature was characterized by the associated
slider bearing, between the end mill tooth and the work reference temperature.
piece. Categorization of this signal could lead to in-
process monitoring of edge detection and provide JOYCE, J. A., Professor, “Experimental Justification of
feedback on tool position with respect to the work Proposed Changes to the Measurement of Kic Using
piece prior to material removal. In order to better ASTM E399,” Journal of Testing and Evaluation,
understand this manufacturing problem, the flow JTEVA, Vol. 26, No. 5, September 1999, pp. 455-462.
around a rotating end mill was investigated using a
one-component laser Doppler anemometer system. During the past five years considerable effort has been
Measurements of the tangential component of velocity devoted to developing a fracture toughness
were obtained. Phase and time averaged velocity measurement standard that combines the linear elastic
profiles highlight the differences between the flow stress intensity factor at the onset of crack extension,
around a rotating end mill and the flow in a slider Kic, and the elastic-plastic fracture toughness
bearing of similar dimensions. measurement quantities, namely, Jic, the J resistance
curve (J-R curve), and the corresponding crack tip
JOYCE, J. A., Professor and LINK, R. E., Assistant opening displacement resistance curve (CTOD-R
Professor, “Fracture Behavior of Surface Crack Plates curve). The objective of this effort was to allow the
44
engineer to start with one specimen geometry, conduct to this problem shows that for the typical fracture
a specified test, develop either with one specimen toughness and strength levels in a nuclear pressure
geometry, conduct a specified test, develop either a KQ vessel, the pre-cracked Charpy specimen could lose
or a JQ-R curve, and the after application of the relevant constraint well before the onset of cleavage and the
size requirements, obtain a valid fracture toughness results obtained will then provide a very non-
result. At present, different specimens are required by conservative estimate of the conditions required for the
E 399 and E 1737 (the combination and replacement of onset of cleavage in the vessel. Recent computational
E 813 and E 1152), and if the engineer uses the E 399 work by Koppenhoefer and Dodds has strongly
specimen geometry and test procedure and suggested, however, that if the specimen is loaded
subsequently finds that the measured KQ fails the E 399 rapidly, additional constraint might be present which
size requirements, new specimens must be machined would allow the Charpy results to predict correctly the
and tested according to E 1737 to obtain valid fracture onset of cleavage in the nuclear pressure vessel. These
toughness measurements. authors predict that the presence of modest
This paper describes experimental tests that have viscoplasticity will increase the deformation level at
been conducted in parallel with the development of the which constraint is lost and this in turn will allow
new ASTM Standard E 1820-97, a combined fracture Charpy size specimens to be adequate predictors of the
toughness test standard that is intended to address this onset of cleavage fracture in structural size elements.
problem. These experimental results show that the In this paper pre-cracked Charpy specimens of A515
standard J integral specimen, incorporating load line steel are tested at four different loading rates and five
crack mouth opening displacement measurements and different temperatures in the lower ductile-to-brittle
side grooves, can be used to obtain Kic as presently transition. The reference temperature, T is developed
defined by ASTM E 399. The use of larger a/W ranges and shown to be very dependent on the loading rate
is also supported by these results as long as the basic and very independent of the temperature at which the
size requirements of E 399 are met and applied to both data set was measured.
the specimen crack length and remaining ligament as
well as to the specimen gross thickness. LINK, R.E., Assistant Professor and Graham, S.M.,
“Dynamic Fracture Initiation Toughness of ASTM
JOYCE, J. A., Professor, “On the Utilization of High A533, Gr. B Steel Plate,” Fatigue and Fracture
Rate Pre-Cracked Charpy Test Results and the Master Mechanics: 29 th Vol. ASTM STP 1332, T.L. Panontin
Curve to Obtain Accurate Lower Bound Toughness and S.D. Sheppard, Eds., American Society for Testing
Predictions in the Ductile-to-Brittle Transition,” Small and Materials, pp. 17-39, 1998.
Specimen Test Techniques, ASTM STP 1329, American
The dynamic fracture toughness of an ASTM A533,
Society for Testing and Materials, 1998, pp. 253 - 273.
Grade B steel plate was determined at several
temperatures in the ductile-brittle transition region.
Much recent work in the field of elastic-plastic fracture
Crack-tip loading rates ranged from approximately 103
mechanics has been directed to developing a
to 105 MPa%m/s. The fracture toughness was shown to
mechanics-based relationship between the onset of
decrease with increased loading rate. The dynamic
cleavage fracture in structural components and that of
fracture toughness was compared with results from
Charpy specimens. In the case of a commercial nuclear
previous investigations and it was shown that the
power plant the surveillance specimens are expected to
decrease in toughness due to increased loading rate at
have undergone an irradiation history equivalent to
the highest test temperature was not as severe as
that of the pressure vessel, and hence to have the
reported in previous investigations. It was also shown
correct fracture toughness properties. The small size of
that the reference temperature, T0, was a better index of
these specimens, however, makes it difficult to obtain
the fracture toughness vs. temperature relationship
fracture toughness measurements that are transferrable
than the nil-ductility temperature, RT NDT for this
to the much larger and higher constraint pressure
material.
vessel.
Application of proposed specimen size requirements LINK, R.E. Assistant Professor and MINER, S.M.,
45
Associate Professor “Complementary Usage of typical analyses using in excess of 100,000 nodes. The
Mathematica and I-DEAS in Mechanism Design,” smaller mesh size has advantages in the design
submitted to Computers in Education Journal, environment. Stage design parameters for the axial flow
December 1998, (in press).All mechanical engineering impeller are: rotational speed 870 rpm, flow coefficient,
majors at the Naval Academy are required to take a head coefficient, and specific speed 2.97 (8101 US). For
course in Computer Aided Design during their senior the mixed flow impeller the parameters are: rotational
year. The underlying philosophy of the course is to speed 890 rpm, flow coefficient, head coefficient, and
use the computer to solve problems that would be specific speed 2.01 (5475 US). Evaluation of the models
impractical to solve by hand. The vehicle used to is based on a comparison of circumferentially averaged
illustrate this is the design of four bar mechanisms. results to measured data for the same impeller.
During the first part of the course the students write Comparisons to measured data include axial and
programs using Mathematica to perform synthesis, tangential velocities, static pressure, and total pressure.
position, velocity, acceleration, and force analyses for A comparison between the coarse and fine meshes for
the complete range of motion of a four bar mechanism. the axial flow impeller is included. Results of this study
Us i n g Mathematica helps the students develop an show that the computational results closely match the
understanding of the equations being solved, as well shapes and magnitudes of the measured profiles,
as, develop an appreciation for the progression of the indicating that coarse CFD models can be used to
solution from synthesis through force analysis. In the accurately predict performance.
second part of the course the students are introduced
MINER, S. M., Associate Professor, “Evaluation of
to the SDRC I-DEAS solid modeling software package.
Blade Passage Analysis Using Coarse Grids,”
Using I-DEAS they build physically realistic models of
Proceeding s o f 3 r d ASME/JSME Joint Fluids
the mechanisms including animation of the complete
Engineering Conference, Paper No. FEDSM99-7339,
range of motion. The position, velocity, acceleration,
FED-Volume 248, July 1999, (CD-ROM).
and force analyses are repeated within I-DEAS by
means of menu picks. The only part of the design This paper presents the results of a study using coarse
process that I-DEAS cannot be used for is the grids to analyze the flow in the impellers of an axial flow
synthesis of the mechanism. The use of Mathematica pump and a mixed flow pump. A commercial CFD code
enhances the students understanding of the mechanism (FLOTRAN) is used to solve the 3-D Reynolds
design process, while the use of I-DEAS gives the Averaged Navier Stokes Equations in a rotating
students an appreciation for the ease with which cylindrical coordinate system. The standard turbulence
physically realistic models can be generated using high model is used. The meshes for this study use 22,000
end solid modeling packages. nodes and 40,000 nodes for the axial flow impeller, and
26,000 nodes for the mixed flow impeller. Both models
MINER, S. M., Associate Professor, “Evaluation of
are run on a SPARC station 20. This is in contrast to
Blade Passage Analysis Using Coarse Grids,”
typical analyses using in excess of 100,000 nodes. The
Proceedings of U.S.-Japan Seminar on Abnormal Flow
smaller mesh size has advantages in the design
Phenomena in Turbomachines”, November 1998 (CD-
parameters for the axial flow impeller are: rotational
ROM).
speed 870 rpm, flow coefficient, head coefficient, and
This paper presents the results of a study using coarse specific speed 2.97 (8101 US). For the mixed flow
grids to analyze the flow in the impellers of an axial flow impeller the parameters are: rotational speed 890 rpm,
pump and a mixed flow pump. A commercial CFD code flow coefficient, head coefficient, and specific speed
(FLOTRAN) is used to solve the 3-D Reynolds 2.01 (5475 US). Evaluation of the models is based on a
Averaged Navier Stokes equations in a rotating comparison of circumferentially averaged results to
cylindrical coordinate system. The standard turbulence measured data for the same impeller. Comparisons to
model is used. The meshes for this study use 22,000 measured data include axial and tangential velocities,
nodes and 40,000 nodes for the axial flow impeller and static pressure, and total pressure. A comparison
26,000 nodes for the mixed flow impeller. Both models between the coarse and fine meshes for the axial flow
are run on a SPARC station 20. This is in contrast to impeller is included. Results of this study show that
46
the computational results closely match the shapes and of the electrons in that material. The oscillations of the
magnitudes of the measured profiles, indicating that electrons are dependent on the internal energy of the
coarse CFD models can be used to accurately predict material, which in turn is dependent on its temperature.
performance. Radiation emerging from a finite volume of matter is the
integrated effect of the local emission throughout the
MORAN, A. L., Associate Professor, J. Carsten and G.
volume. In most solids though, radiation emitted from
Cover, "Undergraduate Laboratory - Wear Properties of
interior molecules is rapidly absorbed by adjoining
Materials", Journal of Materials Education, Vol. 20
molecules. Therefore, radiation that actually escapes
(3&4), pp. 1-4.
the surface of the body originates from the molecules
Wear is the damage to a solid surface by the that are within approximately 1 µm from the exposed
displacement or removal of material by another moving surface. Due to this effect, radiative emission is viewed
material. Fundamentally, wear is caused by the relative as a surface phenomenon for solids. Initial testing
motion of one surface, particle or fluid over another occurred at the NASA Lewis Research Center in
surface and is affected by many different factors, Cleveland, Ohio as part of a U.S. Naval Academy
including relative hardness of the surfaces, surface program to screen thermophotovoltaic (TPV) radiator
finish, presence of lubricants and surface films, materials. A Perkin Elmer spectrophotometer was used
presence of particulate, pressure or load applied, to measure total hemispherical reflectance at room
temperature and chemical reactions present. Wear may temperature in air, after which the data was corrected to
lead to the degradation and ultimate failure of the represent total hemispherical emittance as a function of
materials and components involved in a system such as temperature. Comparative testing was performed to
an engine or propulsor. The three most basic types, directly measure the normal emissivity (with
adhesive, abrasive, and erosive wear, are defined and wavelengths between 2.0 and 2.6 microns) of the same
exemplified. There are numerous methods of wear samples in vacuum at elevated temperatures (900-
testing, many of which are expensive and time 1100EC).
consuming. These techniques generally have four
MORAN, A. L., Associate Professor, "Incorporating
parameters - contact velocity, contact area, contact
Design Aspects into Materials Engineering
pressure, and entry angle which can be varied to
Curriculum", Proceedings of ASEE Regional Meeting,
compare materials and lubricants in a theoretical setting
pp. 35-38, Howard University, Washington D.C., Nov
or to simulate an actual mechanical situation. The
1998.
purpose of this experiment was to develop a low cost
demonstrator that can be used to introduce engineering Each year, 150-200 midshipmen participate in the
students to the concepts of wear. A device was found introductory Materials Science courses and the
that can create abrasive or adhesive wear depending on laboratory exercises that have been developed for those
materials. The unmodified device is simple and classes at the United States Naval Academy. The
inexpensive as provided, but results were difficult to curriculum has been predominantly limited to metallic
quantify. Modifications were made to the basic materials although many new materials such as
equipment to control experimental variables and make ceramics, superalloys and composites are appropriate
the experiment quantitative. Also, a process was for today’s discussions. The current experiments and
developed for testing which improves repeatability and demonstrations provided as part of the materials
precision. classes needed to be revised and expanded to
incorporate all materials - metals, alloys, polymers,
MORAN, A. L., Associate Professor, P. Saxton, and S.
ceramics and composites - as well as to assist the
Rutledge, "Emmissivity Measurement Comparison”,
students in understanding the materials selection
submitted to the Ceramics Bulletin, (in press).
process in terms of trade-offs between required
Emissivity measurements generated by two different properties and practical factors such as cost and
methods were compared for selected candidate availability. This effort has been directed at
materials. The emission from a material is a direct result incorporating current technology advances into the
of the energy released by the oscillations or transitions curriculum and in providing demonstrations and
47
laboratories involving new materials. The current symposium, entitled “Critical Factors in Localized
curriculum was reviewed and critiqued for currency, Corrosion III - A Symposium in Honor of the 70th
accuracy and relevance. For each lab module and demo, Birthday of Jerome Kruger,” was held at the 194th
existing equipment was refurbished and calibrated and Meeting of the Electrochemical Society in Boston, MA,
new test data were accumulated. Additionally, newly November 1-6, 1998.
purchased equipment has been utilized to revamp the
MORAN, Patrick J., Professor, David A. Shifler and
labs and demos. New modules and demos have been
Jerome Kruger, “Passivity and Breakdown of Passivity
created for creep testing, wear testing, and mechanical
of 1018 Carbon Steel In PC-DME-H20 Mixtures”, Critical
properties of ceramics, polymers and composites and an
Factors in Localized Corrosion III, Proceedings Volume
initial database of results have been developed.
98-17, pp. 72-88, The Electrochemical Society, Inc.,1999.
MORAN, Patrick J., Professor and Hak Lul Lee, “Effects
The passivity and breakdown of passivity of 1018
of Cooling Rate and Annealing Treatment on
carbon steel in a neutral pH, deaerated ternary
Sensitization of Austenitic-ferritic Duplex Stainless
component mixtures of propylene carbonate, 1, 2-
Steel,” Metals and Materials, Vol. 4, No. 5, (1998), pp.
dimethoxyethane, and water with 0.5 molar lithium
1085-1091.
hexafluroarsenate supporting electrolyte were examined
Duplex stainless steel has higher corrosion resistance via several electrochemical and surface methods.
and better mechanical properties than conventional
Solvent adsorption is the primary passivating
type 300 series stainless steel. The corrosion behavior
mechanism up to the oxidizing potential of either
of duplex stainless steel is strongly dependent on the
organic solvent alone. Above the solvent oxidizing
ratio, shape, size and distribution of austenite and
potentials, each of the components in this system has
ferrite phase in the microstructure. The relationship
a predominant passivating mechanism when examined
between the microstructure and the corrosion behavior
alone (electropolymerization in DME, salt film formation
of the duplex stainless steel was studied. For this
in PC, and oxide formation in water). This paper looked
purpose, the duplex stainless steel samples were
at the interactions of these mechanisms where passivity
solution heat treated at 1150C followed by either
does occur as well as conditions where competition
cooling at various rates (water quenching, air cooling,
among the passivating processes prevent passivation.
furnace cooling with door opened and door closed) to
820C and then water quenching to room temperature, or MORAN, Patrick J., Professor, D. A. Shifler and Jerome
quenching to room temperature and annealing heat Kruger, “The Influence of Water on Passivity and
treatment at 840C for various lengths of time. A double Breakdown of Fe, Ni, and Ferrous Alloys in Organic
loop electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation Solvent Solutions,” Proceedings of the 8 th International
(EPR) test was carried out to examine the effect of Symposium on the Passivity of Metals and
various cooling procedures or annealing treatment on Semiconductors, (in press).
the sensitization of duplex stainless steel. The grain
The influence of additions of water to neutral dipolar,
size, shape, and distribution of the two phases were
aprotic solutions of either LiCl04 or LiAsF6 in
examined under microscope. From the test results, the
propylene carbonate (PC) and/or dimethoxyethane
relationships were discussed among heat treatment,
(DME) on the passivity and breakdown of Fe, 1018
electrochemical properties and microstructure.
carbon steel, Ni, Ni-200, and 304 stainless steel was
MORAN, Patrick J., Professor and Robert P. studied. Traces of water in PC have a detrimental effect
Frankenthal, “A Corrosionist and a Gentleman: Jerome on the passivity of Fe and carbon steel but expand the
Kruger” Critical Factors in Localized Corrosion III, passive range of stainless steel by promoting oxide film
Proceedings Volume 98-17, pp. xi-xv, The formation. In DME/LiCl04 small concentrations of water
Electrochemical Society, Inc., 1999. do not increase the breakdown potential above the
DME oxidation potential, DMEox, for Fe and carbon
This biography on the life and career of Professor
steel but do expand the passive region above DMEox
Jerome Kruger was written on the occasion of a special
for stainless steel, Ni, and Ni200 by the formation of a
symposium of the Electrochemical Society, Inc. The
protective salt film. In dry DME/LiAsF6, iron and
48
carbon steel breakdown occurs 200-450 mV above 1999.

DMEoxthrough the formation of an electropolymerized
Absorption heat pumps are often bypassed in building
film. Small water additions increase the passive range of
space conditioning applications because their
this electropolymerized film.
operating ranges and performance are not competitive
MORAN, Patrick J., Professor, ENS Brandon W. Davis, with alternative equipment. The desire for broader
USN, and Paul M. Natishan, “Metastable Pitting cycle operating ranges and improved performance may
Behavior of Single Crystal Surfaces of Pure be satisfied by new cycle configurations and by new
Aluminum,“Critical Factors in Localized Corrosion III,” working fluids. In this study, the effect of working
Proceedings Volume 98-17, pp. 215-222, The fluids on performance improvement is explored. The
Electrochemical Society, Inc., 1999. performance of two cycles is studied using three fluid
property sources for ammonia/water, i.e., curve-fit
This communication reports on the metastable pitting
experimental data, an ideal solution model, and the
behavior of aluminum single crystals. Aluminum single
Peng-Robinson equation of state model. The models
crystals (99.999% pure) with orientations of (100), (110),
require only minimal fundamental thermodynamic
and (111) were evaluated with electrochemical
property data for the two pure components. This
measurements in 0.6 M NaCl solutions. The potential
allows investigation into the influence of each
was stepped in 10 mV increments from the open circuit
fundamental property on cycle performance, providing
potential and the current was recorded for 10 minutes at
insight into desirable properties for new absorption
each potential. The number of metastable events and
fluid pairs. Variations of fundamental fluid properties
peak currents were record for each potential step. All
are used as input to the models, showing that the
samples were evaluated subsequent to testing utilizing
volatilities of the refrigerant and absorbent have the
scanning electron microscopy. (111) crystal surfaces
greatest effect on cycle performance.
exhibited the highest number of metastable pitting
events as a function of potential for potentials below POORMAN, Corey, Midn 1/C, “The Use of Thermal
the pitting potential. The (100) exhibited a lower number Spraying to Enhance the Bonding Characteristics of a
of events as a function of potential relative to the (111) Urethane Coated Propeller”, USNA Trident Report No.
but exhibited more metastable pitting events than the 265, U.S. Naval Academy, May 1999.
(110). (111) baseline current densities increased more so
In order to reduce the cost and machining time of
than the others as a function of potential. The (100)
producing propeller blades, the Naval Surface Warfare
baseline current densities increased less so than the
Center, NSWC, has developed an alternative
(111) but more so than those of the (110) surface. The
production method for propeller blades. The alternative
data clearly indicated that the (111) surface has the
production method consisted of a Nickel-Aluminum-
lowest pitting potential, followed by the (100), followed
Bronze (NAB) blade, covered by two coats of paint and
by the (110) with the highest pitting potential. An
a urethane coating. After exposure to seawater and
estimate of the pitting potential for each crystal surface
impressed current cathodic protection, the bond
yielded -0.735 V vs SCE for (111), -0.729 V vs SCE for
between the paint and the NAB substrate failed to meet
(100), and -0.708 V vs SCE for (111). The approximately
NSWC’s minimum required bond strength of 80
equal values of peak pit current densities over baseline
lbs/linear inch.
(for approximately equal baseline current densities) in
the potential range of -0.755 V vs SCE to -0.735 V vs This project attempted to improve the bond
SCE suggested that the size of the largest metastable between the paint and NAB by developing a surface
pits were about the same for all three surfaces. The treatment technique that would produce a strong,
resultant faces within the pits of all the orientations lasting bond. The surface treatment technique chosen
tested were always of the (100) orientation. was thermal spraying, specifically arc wire spraying,
which created a rough, porous surface. This type of
PALMER, S.C., Assistant Professor, and S.V. Shelton,
surface promoted mechanical bonding, as well as
“Sensitivity Analysis of Absorption Cycle Fluid
enhanced chemical bonding, of the paint to the
Thermodynamic Properties,” Journal of Energy
substrate. In order to produce various surfaces, the
Resources Technology, Vol. 121, pp. 137-142, June
49
thermal spray distance was varied at six inch intervals most challenging areas in thermodynamics. The
from six inches to two feet. A 90-degree peel test, SEM objective of this book is to provide results from current
analysis with x-ray micro-analysis, and optical research, which continues at an impressive rate. This
metallography were all used to evaluate the book deals with fundamental and applied research of
characteristics of each coating. finite time thermodynamics. It illustrates how the gap
between thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid
After testing, it was determined that flame sprayed
mechanics is bridged.
coatings created a surface that produced a mechanical
bond, increased chemical bonding, and reduced the WU, Chih, Professor, “Optimal Collector Temperature
effects of cathodic protection. for Solar Driven Heat Pump Systems,” Energy
Conversion and Management, v.39, n.½, pp. 143-147,
SCHROEDER, James A., Midn 1/C, “Copper Electrode
1998.
Degradation Due to the Resistance Welding of
Aluminum”, USNA Trident Report No. 267, U.S. Naval The optimal characteristic of a solar-driven heat pump
Academy, May 1999. system consisting of a solar collector and a three-heat-
reservoir heat pump is performed. The overall COP
This research project focused on increasing the life of
(coefficient of performance) of the system is adopted to
copper electrodes used in the resistance welding of
be the objective function of the study. The optimum
aluminum work pieces employed in the automotive and
operating temperature of the solar collector at the
aerospace industries. When the copper and aluminum
system's maximum possible COP or at the system's
make contact at the interface, there is some undesirable
maximum possible heating load are found. The results
mixing resulting in the formation of a copper-aluminum
provide a theoretical basis for designing a real solar-
eutectic phase. The welding temperature is high
driven heat pump system.
enough to melt the aluminum, but the eutectic phase
has a lower melting temperature than either pure copper WU, Chih, Professor, “Influence of Internal Heat Leak
or pure aluminum. During subsequent welds the on the Performance of Refrigerators,” Energy
eutectic melts away, causing the copper to degrade Conversion and Management, v.39, n.½, pp. 45-50,
rapidly and the electrode lifetime to be shortened. As 1998.
an alternative, electrodes made from copper alloys with
The influence of an internal heat leak on the optimal
very high melting temperature refractory metals, such as
performance of a refrigerator is examined in this paper.
molybdenum, niobium, and chromium, have been
This is done by adding a heat leak term into an
fabricated. Since the refractory metals are not readily
endoreversible refrigerator. The relationship between
soluble in copper, it was necessary to use
optimal heating load and coefficient of performance for
unconventional processing techniques to produce
a steady state irreversible refrigerator is derived. The
electrodes of uniform composition. These techniques
performance characteristics of the irreversible
included spray forming, rapid solidification, ion
refrigerator are found to be deeply affected by the rate
implantation, laser cladding, and mechanical alloying.
of heat leak. This model allows a more reasonable
The new processing techniques allow for a higher
prediction of the performance of an actual refrigerator.
concentration and more uniform distribution of the
refractory metal, as confirmed by metallurgical analysis WU, Chih, Professor, “Optimization of Specific Rate of
involving optical and electron microscopy. The Heat Pumping in Combined Heat Pump Cycles,” Energy
electrodes were tested for homogeneity, conductivity Conversion and Management, v.39, n.½, pp. 113-116,
and welding lifetime. Recommendations were made 1998.
concerning alloy selection for improved electrode
The optimization problem of a combined heat pump
performance.
cycle made of two endoreversible Carnot heat pump
WU, Chih, Professor, “Recent Advances in Finite Time cycles in series without intermediate reservoirs is
Thermodynamics,” by Nova Science Publ. Inc., New investigated using finite-time thermodynamics. The
York, 1999, ISBN 1-56072-664-4. fundamental relationship between heating quantity and
coefficient of performance of the combined cycle is
Finite time thermodynamics is one of the newest and
50
derived. Relations are also derived between the specific 149-156, 1998.
rate of heat pumping, the average rate of heat pumping
The optimal motion of a piston fitted with a cylinder
per unit of total heat transfer surface area and the COP
containing an ideal gas is examined. The gas is heated
for reciprocating and stable flow models of combined
at a given rate f(t) and coupled to a heat bath. The
cycles. The results obtained from this paper may be
optimal path which maximizes the expansion work is
extended to an endoreversible, combined heat pump
obtained. Several applications of the optimal path are
cycle formed by more than two endoreversible Carnot
also given.
heat pump cycles.
WU, Chih, Professor, “Efficiency of an Atkinson
WU, Chih, Professor, “Cooling Load Versus COP
Engine at Maximum Power Density,” Energy
Characteristics for an Irreversible Air Refrigeration
Conversion and Management, v.39, n.3/4, pp. 337-342,
Cycle,” Energy Conversion and Management, v.39,
1998.
n.½, pp. 117-125, 1998.
The power density is maximized for an Atkinson cycle
The effect of heat resistance on the performance of an
in this paper. The results showed that the efficiency at
air refrigeration cycle is analyzed with a finite time heat
maximum power density is always greater that that at
transfer analysis. The present work extends the recent
maximumpower, and the design parameters at maximum
studies on refrigerator performance by incorporating
power density lead to smaller and more efficiency
nonisentropic compression and expansion.
Atkinson engines with larger pressure ratios.
Relationships between cooling load and pressure ratio
and between COP and pressure ratio for the air WU, Chih, Professor, “Optimization of Steady Flow
refrigerator in which the irreversibilities of heat Heat Pumps,” Energy Conversion and Management,
resistance losses in the hot- and cold-side heat v.39, n.5/6, pp. 445-454, 1998.
exchangers and nonisentropic losses in the
The finite time thermodynamic performance of steady
compression and expansion processes are derived. The
flow Carnot and Brayton heat pump cycles has been
results show that there exists a maximum value of COP
studied for both finite and infinite thermal capacitance
and that the cooling load has a parabolic dependence
rates of heat reservoirs. The fundamental optimal
on COP, unlike the monotonically decreasing behaviour
relations of the two cycles are obtained. A comparison
in the case of an endoreversible air refrigerator.
of the performance characteristics of the two cycles for
WU, Chih, Professor, “Intelligent Computer Aided the same boundary conditions is shown. The effects of
Optimization on Specific Power of an OTEC Rankine finite thermal capacitance rates of the working fluid and
Power Plant,” Applied Thermal Engineering, v.18, n.5, heat reservoirs and of the internal irreversibilities of the
pp. 295-300, 1998. cycles on cycle performance are analyzed. Optimal
matching between the temperatures of the working fluid
Specific power of a heat engine is chosen to be the
and heat reservoirs is discussed.
objective function in the design of an OTEC Rankine
power plant. An intelligent computer aided instruction WU, Chih, Professor, “Using Articulate Virtual
computer software, CyclePad, with refrigerant-12 as the Laboratories in Teaching Energy Conversion at the U.S.
working fluid operating between a warm ocean water Naval Academy,” Journal of Educational Technology
heat source and a cold ocean water sink is used in the Systems, v.26, n.2, pp. 127-136, 1998.
design process. Through manipulation of the boiler
The Mechanical Engineering Department at the U.S.
pressure and condenser pressure, the specific power of
Naval Academy is currently evaluating a new teaching
the OTEC is calculated and an upper bound is
method which implements the use of a computer
determined. This bound can direct the design of current
software. Utilizing the thermodynamic based software
and future OTEC heat engines to provide beneficial
CyclePad, Intelligent Computer Aided Instruction is
applications in industry.
incorporated in an advanced energy conversion course
WU, Chih, Professor, “Optimal Expansion of a Heated for Mechanical Engineering students. The use of the
Working Fluid With Phenomenological Heat Transfer,” CyclePad software enhances lectures and aided
Energy Conversion and Management, v.39, n.3/4, pp. students in visualization and design.
51
WU, Chih, Professor, “Effect of Heat Transfer Law on Criteria for Forward and Reverse Quantum Stirling
Finite Time Exergeoeconomic Performance of a Carnot Cycles,” Energy Conversion and Management, v.39,
Heat Pump Cycle,” Energy Conversion and n.8, pp. 733-740, 1998.
Management, v.39, n.7, pp. 579-588, 1998.
The optimal performance for forward and reverse
The operation of a Carnot heat pump is viewed as a quantum Stirling cycles is studied in this paper. The
production process with energy as its output. The finite time thermodynamic performance bound and
short run economic optimization of the endoreversible optimization criteria for these cycles are derived. The
heat pump is performed in this paper. The profit of the optimal relationships between the performance
heat pump is taken as the optimization objective parameters for quantum Stirling engines, refrigerators
function. Using the method of finite time and heat pumps are obtained.
exergoeconomic analysis, which emphasizes the
WU, Chih, Professor, “Multi-objective Optimum Design
compromise optimization between economics and the
Method for a Radial Axial Flow Turbine with Optimum
utilization factor of energy for finite time
Criteria of Blade Twist at Outlet of Blades,”
thermodynamic cycles, this paper derives the
International Journal of Power and Energy Systems,
relationship between optimal profit and COP of an
v.18, n.1, pp. 16-20, 1998.
endoreversible Carnot heat pump based on a relatively
general heat transfer law. The COP bound at the This paper gives a multi-objective optimum design
maximum profit is also obtained. The results obtained method for a radial-axial flow turbine stage which is
involve those for three common heat transfer laws. subject to various engineering construction constraint.
Five parameters (á 1, â 2, µ, u 1 and m) at the mean radius
WU, Chih, Professor, “Heat Transfer Effects on the
and the criteria of blade twist at the outlet of the blades
Network Output and Efficiency Characteristic for an
are considered. These constraints and criteria are taken
Air-standard Otto Cycle,” Energy Conversion and
as design variables, and both the internal efficiency of
Management, v.39, n.7, pp. 643-648, 1998.
the design condition and the total weight are taken as
Finite-time thermodynamic analysis of an air standard the objective functions. The model presented is a
Otto cycle is performed in this paper. The relationship nonlinear multi-objective programming problem with
between net work output and efficiency of the cycle is two objective functions, twenty nine constrained
derived. The maximum network output and the functions and six variables. The optimization statement
corresponding efficiency bound of the cycle with heat for a variety of types of twisted blades is also provided.
transfer considerations are also found. Detailed The results show the method to be valid and effective.
examples are given. The results obtained herein
WU, Chih, Professor, “Optimum Design of Centrifugal
provides a guide to the performance evaluation and
CompressorStages,” International Journal of Power and
improvement for practical Otto engines.
Energy Systems, v.18, n.1, pp. 12-15, 1998.
WU, Chih, Professor, “Optimum Performance of
The design of an axial flow compressor stage at
Reversible Stirling Engine With Imperfect
subsonic Mach numbers has been formulated as a
Regeneration,” Energy Conversion and Management,
nonlinear multi-objective mathematical programming
v.39, n.8, pp. 727-732, 1998.
problem with the objective of minimizing the
An optimal performance analysis is performed for a aerodynamic losses and the weight of the stage, while
Stirling engine with heat transfer and imperfect maximizing the compressor stall margin . Aerodynamic
regeneration irreversibilities. The relationship between as well as mechanical constraints are considered in the
the net power output and thermal efficiency of the optimization. The Prediction model of estimating the
engine is derived. Detailed numerical examples are performance characteristics, such as efficiency, weight
given. The results obtained in this paper provide and stall margin of the compressor stage is presented.
guidance to performance evaluation and design The present design optimization procedure can be
improvement for Stirling engines. applied also to a multistage compressor .
WU, Chih, Professor, “Performance and Optimization WU, Chih, Professor, “Analysis of MODM for Marine
52
Steam Turbine Stages,” International Journal of Power International Journal of Energy, Environment and
and Energy Systems, v.18, n.2, pp. 96-101, 1998. Economics, v.7, n.2, pp. 239-244, 1998.
The advantages of using a multi-objective decision Performance of a Rankine/Rankine combined cycle is
making (MODM) method in the design optimization of analyzed. The traditional cycle analysis is a long and
a marine steam turbine stage and/or stage group is tedious process. This paper describes the use of an
discussed in this paper. Two computer models capable intelligent computer software to obtain the analysis of
of optimizing significant design variables of the turbine the combined cycle quickly and accurately.
are described. Also discussed is the criteria for
WU, Chih, Professor, “Performance of Chemical Engine
selection of the decision making variables and the
with Mass Leak,” Journal of Physics, D: Applied
objective functions, the assumptions made for the
Physics, v.31, n.13, pp. 1595-1600, 1998.
constraints within which the solution is searched and
the optimization procedure. Cascade losses are The performance of an isothermal chemical engine with
predicted by three different methods. The computer finite rate mass transfer and a mass leak is analyzed in
programs developed for this analysis were run this paper. The relations between the optimal power
successfully on a microcomputer. Analytical results of and the efficiency, the maximum power output and the
MODM for a turbine stage and a stage group is corresponding efficiency and the maximum efficiency
provided and an analysis of the influence of the number and the corresponding power output are derived on the
of stages on the efficiency of a steam turbine is given. basis of linear mass transfer law using the analogous
The calculations show the method to be effective. method of finite-time thermodynamics for a heat engine.
WU, Chih, Professor, “Intelligent Computer Aided WU, Chih, Professor, “Finite-time Power Limit for Solar
Design on Optimization of Specific Power Output of a Radiant Ericsson Engines in Space Applications,”
Finite Time Rankine Cycle Using CyclePad,” Journal of Applied Thermal Engineering, v.18, n.12, pp.1347-1358,
computer Application in Engineering Education, v.6, 1998.
n.1, pp. 9-13, 1998.
The power output and thermal efficiency of a finite-time
The specific output of a shipboard nuclear propulsion optimized solar-radiant Ericsson heat engine is studied.
system is analyzed. The plant consists of a Rankine The thermodynamic model adopted is a regenerative
cycle coupled to coolant from a nuclear reactor and gas Ericsson cycle coupled to a heat source and heat
ocean water by heat transfer. The specific power is sink by radiant heat transfer. Both the heat source and
optimized by using thermodynamic software called the heat sink have infinitive heat capacity rates.
CyclePad and computer graphics. Mathematical expressions for optimum power and the
efficiency at optimum power are obtained for the cycle
WU, Chih, Professor, “Optimum Performance
based on higher and lower temperature bounds. The
Parameters for a Quantum Carnot Heat Pump With Spin
results of this theoretical work provided a base line
½,” Energy Conversion and Management, v.39, n.11,
criteria for use in the performance evaluation and
pp. 1161-1167, 1998.
design of such engines as well as use in performance
The purpose of this paper is to study the optimal comparisons with existing terrestrial solar power plants.
performance for an endoreversible Carnot heat pump
WU, Chih, Professor, “Finite Thermal Reservoirs Effects
with a working fluid system consisting of many spin ½
on Power Optimized Continuous Endoreversible Carnot
fermi. The relationship between the optimal heating
Heat Engine Cycles,” International Journal of Power
load and the coefficient of performance (COP) for the
and Energy Systems, v.18, n.2, pp.147-154, 1998.
quantum Carnot heat pump is derived. The optimum
parameters are obtained at a maximum heating load Studies of continuous Carnot cycles with finite thermal
point and at a maximum ecological function point, reservoirs in the past have considered neither the
respectively. Second Law constraints of the cycle, nor the
interdependence between the power cycle operating
WU, Chih, Professor, “Intelligent Computer Aided
temperatures and the initial and final reservoir
Analysis of a Rankine/Rankine Combined Cycle,”
temperatures themselves. In this work, it is shown that,
53
when these are considered, the upper and lower power steady-flow shaft-powered components.
optimized operating cycle temperatures can be semi-
WU, Chih, Professor, “Progress in Finite Time
decoupled from each other. They remain coupled only
Thermodynamics,” Progress in Physics, v.18, n.4, pp.
through an expression for â opt stemming from the
395-422, 1998.
Second Law constraint formulation.
The historical literature in finite time thermodynamics
(FTT) is surveyed. The state of the art and the future
Instruction of a Heat Pump,” Computers in Education
development of FTT are also discussed.
Journal, v.8, n.3, pp. 36-42, 1998.
WU, Chih, Professor, “Performance Characteristics of
The Rankine vapor cycle plays a very important role in
Fluid Power Converters,” Journal of the Institute of
heat pumps. It is an integral part in teaching courses of
Energy, v.71, n.486, pp. 209-215, 1998.
engineering thermodynamics. The vapor heat pump
cycle analysis is long and tedious. It is very necessary The endoreversible thermodynamic theory of heat
to obtain the cycle performance quickly and accurately engines is extended to fluid flow power converters. The
in the classroom. This paper describes the use of useful power can be extracted from the piston and
intelligent computer aided software in teaching vapor cylinder apparatus. The correlation between power
heat pumps. Historical evolution and several differently output and efficiency is derived based on a linear flow
arranged vapor heat pumps are demonstrated. resistance relationship. The influences of the
Objectives for improvements, constraints, and piston-cylinder friction and nonlinear flow resistance
consequently design, which cannot be easily relationships on the performance of the converter are
accomplished the conventional way, are emphasized. also analyzed in this paper. Performance optimization is
Using the software increases student interest and undertaken based on the overall size constraints. This
homework problem solving ability. paper also develops an analogy among the fluid flow
power converters, endoreversible heat engines,
endoreversible isothermal chemical engines, classical
Design of Geothermal Plants,” Renewable Energy, v.16,
reversible heat engines, and ideal motor powered by an
n.4, pp. 2713-2717, 1998.
electrical battery. The results can be applied to the
This paper describes the use of an intelligent computer performance analyses and optimization for many
aided software in design and possible refinements of steady-flow shaft-powered components.
geothermal plants. The traditional geothermal cycle
design is long and tedious. Obtaining accurate cycle
Sensitivity Analysis of a Multi-stage Brayton/Rankine
performance quickly is necessary in the design process.
Combined Cycle,“ Energy Conversion and
Objectives for improvements, which cannot be easily
Management, v.40, n.2, pp. 215-232, 1999.
accomplished using the conventional methods are
emphasized. Utilizing the software increases engineers In the design and operation of a power system,
interest and design ability in geothermal plants. significant resources must be utilized in order to
maximize the system thermal efficiency. Sensitivity
analysis of a multi-stage Brayton/Rankine combined
Fluid Power Converters,” Journal of the Institute of
cycle is performed in this paper. Traditional cycle
Energy, v.71, n.486, pp. 209-215, 1998.
sensitivity analysis is long and tedious process. This
The endoreversible thermodynamic theory of heat paper describes the use of an intelligent computer
engines is extended to fluid power converters. This software to obtain the sensitivity analysis of the
paper also develops an analogy among the fluid flow combined cycle quickly and accurately.
power converters, endoreversible heat engines,
WU, Chih, Professor, “Performance Analysis for
endoreversible isothermal chemical engines, classical
Endoreversible Closed Regenerated Brayton Heat Pump
reversible heat engines, and ideal motor powered by an
Cycles,” Energy Conversion and Management, v.40,
electrical battery. The results can be applied to the
n.4, pp. 393-406, 1999.
performance analyses and optimization for many
54
Finite-time thermodynamic performance of isentropic Performance analysis of a real power cycle has been
closed regenerated Brayton heat pump cycles coupled performed using finite time thermodynamics. The
to constant and variable temperature heat reservoirs analytical formula about the relationships between
has been analyzed in this paper. The relationship power output and pressure ratio, and between
between heating load and pressure ratio, between COP efficiency and pressure ratio of a real closed
and the heat resistance losses in the heat exchangers, regenerated Brayton cycle coupled to variable
between the working fluid and the high, and low temperature hear reservoirs are derived.
temperature heat reservoirs and the regenerator are
determined. A numerical example is also given.
Optimization of Power and Energy Systems,”
WU, Chih, Professor, “Effect of Heat Transfer Law on Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,
the Performance of a Generalized Irreversible Carnot Part A, Journal of Power and Energy, v.213, n.A1, pp. 1-
Engine,” Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, v.32, 6, 1999.
pp. 99-105, 1999.
CyclePad, an intelligent computer aided instruction
In a classical endoreversible Carnot engine model, (ICAI) software package is described. It can be used for
irreversibility in the form of heat resistance between the design, analysis and improvement of power and energy
reversible Carnot cycle and its heat reservoirs is taken systems. Performance and sensitivity analysis of a
into account. This paper presents a generalized Brayton cycle are discussed in order to illustrate its
reversible Carnot engine model that incorporates capabilities.
several internal irreversibilities such as heat leak,
WU, Chih, Professor, “Transient Flow Analysis on the
friction,turbulence, etc. These added irreversibilities are
Regenerator Tube of a Magnetic Heat Pump,”
characterized by a constant parameter and a constant
International Journal of Power and Energy Systems,
coefficient. The relationship between optimal power
v.19, n.1, pp. 38-47, 1999.
output and efficiency is derived based on a generalized
heat transfer law. The effect of heat leakage, internal This paper presents a numerical study of the transient
irreversibilities and heat transfer law on the optimal flow phenomena in the regenerator tube of a magnetic
performance of the generalized irreversible heat engine heat pump. The problem is solved using the Navier-
are investigated. Stokes equations with a body force term in the
momentum equation. The results show that a 40 K
WU, Chih, Professor, “Optimum Performance of an
temperature span can be reached in 10 minutes of
Irreversible Stirling Crycooler,” International Journal of
charge time through the use of a 7-T magnetic field.
Ambient Energy, v.20, n.1, pp. 39-44, 1999.
Using the second approach, temperature stratification
An irreversible simplified model for a Stirling crycooler in the regenerator fluid column is clearly indicated
is presented in this paper. This model takes into through temperature contours. The regenerator
account the finite rate heat transfer, finite time evolution efficiency and energy delivery rates when heating load
of the cycle’s regenerative process and the friction and cooling load are applied are also calculated.
irreversibility. The maximum cooling load and the
corresponding coefficient of performance at the
an Endoreversible Stirling Refrigerator,” International
maximum cooling load are derived. The effects of the
Journal of Power and Energy Systems, v.19, n.1, pp. 79-
regenerative time, finite rate heat transfer and friction on
82, 1999.
the optimal COP at the maximum cooling load are found.
A numerical example demonstrates the relationship An endoreversible Stirling refrigerator is modeled in
between the cooling load and the COP. this paper. The performance characteristic relationships
among working fluid temperatures, COP (coefficient of
WU, Chih, Professor, “Performance Analysis for a Real
performance) and cooling load of the endoreversible
Closed Regenerated Brayton Cycle via Methods of
refrigerator are derived in this paper. These equations
Finite Time Thermodynamics,” International Journal of
provide a basis for practicing engineers to design a new
Ambient Energy, v.20, n.2, pp. 95-104, 1999.
refrigerator.
55
WU, Chih, Professor, “Teaching Rankine Cycle by closed gas turbine regenerative cycle is examined. The
Using an Intelligent Computer Aided Instruction analysis focuses on the heat resistances associated
Software,” The International Journal of Mechanical with the hot and cold side heat exchangers as well as
Engineering Education, (in press). with the regenerator of the cycle. The relationships
among power output, thermal efficiency and
This paper describes the use of an ICAI (intelligent
compressor pressure ratio are derived by considering
computer aided instruction) software in teaching
the irreversibilities of heat resistance losses in the three
thermodynamics at the U.S. Naval Academy. Historical
heat exchangers and non-isentropic power losses in
evolution and several different arranged Rankine cycles
compressor and turbine. The results indicate that the
can be demonstrated quickly in classroom. Objectives
power output of the cycle is strongly dependent on the
for improvements, constraints, and consequently
effectivenesses of the three heat exchangers. It is
design, which can not be easily accomplished via
concluded that there exists some optimal temperature
conventional teaching, are emphasized. ICAI evokes
matching among the working fluid of the cycle and the
the intellectual curiosity of students and increases their
working fluid of the surrounding heat reservoirs for
interests and design abilities in thermodynamics.
maximum power production.
WU, Chih, Professor, “Finite Time Thermodynamic
Performance of a Dual Cycle,” International Journal of
Design, Analysis, Optimization and Improvement of
Energy Research, (in press).
Thermodynamic Systems”, pp. 437-444, Thermodynamic
Finite-time thermodynamic analysis of an air-standard Optimization of Complex Energy Systems (Book editors:
internal combustion Dual cycle is performed in this A. Bejan and E. Mamut), Kluwer Academic Publishers,
paper. The relationship between the net work output Netherland, 1999.
and efficiency of the cycle is derived. The maximum net
An artificial intelligence technique based software for
work output and the corresponding efficiency limit of
computer aided design, analysis, optimization and
the cycle with heat transfer considerations are found.
improvement of thermodynamic systems is described.
Detailed numerical examples are given. The results
This paper describes the implementation of the software
obtained herein provide a guide to the performance
into the engineering curriculum at the U.S. Naval
evaluation and improvement for practical internal
Academy. It is concluded that intelligent computer
combustion engines.
aided instruction teaching and design is not only in the
WU, Chih, Professor, “Effect of Heat Resistance on the future of education, but will also be an effective design
Performance of Closed Gas Turbine Regenerative tool for engineering students.
Cycles,” International Journal of Power and Energy
Systems, (in press.)
The effect of heat resistance on the performance of a
Technical Reports
MORAN, A. L., Associate Professor, Midshipman determine the advantages and problems associated with
Catherine Westover, USN, and Midshipman Britton mechanical testing of high temperature composites,
Smith, USN, "Ceramic Matrix Composites Evaluation”, with an emphasis on Ceramic Matrix Composites
USNA Engineering and Weapons Report EW-05-98, (CMC). The literature indicated that mechanical testing
June 1998. of ceramic composites is difficult and costly due to the
brittle nature of the materials, their anisotropic
An overview of the current literature concerning
properties and the time-consuming fabrication and
composites and composites testing was done to
machining processes. It would be advantageous to
56
define a simple, cost-effective screening test to assess Engineering Department’s Materials Lab performed
mechanical strength. A simple 3- point bend test was optical and electron microscopy in an effort to
utilized in conjunction with Archimedes density determine the processing methods utilized to form the
measurements and scanning electron microscopy to ship’s fittings.
determine the effect of fiber architecture, CMC
RATCLIFFE, C. P., Associate Professor, “Correcting a
structure, and specimen orientation on specimen
Significant and Consistent Error in the Modal Damping
strength. It was found that an increased amount of
Obtained Using Transient Vibration Data,” USNA
fiber pullout and running of the cracks indicated and
Engineering and Weapons Report EW-2-98, 1998.
caused a higher fracture stress. Additionally, the
methods used for obtaining densities and fracture This report investigates the experimental vibration
stress were evaluated and determined to be technique of impact excitation when used to obtain
inconsistent in determining component properties. frequency response functions. It is shown that current
practices introduce a consistent error in the derived
MORAN, A. L., Associate Professor and Midshipman
modal damping estimates. The error can be significant,
Justin Carsten, USN, USNA Engineering and Weapons
with levels of damping being wrongly predicted by a
Report EW-06-98, "Wear Properties of Materials”, June
factor of three or more. The report identifies the source
1998
of the error. It then derives and presents a simple
Wear is the damage to a solid surface by the correction to be applied to the observed modal damping
displacement or removal of material by another moving estimates. The procedure is demonstrated by
material. There are numerous methods of wear testing, experiment.
many of which are expensive and time consuming.
RATCLIFFE, C. P., Associate Professor and Crane, R.
These techniques generally have four parameters -
M., “Mechanical Vibration Testing Results of Acoustic
contact velocity, contact area, contact pressure, and
Test Panels,”, NSWCCD-65-TR-1998/20, December
entry angle which can be varied to compare materials
1998.
and lubricants in a theoretical setting or to simulate an
actual mechanical situation. The purpose of this This report describes the mechanical vibration testing
experiment was to develop a low cost demonstrator that of two graphite reinforced composite plates. The plates
can be used to introduce engineering students to the were tested in a free-free boundary condition up to a
concepts of wear. A device was found that can create frequency of approximately 6 kHz. The plates were
abrasive or adhesive wear depending on materials. The designed to assess two different damping treatments.
unmodified device is simple and inexpensive as They consisted of a 1.37 inch thick carbon epoxy
provided, but results were difficult to quantify. structural section with a 0.13 inch thick region on one
Modifications were made to the basic equipment to side for each treatment. One plate used a conventional
control experimental variables and make the experiment constrained layer design, while the other used a thin
quantitative. Also, a process was developed for testing free layer of fiber reinforced urethane. The results
which improves repeatability and precision. showed that while the constrain layer damped plate has
a higher energy dissipation potential, it also has a
MORAN, A. L., Associate Professor and Midshipman
reduced stiffness. There is also some localized modal
Sarah Self, USN, “Copper Processing in the Late 1700's:
behavior, which suggests it may also be reduced in
HMS DeBraak Reveals History”, Engineering and
strength.
Weapons Report EW-15-98, December 1998.
RATCLIFFE, C. P., Associate Professor, Crane, C. P.,
The Delaware State Museums, De Braak Hull
Capone, D., and Koudela, K.. “Standardized Procedure
Committee, contacted the U.S. Naval Academy as a
for Experimental Vibration,” NSWCCD-65-TR-1998/21.
research institute to help in the conservation of the De
Braak's hull, a British vessel which sunk off the The experimental determination of structural or material
Delaware shore in the late 1700's. In conjunction with damping as a function of frequency can be a
an effort involving compositional analysis performed complicated task. The observed values can apparently
by the USNA Physics Department, the Mechanical change between experiments. This report includes a
57
proposed standardized test procedure which aims to acoustic signature. The cylinder design was previously
reduce these variations in modal damping. The tested without end joints. In addition, the composite
standard focuses on four main area where variations in joint design was previously tested but only in a one
test procedures can introduce differences: a) dimensional form. This effort experimentally determines
preparation and support of the structure; b) selection, the modal response and damping performance of a full-
preparation and use of transducers and equipment; c) scale submersible section which could be retrofitted
setting up the analyzer; and d) data analysis and into an existing underwater vehicle. In addition to the
reduction. damping of the cylinder system, the transmissibility
was also measured. The modal technique used
RATCLIFFE, C. P., Associate Professor and Crane, R.
provided data of high quality. The custic performance
M., “A Comparison of the Dynamic Performance of Two
of the new configuration resulted in improvements in
Full-Scale Cylindrical Structures,” NSWCCD-65-TR-
both transmissibility and damping over an existing
1998/22.
submersible system, Orion.
This report present the results of modal testing of two
composite cylinders with metallic end joints. Both the
cylinder and the end joints were designed as part of an
effort to provide a submersible system which has low
Presentations
BARTON, Oscar, Jr., Associate Professor, FLACK, Karen, A., Associate Professor, Saylor, J. R.,
“Approximate Methods for Composite Structural Smith, G. B., “Surface Temperature and Subsurface
Mechanics,” Army Materials Lab, Aberdeen Proving Velocity Near a Free Surface,” 51st Annual Meeting
Ground, Aberdeen, MD, January 1999. American Physical Society Fluid Dynamics Division,
Philadelphia, PA, November 22-24, 1998.
BARTON, Oscar, Jr., Associate Professor, “Computer
Methods in Composite Mechanics,” Howard University JOYCE, James A., Professor, “Application of Master
Graduate Student Seminar, Washington, DC, March Curve Technology to Biaxial and Shallow Crack
1999. Fracture Data for A533B Steels,” 19th International
Symposium on Effects of Radiation on Materials,
BURKHARDT, John, Assistant Professor, “Structural
ASTM E10, Seattle, WA, June 10-13, 1998.
Damage Identification Using Free Decays,” 136th
Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Norfolk, JOYCE, James A., Professor, “Development of
VA, October 1998. Consistent Size Criteria for ASTM Combined Fracture
Mechanics Standards, 30th National Symposium on
BURKHARDT, John, Assistant Professor,
Fatigue and Fracture, ASTM E08, St. Louis, MO, June
“Characterization of Complex Systems from Inverse
22-25, 1998.
Radiative Transfer Measurements,” 137th Meeting of the
Acoustical Society of America, Berlin, Germany, March JOYCE, James A., Professor, “Evaluation of the
1999. Proposed ASTM Normalization Method Using ASTM
Round Robin Data and Other Data,” ASTM E08.08.02
BURKHARDT, John, Assistant Professor, “Diffuse
Task Group Meeting, ASTM Committee Week, Seattle,
Wave Mechanics: Theory and Application,” University
WA, May 17-19, 1999.
of Maryland, College Park, MD, May 1999.
LINK, Richard E., Assistant Professor, “Guidelines for
FLACK, Karen, A., Associate Professor, Pruitt, B.,
Measuring the Fracture Toughness of Shallow Cracks -
Callari, M. J., “Velocity Measurements in the Flow
Proposed Appendix for ASTM E1820,” presented at
Around a Rotating End Mill,,” ASME Fluids
Task Group E08.08.02, 1998 ASTM Fall Committee
Engineering Division Summer Meeting, Washington,
Week, Norfolk, VA, November 3, 1998.
DC, June 22-25, 1998.
58
MINER, Steven M., Associate Professor, “Evaluation Corporation, Colorado Springs, CO, December 14-15,
of Blade Passage Analysis Using Coarse Grids,” 1998.
presented at the U.S.-Japan Seminar on Abnormal Flow
RATCLIFFE, Colin, Associate Professor, “Locating
Phenomena in Turbomachines, Osaka, Japan,
Damage in Beams Using Experimental Broadband
November 1998.
Vibration Data,’ VibroAcoustic Characterization of
MINER, Steven M., Associate Professor, “Evaluation Advanced Materials and Structures, International
of Blade Passage Analysis Using Coarse Grids,” Mechanical Engineering Conference and Exposition,
presented at the 3rd ASME/JSME Joint Fluids American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Anaheim,
Engineering Conference, San Francisco, CA, July 1999. CA, November 1998.
MINER, Steven M., Associate Professor, RATCLIFFE, Colin, Associate Professor, “Low-Cost,
“Complementary Usage of Mathematica and IDEAS in Large-Scale Composite Manufacturing for Naval
Mechanism Design,” presented at the ASEE Annual Structures,” International Conference on On-Line
Conference, Charlotte, NC, June 1999. Sensing and Control for Liquid Molding of Composite
Structures, ONR and advanced Materials Intelligent
MORAN, Angela L., Associate Professor,
Processing Center (AMIPC) University of Delaware,
“Incorporating Design Aspects into Materials
Annapolis, MD, April 14-15, 1999.
Engineering Curriculum,” ASEE Regional Meeting,
Howard University, Washington, DC, November 1998. VOLINO, Ralph J., Assistant Professor, Flack, Karen A.,
Associate Professor, and Niewoehner, R. J.,
MORAN, Patrick J., Professor, David A. Shifler and
“Presentation of Research Capabilities and Interests in
Jerome Druger, “Passivity and Breakdown of Passivity
Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer at the U.S. Naval
of 1018 Carbon Steel in PC-DME-H20 Mixtures,” 194th
Academy,” Aerodynamics Competency Branch,
Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, Boston, MA,
NAVAIR, Patuxent River, MD, December 3, 1998.
November 1998.
VOLINO, Ralph J., Assistant Professor, “Boundary
MORAN, Patrick J., Professor, D. A. Shifler and J.
Layer Separation and Transition Under Low-Pressure
Kruger, “The Influence of Water on Passivity and
Turbine Conditions,” Seminar for the Laboratory for
Breakdown of Fe, Ni, and Ferrous Alloys in Organic
Computational Physics, NRL, Washington, DC, April
Solvent Solutions, 8th International Symposium on the
12, 1999.
Passivity of Metals and Semiconductors, Jasper
Alberta, Canada, May 1999. VOLINO, Ralph J., Assistant Professor, “Research
Interests and USNA Facilities,” presented to the
MORAN, Patrick J., Professor, “A Brief Review of Past
Mechanical Engineering Department at the University
Work Plus Recent Work on Urethane Coated Propellor
of Maryland, as one of several presentations by USNA
Technology,” 1999 Jerome Kruger Award presentation,
and University of Maryland Mechanical Engineering
NACE International Meeting, Washington, DC, June
faculty, College Park, MD, May 14, 1999.
17, 1999.
MORAN, Patrick J., Professor, Ensign Brandon W.
Design, Analysis, Optimization and Improvement of
Davis, USN, and Paul M. Natishan, “Metastable Pitting
Thermodynamic Systems,” pp. 99-107, Proceedings of
Behavior of Single Crystal Surfaces of Pure Aluminum,”
NATO Advanced Study Summer Institute of
194th Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, Boston,
Thermodynamics and the Optimization of Complex
MA, November 1999.
Energy Systems, Neptun, Constantza, Romania, July 13-
PALMER, Sheila, C., Assistant Professor, “Research 14, 1998.
Interests,” Meeting with University Maryland, Thermal
Sciences Faculty, College Park, MD, May 14, 1999.
Design of Geothermal Plants,” pp. 2713-2717, Part IV,
PUZINAUSKAS, Paulius V., Assistant Professor, Proceedings of World Renewable Engress V. Florence,
“Engine Combustion Analysis Demonstration, Italy, September 20-25, 1998.
Advanced Engine Technology Conference,” Superflow
59
WU, Chih, Professor, “Intelligent Computer Aided Division, International Mechanical Engineering
Design, Analysis, Optimization and Improvement of Congress and Exposition, Anaheim, CA, November 15-
Combined Cycles,” pp. 63-66, AES Volume 38, 20, 1998.
Proceedings of the ASME Advanced Energy Systems
DEPARTMENT OF
Naval Architecture,
Ocean and Marine Engineering
Professor Bruce C. Nehrling
Chair
All three departmental disciplines in the Naval both funded and unfunded research activities,
Architecture, Ocean and Marine Engineering significant use was made of the outstanding
Department were active in scholarly research and experimental, computational, and library facilities
professional development during the 1998-99 Academic available to this department. The department supported
Year. As faculty members and midshipmen undertook two Trident Scholars and eighteen independent
60
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, OCEAN AND MARINE ENGINEERING
research projects during this academic year. adhesives in ship construction. Other projects
The department’s faculty continues to participate involved thermal protection of divers during deep
actively in professional meetings and conferences, diving operations, experiments on the resistive
both nationally and internationally. They published in breathing effort associated with underwater breathing
professional journals and other technical publications apparatus, safety and engineering aspects of ship
and presented research results at national and navigation channel design and maintenance, and the
international symposia. An energized and current analysis of toxins in near shore sediments.
academic environment for both core and major courses
is but one outcome of this department's broad and • Marine Engineering topics included propeller
significant involvement in research. cavitation noise, advanced ideas for nuclear propulsion
The broad spectrum of research themes reflects the plants, simulated reactor performance, power sources
varied specialties of the department's three technical for unmanned undersea vehicles, reduction of
areas of concentration. emissions from marine power plants, combustion of
shipboard solid wastes, heat pipe design, and the
• Naval Architecture topics included the study and continued study of thermophotovoltaic direct energy
experimental testing of compressive loads on composite conversion systems. Other research included the study
panels - including ultimate strength and failure of radiation effects on DRAM devices, photon and
characteristics, the durability of marine composites, the neutron responses of various LiF thermoluminescent
ultimate strength of stiffened steel panels under detectors, hazardous waste remediation,
combined loads, and the conceptual design of a human reliability-centered maintenance procedures, and neural
powered hydrofoil. Experimental predictions of network applications to econometric problems.
propeller performance and experiments involving the
powering and seakeeping characteristics of trimaran Research funding was made available from many
hull forms were conducted in the Hydromechanics sources including department operating funds, the
Laboratory. Trident Scholar Program, and contracts and grants from
the Office of Naval Research; the Dahlgren, Panama
• Ocean Engineering topics included the study of City, and Carderock offices of the Naval Surface
wave groups, modeling of extreme waves - both in Warfare Center; the Naval Sea Systems Command; the
random seas and against coastal structures, Naval Dosimetry Center; the National Science
experimental testing of floating structures, and Foundation; the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the
developing wind and flood loading factors for fixed Institute for Water Resources; the American Society of
structures. In materials and structures, research Civil Engineers; the Department of Energy and the
projects dealt with the effect of defects on the ultimate Knowles Atomic Power Laboratory; the Naval Research
strength of composite panels, the analysis of Laboratory; the Naval Facilities Engineering Services
adhesively bonded composite joints, the flaw criticality Center; the Applied Physics Laboratory; the American
of GRP sandwich panels, fiber steering techniques for Bureau of Shipping; 3M; and the Society of Naval
lightweight composite structures, retrofitting reinforced Architects and Marine Engineering.
concrete beams with composite skins, and structural
Sponsored Research
The Analysis of Cavitation Noise from a Propeller
Researcher: Associate Professor Martin R. Cerza

Sponsors: Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division (NSWCCD) and
Office of Naval Research (ONR)
61
The purpose of this investigation is to resolve the present. The program is to establish mathematically the
sound spectra emanating from two different sound difference in sound spectra, and then confirm
sources during the cavitation of a ship’s propeller. The experimentally with the aid of a water column made to
first source is the growth and collapse of vapor bubbles cavitate. The results will then be compared to
on the propeller surface. The second source is the propulsor data taken from various NSWC sea tests.
entrainment of air bubbles into the propeller flow field
and consequent oscillation due to the turbulent eddies
Evaluation and Design of Heat Pipes for High Temperature Applications
Researchers: Associate Professor Martin R. Cerza and Professor Keith W. Lindler

Sponsor: Department of Energy (DOE)
The United States Naval Academy is tasked with the team designed, constructed and tested a flat heat pipe.
design and fabrication of a flat heat pipe to demonstrate Preliminary results show that it does have promise as
the feasibility of its use as an emitter for a an emitter for TPV applications. Its feasibility for TPV
thermophotovoltaic (TPV) energy converter. The USNA cell cooling is also being investigated.
Wave Groups and Wave Breaking in Random Seas
Researcher: Professor Thomas H. Dawson

Wave groups in random deep-water waves are being statistics derived from Markov theory for wave runs.
studied experimentally using the Naval Academy's 380 Most recent work has been concerned with the effects
foot wave/towing tank. Results to date have been of breaking waves on group statistics. The work is
compared with theoretical work that accounts for continuing under ONR sponsorship.
nonlinear effects on crest amplitudes. Recent work has
been concerned with investigation of wave-group
The Design and Construction of a High Temperature Photon Emitter

for a Thermophotovoltaic Generator
Researchers: Associate Professor Mark J. Harper (PI) and Professor Keith W. Lindler
Sponsor: Department of Energy (via Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory (KAPL))
The United States Naval Academy was tasked with the demonstrated that the theoretical model adequately
design and fabrication of a combustor/emitter which is predicted the thermal profile of the high temperature
compatible with a DOE furnished thermophotovoltaic photon emitter. Data also supports using a similar gas-
(TPV) power module. to-gas heat exchanger as the source of photons for use
The USNA team (Professors Harper and Lindler, as in TPV direct energy conversion schemes.
well as several previous Trident Scholars) designed and
constructed an emitter module that was attached to the
T-58 gas turbine and tested in August 1998. The results
62
Characterization and Remediation of Thorium Contaminated Soils at Sites

Within Kirtland Air Force Base
Researchers: Professor Martin E. Nelson (PI) and Associate Professor Mark J. Harper
Sponsor: Naval Research Laboratory (NRL)
Eight sites at Kirtland Air Force Base (KAFB) have remediation can commence it is necessary to fully
been intentionally contaminated with Th-232 characterize the contaminated soil, with particular
compounds in order to provide realistic training emphasis on geophysical analysis and relationships
scenarios for Defense Department personnel. In between soil grain size and radionuclear content.
response to the Comprehensive Environmental Following this analysis various remediation methods
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), will be proposed.
KAFB has initiated an Installation Remediation Program
(IRP) for complete environmental restoration. Before
Characterization of the Interservice Nuclear Weapons School (INWS) Site

at Kirtland Air Force Base (KAFB)
Researchers: Professor Martin E Nelson, Associate Professor Mark J. Harper and R. August (NRL)
This project involves performing site characterization at recommendations to Kirtland AFB personnel
four sites formerly utilized by the Interservice Nuclear concerning potential future remediation actions that
Weapons School (INWS). The sites were contaminated may be required to properly restore the sites. A final
with thorium, in order to provide training to DoD report was issued in November 1998.
personnel who would then be available to respond to a Two presentations have been given at technical
potential nuclear emergency. The project involves conferences on the results obtained by the project. The
performing geophysical and chemical tests, as well as first conference presentation, which was entitled
soil sample collection and analysis at the four sites. “Characterization of Thorium in Soil at the INWS” was
Following sample collection, radionuclide analysis was
performed by gamma spectroscopy. In addition, the
collected soil samples were sieved in order to determine presented to the 1998 annual Health Physics Society
if there is a higher concentration of the contaminant in meeting in July, 1998 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The
a given particle size. A chemical analysis was also second presentation, which was entitled
performed in order to determine if various non- “Environmental Remediation Research” was presented
radioactive contaminants are present, and hence if a at the 1998 Symposium on Radiation Measurements and
mixed waste problem exists at the sites. The Applications in May, 1998 in Ann Arbor, Michigan. A
journal article entitled “Mixed Waste Characterization
in Soil,” was published in 1999 in Nuclear Instruments
project will continue through the upcoming and Methods in Physics Research (Section A).
intersessional period in order to develop
Advanced Concepts for Naval Nuclear Propulsion Plants
63
Researcher: Associate Professor Mark J. Harper
Sponsor: Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory (KAPL)
Various designs of thermophotovoltaic direct energy by the Joint Chiefs of Staff (“Joint Vision 2010") and
conversion devices were evaluated and tested. Some the Department of the Navy (“Forward...From the Sea)
innovative energy conversion methodologies using documents, as well as other high level guidance from
heat pipes for transport of heat were studied. Research the Defense Department, including that specified in the
continues on an advanced energy delivery system that Defense Science Board’s special task force, “The
is capable of supplying power for submersibles of Future of the Submarine.”
various sizes, from small unmanned vehicles to full-size
submarines. Particular attention is paid to integration of
advanced propulsion schemes with the vision outlined
Development of Load Factors for Combined Wind and Flood Events
Researchers: Professor David L. Kriebel and Professor Gregory J. White

Sponsor: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
In this project, load factors for coastal wind and flood approach in which a single factor, termed a factor of
loading on buildings are derived for inclusion in the safety, is applied to the sum of all loads acting on the
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Standard building. At present, the ASCE building standards do
ASCE-7-98 “Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and not account for flood loads, nor do they account for the
Other Structures,” a peer-reviewed set of building simultaneous occurrence of extreme wind and flood
standards that can be incorporated into local, state, and loads. This project involves three major phases: (1) the
national building codes. The design of both residential development of a national database on simultaneous
and commercial buildings is increasingly based on a wind and flood events for hurricanes in coastal regions,
load and resistance factor design (LRFD) format in (2) the development of a database on simultaneous
which each type of load on the building, e.g., dead load, wind and flood loadings on buildings in coastal
live load, wind load, etc., is multiplied by a unique regions, and (3) the development of load factors to
partial safety factor to account for the statistical account for the statistical variability in extreme wind
variability and uncertainty in the load. This is in and flood loads.
contrast to the more traditional working stress design
Model Testing of a Mobile Offshore Base Module
Researchers: Professor David L. Kriebel and Louise Wallendorf (Hydromechanics Laboratory)

Sponsors: Office of Naval Research (ONR) and Naval Facilities Engineering Services Center
This project involved small-scale physical model The structure would consist of five modules linked end-
testing of one semi-submersible module of the Mobile to-end. Each module would be a semi-submersible
Offshore Base (MOB), a future-generation floating air floating platform, 1000 feet long and 400 feet wide, with
base currently being investigated for its technical a draft of about 40 feet when transiting across the
feasibility. The overall MOB platform considered in this ocean and a draft of about 100 feet when ballasted
project would be about 5000 feet long, 400 feet wide, down for air take-off and landing operations. If
with a total height from keel to deck of about 250 feet. constructed, this structure would be much larger than
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any semi-submersible platform now in use. to-70, and was thus more than 14 feet long, almost 6 feet
The USNA research effort involved two distinct wide, and about 3.5 feet high. Initial testing was
phases: (1) construction of a scale model of a single performed in January 1999 with the model held
module of the MOB platform and (2) testing of this stationary in the wave tank, and additional tests were
model in the large wave/towing tank located in the completed in March 1999 with the model towed at
Naval Academy Hydromechanics Laboratory. The various forward speeds. In each set of tests, severe
purpose of these tests was to evaluate the dynamic ocean sea states were simulated and the resulting
motions of such a large semi-submersible in heave, motions of the platform were recorded. Results of these
pitch, and roll, specifically in the transit condition. The tests are being analyzed during the summer of 1999 and
MOB model was built in the Technical Support Division will be presented at the Very Large Floating Structures
(TSD) shops in Rickover Hall during the summer and Conference in September 1999.
fall of 1998. The model was built using a scale ratio of 1-
Durability of Marine Composites
Researcher: Assistant Professor Paul H. Miller

Sponsors: American Bureau of Shipping, TPI, Maricomp (materials only)
This project is part of the investigator’s doctoral simulated. Additionally, the coupon and panel results
research and focuses on the fatigue durability of are compared to full-size vessel tests. Results during
fiberglass (e-glass/polyester) marine composites. These the January 1999 - June 1999 period include transferring
materials have been commonly used to construct hulls, the materials and models from the University of
decks and superstructures of small craft for the last California at Berkeley to the Naval Academy, correlation
three decades. Recently the Navy and others have of the USNA test equipment, continued moisture
constructed larger craft with these materials but exposure, design and construction of the compression
concerns exist whether the methods developed to and panel test jigs, testing of coupons, development of
predict fatigue effects are accurate. the finite element models and preparation for the on-
To validate these methods this project looks at the-water tests. Additional time was spent
standard coupon test results and compares them with incorporating the findings into the draft dissertation.
proposed panel test methods. The comparisons The project will continue through the summer on a
include both physical and numerical (finite element Naval Academy Research Council (NARC) grant and
analysis) methods. Long-term exposure to the marine will conclude in the fall.
environment moisture effects are also tested and
Flaw Criticality in Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Sandwich Panels
Researcher: Associate Professor Sarah E. Mouring

A study to quantify the defects of glass reinforced the Ship Structures Laboratory at the U.S. Naval
plastic (GRP) panels was performed. In the past, these Academy was utilized to conduct the testing. Forty-
effects have not been quantified adequately in Navy two panels were tested under in-plane compressive
ships. The use of composites in Navy ship design is forces using the Panel Test Fixture. Five panels were
expected to expand in the future. Therefore, this study baseline panels and the other ones had structural
will be beneficial to the Navy’s interest. For this study, defects such as disbonding of core and skin or impact
65
damage. The panels were sandwich construction with stiffness data were collected which will allow a
balsa or foam cores with dimensions of 3 feet by 4 feet. comparison between the baseline values and the values
Testing was completed by Winter 1999. Strength and of the panels with defects.
Behavior of Composite Joints Adhesively Bonded Using an Innovative Joining Method
Researcher: Associate Professor Sarah E. Mouring

Sponsor: National Science Foundation (NSF)
Adhesive structural joints are typically formed by drips and spills, provides a more consistent bond-line,
applying a bead of adhesive to one surface of a and uses less adhesive (typically an expensive
structural part or panel and placing a second structural commodity). It also significantly reduces the amount of
part or panel onto the adhesive bead, compressing it to labor involved in bonding the parts. This research is to
cover all or most of the joint surface. The joint is then develop and evaluate this new joining method.
usually secured by clamping until the adhesive has The research plan involves both experimental and
cured; this curing process can take many hours, often analytical research. As part of the development and
overnight. Structural adhesive tape (similar to double- evaluation of the proposed joining method, analytical
sided carpet tape) is also used to make structural joints, procedures are being developed to model several
however it is usually of much lower strength than the different joint configurations. These models are being
adhesive joint described above. Adhesive tape also used to optimize joint designs. Experimental tests are
can be used to secure a joint while a liquid adhesive being preformed to validate the analytical models. In
cures. The proposed method is a different combination the final year of the grant, analytical and experimental
of liquid adhesive/adhesive tape technology, involving research will be performed on the current joining
the use of adhesive tape to temporarily secure and to method used in Civil Engineering, and compared to the
create a channel between structural parts to be joined. results of the proposed method. Also, guidelines on
The liquid adhesive is then pumped into the channel to testing joints bonded using the new method will be
form a permanent bond. This allows multi-part suggested.
structures to be “tacked” together quickly, checked for
accuracy, and then permanently bonded later by
injecting the adhesive. The method eliminates adhesive
Fiber Steering for Lightweight Affordable Composite Structures
Researchers: Associate Professor Sarah E. Mouring (Naval Architecture, Ocean and Marine
Engineering Department), Associate Prof Oscar Barton (Mechanical Engineering Department),
Professor Gabriel N. Karpouzian (Aerospace Engineering Department),
and Associate Professor Michael Mackney (Aerospace Engineering Department)
The objective of the program was to develop an integrated design for manufacturing/fiber steering
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capability for fiber placement that will achieve optimum survey, investigating current models, and investigating
structural efficiency while producing affordable primary current failure models. The experimental study included
aircraft structure. In the Summer of 1998, technical an assessment of proposed experimental methodology,
support was provided for several aspects of mechanical coupon specimen testing, and investigating empirically-
behavior and testing of composite structures based modeling. Testing will be complete by the
containing non-unidirectional fibers. The research Summer of 1999. At this time, two technical papers on
effort was organized into two main focus groups; the results of the research are being prepared.
theoretical methods and experimental methods. The
theoretical study included performing a literature
A Thermal Capacitor for Breath Heating in a Deep Diving System
Researcher: Professor M. L. Nuckols

Sponsor: Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division (NSWCDD)
The goal of this research project is to develop a passive rewarmed to at least 60oF prior to being inhaled by the
heat capacitor mechanism inside the heat exchanger of diver. A thermal capacitor is being designed and tested
a helmet used in saturation diving systems which will to satisfy this gas warming function as a backup in the
allow divers to reach a safe refuge in their personnel event of failure of the existing gas heating systems.
transfer capsule (i.e., diving bell) in the event of a While several options exist for the design, a phase
heating system failure. Under normal deep diving change material looks most promising. Major
operations, divers receive a heliox breathing mixture consideration is being given to design this backup
from their personnel transfer capsule. During the gas capability without sacrificing the performance of the
delivery process, the breathing gas loses a significant existing primary gas heating system.
amount of heat. In order to prevent life-threatening,
cold-induced asthma which would result by breathing
cold, dense helium-rich mixtures, the gas must be
Reliability Centered Maintenance
Researcher: Associate Professor Kenneth L. Tuttle

Sponsor: Naval Sea Systems Command, Surface Ship Maintenance Office (NAVSEA 915)
The Maintenance Engineering Laboratory portion of the DEMA, Diesel Engine Monitoring and Analysis
the Diesel Engine-Room Laboratory was upgraded to System several years ago and is currently being
MCAS, Machinery Condition Assessment System, from upgraded to ICAS, the Integrated Condition
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Assessment System. Upgrading to ICAS will bring the IDAX 100 computer which controls data acquisition,
Naval Academy Maintenance Engineering Laboratory monitors alarm conditions, makes log sheets, maintains
up to the level of Diesel Engine Monitoring and trend analyses and offers some expert system capability
Analysis found in the fleet. The ICAS components and has a unique operating system. The new PC Interface
hardware include a computer that has been placed in has made a dramatic improvement in the quality of the
the budget and ICAS software that will be added as an instruction being given the midshipmen in modern
upgrade when the computer upgrade arrives. The maintenance concepts. The diesel engine has been
system has an OPTO22 electronic data acquisition modified to allow measurement of cylinder firing
devices for slow speed A/D conversion at 1Hz and an pressures. Also, a probe to allow vibrations analysis
IDAX100 high speed data logger and an A/D converter on the engine and nearby equipment has been added to
operating at 50kHz for vibrations and cylinder firing the basic DEMA System.
pressures analyses. Recent upgrades allow operation
of the DEMA System on the GM 3-71 Diesel
Engine/Generator Set using a Personal Computer. The
Environmental Text

Sponsor: Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME)
The Environmental Panel of SNAME, in a joint effort technology available to treat those environmental
with the Environmental Engineering Committee of problems and the regulations pertaining to marine
American Society of Naval Engineers (ASNE), is writing pollution. The effort was extended to include
a reference text: The Principles of Environmental Design participation by the ASNE Environmental Division to
and Operation of Ships.. Planning for the text has help plan the text, to increase the pool of authors and to
progressed and three additional members have been increase the justification for such a text.
appointed to the Environmental Committee. The text will
be a comprehensive review of the environmental
problems recognized to exist aboard ships as well as the
Impacts of Navigation Trends on Channel Usage and Design
Researchers: Assistant Professor Jennifer K. Waters,

Professor David L. Kriebel and Associate Professor Robert H. Mayer
Sponsor: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Water Resources (IWR)
68
The goal of this ongoing research study is to improve key first-step in updating these practices is to complete
the design and maintenance of navigation channels in an extensive review of current and future vessel design
order to achieve economic efficiency, reliability, and trends in conjunction with advances in navigation
safety of shipping operations. Specifically, the study channel design during the past 15 years in both the
aims to investigate how changes occurring in the U.S. and abroad.
international shipping industry may impact the Army Another critical element of the work unit is an
Corps of Engineers’ design and maintenance of its investigation into how channels are actually being
channels. The study is also concerned with how maintained and utilized, after the design process has
navigation trends on channel usage may contribute to been completed. This part of the study must
safety, piloting, and maintenance problems. incorporate an analysis of channel accident data, with
A critical element in the work unit is an updated specifics of vessel navigation and dredging operations.
review of both domestic and international practices for This effort is important since it is well-recognized that
the design and maintenance of navigation channels. navigation channels are not necessarily maintained or
Existing design practices used within the Corps of utilized as they were originally designed.
Engineers are summarized in the Engineer Manual (EM) This research effort is at approximately its midpoint,
1110-2-1613 published in 1983. Given the rapidly with about half of the associated interim tasks
changing vessel characteristics of the international completed or near completion.
shipping fleet, an update of the Corps’ design practices
may be warranted to ensure U.S. competitiveness in the
international shipping industry into the next century. A
Marine GRP Sandwich Panel In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Testing
Researcher: Professor Gregory J. White

This project continued work begun in 1997 on the inplane load applied until destruction. The two 6-ft
strength of various configurations of composite panels panel tests were balsa-cored panels under inplane loads
under inplane and lateral loads. During the period of only.
this report, ten 4-ft and two 6-ft panels were tested to The strain records from up to 21 installed gages and
destruction. The 4-ft panel tests included five balsa- deflection measurements from 7 locations were recorded
cored panels and two foam-cored panels tested under along with the applied load. Analysis of the data with
inplane loads only. Three of the 4-ft panels were plotted results were provided along with the data files.
tested, first under lateral pressures up to 16 psi and Each test report included still photographs and in some
then under a constant lateral pressure of 5 psi with cases digital video photography.
Effect of Mechanical and Manufacturing Defects

on the Ultimate Strength Marine Composite Panels
69
Researchers: Professor Gregory J. White and Associate Professor Sarah E. Mouring

Sponsor: Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division (Code 6552)
During the period of the report, fifteen 3’ x 4’ composite in support of ongoing efforts by the Survivability,
sandwich panels with embedded defects (9 with skin-to- Structures, & Materials Directorate, Structures and
core disbonds, 6 with impact damage) were tested in the Composites Department, Marine Composites Branch,
USNA Ship Structures Laboratory grillage test fixture to Mechanics Section of the Naval Surface Warfare
determine the effects of defects on panel structural Center, Carderock Division.
integrity under compressive end loading. This work is
Transport and Transformation of Navy Relevant Toxic Pollutants

in Nearshore Marine Sediments
Researchers: R. Mehta, M. Misra, and J. Seiber (University of Nevada - Reno)

and Assistant Professor Jennifer K. Waters
The harbor areas used by Naval operations are microencapsulated metal-organic-sediment products
considered to be extreme environments because of the will be studied in the water column under dynamic
dynamics of flow, resuspension of sediments and the conditions.
extreme solution chemistry imposed by salt water. The proposed objective will be achieved by
Interplay of these conditions control the co-adsorption conducting a series of six sequential tasks: 1)perform
of organic and inorganic pollutants onto the sediments. microenvironmental characterization of the three real
The resultant inorganic and organometallic compounds sediments procured from the three broad naval
and the microencapsulation of sediment/metal/organic contamination areas (dredged remediation site), leaking
create a perpetual problem for remediation and natural underground storage site and in-situ remediation site
attenuation of toxic pollutants. which will help establish base-line conditions of the
In order to develop an effective in-situ or ex-situ physical, chemical and biological parameters of each of
strategy, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms these environments; 2) perform flocculation, deposition
of adsorption, speciation and transformation of and resuspension studies; 3) understand
pollutants in the harbor environments. In addition, the adsorption/desorption mechanisms of heavy metals in
sediment resuspension, transport and dispersal of a simulated base-line sediment environment; 4)
pollutants also need to be investigated. A fundamental understand binding mechanisms of organic pollutants
study of these processes will provide insight into in a simulated base-line sediment environment; 5)
natural attenuation, remediation, monitoring, and risk develop partitioning mechanisms of Navy relevant
assessment of the marine sediments. On the basis of pollutants in a simulated base-line sediment
this information, a cost-effective and compliance-based environment, and 6) develop dynamic metal
remediation strategy can be developed. partitioning and transport models and verify the
It is proposed to study the co-adsorption/desorption predictions by performing experiments in a settling
of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Pb and Hg) onto column. The research will involve analytical techniques,
sediments in the presence and absence of organic modeling and computational work.
compounds (PAH and PCB's), in both stagnant and
stirred conditions simulating the sediment environment.
The growth kinetics and dispersive transport of
70
Pollution from Ship Stack Emissions
The purpose of this research is to determine whether Engineers. One paper is included in a book titled,
stack emissions from ships can be effectively reduced “Ship Design and Operation in Harmony with the
by modifications to the combustion process or by Environment,” a SNAME Publication. A second paper
adding end-of-pipe devices and whether the exhaust has been published in the Proceedings of the Maritime
emissions should be regulated either nationally or Environmental Symposium ‘95 by the American
internationally. Written input has been submitted to Society of Naval Engineers, ASNE. A paper was
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in an presented at the 1998 SNAME Annual Conference that
attempt to convince the United States not to regulate will be published in its Transactions. This paper is the
ship exhaust emissions, and especially not Navy result of a joint effort that has been developed
ships, as they burn low sulfur fuel already and most between SNAME and ASNE.
have engines that produce low oxides of nitrogen.
Results of this research have been presented to
SNAME, the Society of Naval Architects and Marine
Combustion of Shipboard Solid Wastes
This area of research is one in which the author has published data on the emissions from the combustion
unique expertise and experience. He was appointed to o f
the Naval Studies Board of the National Research solid waste fuels. The data are based on a statistically
Council to study the disposal of solid wastes from ships designed, fractional factorial experiment that includes
because of his expertise in the combustion of solid waste seven independent variables and seven dependent
fuels. The National Research Council is the principle variables. The experiment includes both unsteady
operating agency of the National Academy of Sciences s t a t e
and the National Academy of Engineering. This research experiments as well as steady state experiments. A
has been investigating the possibility of incineration to paper was presented to and published in the
destroy shipboard trash rather than dumping at sea. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on
There is world-wide support for burning to destroy Solid Waste Technology and Management. A second
shipboard combustible wastes. Most of the combustible paper was presented to the 14th Conference in 1998 and
solid wastes generated on Navy ships is on ships having also submitted to the Journal of Solid Wastes. The
incinerators that are being used. The questions are how author has several prior publications on the subject of
to use the incinerators effectively and how to improve solid fuels, combustion and gasification of solid fuels
incinerator design to make it compatible with shipboard and combustion generated emissions.
use as well as emissions regulations. The author has
71

Extreme Wave Modeling in a Background Random Sea
Researcher: Midn 1/C Maria V. Alsina, USN

Advisor: Professor David L. Kriebel
The goal of this project was to develop a technique for for in the random sea) is used to generate a focused
generating extreme or “rogue” waves in the midst of a transient wave by assigning specific phases to each
random sea in a laboratory wave/towing tank. In the wave component so that a large wave coalesces at a
past, large waves have been generated in wave/towing specific place and time in the tank.
tanks with the so-called “transient wave” generation Using this procedure, a total of 39 tests were carried
technique in which various wave components, each out in the 120-foot wave/towing tank in the Naval
with a defined amplitude and frequency, are produced Academy Hydromechanics Laboratory in which the
by the wavemaker with a specified phase shift such that wave energy, wave spectra, percentages of energy in
these waves all arrive at the same time at some location either the random and extreme transient waves were
in the tank, thus forming a single large wave. This is varied. Data analysis indicated one surprising and
unrealistic, however, as the large wave appears by itself unexpected result: that an extreme wave, whose height
and is not preceded or followed by other waves at the is more than two times the significant wave height of
measurement location. the random sea, can be generated with only ten to
In order to obtain a more realistic simulation, this twenty percent of the wave energy being used to create
project sought to insert an extreme or rogue wave into an extreme wave while the other eighty to ninety
a background random sea. This was accomplished by percent of the wave energy goes into the random
splitting a wave spectrum containing a finite amount of background sea. This suggests that only a small
energy into two parts: (a) one part of the spectrum is portion of an open-ocean wave spectrum may be
used to create a background random sea by assigning responsible for very large rogue or freak waves.
a random phase to each wave component in the
spectrum and (b) the second part of the spectrum
(containing the remaining wave energy not accounted
Power Sources for Unmanned Undersea Vehicles (UUVs)
Researcher: Midn 1/C Jason D. Everson, USN

Advisor: Associate Professor Mark J. Harper
The ultimate purpose of the research project was to mission profile was established, different power sources
determine the practicality of powering an unmanned were then examined and compared for optimal
undersea vehicle (UUV) with a nuclear source. The first efficiency. There were several different power sources
part of the project was spent researching the different studied that could be used to power an autonomous
types of unmanned undersea vehicles currently being undersea vehicle for an extended period of time. The
used in industry and in the Navy. A basic mission three main sources studied were rechargeable batteries,
profile was established by researching the possible fuel cells, and radioisotope thermoelectric generators.
missions UUVs could be used for. Once a basic The nuclear sources were examined extensively because
72
they had the greatest possibility of powering a UUV for that could be used for an extended amount of time
an extended amount of time before refueling would greatly increase the practicality of using UUVs
was required. Since power supplies are one of the many for a variety of different missions.
limiting factors in the use of UUVs, finding a source
Use of Radioisotope Thermal Generators (RTGs) as Power Sources

for Unmanned Undersea Vehicles (UUVs)
Researcher: Midn 1/C Jonathan J. Kim, USN

Advisor: Associate Professor Mark J. Harper
This independent research project searched for an screened isotopes for optimal ones and, using multi-
optimal isotope that might serve as a thermal power group nuclear reactor neutron diffusion codes,
source in future unmanned undersea vehicles (UUVs). determined the feasibility of using such isotopes for
Ideally such a candidate would exist naturally as a adjuvant submersible vehicle, specifically UUV, power
stable element and be capable of neutron activation applications. The optimal isotope was determined to be
using existing light water, thermal fission reactors of the Thulium-169, which activates to Thulium-170 and emits
sort found in naval applications. Additionally, the an average of 0.3 MeV per disintegration (beta, 99.87%),
activated isotope would have a relatively short half life with a half-life of 128 days. The result of Thulium-170
(for political and environmental reasons) and provide decay is stable Ytterbium.
sufficient thermal output to generate the electricity
required by typical UUV mission profiles. The project
Effect of Armored Structures on Extreme Breaker Heights
Researcher: Midn 1/C Tyler Sewell, USN

Advisor: Professor David L. Kriebel
The purpose of this research project was to validate the region. In an effort to evaluate Dr. Weggel’s design
Army Corps of Engineers’ design guidance regarding curve, this project includes (a) an evaluation of the
selecting the maximum breaking wave height incident theoretical analysis used to create the design curve,
on coastal structures. The Army Corps of Engineers’ and (b) a series of experiments conducted to test the
Shore Protection Manual (1984) recommends using a accuracy of this design curve for determining incident
design curve derived by Dr. Richard Weggel in 1972. breaking height.
This curve is used to determine the largest wave that
can directly break on a structure in the active beach
Design, Construction, and Analysis of a Flat Heat Pipe
Researcher: Midn 1/C Britt W. Boughey, USN, Trident Scholar

Faculty Advisors: Professor Keith W. Lindler and Associate Professor Martin R. Cerza
Sponsor: Department of Energy (DOE)
Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) energy conversion utilizes photons from a thermal radiator to convert photonic
73
energy to electrical energy. Due to the nature of the walls, but they are also difficult to construct. To date,
system, the thermal radiator must emit uniform radiation only limited analyses of their thermal characteristics
and therefore maintain a uniform temperature profile in have been done for use in performance predictions.
order to achieve maximum efficiency. Heat pipe Therefore, it is necessary to conduct analyses to enable
technology can effectively meet the demand for an consideration of heat pipes for implementation into TPV
isothermal emitter as it utilizes near isobaric phase systems. This report details the design and
changes to transfer heat at a uniform temperature. In construction of a flat heat pipe analysed both in
this project, heat pipes were explored for use in TPV symmetric and asymmetric heating conditions,
energy conversion systems. A flat heat pipe offers involving a low temperature version of future emitter
many advantages over the conventional cylindrical designs due to safety considerations. Water was used
design. These include increased surface area to volume as a working fluid instead of the liquid metal required to
ratio in order to maximize power density, as well as the achieve the temperatures of a functional emitter.
ability to stack or layer the system with photovoltaic Despite this difference in working fluid, the data
(PV) cells on both sides of the flat heat pipe to utilize presented is valuable to both TPV and heat pipe
available energy. Not only do flat heat pipes present research.
unique engineering demands inherent in their operation
to counteract pressure differences across their vessel
Ductility of Reinforced Concrete Beams Externally Retrofitted with

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites
Researcher: Midn 1/C D. Kevin Simmons, USN, Trident Scholar

Faculty Advisors: Associate Professor Sarah E. Mouring
and Associate Professor Oscar Barton (Mechanical Engineering Department)
This study investigated the effect of externally bonded structural response of the beams. A computer-based
carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates on the method using strain compatibility and force equilibrium
ductility of reinforced concrete beams. Reinforced was developed to provide theoretical load-deflection
concrete structures deteriorate over time due to and moment-curvature curves, and a basis for
environmental aging, fatigue, excessive loading, determining ductility and beam failure modes. An
chemical attack, and other factors. Strengthening and existing analytical model using the discrete yield and
rehabilitating these concrete structures by externally ultimate values of the load-deflection and moment-
bonding carbon laminates is one of many economical curvature curves was modified to an energy-based
engineering solutions. Eight rectangular beams with model and used to predict the ductility of the beams.
varying internal steel reinforcement were retrofitted with Numerical results indicated an increase in strength, a
CFRP strips on the tension faces and tested under four- decrease in ductility, and validated the analytical model.
point bending. The beams were instrumented to Ultimately, this study will aid in the development of
monitor strains, deflection, and curvature over the design guidelines governing the use of CFRP.
entire spectrum of loading, and to determine the
74
Structural Adhesives in Ship Construction
Researcher: Midn 1/C Micah D. Maxwell, USN

Faculty Advisor: Associate Professor Sarah E. Mouring
Sponsor: 3M
Current metal ship, work boat, and yacht construction American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) and US Coast
for above deck cabins typically involves the use of Guard (USCG) regulations and typical design
rivets followed by application of a sealant. This requirements on structural performance that apply to
construction method is common, but involves the labor these kind of bond lines, (2) confirmation of the
intensive process of both tapping holes in panels and performance under typical marine conditions and (3)
structural members for the rivets (typically an 8-10 hour evaluation of the construction method using various
process for a single 10' x 12' panel in commercial adhesives, structural bonding tapes, and surface
construction) followed by the application of a sealant. preparation techniques common in the industry.
In addition, it is well known that rivets act as stress (Aluminum construction is of primary interest with
concentrators. When welds are used to supplement this current adhesives.) Confirming performance under
process, they provide a potential weakness in the emergency conditions (such as fire) as deemed by ABS,
overall ship design for corrosion to begin. Structural USCG, and various Marine insurers is also a desired
adhesives have been successfully employed in other result.
industries (such as aerospace) to replace this two step The investigation by the U.S. Naval Academy covered
process. This typically results in major savings of items 1 and 2, and provided insight as to what is
construction costs with no loss or even enhanced needed for item 3. The 3M Company provided materials
performance characteristics. and preliminary information on construction methods
The key factors in adoption of this method for ship and potential tests to the investigator, and actively
construction (starting with secondary structure such as participated as a partner.
cabins) will be: (1) investigation of the appropriate
Investigation of Neutron Response of the Copper-doped Lithium Fluoride Thermoluminiscent

Detector
Researcher: Midn 1/C Aaron R. Kline, USN

Faculty Advisor: Professor Martin E. Nelson
Sponsor: Naval Dosimetry Center (NDC) and Naval Environmental Health
In the near future, the U.S. Navy will replace their was also created using the Monte Carlo N-Particle
present TLD, the Mg-doped version, with the new Cu- (MCNP) transport code to reduce the need for future
doped TLD. The Cu-doped TLD is more sensitive to experimentation.
both neutron and gamma radiation and therefore will During this past summer, irradiations of both the Cu-
meet the new National Voluntary Laboratory doped TLD and the Mg-doped TLD were performed
Accreditation Program (NVLAP) standards. This using the bare and moderated Cf source and the thermal
research project focused on characterizing the TLD’s column at NIST. The TLDs were also irradiated at
response to neutrons through the use of experiments USNA using the Pu-Be source and the 14 MeV neutron
performed at the National Institute of Standards and generator. From these experiments, a plot of Free Field
Technology (NIST) and the Naval Academy. A model in Air Response vs Neutron Energy was created for
75
both the Cu-doped and the Mg-doped TLDs. created which represented the ratio of the chip1 heating
A MCNP model was created to represent the 14 MeV value to the chip 4 heating value (MCNP R1/R4). This
generator room at the Naval Academy. One of the ratio was compared with the ratio of the chip1 dose to
outputs to this model is the heating value. It is defined the chip 4 dose (experimental R1/R4). The experimental
as the energy deposited by incident neutrons and R1/R4 value of .0812 was within 11% of the value for the
products produced by any nuclear reaction per unit R1/R4 heating value ratio, .0727.
mass per incident particle. A heating value ratio was
Powering Experiments in Deep and Shallow Water: A Comparison Between the USCGC
Hamilton Class and a Trimaran with Varying Side Hull Positions
Researcher: Midn 1/C Michael J. Olmstead, USN

Faculty Advisor: Professor Bruce C. Nehrling
The inability of the naval architect to mathematically and water depth. This test program varies longitudinal
solve many problems relating to hull performance has side hull position and water depth. There were three
led to extensive model testing. This testing has variations in the position of the side hulls. The depth of
resulted in a vast database for monohulls. The same water was varied from deep to a depth-to-draft ratio of
thing cannot be said for the trimaran. The performance two. Measurements were taken for velocity, drag,
of this hull form is not well documented when compared heave, and pitch. For purposes of comparison a model
to the monohull. Currently, trimarans are most often of the USCGC Hamilton class was also tested at each of
used on fast ferries and sailboats. Recently the idea of the depths for the same variables.
making a trimaran combatant has been considered. The data was analyzed on the model level to determine
Unfortunately there is no real database for the trimaran, which of the three side hull positions gave the best
making it more difficult for the naval architect to design results over the greatest range of both water depth and
trimarans. This lack of a database was the driving force velocity. The data for the trimaran configuration which
for the experiments conducted in this research study. gave the best results was then expanded to a ship scale
The lack of data for the trimaran leaves the options for which gave it the same draft as the Hamil t o n . The
a test matrix wide open. Among the variables available expanded data was used to predict the EHP, trim, rise
for testing are side hull position, draft, displacement, and sinkage, and heave for a full-scale ship.
Model Trimaran Seakeeping Tests in Regular and Irregular Head Seas

at Varying Sidehull Transverse Positions
Researcher: Midn 1/C Patrick R. Cantwell, USN

In cooperation with the U.S. Coast Guard, the Naval conducted in the 380 foot towing tank at the Naval
Academy Hydromechanics Laboratory conducted a test Academy. Resistance, pitch, heave, bow accelerations,
program involving a 1:36 scale model trimaran with center of gravity accelerations, and water surface
movable side hulls. Tests were conducted in calm water elevation were all measured. Experimental procedures
resistance at nine side hull locations and in regular and and data analysis were the same as for the earlier test
irregular, long crested, head seas at two longitudinal program. Results from this testing correlated very well
side hull positions. The project reported here expanded to those from the earlier test program. The outboard and
the seakeeping study by testing the same trimaran inboard side hull positions produced similar non-
model in regular and irregular, long crested, head seas dimensional seakeeping responses. This test program
at two transverse side hull positions. Tests were showed that with regard to seakeeping performance,
76
transverse placement of the side hulls makes little
difference.
A Model Test Comparison Between a Trimaran and a Monohull

in Regular and Irregular Waves
Researcher: Midn 1/C Michael J. Olmstead, USN

Predicting ship motions in calm water is no easy task. compare with a new trimaran design.
Naval architects have struggled with this problem since It is this lack of knowledge which caused the need for
ships were first being built. Today naval architects can this testing. The testing was a quest to not only find
buy computer programs to predict their ship’s motion out how the trimaran performed in waves, but more
or they can look at the characteristics of similar ships. importantly to find out how it compared to a similar
Unfortunately, ships do not run in the calm water monohull. Naval architects are by nature conservative
provided by a towing tank. To compensate for this, the and not apt to change their designs. The trimaran is
naval architect has built wave-makers that attempt to quite a drastic change. Te naval architect is asked to
model the seaways which the ship will be in. This has take three inherently unstable hulls and combine them
been going on for quite some time with monohulls and into one. Why, asks the naval architect? These results
there are now computer programs which try to predict help to answer that question. As time goes on and
the motions the ship will experience in waves. This is more becomes known about this new hull form then the
not the case for trimarans. This new hull form is not as answer to the question why will hopefully become
easily modeled into a computer program. There are clearer. More importantly the answer to the question
wave interference patterns with the side hulls which can why not, may also become clear. It is much more
not yet be modeled or predicted. Their effect on the efficient to do model tests on a new hull form than it is
ship is still unknown. There is the added buoyancy to build a full scale ship and realize that it is not a good
which can be provided at any position longitudinally, design.
transversely, or vertically. Furthermore, unlike the
monohull there is no vast database of trimarans to
Use of Tart Computer Program for Reactor Analysis
Researcher: Midn 1/C Daniel L. Gorman, USN

This research project involved applying the TART trends, but differed in magnitude by 37%. Second,
computer code to problems in reactor analysis. TART TART was applied to predicting criticality for a reactor,
is a Monte Carlo radiation transport code, which uses which is of similar design to that used in the USS
566 discrete groups to evaluate neutron cross sections. Savannah. Use was made of special TART interface
The project involved first applying TART to a neutron options, which allowed the input file to be constructed
point source surrounded by a spherical moderator. The in a relatively easy manner. The criticality problem was
fluence calculated by TART was then compared with found to run extremely fast on its PC-based platform
that calculated by one group diffusion theory. For this and produced the expected results.
case, agreement was obtained which gave the same
77
Optimization of the Photon Response for a LiF TLD
Researchers: ENS Robert C. Carnell, USN and Midn 2/C Travis W. Haire, USN
Sponsor: Naval Dosimetry Center (NDC)
In this project filter materials and thicknesses in the compared with the model predictions. Strong
United States Navy TLD card holder were optimized in agreement was obtained between this new experimental
order to maximize discrimination between incident data and the model predictions.
photon energies and hence give an improved The research was presented to the 1998 Health
dosimetric response. First, a model was created to Physics Society at the July, 1998 annual meeting in
calculate the energy deposited within the TLD for five Minneapolis, Minnesota. The presentation was given
different photon beams. These calculations were by ENS Robert Carnell, USN and was entitled
correlated to within 20% of experimental data. Second, “Optimization of Photon response for a LiF TLD.”
an improved model was developed by employing the Also, the research has been submitted to Health
Monte Carlo N-Particle-4B (MCNP-4B) radiation Physics for publication as a journal article titled
transport program. This model accounted for the exact “Improvement in Low Energy Photon Response for a
photon spectrum as well as relevant parts of the LiF TLD.”
experimental set-up. With this improvement, the The photon response of this TLD will be continued in
previous experimental data was correlated to within 9% the 1999 intersessional period by Midshipman 1/C
except for one of the beams. Third, predictions were Travis Haire, who will perform an internship at the
made about the expected response of other photon Naval Dosimetry Center in Bethesda, Maryland. An
beams that would be available at an experimental facility EN495 independent study project is planned with Mr.
at Brooks Air Force Base in Texas. Fourth, new Haire for the fall semester, 1999.
experimental data were collected at this facility and
Development of a Semi-empirical Model for Single Upset Events in

Modern Dram Devices Induced by Radiation
Researcher: Midn 2/C Justin A. Sarlese, USN (Trident Scholar for the Class of 2000)
Exposure of computer dynamic random access memory the expected SEU rates for DRAM chips made
(DRAM) devices to protons, neutrons, and pions has radiosensitive by the addition of an activator material.
been found to result in Single Event Upsets (SEU). This This project would be very helpful for the computer
phenomenon could be used for the development of industry to understand the radiation sensitivity of its
newer, cheaper, smaller, and lighter neutron detection DRAMs. It could also be very useful for the Department
devices. The goal of this project was to develop a of Defense for the detection of fissile material and for the
database which compared several DRAM characteristics development of aircraft computer systems which would
and other physical factors for modern commercially have lower susceptibility to radiation when based on the
available devices, and to develop a semiempirical model use of commercially available DRAMs.
to predict the magnitude and cause of SEUs within Work on this project will proceed in the 1999-2000
DRAM chips. This model would then be used to predict academic year as part of a Trident Scholar research
78
project.
S & P 500 Future Volatility Forecasts with Neural Networks
Researchers: Midn 1/C Jason S. Moore, USN and Midn 1/C Ivajlo D. Nikolov, USN
Faculty Advisors: Professor Martin E. Nelson,
Assistant Professor Suzanne McCoskey (Economics Department),
and LT. George Doney, USN, (Weapons and Systems Engineering Department)
In order to evaluate risk and the practicality of hedging Additionally, the effect of data time lags was
with index options, future market volatility needs to be investigated. The neural network tested many input
accurately estimated. A study has been performed in variables including historical market volatility, expected
which the future volatility of the S & P 500 was market volatility (VIX), T-bond price volatility, crude oil
forecasted using neural network models. The study price volatility, and associated time derivatives for their
focused primarily on predicting the S & P 500 volatility importance in predicting future market volatility. The
for one month time periods using historical market data most successful neural network models were found to
during the 1988-1998 time period. Using traditional have high correlation coefficients in forecasting market
econometric methods, only stationary variables were volatility.
used as inputs into the neural network models.
Characterization of Resistive Breathing Effort

of an Underwater Breathing Apparatus
Researchers: Midn 1/C Benjamin J. Cipperley, USN

Faculty Advisor: Professor M. L. Nuckols
Sponsor: Naval Surface Warfare Center, Coastal Systems Station, Panama City, FL
Resistive breathing effort is defined as the work great concern. If a diver is exhausted, and cannot
required to inhale and exhale using an underwater continue to exert enough energy to continue to breathe
breathing apparatus. It is calculated as the work output at a normal rate, he enters a very dangerous situation.
per unit volume. This project concerns the development Unfortunately, most commercial rebreather companies
and building of a machine (to be maintained at the do not have the means to test their apparatus for a
United States Naval Academy) to measure resistive resistive effort.
breathing effort. Test results will be produced on two major rigs that
Resistive breathing effort is a specification that is are in use today. The first will be a commercially
becoming of greater concern in the military and civilian available U.S. Divers Aquarius regulator. This is more
diving worlds. With the huge technological leaps in of a test of the feasibility of a breathing machine at the
rebreather development, early obstacles such as weight, U.S. Naval Academy. This type of device is very
breathing gas, depth limitations, and materials are difficult to measure and therefore is a valuable test for
becoming obsolete. Resistive breathing effort however, the breathing machine. The other rig is the Halcyon,
is surfacing as one of the primary concerns in any new which was generously donated to the Naval Academy
breathing apparatus. With extended lengths of time this semester. This rig is used in deep exploration cave
underwater, up to 24 hours including decompression diving and has extended bottom time capability.
time for some, the resistive breathing effort becomes a Unfortunately, the rig has not been tested for resistive
79
breathing effort. With the success of the machine to methods for using this with midshipmen design
measure accurate resistive breathing effort the Naval projects and faculty research.
Academy will have a permanent installation with which
to measure resistive breathing effort and develop
An Analysis of U.S. Coast Guard Accident Data
Researcher: Midn 1/C Mary Lou Godfrey, USN

Faculty Advisor: Assistant Professor Jennifer K. Waters
Sponsor: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Water Resources (IWR)
Marine vessel accident data compiled by the U.S. Coast maintenance issues. Results from this research effort
Guard was extensively analyzed, with particular interest have been incorporated into several other reports
aimed toward those incidents whose cause may have related to this sponsored research program.
been linked to navigation channel design or
Development of Workshop on Deep-Draft Navigation Channel Design
Researchers: Midn 1/C Maria V. Alsina, USN and Midn 1/C Mary Lou Godfrey, USN
Faculty Advisors: Assistant Professor Jennifer K. Waters and Professor David L. Kriebel
Sponsor: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Water Resources
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is the principal investigators at USNA involved in the
responsible for the construction and maintenance of the USACE Deep Draft Navigation Channel Design project
economically-justified deep-draft navigation channels with developing a short course especially for planners
throughout the U.S. Usually, during the process of and economists that addresses many of the technical
designing a channel or designing a major channel issues involved in deep draft navigation channel
modification, many of the technical or “engineering” design. The short course presented the relevant
issues involved in deep-draft navigation channel technical information involved in the design of a
design and maintenance must be addressed early on in channel on an engineering level that these USACE
a study. This often means that non-engineers, such as personnel can understand and appreciate.
planners and economists are tasked with analyzing The midshipmen involved in this project were
many hydrodynamic and other technical and responsible for the development and compilation of
engineering issues of which they have no formal many of the course notes for the workshop.
training or background. The Army Corps of Engineers’
Institute for Water Resources therefore decided to task
Ultimate Strength of Stiffened Steel Panels
Researcher: Midn 1/C David S. Collins, USN

Faculty Advisor: Professor Gregory J. White
The objective of this project is to continue the work of the ultimate strength of stiffened steel panels under
Midshipman Robert Vroman (’95) during his Trident combined loads, Midn. Vroman recommended
Scholar project. In the conclusions of his project on investigating the effects of modifying the algorithm he
80
used in order to account for other boundary conditions. magnitudes of the inplane and lateral loads. The results
He felt that by modifying the algorithm it might be were compared to the experimental data base compiled
possible to get a better agreement with experimental by Vroman. The modified algorithm provided results
data over a wider range of loading conditions. consistent with Vroman’s for the cases of inplane only
In this project, the algorithm used by Vroman was loads. The modified algorithm improved the strength
modified to account for fully restrained conditions on prediction in the four cases which included inplane
the loaded edges of the panel. A modified computer loads and large magnitude lateral loads.
program was developed to allow the user to select
various end conditions depending on the relative
Conceptual Design of a Human Powered Hydrofoil
Researchers: Midn 1/C Daniel D. Tarman, USN and Midn 1/C Keith S. Kulow, USN
Faculty Advisors: Professor Gregory J. White and Assistant Professor Paul H. Miller
The impetus for the race toward faster human-powered search, the analysis of the trade-offs in lifting and
watercraft was a competition sponsored by DuPont in powering configurations, and the design of the lifting
1989. The competition offered a monetary prize for the foils and propeller. The literature search provided
first craft to reach 20 knots on the water. Although information on a variety of configurations for powering
many organizations attempted to achieve this goal, no and stability. The important physical relationships
one succeeded. The allure of the prize is no longer the were described and the analytical tools needed to
reason for pursuing this milestone, but rather the address the problem were identified. The evaluation of
novelty and engineering challenge provides the the possible powering and arrangement alternatives led
necessary enthusiasm. The goal of this project was to us to choose a design with twin-hulls, single foil on
complete a conceptual design of a human-powered twin struts, with recumbent rider powering an air
hydrofoil, addressing the key engineering hurdles, and propeller. A proposed design for the foil was achieved
to provide the framework for further efforts to actually as well as a first cut at the design of the large two-
construct and fly the vessel. bladed air propeller.
The key elements of the project were the literature
Publications
August, Robert A., Jr., Phillips, Gary W., HARPER, Mark performed during the initial phase, with the program
J., Associate Professor, NELSON, Martin E., Professor currently expanding to include biochemical studies.
and Gann, Steven, “Environmental Remediation The entire program was conducted on-site to eliminate
Research,” Proceedings of the Ninth Symposium on public health concerns about hazardous waste
Radiation Measurements and Applications, paper no. movement and to provide a more efficient way to take
1DX3, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, and process characterization samples. The program is
May 11-14, 1998, pp. 10 - 11. especially focused on improving remediation
alternatives, and the initial study showed a correlation
A pilot program was initiated at Kirtland AFB, New between radiation content and soil grain size that has
Mexico to study new methods of environmental spurred an effort to exploit this effect for remediation.
characterization and restoration of sites contaminated
with mixed wastes. The initial program studied four sites August, Robert A., Jr., Phillips, Gary W., HARPER,
whose primary contaminant was radioactive thorium. Mark J., Associate Professor, NELSON, Martin E.,
Geophysical, nuclear, and chemical analyses were
81
Professor, Gann, Stephen, “Mixed Waste showed a definite activity correlation with grain size
Characterization in Soil,” Nuclear Instruments and with a strong excess activity found in the 250-850 µm
Methods in Physics Research A, 422 (1999) 767-772. range. The thorium depth profiles showed in most
cases that the concentration had dropped to
A pilot program has been initiated at Kirtland AFB, New background levels by a depth of 2 feet. However, in a
Mexico to study new methods of environmental few cases this was not the case, and sampling down to
characterization and restoration of sites contaminated 5 feet was required before the levels were at or near
with potential mixed wastes. The initial program studied background. Finally, a risk analysis was performed in
four sites whose primary radioactive contaminant was order to assess potential remediation needs by
thorium. Geophysical, nuclear, and chemical analyses calculating the expected mrem y-1 based on the
were performed during the initial phase, with the program collected sample’s 232Th pCi g -1 and using the EPA risk
currently expanding to include biochemical studies. The coefficients. Assuming that the current EPA dose
entire program was conducted on-site to eliminate public equivalent remediation criterion of 15 mrem y -1 in soil
health concerns about hazardous waste movement and is adopted, the analysis indicates that little or none of
to provide a more efficient way to collect and process the soil would need to be removed or treated.
characterization samples. Chemical analyses showed no
significant chemical contamination by metals, semi- BOUGHEY, Britt W., Midn 1/C, “Design, Construction
volatile organic compounds, and total petroleum and Analysis of a Flat Heat Pipe,” USNA Trident
hydrocarbons by EPA standards and thus indicated that Report No. 261, U.S. Naval Academy, May 1999.
the soil would not have to be treated as mixed waste.
Radioactivity analysis showed a 232Th activity that Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) energy conversion utilizes
ranged from background levels to over 1000 pCi/gram. photons from a thermal radiator to convert photonic
Additionally, using dry sieving, a correlation was found energy to electrical energy. Due to the nature of the
between sample radiation content and soil grain size. It system, the thermal radiator must emit uniform
is planned to exploit this effect later in the program when radiation and therefore maintain a uniform temperature
site remediation strategies are developed. profile in order to achieve maximum efficiency. Heat
pipe technology can effectively meet the demand for
August, R. A., NELSON, Martin E., Professor, and an isothermal emitter as it utilizes near isobaric phase
HARPER, Mark J., Associate Professor, changes to transfer heat at a uniform temperature. In
“Characterization of Thorium in Soil at the Interservice this project, heat pipes are explored for use in TPV
Nuclear Weapons School Sites,” Proceedings of the energy conversion systems. A flat heat pipe offers
Health Physics Society’s 43rd Annual Meeting, many advantages over the conventional cylindrical
Minneapolis, MN, June 1998, Volume 74, no. 6, pp S8-S9. design. These include increased surface area to
volume ratio in order to maximize power density, as
well as the ability to stack or layer the system with
An assessment has been performed on the radionuclide photovoltaic (PV) cells on both sides of the flat heat
concentration in soil at four inactive INWS sites which pipe to utilize available energy. Not only do flat heat
are located within Kirtland AFB in New Mexico. A pipes present unique engineering demands inherent in
preliminary radiation survey with an ionization chamber their operation to counteract pressure differences
yielded the locations of highest potential contamination. across their vessel walls, but they are also difficult to
Then samples were collected at 6-inch depth intervals construct. To date, only limited analyses of their
from the surface in order to develop a contamination vs. thermal characteristics have been done for use in
depth profile. The samples were analyzed both performance predictions. Therefore, it is necessary to
chemically and for radionuclides. The radionuclide conduct analyses to enable consideration of heat
analysis was performed on site using a HpGe gamma pipes for implementation into TPV systems. This
spectroscopy system and showed the presence of report details the design and construction of a flat
predominantly 232Th. Those samples with the highest heat pipe analysed both in symmetric and asymmetric
radioactivity concentration were then dried and sieved heating conditions, involving a low temperature
and then separated into individual samples of differing version of future emitter designs due to safety
grain sizes for further radionuclide analysis. The results considerations. Water was used as a working fluid
82
instead of the liquid metal required to achieve the This paper describes a technique in which a
temperatures of a functional emitter. Despite this polyethylene moderated neutron detector was
difference in working fluid, the data presented is valuable designed in order to have the optimum combination of
to both TPV and heat pipe research. maximum counting efficiency and minimum weight.
The moderator weight efficiency concepts were
Buchmann, B., Skourup, J., and KRIEBEL, David L., developed as the basis for comparisons of different
Professor, “Second-Order Wave Interaction with a Large moderators and geometries. The Monte Carlo N-
Structure,” Proc. 26th Intl. Conf. On Coastal Engineering, Particle (MCNP) neutron transport code was used to
Copenhagen, June 1998, pp. 1613-1624. evaluate moderator efficiencies for these different
systems. Moderators considered included light water,
Wave diffraction around a large vertical circular bottom- heavy water, graphite, and polyethylene. The
mounted cylinder is considered. Results from a 3D geometries considered included both pancake and
second-order numerical time domain Boundary Element cylindrical shapes. The optimized system was then
Model, a 3D second-order semi-analytical frequency fabricated and experimentally tested against the
domain model and experiments are compared and show system in use in the INF treaty between Russia and
good agreement over a wide range of wave frequencies the United States. The test results confirmed the
and wave steepnesses. In general the agreement theoretical predictions on the improved moderator
between the calculated and experimental results is weight efficiency of the optimized detector over the
satisfactory even in some cases where second-order current INF deployed system.
Stokes’ wave theory is not a priori expected to provide
accurate results. The two numerical models have thus DAWSON, Thomas H., Professor, "Allometric Scaling
been validated against each other and validated against in Biology," Science, Vol. 281, No. 5378, 751 (1998) and
experiments. It is noted that the inclusion of second- www.sciencemag.
order effects is important for the accurate estimation of
run-up on a structure A review of scaling laws in biology, as published
earlier by the author (Engineering Design of the
KRIEBEL, David L., Professor, Sollitt, C., and Gerken, W., Cardiovascular System of Mammals , Prentice-Hall,
“Wave Forces on a Vertical Wave Barrier,” Proc. 26th Intl. 1991) is presented and contrasted with assumptions
Conf. On Coastal Engineering, Copenhagen, June 1998, made in a recent paper by others. Emphasis is on the
pp. 2069-2081. scaling laws for capillary blood vessels in mammals
ranging in size from the mouse to the elephant.
This paper presents a comparison of measured and
predicted wave forces on a vertical wave barrier, defined Krapivin, Vladimir F., Cherepenin, Vladimir A., Phillips,
here as a thin impermeable vertical wall extending from Gary W., August, Robert A., Pautkin, Andrey Yu.,
above the water surface down to near mid-depth. HARPER, Mark J., Associate Professor, and Tsang,
Theoretical wave loads were computed using the Francis Y., “An Application of Modeling Technology
eigenfunction expansion method. Measured wave loads to the Study of Radionuclear Pollutants and Heavy
were obtained from two sets of laboratory experiments, Metals Dynamics in the Angara-Yenisey River
one conducted at the U.S. Naval Academy and the other System,” Ecological Modeling, Vol. 111, No. 2/3, pp.
conducted at Oregon State University in a large wave 121-134, October 1998.
flume. Results of this study suggest that the
eigenfunction theory can predict wave loads to within This paper considers the problem of the origin of the
10% to 20% accuracy for a wide range of wave pollution level in the Yenisey river estuary which is
conditions, water depths, and wave barrier drafts. located in north central Siberia and empties into the
Kara Sea. In the framework of this problem, a joint
Millett, Marshall.G., NELSON, Martin E., Professor, United States/Russian environmental and
Pertmer, G., “Weight and Counting Efficiency hydrophysical expedition to the Angara and Yenisey
Optimization in a Moderated Neutron Detector,” Nuclear rivers of Siberia was accomplished in the summer of
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research (section 1995. Using the results of the pollution measurements
A), A417, pp. 332-341, November, 1998. taken during this expedition, it becomes possible to
83
begin the synthesis of the spatial mathematical model for current study investigates the potential improvement
pollution transport in the Angara-Yenisey river system. in heat pump performance that can be obtained by
The model includes blocks describing the flows of cascading two or more heat pumps in series operation.
pollutants from biogeochemical, hydrophysical and MAYER, Robert H., Associate Professor and
anthropogenic sources. The influence of soil-plant
F. C. Monastero, “Renewable Energy Source for
formations are considered. The model is designed for
Diego Garcia,” Proceedings o f Oceans `98 -
interactive use in the mode of a computer experiment.
Engineering for Sustainable Use of the Oceans, IEEE,
The results of the model calculations and of the
Nice, France, October 1998.
expedition are given.
The U. S. Navy desires to improve the reliability and
LINDLER, Keith W., Professor, and HARPER, Mark J.,
reduce the cost of providing utility services at NSF
Associate Professor, “Combustor/Emitter Design Tool
Diego Garcia. To achieve these goals, the Navy
for a Thermophotovoltaic Energy Converter,” Energy
intends to use a Public/Private Venture (PPV)
Conversion and Management, Vol 39, No. 5/6, pp. 391-
agreement whereby a private entity will contract to
398, March/April 1998.
replace and/or upgrade existing utility equipment. The
PPV contractor will also be responsible for maintaining
Recently, there has been a renewed interest in
and operating such utilities for an anticipated period
thermophotovoltaic (TPV) energy conversion. A TPV
of 30 years. A Request for Proposals was issued in
device converts radiant energy from a high temperature
April 1998 and selection of the PPV contractor is
incandescent emitter directly into electricity by
anticipated by September 1998. Although contractors
photovoltaic cells. The current research at the U. S.
are at liberty to select the utility service method(s),
Naval Academy involves the design, construction and
strong encouragement has been given to use a
demonstration of a prototype TPV converter that uses a
renewable energy resource such as ocean thermal
hydrocarbon fuel (such as natural gas) as the energy
energy.
source. Since the photovoltaic cells are designed to
This paper discusses the infrastructure needs on
convert radiant energy efficiently at a prescribed
Diego Garcia, specific environmental issues of
wavelength, it is important that the temperature of the
concern, and merits of various ocean energy
emitter be nearly constant over its entire surface. The U.
technologies to meet the Navy’s utility goals. The
S. Naval Academy is developing a small emitter (with a
history of the competitive process which led to
high emissivity) that can be maintained near 1478 K
solicitation, receipt and evaluation of industry
(2200EF). This paper describes the computer spreadsheet
proposals is reviewed. Results of a student design
model that was written as a tool to be used for the design
competition to identify the ocean energy resource
of the high temperature emitter.
which best satisfies the utility needs of NSF Diego
Garcia are also presented.
LINDLER, Keith W., Professor, "Use of Multi-Stage
Cascades to Improve Performance of Thermoelectric
MAYER, Robert H., Associate Professor, “Capstone
Heat Pumps," Energy Conversion and Management
Design of Coastal Wetlands,” Proceedings of the 1998
International Journal, Volume 39, No. 10, pp. 1009 - 1014,
ASEE Annual Conference, Seattle, WA, June 1998
July 1998.
(CD-ROM).
A thermoelectric heat pump is a miniature solid state
Natural wetlands are found in many forms throughout
device used to pump small amounts of heat. Potential
the world: as inland salt flats in arid regions; as bogs
uses range from the cooling of electronic components to
and tundra in cooler, humid regions; as riparian forests
dorm size refrigerators. An ongoing study at the U.S.
and backwater swamps along rivers and streams. In
Naval Academy proposes to use a miniature
coastal environs, tidal salt and freshwater marshes and
thermoelectric heat pump to maintain a neutron
mangrove swamps (mangals) are typical.
dosimeter at near constant temperatures in order to
Besides habitat provision, wetlands are known to
obtain more accurate readings. Unfortunately, the
improve water quality, reduce the potential for
coefficient of performance of the heat pump decreases
flooding, and control erosion. Their vibrant
rapidly with increasing temperature difference. The
84
productivity provides for several commercial harvests Knafelc, M.E., NUCKOLS, M.L., Professor,
including fish, shellfish, timbers and tannin, and offers “Evaluation of a Phase Change Material (PCM) Liner
many recreational opportunities such as birdwatching, For The Non-Return Valve (NRV) Hot Water Suit,”
fishing, and hunting. For better or worse, natural Proceedings of the 1999 Undersea and Hyperbaric
wetlands have also been used for wastewater discharge. Medical Society Annual Scientific Meeting, 26-30 June
Even so, drainage and filling of wetlands, principally for 1999, Boston, MA.
agricultural use, were common practices. Fortunately,
increased public awareness of wetland functions and Saturation diving operations require the use of hot
values led to the “no net loss of wetlands” policies of water suits for diver thermal protection. In the event
the Bush and Clinton Administrations. Today, engineers of losing the hot water supply, the diver can rapidly
will find it useful and often necessary to include chill and become hypothermic. The thermal stress is
wetlands restoration and conservation among project compounded when the diver is in a current since the
objectives. thermal barrier of the quiescent water immediately
Accordingly, instruction in wetlands function surrounding the diver is removed. This proof of
awareness and design procedures has been introduced concept study was designed to determine if
in the ocean engineering curriculum at the U.S. Naval incorporating bulk PCM into the hot water suit’s liner
Academy. Also, capstone design projects have been blunts the thermal stress.
initiated which include wetlands restoration or creation The study was conducted during a saturation dive,
as a desired design objective. This paper provides a brief Deep Dive 98. The mean skin temperature value was
overview of wetlands design principles and reviews the based on regional weighting according to the
specific tasking of three recent capstone projects. percentage of body surface area. The formula for
Coupled with its complementary reference, the paper mean skin temperature is: Tsk = 0.3 (chest + upper arm
provides others a convenient means to initiate temperatures) + 0.2 (thigh + calf temperatures). Eight
instruction in this relatively-new coastal design male U.S. Navy Saturation divers were used as
methodology. subjects. Four divers wore the PCM (Octadecane 83)
liner; four divers wore the standard (lycra/fleece) liner.
NUCKOLS, M.L., Professor, Clarke, J. R., and MARR, W. The water temperature was 1.1 to 2.2 oC at a depth of
J., CDR, USN. “Assessment of Oxygen Levels In 850 fsw (26.7 ata). The diver positioned himself in the
Alternative Designs Of Semi-Closed Underwater current stream created by the discharge side of the
Breathing Apparatus,” Intl J. of Life Support and water circulation pump. Temperatures were recorded
Biosphere Science, accepted for publication April 1999. every 15 seconds and the mean skin temperature was
calculated using the above formula.
A method for predicting the circuit oxygen levels in semi- When maintaining the hot water flow to the diver,
closed underwater breathing apparatus (UBAs) is the PCM-liner maintained the diver’s Tsk, which
presented. Oxygen levels are assessed for traditional decreased with the standard liner. After securing the
circuit designs using sonic metering valves to inject a hot water, the divers wearing the standard liner
constant mass flow of fresh make-up gas, as well as two experienced a rapid drop in their Tsk. The average
alternative respiration-rate-coupled gas dosage designs duration of the exposure was 6.6 minutes before the
using demand injection valves. The impact of variations diver terminated the exposure. In contrast, the divers
in diver depth, activity level, gas injection rate, circuit wearing the PCM-liner experienced a less dramatic
volume and make-up gas composition on these circuit decrease in skin temperature and were able to
oxygen levels is demonstrated. Respiration-coupled, complete the 20-minute exposure.
demand gas delivery systems are shown to have This pilot study suggests that the bulk PCM-liner
significantly reduced circuit oxygen variations over a under a NRV hot water suit is superior to the standard
wide range of diver activity levels when compared to liner in blunting the thermal heat loss when there’s a
constant mass flow injection systems. Additionally, the loss of hot water.
respiration-coupled designs are shown to have potential
reduced gas usage at low diver activity levels, resulting NUCKOLS, M.L., Professor and GRUPE, C.E., Midn
in longer mission duration capability, when compared to 1/C, 16-17 Sept 1997, “The Use of Phase Change
constant mass injection systems. Materials To Enhance Diver Thermal Protection,” Proc
85
14th Meeting of the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Program in Interviews, the Partnership’s gap analysis project.
Natural Resources: Diving Physiology Panel, Panama The results suggest that faculty encountered in the
City, FL, pp. 187-194. study have limited awareness of unique circumstances
women students in engineering face and could benefit
An overview of the design, analysis and testing of a from training targeted to meet the challenges of mixed-
recent development in diving suit technology is gender classrooms and teams.
presented which incorporates the use of phase change
materials inside a thermal liner to provide stored latent MOURING, Sarah E., Associate Professor, “Buckling
heat during cold water diving. This liner provides and Postbuckling of Composite Ship Panels Stiffened
thermal protection for divers’ wetsuits, drysuits, and hot with Preform Frames,” Ocean Engineering Journal, 26
water suits while causing minimal restrictions to diver (1999), 793-803.
mobility. The liner, which contains approximately 6
pounds of bulk octadecane or eicosane, has been The U.S. shipbuilding industry recently has started
shown to provide up to 30 minutes of emergency backup incorporating composite materials into the
heating in the event of an interruption of warm water construction of both military and commercial ships
supply when hot water diving suits are used. Up to 2 ½ due to the advantages of composite construction.
hours of supplemental heating are predicted with the These advantages include the reduction in total life
liner when used as a supplemental heat source for divers costs, corrosion resistance, high strength- and
wearing passively-insulated drysuits to prolong stiffness-to-weight ratios, and improved stealth. One
acceptable durations in near freezing water. The thermal disadvantage is the higher material costs of
liner is also being investigated to give an emergency composites compared to steel and other conventional
“come home” capability in case of power failure within materials. Therefore, new higher quality materials with
drysuits supplied with an electrically-heated lower costs and new fabrication methods need to be
undergarment. As an added benefit, these liners have developed before composite materials will be fully
been shown to protect divers from thermal “shorts” accepted for the construction of large ships. A new
normally encountered when a diver’s suit is compressed composite preform framing technology shows promise
by surface contacts or in high water currents. in the reduction of fabrication costs for large ship
construction. There already has been significant cost
Moore, D., Mead, P., Natishan, M., Schmidt, L., savings using this framing technology in the
University of Maryland, Lathan, C., Catholic University construction of small recreational boats and large
of America, and MOURING, Sarah E., Associate yachts. This framing technology involves casting a
Professor, “The ESTEAM Program’s Phase I Results: dry glass fiber-reinforced plastic (GRP) fabric into
Faculty Views on Engineering Student Team shape in a closed mold with a foam core. One
Effectiveness,” Women in Engineering Program unresolved issue using this framing technology is the
Advocate Network (WEPAN) Conference Proceedings, orientation of the fiber for the frames. This paper
Seattle, WA, June 1998 pp. 247 - 252. summarizes experimental results of testing of
composite panels stiffened with preform frames under
Engineering remains a male-dominated environment. in-plane uniaxial compressive loads. Biaxial (0,90),
How women engineering students and professionals quadaxial (0,90,+45,-45), and triaxial (+45,-45,0)
learn and work continues to be perplexing and often laminates were used in the frames.
bewildering for male counterparts sharing the same
engineering classrooms, labs, and teams. While this MOURING, Sarah E., Associate Professor,
makes life interesting, it can make the learning and “Investigation into a Novel Joining Technique for
working environments uncomfortable for the different Composite Marine Applications,” American Society
thinker. In this paper we introduce the BESTEAMS for Composites Thirteenth Annual Technical
Partnership. BESTEAMS brings engineering schools Conference Proceedings, Baltimore, MD, September
together with the aim of transforming professional 1998, 481-488.
engineering environments into places which comfortably
sustain all types of learners. We report results of An innovative joining technique has been developed
ESTEAM Program Phase I: Engineering Faculty as an alternative to current techniques. This method
86
uses a combination of liquid adhesive and adhesive tape
to fabricate joints. The adhesive tape is used to This paper investigates the effect of externally
temporarily “tack” structural parts together and to create retrofitted carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)
a channel between the structural parts in which liquid composites on the ductility of reinforced concrete
adhesive can be injected at a later time. The resulting beams. Reinforced concrete structures deteriorate
bond lines are more consistent than bond lines formed over time due to environmental aging, fatigue,
using current bonding methods. Tape thickness excessive loading, chemical attack, and other factors.
determines the bond line thickness while spacing Strengthening and rehabilitating these concrete
between tape strips determines the bond line width. One structures by externally bonding carbon laminates is
advantage of this technique is that it can be used for one of many economical engineering solutions. The
variety of structural configurations. research is divided into three approaches:
Furthermore, quality control is possible not only before experimental tests of rectangular reinforced concrete
the application of liquid adhesive but also after the beams, analysis of existing numerical models, and the
application of liquid adhesive. This joining technique development of a computer-based design
shows great promise to be a more cost-effective, less methodology. Ultimately, this study will aid in the
labor-intensive technique without reduction in the development of design guidelines governing the use
structural performance. This paper summarizes the of CFRP.
development and evaluation of the innovative joining
technique using experimental and analytical methods. MOURING, Sarah E., Associate Professor, Schmidt, L.,
Mead, P., Natishan, M., Moore, D., University of
MOURING, Sarah E., Associate Professor, “Composites Maryland, and Lathan, C., Catholic University of
for Naval Surface Ships,” Marine Technology Society America, “The ESTEAM Program: Changing the
Journal, 32:2 (1998), 41-46. Paradigmon Engineering Student Teams from Forming
for Diversity to Training for Diversity,” Engineering
The U.S. Navy is incorporating composite materials into Foundation Proceedings, Montreal, Canada, July 1998,
the fleet due to the many advantages of composite 118-125.
construction compared to steel and aluminum
construction. These advantages include the reduction Effective engineering student team performance is not
in life costs, corrosion resistance, high strength- and a spontaneously occurring phenomenon and is further
stiffness-to-weight ratios, ability to tailor, and improved confounded by gender diversity. Not only do good
stealth. Of particular interest to the Navy are weight team behaviors often contradict individual
reduction and non-magnetic and damping characteristics achievement-based performance models, but the
associated with composite construction. Increased understanding of what it means to be a good team
payload and range and improved ship stability can be member is different for men and women. A recent
achieved with weight reduction while non-magnetic and change to university engineering education
damping characteristics help reduce magnetic and accreditation requirements is the inclusion of the
acoustic signatures. Many challenges still remain ability to function in teams as a student learning
including issues related to design and analysis, outcome, but training for effective team performance
fabrication,environmental effects, repair/joining, and fire, has yet to be systematically addressed in engineering
smoke, and toxicity. This paper includes a review of curricula. As a result, female engineering students
recent composite naval applications and a discussion on often encounter difficulty in succeeding in project-
technical challenges associated with composite based courses, becoming discouraged and frustrated
construction of naval ships. within their engineering programs. This paper
describes the Building Engineering Student Team
SIMMONS, D. Kevin, Midn 1/C, MOURING, Sarah E., Effectiveness and Management Systems
Associate Professor, and BARTON, Oscar, Associate (BESTEAMS) Partnership and its Engineering Student
Professor, “Fiber Reinforced Plastics and the Ductility of Team Effectiveness and Management (ESTEAM)
Reinforced Concrete Beams,”NationalNSBE Conference Program—an engineering project team training gap
Proceedings, Kansas City, MO, March 1999, (National analysis process—comparing responses from
award winner), 1-12. students and faculty and highlighting interesting
87
trends. program on their personal computers to model the Air
Standard Brayton Cycle and run experiments by
SIMMONS, D. Kevin, Midn 1/C, “The Effect of varying the independent variables.
Externally Retrofitted Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer
Composites on the Ductility of Reinforced Concrete TUTTLE, Kenneth L., Associate Professor and
Beams,” USNA Trident Report No. 268, U.S. Naval Thomas C. Miller. “Marine Diesel and Gas Turbine
Academy, May 1999. Engine Emissions,” 1998 SNAME Annual Conference
Preprints, San Diego, Nov. 11-14, 1998. pp. B-1 - B-14.
The effect of externally bonded carbon fiber reinforced
plastic (CFRP) laminates on the ductility of reinforced
concrete beams are studied in this report. Eight Emissions from marine diesel engines as well as marine
rectangular beams with varying internal steel gas turbine engines continue to be of interest both
reinforcement were retrofitted with CFRP strips on the from the regulatory standpoint and from operations.
tension faces and tested under four-point bending. The The primary source of concern is the marine diesel, as
beams were extensively instrumented to monitor strains, gas turbines are currently used almost exclusively by
deflection, and curvature over the entire spectrum of Navy ships. The difference in the emissions from
loading, and to determine the structural response of the these two type of marine engines is substantial and is
beams. A computer-based method using strain likely to be of interest to all who are involved in
compatibility and force equilibrium was developed to reducing stack emissions or meeting regulations.
provide theoretical load-deflection and moment- There are also differences in the emissions from
curvature curves, and a basis for determining ductility medium speed diesel engines and from the low speed
and beam failure modes. An existing analytical model engines and emissions from those engines are
using the discrete yield and ultimate values of the load compared. The NOX emissions data from marine diesel
deflection and moment-curvature curves was modified to engines, both low speed and medium speed, were
an energy-based model and used to predict the ductility taken by Lloyd’s Register Marine Exhaust Emissions
of the beams. Numerical results indicated an increase in Research Program and the gas turbine data are from
strength, a decrease in ductility, and validated the U.S. Navy research laboratories. The diesel engine
analytical model. Results from this research will aid in the particulate emissions data were taken at
development of design guidelines and codes governing Massachusetts Institute of Technology by the author
the use of CFRP. (Miller, 1996).
TUTTLE, Kenneth L., Associate Professor, “Computer WATERS, Jennifer K., Assistant Professor,
Models Using Spreadsheets to Study Heat Engine “Environmental Protection Issues in Small Craft
Thermodynamics,” Proceedings, Annual Conference Design and Operations,” Proceedings of Ocean
American Society for Engineering Education, Seattle, Community Conference ’98, Baltimore, MD, November
June 28, 1998 (CD-ROM) and pp. 1-7. 1998.
Marine Power Systems is the second term of a two term Environmental protection has taken a paramount role
course in thermodynamics at the U.S. Naval Academy. in the design of all water-borne craft as more and more
This is an applied thermodynamics course and is taught concern is placed on water quality issues and the
by the marine engineering faculty. One of the primary overall health of our oceans and coastal waterways.
objectives of this thermodynamics course is to teach the While recommendations and regulatory guidance for
thermodynamics of heat engines. Marine Power Systems design, construction and operations exist in many
takes the study of heat engine cycles beyond the first references for larger sea-going vessels, very little
step, of how to work the heat engine cycles. The information is presently available for smaller craft
midshipmen at the Naval Academy write computer design.
models of the heat engine cycles to study the This paper discusses the various environmental
thermodynamics of heat engines. The best example of pollutants emitted by small vessels and recreational
the thermodynamic cycle modeled is the Brayton Cycle. craft and provides an overview of current and future
The marine engineering students use a spreadsheet environmental protection issues related to smaller craft
88
design and operations. Topics include water pollution, welding to join longitudinal stiffeners to hull plating.
air pollution, noise pollution, as well as a discussion of Traditionally, use of this cost reduction technique,
legislative and regulatory bodies governing small craft common in both ship and barge construction, has not
pollution. Applications of existing federal environmental been considered significantly detrimental to the
protection acts are discussed, along with some typical overall strength. Similarly, in barge construction,
and atypical local regulatory statutes. Future trends in serrated stiffeners are considered an acceptable
environmental legislation are also discussed. alternative to continuously welded stiffeners. After
the catastrophic failure of the deck plating of two
KRIEBEL, David L.., Professor, Berek, E.P., Chakrabarti inland tank barges constructed using intermittently
S.K., and WATERS, Jennifer K., Assistant Professor, welded serrated stiffeners, the Coast Guard conducted
“Wave-Current Loading on a Shallow Water Caisson: testing on stiffened panels at the U.S. Naval Academy.
An Evaluation of the API Recommended Practice,” The ultimate strength of panels constructed using
Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal & Ocean continuously welded stiffeners, intermittently welded
Engineering, Vol. 125 No. 1, pp. 29-38, Jan/Feb 1999. stiffeners, and intermittently welded serrated stiffeners
was determined and compared. Testing results and
Results of laboratory model tests are used to assess the analysis of the failures showed that the use of serrated
accuracy of the American Petroleum Institute (API) stiffeners introduces a different failure mechanism
method of predicting wave-current loading on a shallow which can lead to significantly earlier failure.
water production caisson in extreme random waves.
Model tests were conducted using a 1-to-20 scale model Roberts, J. C. and WHITE, Gregory J., Professor,
of a 36-inch diameter caisson in a 50-foot water depth. “Experimental Results for Bending and Buckling of
Tests were conducted with and without in-line currents Rectangular Orthotropic Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Plate
in extreme random waves, many of which were breaking. Structures,” Marine Technology, Society of Naval
The experimental results for wave-current kinematics, Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME), Vol. 36,
wave forces, and overturning moments are compared to No. 1, January 1999, pp. 22-28.
predictions based on the API procedure using Stream
Function wave theory. Based on analysis of 132 extreme Solid unstiffened, sandwich, and hat-stiffened
random waves from the test program, it is found that the rectangular orthotropic fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP)
in-line fluid velocities predicted just below the wave plates were tested in uniaxial in-plane compression
trough level were 6% larger than measured values on and out-of-plane uniform pressure. The two short
average. Predicted in-line wave forces and moments edgesof all plates were clamped, whereas the two long
were also somewhat biased and were, on average, 10% edges of the unstiffened and sandwich plates were
and 15% larger than measured values, respectively. simply supported and the same edges of the hat-
Measured wave loads included dynamic amplification of stiffened plate were left free. Unstiffened plates
about 10% due to ringing of the structure following the reached global buckling at about 688 kN (155 klb);
impact of extreme breaking waves. The standard however, the plates did not collapse up to the machine
deviation between measured and predicted values were load limit of 1334kN (300 klb). Sandwich plates never
quite large, however, and measured wave loads for a few reached the overall elastic buckling load; they
waves that plunged directly on the caisson model were collapsed in local buckling by face sheet delamination
between 1.5 and 2.2 times larger than the predicted loads. and core shear failure at loads of about 939 kN (211
klb). Hat-stiffened plates exhibited local buckling of
Miller, M., Nadeau, J., and WHITE, Gregory J., Professor, the outer unsupported flanges at a load of about 356
“Longitudinally Stiffened Panels – A Comparative kN (80 klb). All hat-stiffened plates collapsed under
Analysis of the Compressive Strength of Three Common uniaxial compression due to a combination of face
Construction Methods,” Transactions of the Society of sheet to stiffener delamination followed by hat-
Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Volume 107, stiffener local buckling at loads of about 939 kN (211
1999 (accepted for publication). klb). The stresses and deflections due to out-of-plane
uniform pressure were compared between the
Due to the reduction in labor, material, and weight, unstiffened, sandwich, and hat-stiffened plates from
intermittent welding is often used in lieu of continuous pressures of 6.895 kPa (1 psi) to 34 kPa (5 psi). With
89
the plates under uniaxial compression and out-of-plane decrease in buckling and collapse with an increase in
uniform pressure simultaneously, there was a general out-of-plane uniform pressure.
Technical Reports
August, Robert A. Jr., HARPER, Mark J., Associate context of Stokes nonlinearities.
Professor, NELSON, Martin E., Professor, and Gann,
Steven, “Environmental Remediation Research,”1998 MAYER, Robert H., Associate Professor, Jennifer K.
NRL Review, Naval Research Laboratory 75th WATERS, Assistant Professor, and David L.
Anniversary Review, April 1998, pp.97-99. KRIEBEL, Professor, “Design & Maintenance of
Deep-Draft Navigation Channels - An Overview of
All branches of the Armed Forces are conducting Current Practice with an Annotated Bibliography,”
environmental restoration programs under the auspices USNA Technical Report EW-14-98, December 1998.
of each service’s investigation and remediation program
(IRP). These IRPs must follow the protocols and Given the increasing size and speed of ships in the
statutory amendments of the Comprehensive world fleet and related changes in port and channel
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability usage, the Corps’ Institute of Water Resources (IWR)
Act (CERCLA), which provides a regulatory framework has initiated a study entitled “Impacts of Navigation
under which to complete environmental restoration Trends on Channel Usage and Design.” Its principal
activities at all federal (including military) facilities. goal is to improve the design and maintenance of
Unfortunately, compliance at individual sites can often navigation channels in order to sustain effective
mean multi-year programs costing many millions of channel navigation and port operations well into the
dollars. Even then, cleanup can be restricted to little next century. A critical element of this study will be an
more than moving the hazardous material to an approved assessment of how Corps’ deep-draft channel design
storage facility. This is especially true when the and maintenance guidance compares with other
contaminant is mixed waste, a combination of chemical domestic and international policies and practices. This
and radionuclear hazards. NRL’s Radiation Detection assessment will serve to identify areas for further
Section initiated a pilot program at Kirtland Air Force research and for recommending changes in Corps’
Base, New Mexico, to study new methods of policies and procedures.
environmental characterization and remediation of sites Prior to initiating the assessment, the authors were
contaminated with mixed wastes. The initial program asked to review current practices used domestically
studied four sites contaminated with radioactive thorium. and internationally to design and maintain deep-draft
Geophysical, nuclear, and chemical analyses were navigation channels. Technical publications and the
performed during the initial phase. The program is policy guidance of numerous government,
structured as two parallel research thrusts: professional, and other U.S. and international maritime
characterization methods and remediation alternatives. organizations were identified. A bibliography
containing over 200 of the references was gathered
DAWSON, Thomas H., Professor, "Maximum Wave and captured in a database that is discussed in Part IV
Crests in Heavy Seas," USNA Report, EW-16-98, of this report. Contents of the bibliography are
June 1998. reproduced in the Appendix.
Whereas this document, with its annotated
The Longuet-Higgins theory for the maximum crest bibliography, provides an overview of current deep-
amplitude expected in a run of ocean waves is examined draft channel design and maintenance policies world-
using data from extensive computer simulations of wide, a follow-on study is underway to compare Corps
random linear waves. Results indicate close agreement policy and procedural guidance with the policies and
between theory and data. The application of the theory practices of other U.S. and international maritime
to wave crests in heavy seas is also discussed within the organizations. A second report that details results of
90
the assessment will be forthcoming. i n c l u d e
allisions, collisions and groundings. The ports are
WATERS, Jennifer K., Assistant Professor, KRIEBEL, ranked as to the number of these incidents
David L., Professor, and MAYER, Robert H., Associate e x p e r i e n c e d
Professor, “Analysis of U.S. Coast Guard Accident over two different time periods. It was found that the
Data,” USNA Technical Report EW-11-98, Oct 1998, and t o p
Interim Report, Institute for Water Resources, U.S. Army five ports in both cases were New Orleans, Paducah,
Corps of Engineers, Alexandria, VA, January 29, 1999. Morgan City, Mobile and Galveston. Results of this
analysis also indicate some interesting additional
This report describes an analysis of U.S. Coast Guard statistics. More than 90% of all vessels involved in
(USCG) accident data performed in support of the incidents were U.S.-flag vessels, and more than
Institute for Water Resources (IWR) study entitled, two-thirds (2/3) of the relevant incidents indicated
“Impacts of Navigation Trends on Channel Usage and "human factors" as the primary causal factor. The
Design.” The IWR study is comprised of three v e s s e l
interrelated components: (1) a safety performance review, type most often involved in the relevant incidents
(2) a channel design and maintenance assessment, and w e r e
(3) a shipping trends analysis. This USCG accident data barges (34%), with ships involved in only 12-24% of
analysis was performed in order to provide information these incidents. Of the grounding incidents, nearly
for the safety performance review component of the IWR one-third (1/3) were reported as occurring within a
study. channel.
USCG accident data files were obtained and analyzed in An additional, limited, but similar analysis including
order to assist in the safety performance review portion only tank ship and freight ship vessel types was also
of the study, specifically identifying those ports whose conducted. Theses vessels were selected for a
incidents may be associated with the design and/or s e p a r a t e
maintenance of their navigation channels. The accident analysis in order to gain a better measure of statistics
data statistics were therefore interpreted and analyzed f o r
with this emphasis in mind. deeper draft vessels. As expected, the results from
Data from all domestic ports from 1992 until present are this analysis differed significantly from those
included in the analysis. Discussions of incident including all total vessel types, but still point to New
t y p e s , Orleans as the port with the most accidents.
vessel types and causal factors are included. The
incident types of particular interest to this study
Presentations
AUGUST, Robert A., Jr., Phillips, Gary W., Harper, BARTON, Oscar, Jr., Associate Professor, Mouring,
Mark J., Associate Professor, Nelson, Martin E., Sarah E., Associate Professor, Mackney, Michael,
Professor, and Gann, Steven, “Environmental Associate Professor, Karpouzian, Gabriel, Professor,
Remediation Research,” Ninth Symposium on Radiation “Composite Capabilities at USNA,” GLCC Conference,
Measurements and Applications, The University of Columbia, SC,15 July 1998.
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, May 11-14, 1998.
BOUGHEY, Britt W., Midn 1/C, “Design and
AUGUST, Robert A., Jr., Nelson, Martin E., Professor, Construction of a Flat Heat Pipe,” U.S. Naval Academy
Harper, Mark J., Associate Professor, “Characterization Trident Scholar Conference, April 1999.
of Thorium in Soil at the Interservice Nuclear Weapons
School Sites,” Health Physics Society’s 43rd Annual KLINE, Aaron R., Midn 1/C, Nelson, Martin E.,
Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, July 12-14, 1998. Professor, Cassata, James R., LT, USN, Riel, Gordon K.,
“Evaluation of the Neutron Response of the Copper-
91
Doped (LiF) TLD,” Health Physics Society Annual
June 98.
Meeting, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, June, 1999.
MOORE, J. S., and Nelson, Martin E., Professor, “S &
KRAPIVIN, V.F., Phillips, G.W., Cherapenin, V.A.,
P 500 Volatility Forecasts with Neural Networks,” 19th
AUGUST, R.A., Pautkin, A. Yu., Harper, Mark J.,
International Symposium on Forecasting, Washington,
Associate Professor, and Tsang, F. Y., “Application of
D.C., June, 1999.
a Global Model to the Study of Arctic Basin Pollution:
Radionuclides, Heavy Metals and Oil Carbohydrates,”
MOORE, D., Mead, P., Natishan, M., Schmidt, L.,
First International Symposium on Issues in
University of Maryland, Lathan, C., Catholic University
Environmental Pollution, Denver, CO, August 23-26,
of America, and Mouring, Sarah E., Associate
1998.
Professor, “The ESTEAM Program’s Phase I Results:
Faculty Views on Engineering Student Team
Women in Engineering Program
Effectiveness,”
Advocate Network (WEPAN) Conference,
KRIEBEL, David L., Professor, “Wave Forces on a Seattle, WA, 16 June 1998.
Vertical Wave Barrier,” Paper presented at the 26th MOURING, Sarah E., Associate Professor, Schmidt, L,
International Conference on Coastal Engineering, June Mead, P., Natishan, M., Moore, D., University of
24, 1998, Copenhagen, Denmark. Maryland, and Lathan, C., Catholic University of
America, “The ESTEAM Program: Changing the
KRIEBEL, David L., Professor, Seminar entitled, Paradigm on Engineering Student Teams from Forming
“Performance of Vertical Wave Barriers,” on Seminar on for Diversity to Training for Diversity,” Engineering
Vertical Breakwaters,” presented to Alaska District U.S. Foundation Conference, Montreal, CANADA, 20 July
Army Corps of Engineers and to Alaska Department of 1998.
Transportation and Public Facilities, July 8, 1999,
Anchorage, Alaska. MOURING, Sarah E., Associate Professor, “Innovative
Joining Methods for Composites and Advanced
KRIEBEL, David L., Professor, “Development of Load Construction Materials,” NSF-CERF Forum,
Factors for Combined Wind and Flood Loads,” Paper Washington, D.C., 10 November 1998, (invited speaker;
presented to the American Society of Civil Engineers one of 19 projects highlighted - chosen from over 2000
Committee on Minimum Loads for Buildings and Other research projects).
Structures, July 29, 1999, San Francisco, California.
NUCKOLS, M.L., Professor, “Characterization of Semi-
MARR, William J., CDR, USN, “Using the ST725 Sonar Closed Circuit Underwater Breathing Apparatus,”
for AUV Feature Based Navigation and Correction,” Invited speaker at the National Association of
Proceedings of the Autonomous Underwater Vehicles Underwater Instructors Technical Conference, New
1998 (AUV-98) Workshop on AUV Navigation, August Orleans, LA., 10 January 99.
1998.
NUCKOLS, M.L., Professor, “The Year of the Ocean --
1998,” Keynote speaker at the Navy Ball in Panama
MAYER, Robert H., Associate Professor,
City, FL on 16 October 1998.
“Renewable Energy Source for Diego Garcia,” at
the 1998 IEEE Conference - Oceans '98, Nice,
France, October 98. SIMMONS, D. Kevin, Midn1/C, “Fiber Reinforced
Plastics and the Ductility of Reinforced Concrete
Beams,” National NSBE Conference, Kansas City, MO,
MAYER, Robert H., Associate Professor, 25 March 1999, (National award winner).
“Capstone Design of Coastal Wetlands,”at the
1998 ASEE Annual Conference, Seattle, WA, SIMMONS, D. Kevin, Midn 1/C, Mouring, Sarah E.,
Assoc Professor, and Barton, Oscar, Assoc Professor,
92
“The Effect of Externally Retrofitted Carbon Fiber Technology and Management, Philadelphia, November
Reinforced Polymer Composites on the Ductility of 3, 1998.
Reinforced Concrete Beams,” U.S. Naval Academy
Trident Scholar Conference, 16 April 1999. TUTTLE, Kenneth L. Associate Professor, and Miller,
Thomas C., “Marine Diesel and Gas Turbine Engine
TUTTLE, Kenneth L. Associate Professor, “Computer Emissions,” SNAME Annual Conference, San Diego,
Models Using Spreadsheets to Study Heat Engine November 13, 1998.
Thermodynamics,” Annual Conference American
Society for Engineering Education, Seattle, June 30,
1998. WATERS, Jennifer K., Assistant Professor,
“Environmental Protection Issues in Small Craft Design
TUTTLE, Kenneth L., Associate Professor, and Operations,” Ocean Community Conference ’98,
“Combustion Generated Particulate Emissions,” Baltimore, Maryland, 19 November 1998.
Thirteenth International Conference on Solid Waste
93
DEPARTMENT OF
Weapons and Systems Engineering

Professor Terrence E. Dwan
Chair
________________________________________________________
_
Research within the Weapons and Systems Engineering The research topic was the development of a model-
Department continues to provide the faculty with an based controller for methane combustion.
opportunity to grow professionally and to keep abreast Strong emphasis continues on the faculty-midshipman
of rapidly advancing systems technology. In addition, relationship during the individual research oriented
every graduating Systems Engineering major capstone design course. Each midshipman in assigned
participates in research, design, and development both an administrative and a technical advisor. These
projects for the purpose of realizing practical advisors not only provide support of a technical nature,
applications of some of the theory which they have but also emphasize planning, scheduling, and effective
studied. oral and written presentation. Typical examples of
Every faculty member, both civilian and military, midshipmen research projects include development of
either participates in research in areas of interest to the autonomous carts and boats, automatic target
U.S. Navy or supports midshipmen research programs detection, magnetic levitation, and vibration control.
in an advisory capacity. Faculty research areas Funding for research continues to be diverse. This
currently include fuzzy modeling, magnetic bearings, year sponsors included the Naval Academy Research
metrology, robotics, ship power systems, and system Council, the Office of Naval Research, the Naval
identification. Research Lab, the Naval Surface Warfare Center, and
This year there was one Trident Scholar in the the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Systems Engineering Department. The scholars engage
in extensive research projects in lieu of several courses.
Sponsored Research
94
WEAPONS AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Evaluation of Uncertainty of a Calibration Method for a Four-Terminal

Pair Capacitance Standard
Researcher: Assistant Professor Svetlana Avramov-Zamurovic

Sponsor: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
This project characterizes capacitors at the frequencies network analyzer need to be developed. In order to
up to 10 MHz. The method is based on the work of the verify the characteristics obtained, a computer program
Yokogawa-Hewlett-Packard group, as well as Cutkosky was developed that uses detailed equivalent circuitry of
and Jones of NBS. Measurements needed to obtain a the test capacitors to calculate impedance for the entire
capacitor's frequency characteristic are the high frequency range.
frequency driving-point impedance measurements via Type B uncertainty needs to be established for the
a network analyzer and the capacitance measurements regression method involved in the capacitor’s
at 1 kHz using the bridge technique. Type A and Type frequency characteristics prediction.
B uncertainties for both the capacitance bridge and the
Hybrid System Theory for Vision-Driven Robotic Systems
Researcher: Assistant Professor Bradley E. Bishop

Sponsor: Naval Academy Research Council (NARC)
The use of computer vision in robotic applications is and system state and knowledge of the dynamics of
strongly motivated by the primacy of vision among control and vision.
human senses used for planning and executing This project is an extension of my work on visual
manipulation tasks. While a great deal of effort has servo using HST. Previous results indicate that careful
been devoted to development of exceptionally system analysis must be carried out in order to achieve
sophisticated visual processing techniques, desired performance, especially when using nonlinear
surprisingly few researchers have approached the controllers whose properties are primarily local in
problem from a standpoint of sensing for real-time nature. The goal of the research is to develop
closed-loop control. fundamental synthesis techniques for suites of visual
This project is aimed at utilizing the fundamental processing strategies as well as full system synthesis
nature of a digital computer vision system in concert techniques relating hybrid control to hybrid sensing for
with closed-loop control for improvement of flexibility uncertain and rapidly changing environments. As an
and performance of robotic systems in dynamic and initial step, investigations into the fundamental nature
uncertain environments. The primary tool used in these of nonlinear hybrid systems are being carried out in
investigations is to be hybrid system theory (HST), in order to develop potential synthesis techniques that are
which various controllers and sensing strategies are applicable to the visually-driven robotics problem..
implemented at various times in order to optimize the
performance of the system based on objectives, world
Supervisors for Adaptive Systems
Researcher: Assistant Professor Kiriakos Kiriakidis

The goal of this project is to develop efficient methods for the synthesis of intelligent supervisors for adaptive
95
systems. It will include the application of control research will be applicable in the area of micro air
theory in novel contexts, such as the verification of vehicles.
discrete-event or hybrid systems. The proposed
Fuzzy Model-Based Control: An LMI Approach
Researcher: Assistant Professor Kiriakos Kiriakidis

Sponsors: Naval Academy Research Council (NARC) and
Office of Naval Research (ONR)
We developed a fuzzy-model-based control synthesis Fuzzy-model-based control is primarily developed for

framework for a class of nonlinear systems, whose fuzzy complexnonlinear plants where conventional modeling
model comprises controllable local models. Within this is impractical. The method, however, applies equally
framework, we formulated and solved the robust when the fuzzy model is derived from an existing
stabilization problem for the above class as a convex conventional model and hence poses an alternative
program with LMI constraints. The resulting controller, nonlinear control design approach with the
linear or nonlinear, achieved its objective despite characteristics summarized previously.
parametric uncertainty, estimated-state feedback, and
control input limitations. Usage of commercial LMI
solvers adds ease of computation to these virtues.
Robust Controller Design for Linear, Time-Varying Systems
Researcher: Assistant Professor Richard T. O’Brien, Jr.

This research focused on two separate areas: (1) introduced that requires the vehicle to change lanes
definition of poles for linear, time-varying systems and while changing speeds. Linear and nonlinear, time-
(2) the design of a linear, time-varying steering invariant models of the vehicle's lateral dynamics are
controller for an automated vehicle. The abstracts for generalized to account for the effects of varying speed.
each area are included below: A linear, time-varying steering controller is synthesized
(1) A definition of poles is presented for continuous- using an H-infinity design procedure for linear, time-
time, linear, time-varying systems. For a time-varying varying systems previously developed by the author.
state equation, a pole set defines a stability preserving In this procedure, linear, time-varying weighting filters
variable change relating the original state equation to were constructed by linearly interpolating (in time)
an upper triangular state equation. This definition is between linear, time-invariant weighting filters. This
shown to be a generalization of the existing definition procedure allowed for specification of approximate
of poles for linear, time-varying systems and is localized-in-time frequency response. Closed loop
consistent with the definition for linear, time-invariant simulations using the nonlinear, time-varying model are
systems. A computation procedure is presented using conducted for this maneuver and several additional
a QR decomposition of the transition matrix for the state cases to test the robustness of the controller to
equation. A numerical example is given to illustrate this parameter variation and external disturbances. These
procedure. (2) The modeling and control of a highway simulations show that the
vehicle with a known, variable speed are considered. In linear, time-varying controller provides better nominal
particular, a fundamentally new steering control task is and robust performance than a linear, time-invariant
96
controller designed for a constant speed.
Development on Quiet Shipboard Machinery

Utilizing Electronic Controls
Researchers: Associate Professor George E. Piper

and Assistant Professor John M. Watkins
Sponsor: Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC), Annapolis Detachment
In this work, active noise control techniques were control schemes were used in conjunction with the
applied to rotary machinery equipped with magnetic magnetic bearings to cancel noise. Simulation and
bearings. The machinery’s rotor, suspended by experimental results were obtained.
electromagnetic bearings, was used to project acoustic
pressure signals. Robust and adaptive feedback
Development of Quiet Shipboard Machinery Utilizing Electronic Controls
Researchers: Assistant Professor John M. Watkins, Associate Professor George E. Piper,

Assistant Professor David Baumann and Glen Bell
Sponsor: Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC), Annapolis Detachment
In this work, active noise control techniques were control schemes were used in conjunction with the
applied to rotary machinery equipped with magnetic magnetic bearings to cancel noise. Simulation and
bearings. The machinery’s rotor, suspended by experimental results were obtained.
electromagnetic bearings, was used to project acoustic
pressure signals. Robust and adaptive feedback
Multiple Aperture Camera System
Researcher: Associate Professor Carl E. Wick

Sponsor: Naval Air Warfare Center (Code 4556)
This study was part of the groundwork needed in the of view within the field covered by the cameras. An
development of an all-around aircraft vision system that experimental platform was built at USNA and some
is based on a set of fixed infrared cameras (apertures). fundamental aspects of image rotation were
These fixed cameras provide images to a computer demonstrated.
system, which is then able to ‘move’ the observer point
Control of an Electrically Reconfigurable Ship
Researcher: Assistant Professor Edwin L. Zivi
97
Future warships will be configured with integrated and battle damage evolutions.
propulsion and ship service power systems which are This research focuses on nonlinear stabilization
highly automated and realize improved survivability, algorithms for electrical power distribution systems
coupled with decreased crew size requirements. These under stress. In particular, these systems exhibit
electrically reconfigurable ships require survivable "negative impedance " leading to catastrophic voltage
automation which shifts crew intensive functions to collapse. Voltage collapse occurs when constant
advanced machinery and control systems. Robust, power, solid-state conversion equipment increases
reconfigurable power and control systems are essential current demand in response to falling supply voltage.
for the replacement of human senses and muscle during Stabilization requirements are formulated in admittance
casualty conditions. These systems must be capable of space and derived for efficient, fault tolerant,
dependable situational assessments and predictable distributed, implementation. This is new work.
casualty response during major engineering failures
YP Automation Demonstration
Researcher: Assistant Professor Edwin L. Zivi

The Naval Research Advisory Committee has called for electric plant, and steering. This control system
robust demonstrations of automation for reduced upgrade will demonstrate the feasibility of using self-
manning. The Yard Patrol (YP) automation healing, commercial, component level, intelligent
demonstration involves ONR ownership and control, for critical shipboard machinery systems. As
enhancement of one USNA YP which was scheduled research ramps up during the summer of 1999, USNA
for disposal. Per a letter from ADM Gaffney, Chief of will acquire an organic capability to perform laboratory
Naval Research, ONR has committed to maintain YP679 automation research and directly support YP
as a technology demonstration. USNA has teamed technology demonstrations. Two systems majors will
with Florida Atlantic University and Vector Research to contribute undergraduate research during academic
perform the automation demonstration under ONR year ‘00.
funding of $1.5M. This initial demonstration involves
automation of propulsion, propulsion ancillaries,
Investigation of the MATLAB Graphical User

Interface for Control Systems Applications
Researcher: Professor Robert DeMoyer
98
New with MATLAB 5 is the Graphical User Interface Graphical User Interfaces. The purpose of this research
Development Environment, or GUIDE. This tool is to develop ways to adapt GUIDE to relatively
enables the engineering educator to produce complex control system applications.
pedagogical software which combines the computing
and graphics capability of MATLAB with convenient
MATLAB GUI Applications
Researcher: Professor E. Eugene Mitchell
MATLAB 5 introduced a feature called GUIDE for use considerable use in ES308, during the root locus design
with GUI’s (Graphical User Interface). The new feature segment.
allows much easier and faster implementation of A time response GUI was developed for use in ES202
Windows-based user interface buttons, plots and and ES307. This program has been developed into a
solutions to difficult problems. Just a few days work paper for presentation at the Frontiers in Education
with the MATLAB GUI package generates the Conference.
equivalent of 10000 lines of C code, code that would An optimal control design GUI was developed for use
take an experienced programmer three or four man- in ES418, Modern Controls. Optimal control is
months of work to duplicate. unsolvable by hand and requires an iterative solution.
A root locus GUI was developed that allows a user to The GUI allows easy parameter changes and solutions.
add poles and zeros to a transfer function and plot the
root locus, to find design points, etc. The program had
Robust Global Control of Fan Noise in an

Acoustic Duct Using Magnetic Bearings
Researchers: Assistant Professor Richard T. O’Brien, Jr. and Assistant Professor John M. Watkins,
Associate Professor George E. Piper and Assistant Professor David C. Baumann
In this research, a novel approach has been developed controller is designed that attains broadband as well as
to reduce fan related noise in an acoustic duct. By tonal noise reduction at all points along the duct. H-
installing magnetic bearings on the noise producing infinity control designs are particularly robust to
machinery, it is possible to locate the anti-noise source uncertainties in the plant model. Finally, simulation
with the disturbance noise source. This approach results demonstrate the global nature of this novel
allows for global noise reduction throughout the duct active noise control approach.
system. Using H-infinity control theory, an active noise
On the Steering of an Articulated Vehicle Using Differential Braking
Researchers: Assistant Professor Richard T. O’Brien, Jr.

and Associate Professor George E. Piper
In this research, the use of differential braking to steer dynamic model of the vehicle has been developed and
the trailer of an articulated vehicle is considered. A linearized for a constant velocity and zero relative angle
99
condition. The resulting state space realization is In future work, a closed loop differential braking
controllable indicating that it is feasible to steer the control system will be designed. Furthermore, the
trailer using differential braking. Open loop simulations avoidance of “jack-knifing” during steering and braking
show that the differential braking force reduced the maneuvers will be investigated.
relative angle between the tractor and trailer during a
lane change maneuver.
Analysis of Nonlinear Sampled-Data Systems
Researcher: Assistant Professor Daniel J. Stilwell
The primary goal of this research is to develop especially in aerospace control. In fact, almost every
guidelines and algorithms for the design of nonlinear military aerospace vehicle contains a gain scheduled
sampled-data controllers. Since nonlinear controllers controller.
are typically designed in continuous-time, methods of
To date, we have shown that continuous-time gain
discretization are essential elements in the controller
scheduled controllers can be discretized while retaining
design process and a major focus of this research.
Particular attention is focused on the class of certain linearization properties of the original
nonlinear controllers that are gain scheduled. Gain continuous-time design.This fact is useful to control
scheduled controllers have a rich historical engineers in justifying the work required to design
development dating back at least to the early, post- continuous-time controllers that satisfy certain
WWII flight control programs. Present-day applications linearization properties.
of gain scheduling are found throughout industry,

Model-based Control of Combustion
Researcher: Midshipman 1/C Nicholas G. Osburn, USN, Trident Scholar

Faculty Advisor: Assistant Professor Kiriakos Kiriakidis
This project investigates the use of mathematical implementable on a wide range of computing platforms,
modeling to design a closed-loop system for the control regulates the flow of fuel to the burner. The basis of
of combustion in a methane-fueled burner. Regulation the algorithm is a mathematical model of the
of the air-to-fuel (A/F) ratio for lean or rich combustion, combustion process that captures its input-output
depending on fuel efficiency or power requirements, is behavior and is obtainable exclusively from
pivotal in applications such as internal combustion measurement data. The proposed design is capable of
engines or fossil fuel power plants. The model-based regulating the A/F ratio within narrower tolerances than
system operates by continuously measuring the existing model-free approaches.
quantity of the carbon monoxide within the exhaust
flue. Using this measurement, a control algorithm,
100
Design Course Projects

Each Systems Engineering major enrolls in ES402, faculty. Military instructors normally function as project
Systems Engineering Design, during senior year. This monitors and help with organization, administration, and
course is the capstone of the Systems Engineering scheduling of individual projects. Civilian faculty
curriculum. The student is required to propose, design, function as technical advisors, and military and civilian
construct, test, demonstrate and evaluate a system of technicians supply the hands-on technical help.
particular personal or general professional interest. The results of academic year 1998-99:
The ES402 design course requires the combined
efforts of the total Systems Engineering Department
Micro Saboteur and Edward F. Ward, USN

Midshipmen 1/C Aaron Anthonsen, Advisor: Lieutenant Commander Kenneth L.
Andrew C. Grubler and Andrew B. Hall, USN McElroy, USN
Advisor: Commander Frederick A. Hoover, USNR
Autonomous Table Soccer
Midshipmen 1/C Jeremy S. Bowen
and Frank L. Norcross, USN
Walking Robot Advisor: Commander John J. Viniotis, USN
Midshipmen 1/C Peter T. Aparico,
Gary L. Buxton, Christoper G. Comora. Active Filter and Sound Attenuation
James R. Compton, John Gallucci, Vijay A. George for Muffler
Jeremy J. Graczyk, Jason B. Higgins Midshipmen 1/C Taryn F. Brady
and George H. Klaus, USN and Isaac R. Stutts, USN
Advisor: Lieutenant George D. Doney, USN Advisor: Lieutenant Commander Fredric D.
Forney, USN
Autonomous Battleship Control
Midshipmen 1/C Matthew Baldwin Maglev Vehicle
and William D. Price, USN Midshipmen 1/C William B. Brooks,
Advisor: Major Denise A. Mattes, USMC Babatunde A. Ogunwole,
and Micah M. Weller, USN
Automatic Golf Putter Advisor: Major William W. Arrasmith, USAF
Midshipmen 1/C Matthew Bernhard,
Kevin J. Goodwin and Matthew R. Malinowski, USN Systems Ball
Advisor: Commander Bradford H. Baylor, USN Midshipmen 1/C Daniel S. Burr,
Joseph A. Cuba and Jeffrey G. Rogers, USN
Follow the Leader Advisor: Lieutenant Commander Scott D.
Midshipmen 1/C Brent R. Biniek Bohman, USN
and Jason D. Everson, USN
Advisor: Commander John F. McKernan, USN
Automated Steering Car
Firefighting Robot Midshipmen 1/C Tony E. Clark
Midshipmen 1/C Douglas B. Booher, and Robert A. Kirby, USN
Sura Bunchongchuitr, Joshua D. Crouse Advisor: Commander John J. Viniotis, USN
101
The Safegun Forney, USN

Midshipman 1/C Christopher M. Colson, USN
Advisor: Lieutenant Commander Brent A. Magnetic Levitation Train
Ditzler, USN Midshipmen 1/C Gabriela Fiorilo
and Eric D. Shebatka, USN
Water Temperature Controller Advisor: Lieutenant George C. Dyer, USN
Midshipmen 1/C Brien J. Croteau
and Matthew R. Severson, USN Systems Ball
Advisor: Major Denise A. Mattes, USMC Midshipmen 1/C Cecil A. Fletcher
and Jacob L. Purdon, USN
GPS-Controlled Car Advisor: Major Denise A. Mattes, USMC
Midshipmen 1/C Jesse A. Davidson
and Richard Menichelli, USN Remote Life Sign Detector
Advisor: Commander Frederick A. Hoover, USNR Midshipmen 1/C Adam H. Fox
and Jacqueline R. Jackson, USN
Unmanned Automatic Artillery Advisor: Commander John F. McKernan, USN
Midshipmen 1/C Michael J. Doniger
and Fadi Sbaiti, USN Autonomous Stability Control of
Advisor: Lieutenant Commander Brent A. Dyanamic Flight Model
Ditzler, USN Midshipman 1/C Christopher T. Franssen, USN
Advisor: Lieutenant Commander Steven F.
Sumo Wrestler Vincent, USNR
Midshipmen 1/C Jason A. Edelbertg
and Ronald R. Martin, USN Systems Ball
Advisor: Lieutenant Commander Franklin D. Midshipmen 1/C Gregory P. Garnett,
Hixenbaugh, USN John J. McNamara and Jonathan D. Uyboco, USN
Advisor: Major Denise A. Mattes, USMC
Mine Hunter
Midshipmen 1/C Brian J. Ellis Police Band Laser/Radar Detector/
and Robert M. Pierce, USN Jammer
Advisor: Lieutenant Commander Kenneth L. Midshipman 1/C Gregory J. Gebbie, USN
McElroy, USN Advisor: Major Thomas L. Langlois, USMC
Ticky Mickey Computer Controlled Car Security System

Midshipmen 1/C Alicia N. Evans Midshipmen 1/C Christopher T. George,
and Travis W. Kaltenbach, USN Brandon J. Harjer and James M. Maher, USN
Advisor: Commander Bradley D. Taylor, USN Advisor: Commander Frederick A. Hoover, USNR
Shark Wall
Midshipmen 1/C Kerry A. George,
Autumn J. Kosinski and Kathleen M. Merkle, USN
Advisor: Lieutenant George C. Dyer, USN
Bothoven
Midshipmen 1/C Matthew D. Fanning, Secure Communications Laser
Robert E. Lingler and Aaron C. Shulski, USN Midshipman 1/C Thomas A. Guccione, USN
Advisor: Lieutenant Commander Fredric D. Adviser: Major William W. Arrasmith, USAF
102
Snype Hunter Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

Midshipmen 1/C Kyle L. Guilfoyle Midshipmen 1/C Scott M. Morrill
and Craig W. Hempeck, USN and Eric D. Pedersen, USN
Advisor: Commander John J. Viniotis, USN Advisor: Lieutenant Commander Franklin D.
Hixenbaugh, USN
Remote Car Starter
Midshipman 1/C Jerin T. James, USN Magnetic Leviatation
Advisor: Commander Bradford H. Baylor, USN Midshipmen 1/C Lawrence D. Nance,
Damian A. Sanders and William E. Spann, USN
Sumo Wrestler Advisor: Commander Bradley D. Taylor, USN
Midshipman 1/C Peter A. Jayroe, USN
Advisor: Lieutenant Commander Scott D. Weather Sensitive House
Bohman, USN Midshipman 1/C Jason L. Ofner, USN
Advisor: Lieutenant Commander Brent A.
Digital RF Point-to-Point Ditzler, USN
Communications
Midshipmen 1/C Andrius Kaikaris Automated Potato Launcher
and Yassen Mikhailov, USN Midshipman 1/C Andrew J. Rozek, USN
Advisor: Lieutenant Commander Fredric D. Advisor: Major Thomas L. Langlois, USMC
Forney, USN
Systems Ball
Midshipmen 1/C Jonathan J. Kim Inverse Pendulum
and Catalin Lebidov, USN Midshipmen 1/C John M. Smith
Advisor: Lieutenant Commander Kenneth L. and Anthony J. Toriello, USN
McElroy, USN Advisor: Lieutenant Commander Steven F.
Vincent, USNR
Autonomous Underwater Vehicle
Midshipmen 1/C Andrew J. Lawler Tireless Farm Hand
and Mark G. Minukas, USN Midshipman 1/C Matthew R. Smith, USN
Advisor: Lieutenant Commander Franklin D. Advisor: Commander Bradford H. Baylor, USN
Hixenbaugh, USN
Rail Gun on Motorized Mount
Smart Camera System Midshipmen 1/C David C. Whitmer
Midshipman 1/C Rick W. Lentz, USN and Timothy A. Williams, USN
Advisor: Major William W. Arrasmith, USAF Advisor: Major Thomas L. Langlois, USMC
PUBLICATIONS
ARRASMITH, William W., Major, USAF, M. Phase differences in the far-field of a coherently
Roggemann, and B. Welsh, “Optimal Wavefront illuminated object are used to estimate the two-
Reconstruction for a Coherent Diffracted Field,” dimensional phase in the measurement plane of an
Applied Optics, 37 (20), 4457-4467 (July 1998). imaging system. A previously derived phase correlation
103
function is used in a minimum variance phase predictions are verified by measuring the converter’s
estimation algorithm to optimally map phase difference frequency characteristic using a digitally synthesized
measurements to estimates of the phase on a grid of source.
points in the measurement plane. Theoretical and
computer simulation comparisons between the minimum AVRAMOV-ZAMUROVIC, Svetlana, Assistant
variance phase estimator and conventional least Professor, Carl E. WICK, Associate Professor and T. E.
squares estimators are made. The minimum variance DWAN, Professor, “Communications Track for Systems
phase estimator produces a lower aperture-averaged Engineering Majors”, Frontiers in Education
mean-square phase error for all values of a sampling Conference Proceedings, Tempe, AZ, (November 1998).
parameter, â.
The Weapons and Systems Engineering Department at
ARRASMITH, William W., Major, USAF, “Branch Cut the United States Naval Academy offers an
Effects in Optimally Estimating a Coherent Diffracted undergraduate degree in Systems Engineering
Field,” Proceedings of the OSA Signal Recovery and (Controls) to approximately 100 midshipmen annually.
Synthesis VI Topical Meeting, 99-101, (June 1998). Fourth-year students are allowed to specialize by taking
a two-course track chosen from several areas of
In optical imaging systems that image coherently interest. Our communications track is one of these
illuminated diffuse scattering objects, the complex field areas of interest. The communications track integrates
in both the object plane and the measurement plane of signal analysis and processing methods, and modern
the object are described by a circularly complex random communication systems operation principles through
process with a spatial correlation function for the phase hand-on laboratory experience and computer
of the field. The spatial phase correlation function can simulation. The uniqueness of this track is that it is
be used to determine weighting coefficients that offered to students that do not have traditional
optimally estimate the 2-D phase in the measurement electrical engineering background. This paper details
plane of an imaging system. The spatial phase our experience in teaching modern communication
correlation function is also used to estimate the systems to undergraduate Systems Engineering majors.
theoretical aperture-averaged mean-square phase error.
This paper modifies the spatial phase correlation AVRAMOV-ZAMUROVIC, Svetlana, Assistant
function to account for the presence of branch cuts in Professor, Carl E. WICK, Associate Professor, and
the 2-D measurement plane phase function. The branch Terrence E. DWAN, Professor, “Communications Track
cuts are dominant in coherent imagery and arise from for Systems Engineering Majors,” Frontiers in
point-zeros in the measurement plane irradiance. If the Education Conference Proceedings, Session F4E, CD
effects of the branch cuts are not properly modeled, a ISBN 0-7803-4765-X, (November 1998).
catastrophic effect on conventional image
reconstruction algorithms results. This paper details our experiences in teaching modern
communications systems to undergraduate Systems
AVRAMOV-ZAMUROVIC, Svetlana, Assistant Engineering Majors students. We show how the
Professor, N.M. Oldham, M. Parker, and B. Waltrip, current track of courses is able to integrate signal
“Low Frequency Characteristics of Thin-Film analysis and processing methods, and modern
Multijunction Thermal Voltage Converters”, IEEE communication systems operating principles through
Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurements, classroom work, hands-on laboratory experience and
(March 1999). simulation.
Low frequency errors of thin-film multijunction thermal BISHOP, Bradley E., Assistant Professor and Mark W.
voltage converters are estimated using a simple model Spong, “Control of Redundant Manipulators Using
based on easily measured parameters. The model Logic-Based Switching," Proceedings of the 37th IEEE
104
Conference on Decision and Control, December 1998, Experimental results are given for the air hockey
pp. 1488-1493. example.
In this paper we study the control of redundant planar BISHOP, Bradley E. Assistant Professor and Mark W.
robotic manipulators using a switched (or hybrid) Spong, "Vision-Based Objective Selection for Robust
control scheme, focusing on manipulators with a degree Ballistic Manipulation,", Robust Vision for Vision-
of redundancy of one. We emphasize the effectiveness Based Control of Motion, IEEE Press, (1999) pp. 203 -
of switched control systems with respect to 219.
stabilization and performance enhancement for this
class of manipulators. We present a simulation study The use of visual measurement for high-speed and
of logic-based switching control of a 3 DOF planar high-precision robotic tasks requires careful analysis of
manipulator under end-effector trajectory tracking and the fundamental properties of the sensing paradigms
demonstrate the capabilities of this scheme. chosen. In this work we analyze the information
generated by a state estimator for a target moving
BISHOP, Bradley E. Assistant Professor,"Lyapunov object that is to be intercepted by a robotic
Function Normalization for Controlled Switching of manipulator. Selection of potential interaction
Hybrid Systems," Proceedings of the 1999 American objectives is carried out through analysis of the data
Control Conference, June 1999, pp. 2461 - 2465. stream from the visual system. The underlying sensing
problem is designed for a fundamentally unstructured
In this paper, we consider tools for control of switched environment under fixed-camera visual measurement.
nonlinear systems using Lyapunov-function based The test domain is chosen to be ballistic manipulation
techniques. We focus our efforts on those switched of a sliding object on a low-friction planar surface: the
nonlinear systems that admit a single equilibrium point air hockey problem.
that is common to all subsystems. We develop
techniques by which independent Lyapunov functions BISHOP, Bradley E., Assistant Professor and Mark
can be normalized so that switching surfaces are W.Spong, "Adaptive Calibration and Control of 2-D
implicitly generated and switches guarantee some level Monocular Visual Servo Systems," Control Engineering
of system performance, including stability and state Practice, Volume 7, Number 3, 423-430, (March 1999).
convergence.
For most visual servo systems, accurate camera/robot
BISHOP, Bradley E. Assistant Professor and Mark W. calibration is essential for precision tasks such as
Spong, "Vision-Based Control of an Air Hockey tracking time-varying end-effector trajectories in the
Playing Robot," IEEE Control Systems Magazine, (1999) image plane of a remote (fixed) camera. This paper
pp. 23 - 32. presents details of control-theoretic approaches to the
calibration and control of monocular visual servo
Robotic manipulation of rapidly moving objects systems in the case of a planar robot with workspace
through the application of visual feedback requires perpendicular to the optical axis of the imaging system.
careful analysis of the interaction of sensing and An on-line adaptive calibration and control scheme is
control. Selection of achievable manipulation tasks developed along with an associated stability and
can be carried out through analysis of the visual data convergence theorem. A redundancy-based refinement
stream when combined with task-specific controllers. of this scheme is proposed and demonstrated via
Flexibility can be increased in such a system through simulation
the use of hybrid control, in which multiple controllers .
are designed for independent objectives. This article KIRIAKIDIS, Kiriakos, Assistant Professor, Anthony
describes vision-based robotic ballistic manipulation Tzes, Apostolos Grivas, and Pei-Yuan Peng,
using integrated sensing and hybrid control. "Modeling, Plant Uncertainties, Fuzzy Logic Sliding
105
Control of Gaseous Systems," IEEE Transactions on demonstrated on the fuzzy model of a gas furnace
Control Systems Technology, 7, 42-55 (January 1999). process.
The active control problem of gaseous processes such KIRIAKIDIS, Kiriakos, Assistant Professor, Apostolos
as primary air atmospheric-suction and forced-draft Grivas, and Anthony Tzes, "Quadratic Stability
supply of air for fuel combustion is addressed in this Analysis of the Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Model," Fuzzy
article. The objective is to regulate gas velocity, at Sets and Systems, 98, 517-529 (August 1998).
particular locations within the system, so that
appropriate volume flow rate is achieved. Using modal The nonlinear dynamic Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model
expansion and treating the high-order modes as with offset terms is analyzed as a perturbed linear
unmodeled dynamics, the governing law of momentum system. A sufficient criterion for the robust stability of
conservation reduces to a finite set of ordinary this nominal system against nonlinear perturbations
differential equations. Due to variations of the gas guarantees quadratic stability of the fuzzy model. The
properties with operating conditions, there exists criterion accepts a convex programming formulation of
parametric uncertainty in the obtained reduced-order reduced computational cost compared to the common
model. Moreover, inclusion of the fan characteristic Lyapunov matrix approach. Parametric robust control
and actuator dynamics introduces additional techniques suggest synthesis tools for stabilization of
uncertainty and nonlinearity in the model. the fuzzy system. Application examples on fuzzy
To avoid relying on estimation of parameters that models of nonlinear plants advocate the efficiency of
vary with operating conditions or on conservative the method. The examples demonstrate reduced
bounds on the uncertainty, the proposed controller has conservatism compared to norm-based criteria.
variable structure with adaptive switched gain. A
fuzzy-logic-based inference engine realizes the adaptive KIRIAKIDIS, Kiriakos, Assistant Professor, “Control
law that tunes the switched gain to the smallest value Synthesis for a Class of Uncertain Nonlinear Systems,”
that verifies the sliding condition. In effect, this novel Proceedings of the American Control Conference, San
design reduces the tendency and magnitude of Diego, CA, (June 1999), pp. 4073 - 4074.
chattering, a drawback of conventional sliding control.
The fuzzy logic sliding controller is tested on a The paper investigates the synthesis of nonlinear
prototype air-handling unit. control systems with performance and stability
robustness in the presence of parametric uncertainty.
KIRIAKIDIS, Kiriakos, Assistant Professor, "Fuzzy The proposed technique searches for a positive definite
Model-based Control of Complex Plants," IEEE (p.d.) function that simultaneously satisfies design
Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 517-529. (November criteria stemming from the above requirements and
1998). recasts the general problem in the form of two
Nonlinear Matrix Inequalities (NLMIs). Using non-
In the field of fuzzy modeling, the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy conventional models, such as fuzzy approximates or
model has been used to accurately approximate the global linearizations, the method provides
dynamics of complex plants. This paper addresses two constant-matrix or piecewise quadratic solutions.
control design problems associated with state-space
realizations of such fuzzy models. First, we treat the KIRIAKIDIS, Kiriakos, Assistant Professor, “A New
stability robustness of fuzzy-model-based controllers Tool for Analysis and Design of Robust Fuzzy
against modeling uncertainty. Next, we develop Systems,” Proceedings of the 18th International
observer-based control schemes and further investigate Conference of the North American Fuzzy Information
the behavior of estimated-state feedback. In both Society, New York, NY, (June 1999), pp. 436 - 437.
cases, we provide sufficient conditions that guarantee
stability of the closed loop. The results are Modeling and control methods that use the
106
Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy system structure have WATKINS, John M., Assistant Professor, “Adaptive
received wide acceptance in the area of fuzzy logic Control of Time-Varying Systems Based on Parameter
control. This is mainly due to the ability of such Set Estimation,” Proceedings of the 37th IEEE
methods to assess important properties of the Conference on Decision and Control, Tampa, FL,
closed-loop system such as stability and performance. (December 1998) 4002-4007.
These methods use Nonlinear Matrix Inequalities
(NLMIs) to formulate the problem. Because of the Adaptive control of time-varying plants, in the
quasi-linear structure of the T-S fuzzy system, this presence of unmodeled dynamics and bounded
approach leads to a simpler and easier to solve problem disturbances, via parameter set estimation is proposed.
that involves Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs). The The set estimator uses normalization and maps the
T-S and NLMIs formalism serves also as a vehicle for uniformly bounded equation error on parametric error,
the investigation of more complex system properties- which characterizes the modeled part of the plant.
notably robustness. Recent results have shown how Based on the information from the set estimator, a
to obtain quadratic Lyapunov functions that prove switching control criterion selects the parametric vector
robust stability against sector-bounded uncertainty. froma set of nominal model parameters and tunes in the
These results, however, are conservative, i.e., they adaptive controller. At the same time, through
apply to T-S fuzzy models whose local linear systems stabilization against the parametric error, the policy
form a tight convex hull. To reduce conservatism, we renders the closed-loop modeled dynamics robust with
propose a piecewise quadratic rather than a respect to the equation error mechanisms. O’BRIEN Jr.,
constant-matrix quadratic Lyapunov function. As a Richard T., Assistant Professor and Pablo A. Iglesias,
result, the region of the state space where robustness "Pole/Zero Cancellations in Time-Varying Systems,"
is assessable will increase and so will the numerical International Journal of Control, 71(1), 103-130,
complexity of the problem. Rather than the (September 1998), pp. 337 - 340.
computationally efficient LMI-based optimization, the
solution will now involve Bilinear Matrix Inequalities Poles and zeros are defined for continuous-time, linear,
(BMIs). The advantage of the BMI alternative lies in its time-varying systems. A pole set for a time-varying
ability to provide a solution where the LMI approach state equation defines a stability-preserving variable
fails but without the computational burden of the NLMI change relating the original state equation to a time-
approach. varying, diagonal state equation. A zero is a function of
time corresponding to an exponential input whose
KIRIAKIDIS, Kiriakos, Assistant Professor, “An LMI transmission to the output is blocked within the
Approach to the Control of a Class of Nonlinear system. These definitions are shown to be
Systems,” Proceedings of the 37th IEEE Conference on generalizations of the definitions of poles and zeros in
Decision and Control, Tampa, FL, 1470-1475, (December the time-invariant case. Using these definitions, it is
1998). shown that the relationship between the loss of
controllability and/or observability in cascade systems
This paper considers the control of the class of and pole/zero cancellations is analogous to the
nonlinear systems that can be represented by the relationship in the time-invariant case.
convex hull of a collection of local linear approximates.
Use of such quasi-linear modeling reduces the problem O’BRIEN Jr., Richard T., Assistant Professor and Pablo
of the robust stabilization of the class with static state A. Iglesias, "Closed Loop Cancellations in H-infinity
or dynamic output feedback, against modeling error and Control of Time-Varying Systems,” International
parametric uncertainty, to a Linear Matrix Inequality Journal of Control, 71(1), 163-189, (September 1998).
(LMI) problem.
The pole/zero cancellation phenomenon is examined in
KIRIAKIDIS, Kiriakos, Assistant Professor and the closed loop system resulting from the solution of
107
the $\Hf$ control problem for time-varying systems. The the design using a generalized frequency domain
unobservable and uncontrollable states are identified in technique. A series of simulation modules has been
the realization of the closed loop system associated created to facilitate and standardize the design process.
with the general $\Hf$ control problem. Then these Results of numerical simulation are presented to
results are used in conjunction with previous results illustrate the design process and the performance of the
obtained by the authors on the pole/zero cancellation steering controller.
phenomenon in time-varying systems to identify
pole/zero cancellations in two specific types of H- O’BRIEN Jr., Richard T., Assistant Professor and Pablo
infinity control problems. These results generalize the A. Iglesias, “Robust Controller Design for Time-
work of Sefton and Glover for time-invariant systems. Varying Systems,” Proceedings of 1998 Conference on
Decision and Control, 1998, pp. 3813 - 3818.
O’BRIEN Jr., Richard T., Assistant Professor and Pablo
A. Iglesias, “Time-Varying Steering Control for an This paper examines the design of controllers for linear,
Autonomous Highway Vehicle,” Proceedings of 1998 time-varying systems. In particular, a design procedure
American Control Conference, 1998, pp. 26 - 30. is presented that incorporates performance and
robustness objectives into existing optimal control
An automated steering controller design is presented methods. Using a frequency domain description of a
for a fundamentally new driving maneuver. The task for time-varying system, a correlation is established
the controller is to steer the vehicle through a series of between the transmission of power across frequencies
lane change maneuvers while following a desired and the time-variation of a system. The design
velocity trajectory. A linear, time-varying steering procedure is developed using this description and the
controller is synthesized using a design procedure solution of the analogue to the H-infinity optimal
based on the solution of a H-infinity optimal control control problem for time-varying systems. In particular,
problem. This controller is compared to several time- design guidelines are derived for several basic
invariant steering controllers and it is shown that the performance and robustness objectives. These
time-varying controller provides performance that a guidelines reflect the time dependence of the frequency
time-variant controller can not. response of a time-varying system while retaining the
frequency domain intuition of the time-invariant case.
O’BRIEN Jr., Richard T., Assistant Professor, “Time- This procedure is analogous to the loop shaping
Varying H-infinity Steering Control,” Proceedings of design procedure of McFarlane and Glover for time-
1998 Summer Computer Simulation Conference, 179-184, invariant systems.
(July 1998).
O’BRIEN Jr., Richard T., Assistant Professor, “Analysis
This paper addresses the design of a steering controller and Control of Finite Time-Variation Systems,”
for an automated vehicle. A new class of tasks is Proceedings of the American Control Conference, 1786-
considered where the vehicle is traveling at a known 1790, (June 1999).
time-varying speed. Specifically, the task of the
controller is to steer the vehicle through an accelerate In this paper, a new type of linear, time-varying, state
and pass maneuver requiring the vehicle to move into space model is considered that admits a useful
an adjacent lane while accelerating, then return to the frequency response and a tractable solution to the
original lane while decelerating. The time-varying speed controller synthesis problem. These objectives are
admits the use of a time-varying model of the vehicle's achieved by defining a finite time-variation model,
lateral dynamics. A steering controller is synthesized assuming one exists, where the coefficient matrices
using $\Hf$ design procedure for linear, time-varying varying with time on a finite interval and were constant
systems recently developed by the author. The outside this finite interval. Using this type of model, the
procedure incorporates the performance objectives in concepts of poles and frequency response of a finite
108
time-variation model are investigated. A pole set for a condition. Open loop simulations are presented to
finite time-variation model is simply the set of frozen- show that steering control using differential braking
time poles at each instant. Furthermore, for a certain force is feasible and effective.
class of a finite time-variation models, the frequency
response can be related to the frequency response of PIPER, George E., Associate Professor,, John M.
the frozen-time plant at each instant. This type of model WATKINS, Assistant Professor, David Brumann,
captures the relevant time-variation information on a Assistant Professor and Glen Bell, "Modeling of a
finite horizon and requires only a finite amount of data Magnetic Bearing Pump,” Classified Proceedings of the
to specify the plant. As a result, it was shown that the Naval Symposium on Electric Machines, Annapolis,
H-infinity robust stabilization problem can be solved on MD, (1998).
a finite horizon. This result simplifies the controller
synthesis problem greatly. ABSTRACT-CLASSIFIED
O’BRIEN, Jr., Richard T., Assistant Professor and Pablo PIPER, George E., Associate Professor,, John M.
A. Iglesias, “Pole/Zero Cancellations in Time-Varying WATKINS, Assistant Professor, David Brumann,
Systems,” Proceedings of 1998 Conference on Assistant Professor and Glen Bell, "Adaptive Feedback
Mathematical Theory of Networks and Systems , Control in a Magnetic Bearing Pump System,”
(October 1998), pp. 723 - 728. Classified Proceedings of the Naval Symposium on
Electric Machines, Annapolis, MD, (1998).
Definitions of poles and zeros for continuous time,
linear, time-varying systems are presented. For a time- ABSTRACT-CLASSIFIED
varying state equation, a pole set defines a stability
preserving variable change relating the original state BAUMANN, David, Assistant Professor, George E.
equation to a time-varying, diagonal state equation PIPER, Associate Professor, John M. WATKINS,,
where the diagonal elements are the poles. A zero is a Assistant Professor, and Glen Bell, "Implementation of
function of time corresponding to an exponential input Adaptive Control on a Magnetic Bearing Pump
whose transmission to the output is blocked with in the System,” Classified Proceedings of the Naval
system. These definitions are shown to be Symposium on Electric Machines, Annapolis, MD,
generalizations of the definitions of poles and zeros in (1998).
the time-invariant case. Using these definitions, it is
shown that the relationship between the loss of ABSTRACT-CLASSIFIED
controllability and/or observability in cascade systems
and pole/zero cancellations is analogous to the PIPER, George E., Associate Professor, John M.
relationship in the time-invariant case. WATKINS, Assistant Professor, Richard T. O’BRIEN,
Jr., Assistant Professor, and David BAUMANN,
O’BRIEN, Richard T., Assistant Professor and George Assistant Professor, "Global Control of Fan Noise
E. PIPER, Associate Professor, "On the Steering of an Using Magnetic Bearings,” IEEE Transactions on
Articulated Vehicle Using Differential Braking,” Control Systems Technology, (September 1998).
Proceedings of the 1999 Annual Conference On
Information Sciences And Systems, Baltimore, MD, In this paper, a novel approach is presented to reduce
(1999). fan related noise in an acoustic duct. By using
magnetic bearings as an noise control actuator, it is
In this paper, the use of differential braking to steer the possible to co-locate the anti-noise source with the
trailer of an articulated vehicle is investigated. A disturbance noise source. This approach allows for
dynamic model of the vehicle is developed and global noise reduction through out the duct system.
linearized for a constant velocity and zero relative angle Using H-infinity control theory, an active noise
109
controller is designed that attains broadband as well as data. The systems engineer’s role in the study of all of
tonal noise reduction at all points along the duct. H- these environmental topics is emphasized throughout
infinity control designs are particularly robust to the course.
uncertainties in the plant model. Finally, simulation
results demonstrate the global nature of this novel PIPER, George E., Associate Professor, Terrence E.
active noise control approach. DWAN, Professor, E. Eugene MITCHELL, Professor
and Carl E. WICK, Associate Professor, "Teaching
PIPER, George E., Associate Professor and John M. Environmental Systems Engineering,” Proceedings of
WATKINS, Assistant Professor, "System Identification the 1998 ASEE Annual Conference, CD-ROM, Seattle,
of the Sound Field in a Fluid-Filled Pipe,” Proceedings WA, (June 1998).
of the 1998 Summer Computer Simulation Conference,
197-201, Reno, NV, ( July 1998). The Systems Engineering Department at the U. S.
Naval Academy has introduced a track in
In this paper, modeling of the sound field within a fluid- Environmental Systems Engineering. The track consists
filled pipe is investigated. One of the answers sought of a sequence of two courses. The first course is
is the minimal model order for system identification that taught within the Systems Engineering Department.
best captures the relevant characteristics of the This course addresses areas where systems engineers
acoustic path. In this study we develop a infinite order impact environmental issues. The course concentrates
theoretical model of the sound field of an open-ended on environmental hardware, sensors, data handling,
fluid-filled pipe. The pole-zero configuration of this and modeling. For the second course in the track,
model is then analyzed to determine the minimal order students choose from two traditional environmental
model that accurately models the sound field. Finally, courses in the Ocean Engineering Department at the
system identification schemes are performed on data Naval Academy. One course centers on marine
generated by the theoretical model to produce IR pollution: its causes, effects and remediation. The other
models. The results of the system identification models course centers on ocean resources: their identification,
are compared to the theoretical model and the results recovery and utilization. This paper presents an
are discussed. overview of the Environmental Systems Engineering
track and focuses on the Systems Engineering
PIPER, George E., Associate Professor, Terrence E. Department's environmental course. It discusses the
DWAN, Professor, Carl E. WICK, Associate Professor, course philosophy, content, and labs.
and E. Eugene MITCHELL, Professor, "Environmental
Systems Engineering Course,” Proceedings of the 1998 WATKINS, John M., Assistant Professor, George E.
Summer Computer Simulation Conference, 449-454, PIPER, Associate Professor, Richard T. O’BRIEN, Jr.,
Reno, NV, (1998). Assistant Professor, and David C. Baumann, Assistant
Professor, “The Use of Magnetic Bearing for Global
A new course and track in the Systems Engineering Control of Fan Noise,” Proceedings of the American
major at the United States Naval Academy presents the Control Conference, CD ROM, June 1999.
design and analysis of environmental systems from a
systems engineering approach. Several engineering In this paper, a novel approach is presented to reduce
topics and our approach to them are addressed in the fan related noise in an acoustic duct. By installing
course including: ecological dynamics, transport magnetic bearings on the noise producing machinery,
phenomena, meteorological, atmospheric and solar it is possible to collocate the anti-noise source with the
processes. The two particular areas of study in the new disturbance noise source. This approach allows for
course to be discussed in this paper are: the analysis global noise reduction through out the duct system.
and simulation of thermal transport phenomenon and
the simulation, measurement and analysis of ecological STILWELL, Daniel J., Assistant Professor and Wilson
110
J. Rugh, “Stability and L2 Gain Properties of LPV (March 1999).

Systems,” Proceedings of the 1999 American Control
Conference, San Diego, CA, (June 1999) pp. 2262 - 2266. System identification of unstable systems is a very
challenging problem. While feedback can be applied to
Stability and L2 gain properties of linear parameter- stabilize the system during the identification process,
varying systems are obtained under assumed bounds the addition of feedback poses additional problems.
on either the maximum or average value of the parameter First, finding a stabilizing feedback gain when a model
rate. of the plant dynamics does not exist may be very
difficult. Second, even if a feedback gain can be found
STILWELL, Daniel J., Assistant Professor and Wilson that stabilizes the system, it is well known that
J. Rugh,"Interpolation Methods for Gain Scheduling," “identifiability" can be lost due to static gain feedback.
Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Decision and In this paper, an input synthesis procedure for
Control, Tampa, FL, pp. 3003-3008, (December, 1998). parameter set estimation of unstable systems is
presented. While feedback is inherent in this strategy,
identifiability is preserved due to the time-varying
Synthesis of gain scheduled controllers often requires
nature of the feedback gain matrix.
that a parameter-varying controller degenerated from a
finite set of linear time-invariant controllers. We
PIPER, George, Associate Professor and WATKINS,
propose interpolation methods for this task with the
John M., Assistant Professor, “System Identification of
property that stability of the linearized closed-loop
the Sound Field in a Fluid-Filled Pipe,” Proceedings of
system is preserved for each fixed value of the
the 1998 Summer Computer Simulation Conference,
scheduling parameter. In addition, slow-variation
Reno, NV, (July 1998).
arguments are presented that establish stability of the
nonlinear closed-loop system with gain scheduled
In this paper modeling of the sound field within a fluid
controller.
filled pipe is investigated. One of the answers sought
is the minimal model order for system identification that
STILWELL, Daniel J., Assistant Professor and Douglas
best captures the relevant characteristics of the
A. Lawrence, "Sampled-Data Implementation of a Gain
acoustic path. In this study we develop a infinite order
Scheduled Controller," Proceedings of the Conference
theoretical model of the sound field of an open-ended
on Information and Systems Sciences, Baltimore, MD,
fluid filled pipe. The pole-zero configuration of this
(March, 1999), pp. 717 - 722.
model is then analyzed to determine the minimal order
model that accurately models the sound field. Finally,
A continuous-time gain-scheduled controller must be
system identification schemes are performed on data
transformed to a corresponding discrete-time controller
generated by the theoretical model to produce IIR
for sampled-data implementation. We show that certain
models. The results of the system identification models
linearization properties of a continuous-time gain
are compared to the theoretical model and the results
scheduled controller are inherited by its sampled-data
are discussed.
implementation. We also show that a similar
relationship exists for multi-rate gain scheduled
WICK, Carl E., Associate Professor and George E.
controllers arising in flight control applications.
PIPER, Associate Professor,"Using the ADSP-21061
SHARC EZ-KIT in Undergraduate DSP Oriented
WATKINS, John M., Assistant Professor and Stewart,
Cour s e s " , Proceedings of the 1998 FIE Conference,
Major Devilbiss, “An Input Synthesis Procedure for
Phoenix, AZ, (1998), CD-ROM.
Parameter Set Estimation of Unstable System,”
Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference on
In this paper we discuss the use of Analog Devices
Information Sciences and Systems, Baltimore, MD,
ADSP-21061 SHARC EZ-KIT evaluation board as a
111
teaching tool. We have developed a Windows-95 Engineering Students; Experiences using RISC
"front-end" program to accompany the evaluation Microcomputers in a Simulation Oriented Course,”
board that ties Analog Devices' C programming Proceedings of the International Conference on
package with some additional editing, downloading, Simulation and Multimedia in Engineering Education,
uploading and graphing tools. The complete package San Francisco, CA, (January 1999), 136-141.
provides much improved access to program
development tools and to the processor for program This paper describes the use of a locally built
operation, debugging and data extraction. With this set programming and simulation package to teach
of programs, we believe that this processor and embedded digital processors to undergraduate Systems
evaluation board can now become an effective tool for Engineering Majors. The development of the simulator
exploring the use of digital processors for signal is discussed as well as its operation in the classroom
processing and for control applications by students and in the laboratory.
who have little computer science background. In this
paper we present an example laboratory exercise using ZIVI, Edwin L., Assistant Professor and Timothy J.
these tools. McCoy, "Control of a Shipboard Integrated Power
System," Proceedings of the Thirty-third Annual
WICK, Carl E., Associate Professor and George E. Conference on Information Sciences and Systems,
PIPER, Associate Professor, “Using the ADSP-21061 (March 1999).
Courses,” Frontiers in Education Conference The control requirements for the next generation of
Proceedings, Session F2D, CD ISBN 0-7803-4765-X, Integrated Power Systems (IPS) are discussed within
(November 1998). the context of present naval machinery monitoring and
control state-of-the-art. After a brief review of modern
In this paper we discuss the use of Analog Devices naval propulsion systems, key requirements for next
ADSP-21061 SHARC EZ-KIT evaluation board as a generation systems are identified. Derived control
teaching tool. We have developed a Windows-95 system requirements are then compared to existing
‘Front End’ program to accompany the evaluation capabilities and shortfalls are identified. A shipboard
board that ties Analog Devices’ C programming automation strategy is suggested which builds on
package with some additional editing, downloading , current technology and ongoing innovations in fault
uploading and graphing tools. With this set of tools tolerant distributed control for mission critical systems.
we believe that the processor and evaluation board can Complementary aspects of stabilizing control, analytic
become an effective tool for exploring digital signal redundancy, component level intelligent control, and
processors at the undergraduate level. We supply an neural nets are described. The end objective is the
example laboratory exercise to illustrate the use of the development of dependable, survivable, cost-effective,
evaluation board and program. mission critical control systems based on commercially
available control technology.
WICK, Carl E., Associate Professor, “Introducing
Embedded Computer Systems to Undergraduate
TECHNICAL REPORTS
STILWELL, Daniel J., Assistant Professor and Wilson Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
J. Rugh, "Analysis of Stability and L2 Gain Properties Technical Report, JHU/ECE TR 98-05, 1998.
of LPV Systems," Johns Hopkins University
112
Stability and L2 gain properties of linear parameter- Bearings for Broadband Noise Attenuation,” Naval
varying systems are obtained under assumed bounds Surface Warfare Center Technical Report NSWCCD-C-
on either the maximum or average value of the parameter TM-84-98/14, (1999).
rate.
ABSTRACT-CLASSIFIED
Bell, Glen, George E. PIPER, Associate Professor, John
M. WATKINS, Assistant Professor, and David
BAUMANN, Assistant Professor, “Using Magnetic
PRESENTATIONS
ARRASMITH, William W., Major, USAF, “Branch Cut Logic-Based Switching,” 37th IEEE Conference on
Effects in Optimally Estimating a Coherent Diffracted Decision and Control, Tampa, FL, December 1998.
Field,” OSA Signal Recovery and Synthesis VI Topical
Meeting, Kona, Hawaii, June 1998. BISHOP, Bradley E., Assistant Professor, “Lyapunov
Function Normalization for Controlled Switching of
AVRAMOV-ZAMUROVIC, Svetlana, Assistant Hybrid Systems,” 1999 American Control Conference,
Professor, K. Andrew, N. M. Oldham, B. Waltrip, “The San Diego, CA, June 1999.
Sensitivity of a Method to Predict Capacitor’s
Frequency Characteristic,” IEEE Instrumentation and DWAN, Terrence E., Professor, “Environmental
Measurement Technology Conference, Venice, Italy, Systems Engineering Course,” 1998 Summer Computer
May 1999. Simulation Conference, Reno, NV, July 1998.
K. Andrew, AVRAMOV-ZAMUROVIC, Svetlana, DWAN, Terrence E., Professor, “Teaching

Assistant Professor, B. Waltrip, N. M. Oldham, Environmental Systems Engineering,” ASEE Annual
“Uncertainty Analysis for Four Terminal-Pair Conference, Seattle, WA, June 1998.
Capacitance and Dissipation Factor Characterization at
1 MHZ and 10 MHZ,” IEEE Instrumentation and KIRIAKIDIS, Kiriakos, Assistant Professor, “Control
Measurement Technology Conference, Venice, Italy, Synthesis for a Class of Uncertain Nonlinear Systems,”
May 1999. The American Control Conference, San Diego, CA, June
1999.
AVRAMOV-ZAMUROVIC, Svetlana, Assistant
Professor, Carl E. Wick, Associate Professor and KIRIAKIDIS, Kiriakos, Assistant Professor, “A New
Terrence E. Dwan, Professor, ”Communications Track Tool for Analysis and Design of Robust Fuzzy
for Systems Engineering Majors,” Frontiers in Systems,” The 18th International Conference of the
Education Conference, Tempe, AZ, November 1998. North American Fuzzy Information Society, New York,
A. Koffman, AVRAMOV-ZAMUROVIC, Svetlana, S. B. NY, June 1999.
Waltrip and N. M. Oldham, “On Uncertainty of
Capacitance Measurements,” National Conference of KIRIAKIDIS, Kiriakos, Assistant Professor, “An LMI
Standards Laboratories Workshop and Symposium, Approach to the Control of a Class of Nonlinear
Albuquerque, NM, July 1998. Systems,” The 37th IEEE Conference on Decision and
Control, Tampa, FL, December 1998.
BISHOP, Bradley E., Assistant Professor and Mark W
Spong, “Control of Redundant Manipulators Using O’BRIEN, Jr., Richard T., Assistant Professor, "Time-
113
Varying Steering Control for an Autonomous Highway Magnetic Bearing Pump,” Classified Session of the
Vehicle," American Control Conference, Philadelphia, Naval Symposium on Electric Machines, Annapolis,
PA, June 1998. MD, October 1998.
O’BRIEN, Jr., Richard T., Assistant Professor, "Time- PIPER, George E., Associate Professor, "Active Noise
Varying H-infinity Steering Control," Summer Computer Control,” USNA Sigma Xi Meeting, Annapolis, MD,
Simulation Conference, Reno, NV, July 1998. October 1998.
O’BRIEN, Jr., Richard T., Assistant Professor, "Robust STILWELL, Daniel J., Assistant Professor, “Stability
Controller Design for Time-Varying Systems," and L2 Gain Properties of LPV Systems,” 1999 American
Conference on Decision and Control, Tampa, FL, Control Conference, San Diego, CA, June, 1999.
December 1998.
STILWELL, Daniel J., Assistant Professor,
O’BRIEN, Jr., Richard T., Assistant Professor, "On the "Interpolation Methods for Gain Scheduling," 1998
Steering of an Articulated Vehicle Using Differential IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, Tampa, FL,
Braking," 33rd Conference on Information Science and December 1998.
Systems, Baltimore , MD, March 1999.
O’BRIEN, Jr., Richard T., Assistant Professor, "Sampled-data Implementation of a Gain Scheduled
"Analysis and Control of Finite Time-Variation Controller,” 1999 Conference on Information and
Systems," American Control Conference, San Diego, Systems Sciences, Baltimore,
ch 1999.MD, Mar
CA, June 1999.
O’BRIEN, Richard T., Assistant Professor and George "Interpolation Methods for the Synthesis of Gain
E. Piper, Associate Professor, "On the Steering of an Scheduled Controllers,” Johns Hopkins University
Articulated Vehicle Using Differential Braking,” The Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, October
1999 Annual Conference on Information Sciences and 1998.
Systems, Baltimore, MD, March 1999.
PIPER, George E., Associate Professor and Terrence E. "Interpolation Methods for the Synthesis of Gain
Dwan, Professor, "Teaching Environmental Systems Scheduled Controllers," Electrical and Computer
Engineering,” The 1998 ASEE Annual Conference, Engineering Department, Johns Hopkins University,
Seattle, WA, June 1998. Baltimore, MD, September 1998.
PIPER, George E., Associate Professor and Terrence E. WATKINS, John M., Assistant Professor, “An Input
Dwan, Professor, "Environmental Systems Engineering Synthesis Procedure for Parameter Set Estimation of
Course,” The 1998 Summer Computer Simulation Unstable System,” 33rd Annual Conference on
Conference, Reno, NV, July 1998. Information Sciences and Systems, Baltimore, MD,
March 1999.
PIPER, George E., Associate Professor and John M.
Watkins, Assistant Professor, "System Identification of WATKINS, John M., Assistant Professor, “Adaptive
the Sound Field in a Fluid-Filled Pipe,” The 1998 Control of Time-Varying Systems Based on Parameter
Summer Computer Simulation Conference, Reno, NV, Set Estimation,” IEEE Conference on Decision and
July 1998. Control, Tampa, FL, December 1998.
PIPER, George E., Associate Professor, "Modeling of a WATKINS, John M., Assistant Professor, “Adaptive
114
Feedback Control in a Magnetic Bearing Pump System,” WICK, Carl E., Associate Professor, “Introducing
Naval Symposium on Electric Machines, Annapolis, Embedded Computer Systems to Undergraduate
MD, October 1998. Engineering Students; Experiences Using RISC
Microcomputers in a Simulation Oriented Course,” 1999
WICK, Carl E., Associate Professor, and George E. Western International Multi-Conference on Simulation
Piper, Associate Professor, “Using the ADSP-21061 and Multimedia in Engineering Education San
SHARC EZ-KIT in Undergraduate DSP Oriented Francisco, CA, January 1999.
Courses,” 1998 Frontiers in Education Conference,
Session F2D, Tempe, AZ, November 1998. ZIVI, Edwin L., Assistant Professor,"Control of a
Shipboard Integrated Power System," Thirty-third
WICK, Carl E., Associate Professor and George E. Piper, Annual Conference on Information Sciences and
Associate Professor, "Using the ADSP-21061 SHARC Systems, March 1999.
EZ-KIT,” USNA Systems Engineering Seminar,
Annapolis, MD, November 1998. ZIVI, Edwin L., Assistant Professor, "Automation
Strategies for Shipboard Power Systems," Third Annual
WICK, Carl E., Associate Professor, and George E. Inter-Agency Energy Systems Analysis Consortium
Piper, Associate Professor,"Using the ADSP-21061 Conference, April 1999.
Courses,” The 1998 FIE Conference, Phoenix, AZ,
November 1998.
115
DEPARTMENT OF
COL Robert B. Blose Jr., USMC

Director
Economics
Professor J. Eric Fredland
Chair
116
DEPARTMENT OF
Members of the Economics Department faculty were women’s contributions to the 19th century literature in
engaged in research on a broad range of topics in economics. She presented a conference paper as a
1998-1999. Associate Professor Karen Thierfelder, result of this work. Other faculty have also been
who was again the departmental nominee for the productive, although less prolific. Professors Bowman
USNA Research Excellence Award, continued to and Little have continued their work on diverse
develop and apply computable general equilibrium military manpower topics. Professor Goodman
models to international trade flows. Working with collaborated with Professor Little on some of that work
several different teams of researchers, she published and also was engaged in several projects relating to her
three papers, made four conference presentations, and role as the Director of Teaching and Learning.
continued work on a half dozen projects in various Assistant Professor Getter published one paper and
stages of completion. Assistant Professor Suzanne made several presentations. He will be on leave in
McCoskey, working with two members of the 1999-2000 on the research staff at Freddie Mac,
Engineering faculty, developed a course in the working on issues of credit availability. Professor
application of neural networks to economics. Two Kendry served for a third year as the William Crowe
papers resulting from this course were presented by the Professor. The Frederick L. Sawyer Prize, awarded to
midshipmen at a professional conference on the best senior research paper by a graduating
forecasting. Professor McCoskey, who won a economics major, was won by Midshipman 1/C David
prestigious Fulbright Scholarship to South Africa to P. Perry for his paper “A Time Series Model: Testing
begin in the winter of 2000, published one applied for Global Stock Market Interdependence” written
econometrics paper and presented another. The latter under the direction of Assistant Professor McCoskey.
was given at the Allied Social Sciences Associations It is the second straight year that a student of Dr.
meetings, the highest profile forum for presenting McCoskey has won.
economic research. In addition to her applied
econometric work, she has been doing research on
SPONSORED RESEARCH
The Career Progression of Minority Naval Officers
Researchers: Professor William R. Bowman and Stephen L. Mehay (Naval Postgraduate School)
Sponsor: U.S. Dept of Navy, Bureau of Personnel
117
ECONOMICS
Little, if any, research exists on the performance of status as their majority counterparts, they fail to
naval officers, let alone on minorities within the promote at comparable rates to LCDR, especially if
military services. However, a consistent outcome they are not assigned or otherwise select a combatant
observed over time has been the under-representation (“cru-des”) as their ship during their initial three year
of minority officers especially at higher ranks. The sea tour as a junior officer. Statistical modeling can
focus of this research project is directly related to this neither explain why minorities fail to be assigned to
phenomenon. Using multi-variate regression these ships like the racial majority nor can they explain
techniques, the study attempts to determine if the why they are less likely to screen for department head
slower career progression of minorities-especially or to be selected to Grade 04 at rates comparable with
African American male officers-can be explained by the racial majority. These findings do not necessarily
differences related to individual performance as support institutional racial bias because much of the
opposed to institutional forces related to segregation or observed differences are attributed to differences in the
even discrimination on the part of the Navy. technical skills and early job performance between the
While the study addresses Navy-wide career two racial groups.
progression of minorities compared with the majority, Results of the study will be briefed by the author to
the emphasis is directed to relative retention- senior Navy department officials in the Bureau of
promotion outcomes of Unrestricted Line officers-the Personnel and will help form the basis of a body of
warrior communities in the Navy. Little evidence of knowledge that will be used by BUPERS to formulate
career progression differences between the majority a major study of minorities in the Armed Services at
and racial minorities is found in the submarine and the turn of the century.
aviation communities, but significant differences are
found within the surface community. While minority
officers are equally likely to remain on active duty
Gender Differences in the Second Paycheck: An Exploration into the Labor Force Status
and the Earnings of the Husbands and Wives of Service Members
Researchers: Professor Roger D. Little and Professor Rae Jean B. Goodman

Sponsors: Office of Naval Research (ONR) and the Naval Academy Research Council (NARC)
As more women serve in the military, it is not (LFPRs) are higher for the spouses of enlisted than
surprising that there are increasing numbers of officers and higher for males than females; contrary to
military families where both spouses are on active duty most individuals, educational levels of the spouses are
or where the service member on active duty is female not a factor in LFPRs; young children reduce LFPRs
and her husband is civilian. Such a husband may be a for both males and females; returns to education are
‘tied migrant’ whose earnings constitute the second close to zero for both genders; and full-time federal
paycheck within the family. Using the Heckman employment is extremely important in determining
correction for selectivity bias, we estimate earnings earnings. The research will continue using a new data
regressions for both civilian female and male spouses. set available in the summer of 1999.
Several findings include: labor force participation rates
A Note on Taxes, Prices, Wages and Welfare in General Equilibrium Models
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ECONOMICS
Researcher: Associate Professor Karen Thierfelder

and Sherman Robinson (International Food Policy Research Institute)
Changes in real wages are often used to measure returns as a welfare indicator. There is a transfer effect
welfare changes. There is a problem, however, in on factor returns arising from any shift between
interpreting measures of changes in factor returns indirect and direct taxes, regardless of any efficiency
when analyzing the impact of changes in taxes — such effects. Next, factor markets are added to the model
as tariffs and indirect taxes — that operate as wedges and used to describe the implications for income
in product and factor markets versus direct taxes that distribution. It is found that the transfer effect dampens
do not work through the price system. One must the magnification effect of a price change on factor
account for both how the tax is collected and where the returns, but does not reverse the Stolper-Samuelson
tax revenue goes. This research sorts out how a shift results. This paper has been published as an
in tax structure will affect the real wage in a model International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
which isolates the price, wage, revenue, and welfare Trade and Macroeconomics Division working paper.
effects. The work starts from a simple general It has been submitted to the Journal of Policy
equilibrium model which accounts for all income and Modeling to be considered for publication. This paper
expenditure flows in the economy and includes both was presented at the Southern Economic Association
traded and domestic goods. An analysis of the impact Meetings, Baltimore, MD, November 1998.
of changes in indirect taxes and tariffs on prices and
wages demonstrates the pitfalls of using real factor
INDEPENDENT RESEARCH
Examination Performance and Incentives
Researchers: Professor Rae Jean B. Goodman and Associate Professor Thomas A. Zak
The fundamental hypothesis is that providing a QPR groupings. The students in the other room
monetary incentive stimulates student performance on received the same memorandum as they exited the
a standardized exam. The data used for the analysis exam. The empirical analysis tests the hypothesis
are the performances of first class economics majors on holding ability measures constant; the ability measures
the Major Field Achievement Test for the 1989-1991 include economics QPR, overall QPR, SAT scores,
period. The experimental setup was to divide the class performance in intermediate macroeconomics and
into separate classrooms matching the academic microeconomics courses, numbers of economics
quality of the two rooms by QPR rank. As students courses completed, etc. The analysis has not been
entered the "incentive" room they were given a completed; however, the plan is to complete the
memorandum which informed them that there were research during the intersessional period.
monetary prizes for the top three performers by four
Two Projects on Women's Historic Writing in Economics
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ECONOMICS
Researchers: Assistant Professor Suzanne McCoskey and Susan Gensemer (Syracuse University)
Project 1: The Mid 19th Century Emergence of Women's Writings

on the Intersection of Marital and Economic Status
Mid-nineteenth century American and British women's work to the idea that all labor markets should be open
written contributions toward understanding and to women regardless of marital status. The writings of
expanding women's economic rights are investigated. well known figures such as Harriet Taylor Mill and
Crucial to understanding this work is the marital status Barbara Bodichon will be explored as well as lesser
of individual women. Both the support of married known ones such as Caroline Dall and Jessie
women's property rights and the debate on the working Boucherett.
rights of married women will be considered; thoughts
on the latter range from no married women should
Project 2: Turn of the Century Women's Writings on Optimum Family Design
This project explores turn of the century American and of well known figures like Charlotte Perkins Gilman
British women's written contributions toward and Helen Dandy Bosanquet are investigated along
developing optimum family design. These women used with those of lesser known ones such as Mona Caird.
analytical reasoning and economic language to propose A report of this project has been accepted for
alternative family structures. They considered such presentation at the Conference for the International
issues as efficient division of labor, not only within the Association for Feminist Economics, June 1999.
family, but across society; appropriate training for
future household roles; the perhaps changing
household roles over individuals' life cycles. The works
Testing the Stability of a Production Function with Urbanization as a Shift Factor:

An Application of Non-Stationary Panel Data Techniques
Researchers: Assistant Professor Suzanne McCoskey and Chihwa Kao (Syracuse University)
Urban economists have long sought to explain the and capital per worker cannot be rejected for either a
relationship between urbanization levels and output. sample of 30 developing countries or a sample of 22
This paper revisits this question and tests the long run developed countries. In addition, an estimate of the
stability of a production function including long run average effects of urbanization and capital on
urbanization using non-stationary panel data GDP is made. These results offer new insights and
techniques. The results show that a long run potential for dynamic urban models rather than the
relationship between urbanization, output per worker simple cross-section approach.
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ECONOMICS
Near-Integration, Dynamic Implicit Cost and Aggregate Discount Window Borrowing
Researchers: Assistant Professor Suzanne McCoskey and Donald Dutkowsky (Syracuse University)
This study puts forth stationarity considerations as a stationarity properties. Structural restrictions are
factor behind the observed breakdown between compatible with stationary borrowing and a near
aggregate Discount Window borrowing and the integrated spread. Estimates using Fully Modified
interest rate spread during the post1987 period. Tests Generalized Method of Moments uniformly support
with bi-weekly data reject the unit root for adjustment the model. The estimates exhibit remarkable stability
borrowing, but indicate I(l) processes for the spread over the 1990s.
and other bank variables. Discount Window borrowing
under Goodfriend/Dutkowsky dynamic implicit cost
formulation can accommodate the contrasting
Trade Liberalization and Regional Trade Agreements: the Search for Large Numbers
Researchers: Associate Professor Karen Thierfelder

The debate over the impact of regional trade capital stock accumulation. The researchers broaden
agreements (RTAs) on world welfare hinges upon (1) the search for large numbers by suggesting an
whether they are net trade creating or trade diverting additional gain from RTAs. It is conjectured that
and (2) whether they impede multilateral trade increases in intra-sectoral trade arise from the fact that
liberalization. Theoretical models are ambiguous on an RTA provides an expanded secure market, and
these issues. The authors summarize the insights from permits firms to pursue economies of fine
the vast body of empirical literature on multi-country specialization. This Smithian specialization in
CGE models which analyze RTAs. The empirical production is another source of efficiency gains.
models overwhelmingly show that aggregate trade This paper has been published as an International
creation dominates trade diversion. Indeed, in many Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Trade and
cases, there is no absolute aggregate trade diversion Macroeconomics Division working paper. It is being
from an RTA. The models also indicate that welfare prepared for submission to the International Trade
for all members — both current and potential — Journal.
increases when RTAs expand. There are even bigger The paper was presented at the International
welfare gains when models incorporate aspects of “new Agricultural Trade Research Consortium Meetings, St.
trade theory” such as increasing returns, imperfect Petersburg, Florida, December 1998, it will be
competition, technology transfers, trade externalities, presented at the Second International GTAP
and dynamic effects such as links between trade Conference, Copenhagen Denmark, June 20-22, 1999.
liberalization, total factor productivity growth, and
The Trade-Wage Debate: Making Room for Labor Economists

in General Equilibrium Trade Theory
Researcher: Associate Professor Karen Thierfelder
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ECONOMICS
The Heckscher-Ohlin-Sameulson (HOS) model in consuming a third imported good. It is shown that the
international trade theory provides a powerful general- HOS model is a special case of the 1-2-2-3 model
equilibrium paradigm for analyzing the impact of when imports and domestic goods are perfect
changes in trade on factor returns. In the HOS model, substitutes. In the 1-2-2-3 model, the magnification
factor returns are determined solely by commodity effects in the Stolper-Samuelson and Rybczynski
prices, which are determined on large world markets. Theorems are greatly qualified and changes in relative
Changes in factor supplies affect the structure of wages depend on changes not only in world prices, but
production and trade, but not relative factor returns. also in factor endowments and in the balance of trade.
In this framework, there is little room for labor Empirical sensitivity analysis indicates that wages are
economists who focus on partial-equilibrium analysis more sensitive to changes in factor supplies than to
of supply and demand in factor markets. The purpose changes in prices or the trade balance.
of this research is to extend the HOS model to include This article is being prepared for submission to the
"nontraded" goods, distinguishing them theoretically Review of International Economics.
from "nontradable" goods. The resulting 1-2-2-3
model applies to one country with two production
activities using two factors of production but
Farm Policy Reforms and Harmonization in the NAFTA
Researchers: Associate Professor Karen Thierfelder and Mary Burfisher (U.S. Department of Agriculture)
NAFTA was negotiated in an environment of domestic maintained its domestic farm support instruments, but
agricultural support. Mexico guaranteed the price of has reduced the level of support substantially. This
corn and beans while the U.S. had price supports for paper analyzes the interaction between trade and
grains and oilseeds. Recently, the policy environment domestic policy reforms. By strengthening market
has changed. In 1996, the U.S. adopted the Federal signals, policy reforms increase farm producers’
Agricultural Improvement and Reform (FAIR) Act, responsiveness to changing prices due to NAFTA,
which eliminates price supports. Under the new U.S. leading to potentially greater specialization and trade,
program, farmers receive a direct income transfer and larger welfare gains than under the former support
which is not linked to production decisions. Also in programs. New farm programs will also result in more
1996, Mexico announced additional farm programs to trade creation and less trade diversion due to NAFTA
improve overall efficiency and competitiveness in than would have occurred under former programs.
agriculture. Most of the programs under the new NAFTA and farm program reforms together will result
Alianza para el Campo (Alliance for the Country side) in substantial structural change in the region’s
relate to infrastructure and extension-type assistance, agriculture.
and are designed to improve agricultural productivity. This paper has been published as a chapter in
Each country's domestic changes will affect trade and Regional Trade Agreements and U.S. Agriculture,
therefore production decisions in the partner country; Mary E. Burfisher and Elizabeth A. Jones (eds),
furthermore the transmission linkages are stronger Economic Research Service, AER no 771. This paper
when trade barriers are eliminated. Canada has was presented at the Allied Social Science Meetings,
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ECONOMICS
New York City, New York, January 1999.
Estimating the Marginal Cost of Public Funds in Developing Countries
Researchers: Associate Professor Karen Thierfelder, Shantayanan Devarajan

and Sethaput Suthiwart-Narueput (The World Bank)
In evaluating a particular public expenditure, one Cameroon, and Indonesia using computable general
needs to know the marginal cost of public funds-the equilibrium (CGE) models and, second, comparing
sum of the marginal dollar raised from the private model-based estimates with those obtained from simple
sector and the "marginal excess burden," or the change rules-of thumb.
in the total welfare cost of taxation caused by This research is in its final stages; it will be
increasing tax revenue by the dollar. This project submitted to the Journal of Public Economics soon.
seeks to derive heuristic guidelines for estimating the
marginal cost of funds (MCF) in developing countries
by, first, explicitly calculating MCF's in Bangladesh,
NAFTA Farm Policy Reforms and Adjustments to External Shocks
Researchers: Associate Professor Karen Thierfelder, Mary E. Burfisher (USDA)

Recently, the U. S., Canada, and Mexico have reduced Surprisingly, it is found that the welfare effects of
production distortions in agriculture. These domestic lower commodity prices on Mexico and Canada are
reforms have been made in a more integrated regional quite similar, and differ from the welfare effect on the
economy — the U.S., Canada and Mexico are U.S. Some important features of the projects’ model,
removing bilateral tariffs and other impediments to including sectoral factor productivity differences and
trade as agreed under the North American Free Trade endogenous farm program expenditures, are drawn
Agreement (NAFTA). In this environment of greater upon to explain this finding. By reducing fiscal
regional integration and domestic policy reform, expenditure, farm program savings allow increased
NAFTA agriculture must also adjust to important private consumption, leading to second best effects due
changes in the world economy. This paper analyzes to distortionary value added and indirect taxes.
the adjustment of NAFTA members to the current, This paper will be presented at the Second
relatively low world commodity prices. The impacts International GTAP Conference, Copenhagen,
on Mexico, a commodity importer, can be expected to Denmark, June 20-21, 1999.
be different than the impacts on Canada and the U.S.,
both of which are net exporting countries.
Regional Trade Agreements in Southern Africa
Researchers: Associate Professor Karen Thierfelder, Jeffrey Lewis (The World Bank)
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ECONOMICS
This project will be directed towards constructing a regional trade agreements and global free trade. This
multi-country model of countries in Southern Africa. work is in the preliminary stages.
The model will be used to evaluate the effects of

Regional Consumption Smoothing: An Econometric and Neural Network Investigation

of the Life-Cycle Hypothesis
Researchers: Midn 1/C Jason Mendenhall, USN and Midn 1/C Matthew Severson, USN
Faculty Advisor: Assistant Professor Suzanne McCoskey
While the engine of mathematical and quantitative uses neural network technology along with traditional
techniques continues to drive the testing of economic OLS regression to examine the robustness of life cycle
theory, econometricians find themselves in an endless theory and evaluate regional impacts on consumption.
search for just the right tools that can help provide This paper has been accepted for presentation at the
insight to an ever more complex economic 19th Symposium on Forecasting : Strategic
environment. Recent advancements have highlighted Forecasting for Government and Business, June 1999.
the potential of non-parametric analysis to assist in this
effort. Nowhere are these methods more useful than
with large, noisy data sets across regions. This paper
Regional Variations in Median Household Income: A Neural Network Approach
Researcher: Midn 1/C Jeffrey Chestnut, USN

Faculty Advisor: Assistant Professor Suzanne McCoskey
This paper attacks the question of regional income measure the effects of each region's peculiarities. The
variations with both traditional econometric modeling use of neural networks provides superior results and
and neural network technology. While OLS provides looks to be a promising development in future studies
valuable information in the study, the application of in the field of regional economics. This paper has
neural networks provides a more rich, complete been accepted for presentation at Computing in
analysis. Because this analysis incorporates both Economics and Finance: Fifth International
prediction and classification networks, the model is Conference of the Society for Computational
able to appraise the determinants of income as well as Economics, June 1999.
124
ECONOMICS
Publications
ANDERSON, David, Lt Colonel, USMC, Assistant make college a worthwhile investment for many of
Professor, “Using Power and Influence Tactics for them is much more equivocal. Returns to college
Better Results”. Marine Corps Gazette. December, education have fluctuated widely in the past three
1998, pp. 37 - 38. decades, but the weight of the research suggests that
college is a good investment for the average bachelor’s
FREDLAND, J. Eric, Professor, (with David Boesel, degree graduate.
National Library of Education) College for All?: Is
There Too Much Emphasis on Getting a 4-Year GETTER, Darryl E., Assistant Professor, “Three Ideas
College Degree? (Washington DC: National Library for Teaching Money and Banking”, Papers and
of Education, U.S. Department of Education), January Proceedings of Ninth Annual Teaching Conference,
1999, ISBN LA226 .B64 1999. February 19-21, 1998, Robert Morris Teaching
College, pp. 41 - 47.
Over the years, larger and larger proportions of high
school graduates have enrolled in 4-year colleges. Money and banking, given today’s rapidly changing
Many view college as essential to labor market success, financial environment, can be a very interesting
but the movement toward 4-year colleges has its course. However, it seems that there is a large amount
critics. The critics contend that: 1) the “college of material to cover, and the course may become a bit
movement” sweeps many poorly qualified students into overwhelming for students. Furthermore, an attempt
college, and hence the average ability of college to cover everything may not leave enough time at the
students has declined; 2) because of declining ability end of the semester to cover the more interesting policy
levels, college dropout rates have increased; 3) many questions which ultimately affect financial markets and
dropouts do poorly in the labor market and would have institutions. This paper offers three suggestions
been better advised to pursue other education and regarding course content that will make a money and
training options; 4) dropouts are also burdened by banking course much more digestible for students
unnecessary debts from college loans; 5) even college while still providing a strong background and
graduates do not necessarily do well in the labor understanding of the workings of the financial system.
market, and thus might have been better advised to
pursue other options. This monograph is a synthesis GOODMAN, Rae Jean B., Professor, and Hubbard,
of research examining evidence for these arguments. Kirsten A. “Beginning a Peer Tutorial Program at
The criticism most strongly supported by the literature USNA,” National Tutoring Association Conference
is that non-completers do relatively poorly in the labor Proceedings ‘98, pages 96-108.
market. The review of research thus suggests that high
school graduates of modest ability or uncertain This paper examines the steps taken to institute a peer
motivation who are thinking of enrolling in 4-year tutorial program at USNA, as well as a brief review of
colleges would be well advised to consider attending 2- the program’s results in its first semester. The steps
year colleges instead. If they did so, they would taken to generate support for and implement peer
probably realize the same earnings and cognitive skill tutoring at USNA included educating the academic
gains at lower cost and with less debt. High school chain of command, finding departments willing to
guidance counselors should be more realistic than participate in an experimental program (Chemistry
many are at present in advising lower-achieving or less Department at USNA), selecting qualified tutors,
motivated high school seniors about their post- providing the necessary training and supervision of the
secondary options. The evidence that the labor market tutors, and evaluating the program from many aspects:
success of college graduates is not good enough to student performance, attendance, faculty evaluation,
125
ECONOMICS
etc. Given that the Naval Academy had no history of Macroeconomics Division Discussion Paper No. 39.,
formalized peer tutoring programs, and that the 1999.
seventeen midshipman tutor volunteers had no prior
experience with being trained peer tutors, it is pleasing THIERFELDER, Karen, Associate Professor (with
to see that the tutors (1) received excellent evaluations Sherman Robinson, International Food Policy
by students, and (2) elicited positive student grade Research Institute), Trade Liberalization and Regional
changes over the course of the semester. Integration: The Search for Large Numbers,
International Food Policy Research Institute, Trade
LITTLE, Roger D., Professor, review of Making the and Macroeconomics Division Discussion Paper No.
Corps in Armed Forces and Society Vol. 25, No. 1, 34., 1999.
Fall 1998, pp. 166 - 171.
THIERFELDER, Karen, Associate Professor (with
McCOSKEY, Suzanne K., Assistant Professor, (with Mary E. Burfisher, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Thomas Selden) “Health Care Expenditures and GDP: and Sherman Robinson, International Food Policy
Panel Data Unit Root Test Results”, Journal of Health Research Institute), “Farm Policy Reforms and
Economics, Vol 17, No. 3, 1998, pp. 369 - 376. Harmonization in the NAFTA,” in Mary E. Burfisher
and Elizabeth A. Jones (eds.) Regional Trade
THIERFELDER, Karen, Associate Professor (with Agreements and U.S. Agriculture, Economic Research
Sherman Robinson, International Food Policy Service, AER No. 771. Washington D.C.: U.S.
Research Institute), A Note on Taxes, Prices and Department of Agriculture, 1999.
Welfare in General Equilibrium Models, International
Food Policy Research Institute, Trade and
Presentations
BOWMAN, William R., Professor, “Promotion, “Contributing to the Delinquency of Borrowers,”
Performance and Productivity of Junior Managers: A Freddie Mac, June 1999.
Case Study of the U.S. Navy,” Annual International GETTER, Darryl E., Assistant Professor, “Variation
Atlantic Association of Economics Conference, in Credit Constraints By Race and Other Demographic
Vienna, Austria, 15 March 1999. Characteristics,” Annual Mid-Year Meeting of the
American Real Estate and Urban Economics
CHESNUT, Jeffrey H., Ensign, USN, “Regional Association, Washington DC, June 1999.
Variations in Median Household Income: A Neural
Network Approach,” 5th International Conference of GOODMAN, Rae Jean B., Professor, and LITTLE,
the Society for Computational Economics, Boston, Roger D., Professor, “Enculturation, Career
June 1999. Expectations, and Commissioning Source,” Western
Economic Association International, Lake Tahoe,
GETTER, Darryl E., Assistant Professor, Nevada, 29 June, 1998.
“Demographics and Stock Ownership Patterns,”
Securities and Exchange Commission, Washington, GOODMAN, Rae Jean B., Professor, “Gender
DC, 8 February 1999. Differences in the Second Paycheck: An Exploration
into the Labor Force Status and Earnings of the
GETTER, Darryl E., Assistant Professor, Husbands and Wives of Service Members,” Economics
126
ECONOMICS
Department Seminar, Davidson College, March 1999. MOORE, Jason S., Ensign, USN, and Ivajlo D.
Nikolov, “S&P Volatility Forecasts with Neural
Networks,”19th Symposium on Forecasting: Strategic
GOODMAN, Rae Jean B., Professor, and HUBBARD, Forecasting for Government and Business, Washington
Kirsten A., “The First Year: Results of a New Peer DC, June 1999.
Tutoring Program,” National Tutoring Association,
Orlando, Florida, 5 May, 1999. THIERFELDER, Karen, Associate Professor and
Sherman Robinson, “A Note on Taxes, Prices, and
KENDRY, Adrian P., Crowe Professor, “The Welfare in General Equilibrium Models,” presented at
Beggars’ Banquet? Globalization, the Asian Crisis and the Southern Economic Association Meetings,
the Role of International Organizations” Graduate Baltimore, MD, November 1998.
Business School Lecture, The Gloucestershire (UK)
Business School, Cheltenham and Gloucester College THIERFELDER, Karen, Associate Professor and
of Higher Education, March 1999. Sherman Robinson, “ Trade Liberalization and
Regional Integration: The Search for Large Numbers,”
KENDRY, Adrian P., Crowe Professor, “NATO and presented at the International Agricultural Trade
the Balkan Dilemma: A European Perspective,” Key Research Consortium, St. Petersburg, Florida,
Note Address, Phi Kappa Phi Banquet, U.S. Naval December 1998.
Academy, April 1999.
THIERFELDER, Karen, Associate Professor and
McCOSKEY, Suzanne K., Assistant Professor, “How Sherman Robinson, “ Trade Liberalization and
Does Your Output Grow?” Allied Social Sciences Regional Integration: The Search for Large Numbers,”
Associations meetings (Chinese Economic Assn in to be presented at the Second International GTAP
North America session) New York, January 1999. Conference, Copenhagen Denmark, June 1999.
McCOSKEY, Suzanne K., Assistant Professor, “Turn THIERFELDER, Karen, Associate Professor, Mary E.
of the Century Women’s Writing on Optimum Family Burfisher and Sherman Robinson, “NAFTA Farm
Design,” Conference for the International Association Policy Reforms and Adjustments to External Shocks,”
for Feminist Economics, June 1999. to be presented at the Second International GTAP
Conference, Copenhagen Denmark, June 1999.
MENDENHALL, Jason A., Ensign, USN and Ensign
Matthew R. SEVERSON, Ensign, USN, “Regional ZAK, Thomas A., Associate Professor, “Qui Tam Law
Consumption Smoothing: An Econometric and Neural Suits and the Effect on Defense Contractor
network Investigation of the Life-Cycle Hypothesis,” Reputation,” Western Economic Association
19th Symposium on Forecasting: Strategic Forecasting International Conference, Lake Tahoe, July 1998.
for Government and Business, Washington DC, June
1999.
127
DEPARTMENT OF
____________________________________________________________________________________________
English
Professor Timothy D. O’Brien
Chairman
______________________________________________________________________________
As the following pages show, the English faculty are productive scholarly and/or creative activities, several
engaged in a wide range of scholarly, critical, and of those publications and activities deserve mention in
creative activities. During this past year they have this introduction: Assistant Professor Anne Ellis’
published several books, written and spoken on performance of the lead role in The Rainmaker and her
pedagogical subjects, completed and published novels direction of Barefoot in the Park both for the Colonial
and poems, and published numerous articles, reviews, Players of Annapolis; Associate Professor Anne Marie
and reference work entries. Drew’s book, Letters from Annapolis: Midshipmen
The Naval Academy Research Council (NARC) Writing Home, 1848-1969; Associate Professor Herbert
supported the research of ten English faculty, who Gilliland’s book (coauthored with Robert Shenk),
pursued topics ranging from “the environment and Admiral Dan Gallery: The Life and Wit of a Navy
art,” the Japanese novelist Natsume Soseki, the Original; Professor John Hill’s book, Reconstructing
anthropological approaches to Old English literature, Heroic Values; and Professor Phil Jason’s critical
Korean War literature, and the influence of Christian anthology (coauthored with W.D. Ehrhart), Retrieving
spiritualists on Victorian literature. All but three of Bones: Stories and Poems of the Korean War. Along
the NARC supported projects have been completed and with these four books, members of the department
scheduled for publication. The range and success of delivered twenty-three presentations, published and/or
independent research projects are equally impressive. had accepted for publication fourteen refereed articles,
This research has produced publications and and placed over a dozen reviews or reference articles,
presentations in first-rate venues on such literary as well as over twenty poems.
figures as Shakespeare, Eliot, Chaucer, and Such research and creative activity enriches the
Hemingway; and on such subjects as dance, game- education of midshipmen in a number of ways: it leads
theory in literature, and the African-American literary to the creation of challenging upper level seminar
heritage. Four officers, moreover, pursued their courses in which midshipmen pursue research of their
Masters degrees in English or Liberal Studies as part own; it gives authority to the supervision of such
of the Academy’s “grow-your-own” program. One of independent research courses as are described in the
these officers, LCDR Mark Larabee, won the award at following pages; and, perhaps most importantly, it
the prestigious College English Association ensures that midshipmen are taught by lively, up-to-
Conference in April for the best conference paper by a date professors whose instruction in reading critically
graduate student. and writing persuasively is grounded in practice and
Though nearly every member of the department – proven success.
professors and officers of every rank and Visiting
Assistant Professors as well – were involved in
128
129
ENGLISH
Sponsored Research
At the Bottom of The Waste Land: Essays on the Footnotes
Researcher: Associate Professor Allyson Booth

This project investigates the interconnections between intimidating poem is too often billed as absurdly
T. S. Eliot’s The Waste Land (1922) and its numerous inaccessible. By becoming more familiar with the
source materials. It relates directly to the teaching of poem’s source materials, the researcher will become
modernism and should eventually constitute part of the more adept at situating it in a cultural context that was
available literature on the subject of teaching The still reeling from World War I and more skillful at
Waste Land – a poem in which an extremely small communicating that context to the students.
detail frequently provides a window onto a surprisingly
large field of vision. Eliot’s complicated and
Imagining a World of Communities: The American Festival Project
Researcher: Assistant Professor Anne M. Ellis

This is a book-length study of The American Festival NARC-funded trip to New Orleans for the Ec(h)o
Project, a coalition of community-based artists who Arts/Environmental Justices Festival. Questionnaires,
use art as activism in a struggle for social justice and project histories, and archival material are being made
cultural equity in urban and rural communities available through Project Director Michael Hunt, and
throughout the United States. Much of the research is personal interviews are ongoing.
drawn from personal experience with the American
Festival Project over the last eight years, including a
Down by the Riverside: The Ec(h)o Arts Festival

An article documenting the 1998 Ec(h)o Arts submission for publication, examines the various ways
[Environmental Justice] Festival sponsored by in which “the environment” influenced the physical
Junebug Productions in New Orleans, Louisiana. The and ritual space of performance for festival artists as
festival was designed to raise awareness of practices of well as for audiences.
ecological racism endangering working-class
communities in Louisiana. The article, which is under
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ENGLISH
Passing the Flame: Michael Harper’s Role in the Legacy

of Modern African American Poetry
Researcher: Professor Fred M. Fetrow

The project, begun with seed money from NARC in influence–his style seems to surface in the poems
AY 1996-97, continues. Study of Harper’s poetry and dedicated to him, almost as if the modern poets either
the historical sources for it led to a closer look at the subconsciously or deliberately adopted Douglass’s
poems by contemporary African American poets about imagery to enhance his legacy in their versions of that
Frederick Douglass and his legacy. An investigation legacy. In other works, what was to be a close analysis
of these works in conjunction with a reading (or re- of cultural influence has become a literary analysis of
reading) of some of Douglass’s seminal works reveals contrasting genres as well.
a curious manifestation of the abolitionist’s
Can We Just Read Soseki?
Researcher: Professor Bruce E. Fleming

This 10,000 word essay considers the difficulties for political muscle. Japan, the world’s second-largest
Westerners in reacting to the words of the Japanese economy, is hardly in the position of the economically
modernist master Natsume Soseki. It starts with the and culturally-disparaged Third World, nor is its
observation that Soseki is the single most influential culture in the position of uncomfortable also-ran of the
and written-about Japanese author of the twentieth Muslim world. There are, however, undeniable
century inside Japan, and yet he is virtually unknown difficulties for Westerners in approaching the novels of
in the West. Why is this so? Is there anything we in Soseki, most glaringly the problem Westerners have in
the West can or should do about this state of affairs? understanding the motivation of Soseki’s heroes. The
The article begins with a brief overview of the problem article goes through Soseki’s principle works one by
and some of the intrinsic difficulties involved with one, suggesting the reaction a Western reader is most
reacting to words from another culture, especially if likely to have, contrasting it with the reading that
those are read in translation. Most contemporary Japanese commentators have identified as that most
discussions of this problem take as their point of likely to be adopted by a Japanese reader, and
departure the work of Michael Foucault and Foucault’s suggesting the cause of the divergence. The reader
disciple, the Palestinian-American professor Edward may fill in the motivation (the impulse of
Said. The essay explains why Foucault and Said’s commentators), or simply leave the space blank. This
vocabulary is not appropriate for considering the essay suggests the interest of doing the latter; it
relationship between Japanese culture and the West: suggests that Western readings divergent from the
the Foucault/Said paradigm works best and was Japanese may in fact be of interest in their own right:
developed to explain the relationship between the West Soseki’s novels seem to Westerners precise exercises
and politically much less powerful cultures, so that in unmotivated behavior, almost nihilistic rather that
reading or writing from the point of view of the more well defined, their heroes acting for no visible reason.
powerful entity is always seen as an exercise of
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Master’s Mate John C. Lawrence: A Journal
Researcher: Associate Professor C. Herbert Gilliland

This project to complete an edition of the journal kept transatlantic slave trade in the 1940s. The project
by Master’s Mate John C. Lawrence aboard the sloop- involves not merely textual editing, but the
of-war USS Yorktown during an 1844-45 cruise with incorporation of a considerable mass of amplifying
the African Squadron continues from the previous material gathered from other sources.
summer. The journal gives a vivid eyewitness account
of U.S. Navy operations aimed at suppressing the
Anthropological Approaches to Old English Literature
Researcher: Professor John M. Hill

This project on anthropological approaches to all story in Old English narrative; the cultural
manner of Old English literature involved soliciting a transformation of heroic story into Christian
comprehensive gathering of original essays, composing apologetics; the nature and ethical and thematic status
an introductory and orienting overview of the of the feud in Beowulf; and the politicized nature of
anthropological and literary issues involved, and seemingly traditional heroic story poems such as
completing an essay to join those solicited from other Widsith. The essays are finished and the collection is
scholars. Nationally renowned scholars in Anglo- now in the final stages of publication as a special issue
Saxon studies were approached for essays on the of Philological Quarterly, guest edited and introduced
following topics: evidence of totemism in the by Professor Hill.
Germanic avunculate, especially involving matrilineal
kinship organization; the psychological use of oral
Stories and Poems of the Korean War
Researcher: Professor Philip K. Jason

The project recovers a neglected and forgotten body of apparatus. The problem is neglect and cultural
creative literature that reflects the imaginatively amnesia. There is less acknowledgment, exploration,
fashioned experiences of those who participated in, and understanding of the Korean War than any
witnessed, and studied the Korean War. The selection modern American historical event of similar
and examination of these representations provides an magnitude. The phrase “forgotten war” is already a
understanding of the impact of that war on American handy label, and there is a “forgotten” literature that
culture, as well as the ways in which American culture needs to be made available and reassessed in order to
shaped understandings of the war. The specific goal of correct the notion that there was little or no literary
the project is to develop an anthology of Korean War record of consequence. A “rough cut” of the surveyed
literature with appropriate contextualizing and critical literature has narrowed the range of possibilities to
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about twelve stories and fifty poems.
Resolution and Discernment in Victorian Literature
Researcher: Associate Professor Eileen Tess Johnston

As they moved away from the focus on epistemology, eighteenth century Methodists and Pietists, of Quakers,
perception, and creativity characteristic of the previous and of Jesuit writers in the Roman Catholic tradition,
generation of Romantic writers, Victorian authors especially Ignatius of Loyola, whose Spiritual
began to address with increasing awareness and Exercises are the most important Christian treatment
sophistication questions of discernment, ethics, and the of the process of forming resolutions and of the
will. Such major works as Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s discernment of spirits. Part of Professor Johnston’s
Idylls of the King, Robert Browning’s dramatic research involved seeking for missing links between
monologues, and the novels of Charles Dickens, the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius Loyola and the
Charlotte Bronte, and George Eliot address crises in complex treatment of resolution and discernment by
characters’ lives that require them to make major the major Victorian authors. Pursuing leads suggested
changes in their human relationships, their work, their by scholar Louis Martz in The Poetry of Meditation,
religious and civic allegiances, and their standards and which demonstrates the wide dissemination of Ignatian
styles of living. These are the kinds of choices that, ideas in England in the seventeenth century and their
although sometimes fraught with moral implications, influence on a number of British poets, Johnston began
are often, at least on the surface, morally neutral, albeit to identify some of the missing links. Her research
complex. In addressing issues of discernment and also involved careful study of the letters and
resolution, these authors have recourse to a shared set biographies of several Victorian writers, particularly
of terms, ideals, images, and patterns of actions. George Eliot and Robert Browning, and close analysis
These common features are rooted in the literature of of various poems and novels.
various Christian spiritualities, including those of the
The British Music Trade in the Late Eighteenth-Century
Researcher: Associate Professor Nancy A. Mace

Sponsors: National Endowment for the Humanities and the Bibliographical Society of America
Although music publishing is important in the history sellers and about the publishing history of the
of eighteenth-century theater, music, literature, and the compositions they published, which will substantially
print trade, scholars have virtually ignored this area. help musicologists and music librarians in dating these
Beginning with a collection of thirty lawsuits in the works. The first of two books on the subject–dealing
Public Record Office, London, which are hitherto specifically with music copyright–is almost completed.
unknown to scholars, the researcher is studying the Another book will examine the business practices,
music trade in the late eighteenth century – the clients, and finances of late eighteenth-century music
relationship between book - and music - sellers, their sellers. In addition, several articles have appeared and
conflicts over copyright, and their business practices. are in progress on various elements of the music trade.
This project began seven summers ago. A database of
music sellers and others named in the suits has been
developed, providing new information about the music
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Hemingway’s Puzzling Pursuit Race
Researcher: Professor Charles J. Nolan, Jr.

In “A Pursuit Race,” which Hemingway published in live in the world instead of having been beaten by it; in
Men Without Women (1927) and which Archibald the story’s terms, his nickname (“Sliding Billy”)
MacLeish believed “missed fire,” Hemingway presents suggests his ability to adapt to life’s terrors. His
another of those characters whom life defeats. From attempt to help Campbell beat his drug and alcohol
the symbolic opening paragraphs to the story’s final addiction – Campbell’s response to an actively hostile
lines, Hemingway portrays for us an aggressively universe – changes our view of both men so that
hostile world. The flashback, which occupies much of ultimately we feel sympathy for Campbell’s plight.
the story, conveys this theme effectively. Campbell’s The final paragraph of the story suggests that, because
messy room and his supine posture, for example, Turner has suffered similar pain, he has learned a new
suggest the disorder of his life and his emotional set of values – a frequent Hemingway theme. The
deadness. The initial contrast between Campbell and article growing out of this research has been accepted
his boss, Turner, is later modified so that readers can for publication by Studies in Short Fiction.
see that Turner is a fellow-sufferer. He is different
from Campbell, however, in that he has learned how to
Hemingway’s “Out of Season”: The Importance of Close Reading
Researcher: Professor Charles J. Nolan, Jr.

A close reading of “Out of Season,” the first story right word – these and other elements of Hemingway’s
Hemingway wrote after the loss of his early craft manifest themselves fully if we look, line by line,
manuscripts, makes clear his basic talent as it reveals at this remarkable story. This article is currently in
essential aspects of his artistry. The problems of circulation.
gender relationships, the theory of omission, the
incommunicability at the heart of human interaction,
the use of symbolic landscape, the choice of just the
The She-Gallants
Researcher: Lieutenant Commander Cara D. Akerley, USN
This is a critical edition of The She-Gallants, a play by play and the time period is included with the work.
George Granville, first produced in London in 1696. This edition is a dissertation for the University of
Various editions of the play are being collated and the Maryland.
variations in text noted. A detailed introduction to the
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The Road to Sainte-Victoire
Researcher: Professor Nancy Arbuthnot
This is a series of poems based on the artwork by intertwines a description and analysis of Cezanne’s
Cezanne and other French Impressionists and post- path, his career, to the mountain, with observations on
Impressionists and the researcher’s personal the contemporary landscape as viewed by the writer.
experiences in the villages and countryside of southern The manuscript is now complete and has been
France which provide the background settings for submitted to a number of university presses.
many of the art works. The title poem concerns the
mountain, Montagne Ste-Victoire, painted so often,
from many different perspectives, by Cezanne: it
The “Sweet Pressure” of Play as Survival in Billy Phelan’s Greatest Game
Researcher: Professor Neil Berman
Billy Phelan’s Greatest Game is a complex and importance of Billy’s sporting and gaming activities.
dynamic account of the play attitude in sports and Eventually, we come to understand that the play
games on levels both literal and metaphoric, and while attitude informs all the important human intercourse in
Billy is not the accomplished athlete his father was in the novel, even those activities not typically associated
mastering a single sport, he is a consummate player with sports and games, and, finally, that the title of the
proficient at many sports and games which shape and novel refers to a meta-game, that Billy Phelan’s
give meaning to his daily life and, in the largest survival depends upon his complete involvement in the
context, to William Kennedy’s Albany. The interest in sporting spirit and his personal identification with the
the importance of play, sport, and games is announced play attitude beyond the literal sports and games which
in one of the epigraphic quotations which introduce the form his livelihood. Put another way, Billy’s greatest
novel: “The great archetypal activities of human game is one he does not even realize he is playing, but
society are all permeated with play from the start.” which his full adoption of the play attitude has
Taken from Johan Huizinga’s seminal book on the prepared him to accept and which, ultimately, makes
play element in human culture, the quotation possible his survival.
announces both the author’s interest in and the
‘He Do the Police in Different Voices’: Our Mutual Friend and The Waste Land
Researcher: Associate Professor Allyson Booth
In an early draft of The Waste Land (1922), T. S. Eliot Waste Land’s manuscript and of her eventual absence
grouped the first two sections of the poem (“The Burial from its final published version, arguing that her
of the Dear” and “A Game of Chess”) under a single presence in the poem’s organizational structure would
title quoting a character from Charles Dickens’s Our have suggested a closure more complete than anything
Mutual Friend (1864-65): “He Do the Police in that made it into the final draft.
Different Voices.” This article traces the complicated
reverberations of both Betty Higden’s voice in The
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Performing Appalachia: Roadside Theater
This is a book-length history of Roadside Theater of work, which is still in progress, has been solicited by
central Appalachia, a community-based theater which University of Tennessee Press’s Appalachian Studies
has used art and performance to develop cultural line.
awareness and political activism in the Appalachian
region. This is a continuation of research Professor
Ellis has been pursuing for more than eight years. The
Lizzie, The Rainmaker
Professor Ellis’ performance of the lead role in N. general theatrical production, and significant
Richard Nash’s play The Rainmaker for Colonial individual creativity. This production was reviewed by
Player’s 50th Anniversary Season. Developing the the Annapolis Capital, the Baltimore Sun, the
performance included completing a successful audition Washington Post, and The New Bay Times.
process, a three-month rehearsal process, and five Performances ran from 4 September to 3 October 1998.
weeks of public performances. The rehearsal process
included historical research and performance research,
application of previous training in Method acting and
Director, Barefoot in the Park
Professor Ellis served as the director for Neil Simon’s decoration, set construction, and costuming;
Barefoot in the Park for the Colonial Player’s 50th scheduling and coordination of the rehearsal time; and
Anniversary Season. The project included consultation with publicity (including one radio
responsibility for auditioning, three months of interview with WBJC and a television interview on
rehearsal (blocking, actor coaching, technical Capital Profiles for Jones Cable’s public access
coordination), and guidance through five weeks of television channel). Rehearsals ran from early
performance. Preparation for the rehearsal process November through January. Performances ran from 22
included: in-depth script analysis; research into January to 20 February 1999. The production was
performance history; design of floorplan and blocking; reviewed by the Annapolis Capital, the Baltimore Sun,
consultation with designers for lighting, sound, set and The New Bay Times.
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Economic Transformations in the Canterbury Tales
Researcher: Lieutenant Colonel Kent Esbenshade, USA
This draft of a dissertation is about half completed; the medieval economic paradigms in selected tales from
research is nearly completed. The work deals with the Canterbury Tales.
Geoffrey Chaucer’s use and transformation of
Re-igniting the Flame: Michael S. Harper’s Role

in the Continuum of Modern African American Poetry
Researcher: Professor Fred M. Fetrow
Professor Fetrow has renewed his research effort on the younger poets and continuation of filling in the
this project by attempting to establish dialogues with background of Harper’s relationships with his elder
Harper and two younger poets, Cornelius Eady and predecessors.
Elizabeth Alexander. With Harper’s assistance,
Fetrow hopes to continue the project with inclusion of
Full of Passion and Intensity
This article, currently undergoing final editorial contemporary society for being insufficiently
revision for The Chronicle of Higher Education, is a Romantic: in fact, we have become a society of
reaction to an article by Camille Paglia in the New Romantics, with the rhetoric of self-realization the
York Times on Judy Garland. After praising Garland’s very lingua franca of the advertizing world. Everyone
intensity, Paglia asks rhetorically where we will get wants to be famous in our world; everyone wants to
another Garland: her point is that we won’t. Our express him- or herself. The only problem is that not
society, under the influence of its postmodern everyone can do so in the Romantic sense of true
professors, has instilled a “shallow irony” in the young individualism: logistics and logic make it impossible
and has condemned itself to colorless public for everyone to be a rebel at the same time, and in fact
entertainers. The essay takes Paglia’s reasoning as we show only our conformity by buying one brand of
typical of many pessimistic commentators who sense a product rather than another, the way in which we are
a waning of intensity in current life, and considers the told we nowadays express our individuality. Thus
reasons why we should be suspicious of this sort of though the essay contests the particular reasoning of
thinking. Most egregious of these is the fact that it Paglia’s argument, it concedes that the true expression
presumes a Golden Age, a presumption as much the of individuality, such as Paglia finds in Garland, is
result of human nature as of any correlation with more difficult than ever. Still, just as Garland was an
reality. The more fundamental problem with Paglia’s exception, so an exception to the rule is possible today.
reasoning, however, is that Paglia is castigating
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Sex, Art, and Audience
Sex, Art, and Audience is a collection of 3,000-5,000 choreography? The first essay in the collection
word essays on a series of dance and theater considers a midshipmen parade on Worden Field at the
performances over a ten-year period, virtually all of U.S. Naval Academy, comparing it to a dance with
which have previously appeared as individual essays in military themes by the Modernist master George
dance periodicals that include Ballet Review, Dance Balanchine. How are they the same? How different?
View, Dance International, and New Dance Review. Other topics covered in the book include the intrinsic
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts; the textlessness of dance and the difficulties of speaking of
essays are divided into five main sections in order to dance history, given that dance is transmitted almost
make a series of inter-related theoretical points. The universally without the aid of written or visual
collection considers first of all the relationship between reproductions or sign system, body to body. The book
the artwork, the piece of patterned movement on the appears in the same series of Peter Lang Publishing
stage, and the audience: how do we react to the bodies that has published the last three of Professor Fleming’s
on the stage? What is the relation of everyday scholarly books, New Series in Aesthetics.
movement to that pattern of movement we call
Midshipmen Literature
Researcher: Associate Professor C. Herbert Gilliland
Forthcoming in the Encyclopedia of American have Naval Academy midshipmen as protagonists,

Literature of the Sea and the Great Lakes, this article many of which are set at the Academy. Dozens of such
notes that from 1851 until the creation of Naval ROTC novels have been published from 1885 to date.
in 1925, the U. S. Naval Academy was the only source
of U. S. Navy midshipmen, and it remains the primary
source today. The article surveys all novels known to
Alfred the Great: Eleven Hundred Years After
Researcher: Professor John M. Hill
A joint proposal for a National Endowment for the proposes a six-week seminar on Anglo-Saxon material
Humanities Summer Seminar for College Teachers by culture and secular myth during the ninth and tenth
Professor Hill and Professor Richard Abels of the U.S. centuries, centered on the Alfredian period.
Naval Academy History Department, this project
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William Faulkner and the Plantation Novel
Researcher: Associate Professor Mary D. Howland
In 1936, two novels of life in the American South were from being the paternal white man in the Big House,
published. The first novel, Margaret Mitchell’s Gone Sutpen works right along with his slaves. The one
with the Wind, portrays a romantic South that never “faithful retainer” in Faulkner’s novel is the
existed, a South that the novel itself helped to create in housemaid Clytie, who is in reality the
the mythic imagination of this country. It is America’s unacknowledged daughter of Sutpen and an unnamed
best-selling novel. When MGM released the film slave. If Mitchell’s antebellum Tara embodies a
version of the novel in 1939, the myth of a magnolia- paradise on Earth, Faulkner’s Sutpen’s Hundred in the
scented and Edenic antebellum South was further plantation from Hell. There is nothing noble or
embedded in the cultural consciousness. The other chivalric about Thomas Sutpen. Although he is brave
novel published in 1936, William Faulkner’s Absalom, and strong, he is a cruel man and certainly never a
Absalom!, arguably his greatest novel, presents a far gentleman. At the very heart of Faulkner’s novel is
different South, where a violent man from the hills of the dilemma of miscegenation which caused Sutpen to
what would become West Virginia wrests a plantation, first abandon and then forever refuse to acknowledge
which he names Sutpens’s Hundred, out of good his eldest son, Charles Bon, after he fonds out that his
Mississippi bottom land. Thomas Sutpen’s slaves are son’s mother may have had African-American blood.
not loyal retainers like Scarlett’s beloved Mammy, but
rather twenty Africans from Haiti who are half or
completely naked and who speak no English. And far
An Encyclopedia of American War Literature
Researcher: Professor Philip K. Jason
This project aims at providing concise information on such as Civil War literature, Revolutionary War
a wide range of literary texts that respond to the literature, and so forth. The project, under contract to
American experience of war. The researcher and his Greenwood Press, is now in the late stages of
co-editor (Mark Graves of Michigan State University) development. About 80% of the projected materials
have complied a master list of authors, works, and have been received, and most of these have been edited
topics for which entries have been sought through and revised. This 180,000-word, one-volume reference
work will provide authoritative commentary on over
postings in professional journals and electronic
forums. The editors have also selected several 300 authors and topics and perhaps 1,000 works.
associated editors as subject matter experts in key areas
An Encyclopedia of Sea Literature
Researcher: Professor Robert D. Madison
The ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN ed. Jill Gedmark (Greenwood, forthcoming) is a one-

LITERATURE OF THE SEA AND GREAT LAKES, volume reference work covering the American
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maritime literature in English from the earliest Fetrow, C. Herbert Gilliand, John F. Hussey, R. D.
discovery narratives to present-day writings. Madison (also a board member), Laurence W.
Particular attention has also been paid to the literature Mazzeno, Joseph Navratil, Robert Shenk, and Charles
of native peoples and to drama on maritime subjects. F. Warner. John B. Hattendorf of the Naval War
Eleven current or former members of the USNA College was also a contributor.
English Department contributed articles ranging from
slavery narratives to modern poetry: Nancy Protho
Arbuthnot, Matthew D. Childs, Jonathan Eller, Fred M
Performance Aspects of Shakespeare’s The Tempest
In an effort to recover performance practice in The metrics and textual analysis, while non-literary aspects
Tempest, the investigator scored the entire play with included the exploration of historical costume, stage
contemporaneous music for authentic renaissance architecture, seamanship, and arms and armor.
instruments, and then edited an acting version of the Offshoots from this study have already included the
play which incorporated aspects of early theater HE 506 Tempest seminar offered in the Fall of 1998
adapted to modern production by midshipmen. and the Tempest paper “A Thousand Furlongs: Sea and
Research consultation was conducted at the Folger Stage in The Tempest” at the College English
Library and at the Lute Society of America summer Association national conference, 1-3 April 1999.
seminar, as well as at USNA. Literary topics included
English Renaissance Town and Country Plays
Following work on Shakespeare’s The Tempest, the practical application of Renaissance philosophy in
researcher has begun an examination of The Merry more realistic settings and characterizations than is
Wives of Windsor and other renaissance plays which present in the great tragedies, in festive comedies, or in
represent bourgeois England, focusing on pre-Jacobean “humors” plays.
(Italianate) staging and performance. The genre is
important because it may represent a much more
Hand in the Matter: the Hand, Identity, Gender and Authorship in Malory’s
The Book of Sir Launcelot and Queen Guinevere
Researcher: Professor Timothy D. O’Brien
This research project investigates Malory’s use of the astonishing to be ignored. Discussions of the body in
hand as symbol in The Book of Sir Launcelot and the Arthurian canon help us to understand generally
Queen Guinevere. The frequent appearances of hand the meaning of the hand in Malory’s fictions.
imagery in this area of Malory’s Works is too However, that approach does not account for the
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almost compulsive repetition of images of the hand. symbol of the hand as instrument of writing turns upon
The first aim of this study is to document that Malory’s function as author. A paper on this project
repetition and establish its rate of occurrence in Malory will be read at the South Eastern Medieval Association
as different from that in the sources. The next goal is Conference
to interpret the modification of the sources as it relates in October 1999. By that time a longer version will
to Malory’s delineation of knightly “wholeness” and have been submitted for publication.
the way the knightly “wholeness” is defined over and
against female attempts to prove themselves by their
“hands.” Finally, the study demonstrates how the
Seductive Violence and Three Chaucerian Women
This study investigates Chaucer’s depiction of three memorable violence, the result is inevitably an
women in The Canterbury Tales: the Wife of Bath, the association of male achievement through language
wife in the “Shipman’s Tale,” and the Prioress. The with violence to females. These three female
common element in these portraits, this study posits, is characters present themselves as if they knew what
the females’ depiction of themselves as objects of male books the men were brought up studying and what
violence and thus of desire. This study explores the images have made those males feel empowered. A
cultural basis of this connection between violence and paper on this research has been delivered at the Texas
desire. The Latin schoolbooks studied by boys, the Medieval Association Conference in Austin. A thirty-
saints’ lives authored largely by men, and romances all page article on the
position women as objects of violence, particularly of research has been submitted for publication.
rape. When grammar and devotional study is fixed in
the minds of students by the very principle of
“Sike” and “Sikernesse” in the Merchant’s Tale and Troilus and Criseyde
This project explores what seems to be a secondary but to changing circumstances and because the theme
nevertheless significant theme that Chaucer explores appears in both an earlier work, The Troilus, and a late
in two rather different works. The theme identifies a one, “The Merchant’s Tale,” it does appear to be an
desire for certainty, “sikerness,” with sickness, enduring concern. Initial exploration of secondary
“sikeness.” It first emerges as punning and thus as a literature is halfway complete. An initial draft of a
kind of idle play. However, because Chaucer’s life, at paper on the subject will begin shortly.
least insofar as we can tell, is a record of adaptability
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A History of Presidents Hill in Annapolis
Researcher: Professor Michael P. Parker
The area of Annapolis now known as Presidents Hill The neighborhood began to change dramatically in the
lies between West Street, Taylor Avenue, and the old 1960s as the traditional family and social networks
Baltimore, Washington & Annapolis Railroad right-of- that held it together were eroded; the availability of
way. It consists of four streets: Munroe Court, Title 8 low-income housing moneys led to a marked
Madison Place, Hill Street, and Jefferson Place. The increase in rental property in the neighborhood. In
neighborhood was first developed by the Brewer family 1984 Presidents Hill was included in the Annapolis
in the early 1890s as a fashionable suburb of National Register Historic District, and it has become
Annapolis; the crash of 1893, however, sent real estate increasingly subject to gentrification over the last
prices plummeting, and the remainder of the lots were decade. This history will trace the chronicle of
developed on a less pretentious scale. In the early Presidents Hill from its founding up to the present day,
1900s Presidents Hill was the home of many small relying on interviews with long-time residents,
businessmen and craftsmen, including some who went newspaper accounts, and property records. A building-
on to become significant forces in the Annapolis by-building survey of the community architectural and
commercial community. Two mayors of Annapolis historic landmarks will complement the narrative.
lived in Presidents Hill; another, former Mayor Alfred
A. Hopkins, has close family links to the community.
An Edition of the Poems of Edmund Waller
Researcher: Professor Michael P. Parker
Although one of the most accomplished and influential 1989. The researcher, in collaboration with Professor
poets of the seventeenth century, Edmund Waller has Timothy Raylor of Carleton College, has taken over
remained largely neglected by modern critics. This Wikelund’s work. The first stage of the project has
neglect is due primarily to the lack of a reliable entailed producing a census of Waller editions and
standard edition of his works. The most recent edition, manuscripts as well as a complete bibliography of
that of George Thorne Drury, was published over one secondary works on Waller. The second stage is to
hundred years ago, in 1892, and it fails to meet the reexamine Wikelund’s theory of the Waller copy-text:
exacting standards of editorial practice established by his choice of the 1664 edition does not conform to
W. W. Greg, Fredson Bowers, and Thomas Tanner in contemporary editorial practice. This project is large
the twentieth century. Several scholars have begun in scale and will take a number of years to get off the
new editions of Waller over the past seventy-five years, ground, but the result will be a major contribution to
but none has been brought to completion. Most modern scholarship on the seventeenth century.
recently, Philip R. Wikelund of Indiana University
labored over an edition from 1954 until his death in
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Songs in the Night

Ceremonies of the Horseman
Researcher: Professor John C. Wooten
The researcher continues to work on two novels. A Literary Management. Once these revisions are
recent sabbatical was spent revising the first and complete, Professor Wooten will resume work on a
completing the second. The second is currently under new novel in what is a projected trilogy.
revision with the assistance of Upton Brady, of Brady

The Growth and Decline of Children’s Literature
Researcher: Midn 1/C Kielly A. Brannan, USN

Faculty Advisor: Associate Professor Eileen Tess Johnston
This paper begins with a study of the development of its intended child audience. A brief review of the
literature for children, focusing on its content, form, emergence and development of literary criticism
and style. This examination includes an analysis not addressing children’s literature also contributes to this
only of the literature itself, but also an investigation of examination. The intent behind this analysis is to
its ways of shaping children’s behavior and facilitating identify and discuss the changes over time in the actual
the growth of character. The instructional use of literature for the child, including the implications of
children’s literature within specific time periods is also modern alterations to classic tales.
considered, relative to the content of that literature and
Studies in Latin Language and Literature
Researcher: Midn 1/C Deryk Petersen, USN

Faculty Advisor: Associate Professor Nancy A. Mace
The primary goal of this independent study was for the materials on the theory of translation, the Roman poet
midshipman to continue his review of the Latin Ovid, and the history of his epic, the Metamorphoses.
language begun in the fall of 1997. The advisor and Over the last few weeks of the semester, he translated
the midshipman met each week to examine particular selected passages from Ovid’s epic with the help of his
elements of Latin grammar and read representative advisor. His final essay examined closely translations
Latin readings that introduced the midshipman to of these sections done by John Dryden and Jonathan
ancient Roman culture, history, myth and art. In Swift in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It
preparation for his final project, Mr. Petersen also read explores the differences between the translations and
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their original and considers the reasons why each literary critics to be familiar with a work in the
translator chose to shape his version of the original as original language in order to understand the nature of
he did. This study demonstrates that translations are versions done in other languages.
usually shaped by the translator’s interpretation of the
original work and that the same text can elicit widely
differing English versions. It reveals the need for
Studies in “Yard” Legends Through the Lens of Urban and Campus Folklore
Researcher: Midn 2/C Edd Hendee, USN

Faculty Advisor: Assistant Professor Anne Ellis
The goal of this course was to gain a unique insight Academy fosters such narratives and even perpetuates
into the Naval Academy folk narrative through a them through force. Through the exploration of both
background in Urban and Campus folklore. In The the environment and the perpetuated legends,
Vanishing Hitchhiker, Jan Brunvald defines the folk Professor Ellis and Mr. Hendee interviewed
narrative as, “stories that most people have heard as midshipmen, graduates, long-term faculty, and civilian
true accounts of real-life experiences, and few except workers. In addition, they conducted research in the
scholars recognize as an authentic and characteristic Naval Academy Special Collections and Archives.
part of our contemporary folklore.” Even more so than
other campuses, the environment at the Naval
Publications
BOOTH, Allyson, Associate Professor, “Sir Ernest The article begins with an overview of the relationship
Shackleton, Easter Sunday, and the Unquiet Dead in between literature (or art in general) and the world
T.S. Eliot’s Waste Land.” Yeats Eliot Review, outside it in the works of Plato, Aristotle, Sir Phillip
forthcoming in 1999. Sidney, and contemporary thinkers. Professor Fleming
suggests that earlier divisions of writing into the neat
DREW, Anne Marie, Associate Professor, Letters from categories of fiction and non-fiction are simplistic,
Annapolis: The Midshipmen Write Home: 1848-1969. even when they are applied to separate parts of the
Naval Institute Press, 1998. same work. He proposes that all written works are to
a degree non-fictional, as for example even in a novel
This volume contains selected letters from 13 different the sky is blue, and up, and people walk with their legs
midshipmen. An introduction, biographies, and a along the ground: this is an accurate representation of
glossary are also included with many photos. The reality. The biggest problem for philosophers has been
original letters are housed in Special Collections at the the “invention” of proper-name entities, called
Nimitz Library. characters, who never really existed. Fleming suggests
that these are not so much inventions as exploitations
FLEMING, Bruce E., Professor, “Skirting the of what he calls the gray areas of knowledge: we do not
Precipice: Truth and Audience in Literature.” The know for sure that a woman named Mary Smith did
Antioch Review, 56 (Summer 1998), 334-57. not exist in 1850 London with these characteristics, so
we accept a novel about her. We do not, however,
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accept a novel about the nineteenth-century British The article analyzes a performance of abstract
monarch named Margaret, because the name Victoria puppetry through the lens of the aesthetic theories of
is part of our public store of facts. All fiction plays on the eighteenth century German playwright Gottfried
the gray areas of our world-views, but it must do so Ephraim Lessing. The performance is a puppetry
correctly. When it does not, we can identify what we program performed in a masked off aquarium, where
call “bloopers,” things we call simply incorrect: people the “puppets” are rags tied to invisible sticks
did not wear bikinis in 1850, for example. As facts manipulated through the water to the music of
come to or disappear from public consciousness, the Berlioz’s Romantic program music “Sinfonie
boundaries of the gray areas change, as they do already Fantastique.” Fleming argues that the attempt to blur
over geographical areas: what can pass for acceptable boundaries in this way is a Romantic gesture, though
fiction about Washington, D.C. for a Japanese one more in keeping with the late Romanticism of
audience is not what can do so for a local one. Facts Walter Pater or Charles Baudelaire than of the early
remain facts, even though the distinction between the Romanticism of Berlioz. The attempt to blur
true and the plausible is fluid. boundaries of genres must be deemed a failure, at least
if analyzed through the neo-Classical lens of Lessing.
FLEMING, Bruce E., Professor, “Something for
Everyone to Dislike.” Ballet Review, 26 (Fall 1998), FLEMING, Bruce E., Professor, “Why Are We
75-80. Entranced by Trashy Movies.” The Chronicle of
Higher Education 7 August 1998: B9.
The review explores the implications of re-vamping
the nineteenth century dance classic “Swan Lake,” This essay, which appeared in the “Opinion” section of
traditionally performed with female swans; a The Chronicle, is an attempt to explain the
contemporary version by the British choreographer metaphysical interest of “action” movies, those that
Matthew Bourne casts it with male swans. Fleming include strong-men such as Arnold Schwarzenegger or
puts this new version in the context of contemporary Steven Segal. Fleming suggests that they show how
color- or gender-blind theatrical casting to analyze the strong our fantasies of individual control are, since
successes and failures of Bourne’s concept. He finds everyone in such movies is at the behest of the hero.
numerous difficulties in changing the gender of only In addition, they show a disdain for the means we have
one element of the plot and leaving many others developed for caring for ourselves: the hero constantly
unchanged. Difficulties of other sorts arise from plot puts himself at risk, as if taunting the “bad guys” and
elements that seem insufficiently thought-out, and the daring the world to punish him for his risk-taking.
audience the piece is aiming at seems an ill-defined The material world plays a large role in such films,
one. which appear to be celebrations of technology and
control over it. In the final analysis, however, they are
FLEMING, Bruce E., Professor, “Body Piercing.” more about the destruction of that technology; Fleming
Dance View 15 (Summer 1998): 37-9. suggests that this shows our societal hatred of the so-
complex objects that determine our lives. The position
The title refers to the American philosopher Charles S. of the hero with respect to the technology that
Pierce, whose essays in semiotics were re-discovered surrounds him and that he so contemptuously masters
by American academics in the 1970s and 1980s. His is that of someone before a religious leap of faith. The
work attempts to show the many different paths by identification of audience members with the hero is
which the signs with which we communicate take on extreme, so that finally what may be most striking
meaning with respect to each other and with respect to about such escapist fantasies is precisely the contrast
the objective world. The essay analyzes three dance between the reality of the many strip malls in which
performances from the point of view of semiotics. such films play and the world they allow entrance to
for a brief hour and a half.
FLEMING, Bruce E., Professor, “Blurring
Boundaries.” Dance View 15 (Fall 1998): 28-30. FLEMING, Bruce E., Professor, “Fluff.” Dance View
16 (Winter 1999): 45-7.
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Fleming analyzes a performance by the Australian An analysis of the role of costumes in dance pieces,
Ballet of a full-length work based on the Viennese focusing on the Paul Taylor classic “Cloven Kingdom”
operetta “The Merry Widow” and a program by the and on Peter Martins’s “Stabat Mater” to music by
modern dance choreographer David Parsons to arrive Pergolesi. The Taylor piece has four men dressed in
at a definition of “light” dance, or “fluff.” Fluff white tie and tails, joined with women in long skirts
resolutely refuses to delve beneath the surface of and wearing oddly-shaped mirror-headdresses. The
emotions, and works within a narrowly-defined range essay suggests that “Cloven Kingdom” is really about
of possibilities. Such insubstantiality takes one form in the white tie. Introduced in the program through an
the all-too predictable goings-on of the story derived epigraph by Spinoza (“Man is a social animal”), the
from Lehar, and another in the too-diluted work of piece is clearly about the anti-social forces just under
Parsons, which spins out its premises for too long and the surface in human beings: when left to themselves,
ends seeming thin. the men jump about as if afflicted with St. Vitus’s
dance, do odd gymnastics, and then return to their
FLEMING, Bruce E., Professor, “Between the “civilized” selves, all wearing full boiled-shirtfront
Movements.” Dance View 16 (Winter 1999): 25-7. dress. The women, in their sections, seem to
experience the need to round their arms into monkey-
An analysis of a program by the modern dance like upside-down lyres. The mirror balls that all but
repertory group “White Oak Dance Project,” whose cover their heads serve as the female equivalent of the
director is the ballet dancer Mikhail Baryshnikov, men’s white ties. Without the men’s costumes, the
suggesting parallels between the program and Virginia essay suggests, we would not be able to see the contrast
Woolf’s final novel, Between the Acts. Woolf contrasts the piece underlines between civilization and its
the personal interactions between audience members at discontents.
a country pageant with the acts on the stage to make a
point about the relationship between structure and GILLILAND, C. Herbert, Associate Professor, and
incidents in our lives. In the same way, the most Robert Shenk, Admiral Dan Gallery: The Life and Wit
headlined piece on the program, “Heartbeat: mb,” of a Navy Original. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press,
whose “music” is the amplified sound of 1999.
Baryshnikov’s own heart, makes a point about the
relation between the personal and that which is Though not a legendary World War II hero like
sufficiently structured to be worth putting on the stage. Nimitz, Gallery is well known for his dramatic capture
Quite by accident, too, a number of incidents that of U-505 on the high seas, the first such taking of an
occurred at the particular performance under analysis enemy vessel since the War of 1812, and for his
contributed to make this point: a disturbance in the controversial support after the war of the need for
street, the sound of an audience member’s wheezy carriers. He also was known for his success as a
breathing. Fleming distinguishes between the sense in writer, both while in the navy and after, and the best of
which we all bring our subjective reactions to his writings make up a significant part of this book.
performances and the way in which some mediocre Excerpts from magazine articles, short stories, and
pieces require our re-writing the piece using our own letters are introduced with biographical commentary.
content. He ends by noting that great art is that which
can dispense with all these unpredictable connections HILL, John M., Professor, “Interactions of Thought
to the world outside, making situations where enough and Language in old English Poetry [Book Review].”
of this context is on the stage (or in the book) to make Modern Philology 96.1 (August 1998): 61-5.
the experience predictable. Yet the most satisfying
evenings in the theater are frequently those in which HILL, John M., Professor, “Pride and Prodigies [Book
the subjective response of the viewer determines the Review].” Modern Philology 96.1 (August 1998): 58-
experience. 61.
FLEMING, Bruce E., Professor, “White Tie and HILL, John M., Professor, “Anthropological
Tales.” Dance View 16 (Spring 1999): 46-8. Approaches to Old English Poetry.” Philological
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Quarterly (Winter 1999). JASON, Philip K., Professor, and John Wilson, eds.,
Masterplots II: Poetry Series Supplement. Vols. 7-9.
A special issue of Philological Quarterly, guest edited Pasadena: Salem Press, 1998.
and introduced by Professor Hill.
These three new volumes in the widely-used
HILL, John M., Professor, Reconstructing Heroic
Masterplots II reference series contain discussions of
Values. Gainesville: Florida UP, 1999.
376 poems from the eight to the late twentieth century.
Outside of Beowulf, the poems and stories we call The supplement expands the original series in two
“heroic” seem survivals from an earlier period. For primary ways: first, by including discussions of well-
generations of readers they have seemed to celebrate known older poems that were not in the original series,
ancient Germanic loyalties and values within the and, second, by extending coverage to more twentieth-
context of an aristocratic, warrior world. These century poetry — thereby allowing more discussions of
loyalties and values concern a warrior’s relationship to work by African American, Hispanic, Asian American,
kin as well as to lord, the duty of revenge, and such and American Indian writers. Each essay has three
personal qualities as courage and reciprocal generosity sections: an overview of content, an analysis of forms
(services for gifts, gifts for gifts). While aspects of and devices, and a discussion of themes and meanings.
these loyalties and values appear in the story of
A glossary of terms and several indexes make this an
Cynewulf and Cyneheard, “The Battle of Brunanburh,”
extremely user-friendly reference.
“The Battle of Maldon,” and a few short pieces or
fragments such as “The Five Burroughs Poem,” “The
Fight at Finnsburg,” and “Waldhere,” mainly they are JASON, Philip K., Professor, and Allan B. Lefcowitz,
not archaic or ancient aspects of ethical life (as many Creative Writer’s Handbook. 3rd edition. Upper Saddle
scholars claim). Rather, they have been reformed to River: Prentice Hall, 1999.
serve the politics of late ninth and tenth-century state
formation – particularly the formation of West Saxon This latest edition of the highly successful guide for
kingship and hegemony, led by the immediate male creative writers weaves together theory, practical
ancestors and descendants of the House of Alfred. advice, and instructive examples for the writing of
What we celebrate as – in virtually every Old English fiction, poetry, and plays. New materials amplify the
handbook and Reader, and in virtually every survey discussions of writerly attitudes, free verse, and screen
anthology of English Literature I – the ostensibly writing. A new chapter on creative nonfiction involves
traditional ethos of these poems and stories is really
student writers in the preparation of personal essays.
the reflection of late, West Saxon political ideals.
Those ideals insist on the primacy on lordship over, The “Tools and Resources” section has been updated,
but not always against, kinship; on the then greater and the number and range of illustrative works has
primacy of kingship as nearly sacrosanct, been increased.
mythologically justified, genealogically legitimated
and ecclesiastically blest; and on retainership as JASON, Philip K., Professor, “South Florida Chopper
correspondingly absolute – a reflection of what Pilot.” WordWrights Fall-Winter 1998: 18.
supreme lordship and kinship demand. Using the
much more complicated Beowulf as illuminating JASON, Philip K., Professor, “Suicide Mission.”
counterpoint, Reconstructing Heroic Values works out WordWrights Fall-Winter 1998: 18.
the development in the heroic literature of these new
ideals. JASON, Philip K., Professor, “Waiting for Spring.”
WordWrights Fall-Winter 1998: 18.
JASON, Philip K., Professor, and W.D. Ehrhart,
Retrieving Bones: Stories and Poems of the Korean
JASON, Philip K., Professor, “St. Thomas Blues.”
War. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1999.
WordWrights Fall-Winter 1998: 18.
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JASON, Philip K., Professor, “Interest.” Tampa American Navy.” Foreword, April 1999.
Review 13 (Spring-Summer 1999): 43.
Robotti and Vescovi’s book is almost local-color in its
JASON, Philip K., Professor, “Linda Pastan’s Carnival emphasis of the Salem origins of one of America’s
Evening: New and Selected Poems.” Magill’s Literary most famous frigates, but their work transcends both
local and academic history in making the full career of
Annual 1999. Pasadena: Salem Press, 1999.
ESSEX and her people available to the general reader.
An essay on and review of Pastan’s work. O’BRIEN, Timothy D., Professor, “Fire and Blood:
‘Queynte’ Imaginings in Diana’s Temple.” Chaucer
JASON, Philip K., Professor, Novels of the Korean Review. 33.2 (1998):157-67.
War. http://www.illyria.com/korea 1999.
This article examines the episode in “The Knight’s
An Internet publication with an associated page on Tale” in which the narrating Knight focuses on
short fiction. Emily’s prayer to Diana. At issue is the degree to
which we interpret Chaucer’s treatment of the
MADISON, Robert D., Professor, “An Interview with narrating Knight and particularly his use of the
controversial term “queynte” as ironic. In order to
Ronn McFarlane.” Lute News: The Lute Society
come to some solution to this problem the article
Magazine 48 (1998): 22.
surveys the scholarly controversy over the meaning of
that term and carefully examines the contextual cues
A member of the well-known Baltimore Consort, Ronn within the “Diana’s temple episode” itself. The article
McFarlane is also a world-famous soloist and also outlines a theoretical basis for reading “queynte”
composer as a pun. The piece concludes that Chaucer is
who has expanded traditional media for distributing exposing the Knight’s unawareness of his ideology and
classical music, both from the renaissance and newly that Chaucer is as sympathetically as possible
composed for ancient instruments. displaying the subjugation of Emily’s body to the male
culture.
MADISON, Robert D., Professor, “Review of Robotti
and Vescovi’s The USS ESSEX and the Birth of the
Presentations
ARBUTHNOT, Nancy, Professor, “An American a Virgin: The Love Life of Elizabeth I,” Maryland
Artist in World War II: Jason Schoener in the Humanities Council Speakers Bureau, 21 March 1999.
Marshall Islands,” exhibit on Schoener’s WWII art,
Marjuro, The Republic of the Marshall Islands, 10 Lecture offered to a wide range of audiences, from the
May 1999. daughters of the British Empire to the Catonsville
Senior Citizens.
BERGMANN, Harriet F., Professor, “The Society to
Encourage Studies at Home,” U.S. Naval Academy’s DREW, Anne Marie, Associate Professor,
Women’s History Month Celebration, Annapolis, “Discovering Letters From Annapolis,” Author’s
Maryland, 1 March 1999. Luncheon, Washington College, Chestertown,
Maryland, 6 March 1999.
DREW, Anne Marie, Associate Professor, “Becoming
148
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DREW, Anne Marie, Associate Professor, “The 2 April 1999.

Academy Through its Letters,” U.S. Naval Academy
Alumni Association Monthly Meeting, Annapolis, MACE, Nancy A., Associate Professor, “Charles
Maryland, 30 March 1999. Dibdin and the Music Sellers in 1784: Testing the
Length of Copyright,” Modern Language Association
ELLIS, Anne M., Assistant Professor, “History of Convention, San Francisco, California, 28 December
Religious Drama,” St. Martins in the Field, Severna 1998.
Park, Maryland, May 1999.
MACE, Nancy A., Associate Professor, “New
ELLIS, Anne M., Assistant Professor, “Barefoot in the Information on the Final Years of Longman &
Park,” WBJC, Baltimore, Maryland, 22 January 1999. Broderip: Music Seller Finances in the Late Eighteenth
Century,” East-Central American Society for
A radio interview with WBJC regarding Professor Eighteenth-Century Studies Conference, Salisbury
Ellis’s production of Barefoot in the Park for Colonial State University, Salisbury, Maryland, 9 October 1998.
Players in Annapolis.
MADISON, Robert D., Professor, “A Thousand
ELLIS, Anne M., Assistant Professor, “Barefoot in the Furlongs: Sea and Stage in Shakespeare’s Tempest,”
Park,” Capital Profiles. College English Association Conference, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, 2 April 1999.
An interview for Jones Cable’s public access television
channel, covering Professor Ellis’s production of MADISON, Robert D., Professor, “Submission and
Barefoot in the Park as well as other professional Restoration in The Wept of Wish-ton-Wish,” American
activities and the 50th anniversary at Colonial Players. Literature Association Conference, Baltimore,
Maryland, 28 May 1999.
ELLIS, Anne M., Assistant Professor, “KC/ACTF
Adjudication,” Kennedy Center for the Performing NOLAN, Charles, J. Jr., Professor, Chair of Panel on
Arts, Washington, D.C., 16 April 1999. “Techno-Literacy, Placement and Curriculum: Lessons
from the Two-Year College,” Conference on College
A critical, creative, and pedagogical response to the Composition and Communication, Atlanta, Georgia,
cast and director of American University’s production 25 March 1999.
of Camelot as part of the Kennedy Center/American
College Theater Festival. NOLAN, Charles, J. Jr., Professor, Chair of Panel on
“Going Against the Grain,” College English
FLEMING, Bruce E., Professor, “The Zen of Action Association Conference, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
Movies,” Honors Colloquium, University of Alabama 2 April 1999.
at Huntsville, 11 November 1998.
O’BRIEN, Timothy D., Professor, “Seductive Violence
HILL, John M., Professor, “Violence and the Making and Three Chaucerian Women,” Conference of the
of Wiglaf,” Medieval Conference, Toronto, Canada, 11 Texas Medieval Association, San Antonio, Texas, 17
October 1998. September 1998.
HOWLAND, Mary D., Associate Professor, “Letting PARKER, Michael P., Professor, “Ghostlier
Go of the Past,” Al-Anon, Kensington, Maryland, 10 Demarcations, Keener Sounds: The U.S. Navy and the
October 1998. Sutton Apparition Case,” American Culture
Association Convention, San Diego, California, 1
LARABEE, Mark D., Lieutenant Commander, USN, April 1999.
“‘A Funny Piece of Water’: The Altered Seascape of
Joseph Conrad’s Gulf of Siam,” College English PARKER, Michael P., Professor, “Using the Academy
Association Conference, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Teach the Research Paper,” Educating Our Nation’s
149
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Leaders: A Conference for the Federal Service March 1999.

Academies, West Point, New York, 9 April 1999.
REES, Elizabeth, Visiting Assistant Professor,
PARKER, Michael P., Professor, “Whose England? “Teacher Training in the Use of Poetry in the
The Controversy over Jones’s Restoration of Pauls and Elementary School Classroom,” Piney Branch
the Meaning of British History,” International Elementary School, Takoma Park, Maryland, 22
Conference on Seventeenth-Century Studies, Durham, March 1999; Damascus High School English
England, 26 July 1999. Department, Damascus, Maryland, 16 November
1998; Eleanor Roosevelt Senior High School, Laurel,
PORTOLANO, Marlana, Visiting Assistant Professor, Maryland, 13 May 1999.
“George Campbell’s Philosophy of Rhetoric,” Catholic
University graduate seminar in History of Rhetoric, 18
150
DEPARTMENT OF
History
Professor Robert Artigiani
Chair
Members of the History faculty were actively involved ten Honors students and a Trident Scholar, whose
in research during academic year 1998-1999, and their projects ranged from slave culture in Annapolis to the
labors produced many and varied fruits. Naval management of nuclear weapons in the North Atlantic.
Academy Research Council (NARC) grants supported A study of jazz saxophonist John Coltrane was begun,
twelve different research efforts in remarkably diverse and midshipmen undertook independent study courses
areas. Some work was in comparative cultures, for with significant research components, as well. One of
example, how competing societies (Russian and the latter included a course that drew faculty from both
Chechen) recorded the same experience or how Mathematics and History to test the value of cellular
hearing and deaf cultures interacted in nineteenth automata models of military conflict.
century France. Historians studied Etruscan record Two book-length monographs were published by
keeping, traced the rise of the English nation, and university presses during academic year 1998-1999.
evaluated American code breakers in China. They also One, the story of the Anglo-Saxon King Alfred The
helped clarify and expand current knowledge of the Great, has been nicely reviewed and is already going
American past. How the early Republic was into a paperback edition. The other, Gentlemen and
democratized, how the Civil War tore apart venerable Freeholders, has been nominated by Johns Hopkins
institutions like the USNA and sparked economic Press for virtually every major award in American
developments in Southern cities, and how FDR history writing. An edited volume on how the Russians
maneuvered defense budgets were all examined in interpreted their past also appeared. Faculty published
detail. Meanwhile, faculty with more far-flung seven articles in professional journals and books,
interests studied topics from early Christian art to ranging from applications of information theory to
AIDs in Zimbabwe. External sources such as the culture through in-depth studies of Persian and
Mellon Trust and the National Endowment for the Russian historiography to Chinese code breakers.
Humanities contributed to funding travel to archives in There were also nearly ten short articles published in
three cases. A wide range of research projects was various encyclopedias, which will serve as references
undertaken independently, of course. These involved to future generations of scholars. The list of
two different kinds of gender studies, one on English presentations is too long to detail, but it includes
aristocrats and one on Virginia colonists, the creation foreign venues from Sardinia to Japan, various
of a reader on foreign encounters with Western government schools and agencies, Finally, five reviews
civilization, and several works in naval history. were published in various professional journals.
Faculty involved and supported midshipmen in
various sorts of research projects, too. There were
151
HISTORY
Sponsored Research
The Formation of the English Nation, c. 650-939
Researcher: Professor Richard P. Abels

Between the seventh and the early tenth century, and urban life, and commerce has been dramatically
‘England’ emerged, both as a concept and a political changed by discoveries of archaeologists. Recent
entity. This project explores how the political and excavations at London, for instance, have forced
social world described by Bede, with its numerous historians to reconsider received ideas about he history
small tribal kingdoms, evolved into the consolidated of that city. What this project attempts to do is bridge
English kingdom of the tenth century. the two disciplines. The goal is a deeper
Recent historians of Middle Saxon England have understanding of the changing nature of early
tended to concentrate upon establishing the basic medieval governance and politics, and a firmer
chronologies of kingship. Archaeologists, on the other understanding of the meaning of ‘nationhood.’ This
hand, tend to ignore names and dates in favor of is a long term, ongoing project.
reconstructing the material past. Over the last decade
our understanding of Anglo-Saxon settlement, village
Art and the Christian Intelligence According to John Scotus Eriugena
Researcher: Associate Professor David F. Appleby

This study set out to investigate the ideas about the role the will, and a conception of human restoration that
of the liberal arts in the process of individual Christian emphasized an anagogical means of ascent and
conversion and salvation in the thought of John Scotus deification. Eriugena attempted to reconcile the will-
Eriugena (ca.810-ca.877). The intention was that based anthropology and theology of descent that were
Eriugena would form the subject of one chapter in a dominant in the early medieval West with the Hellenic
monograph on Carolingian views of the place of the ideas that so intrigued him. The questions that seemed
liberal arts in the process of Christian restoration. In most pressing included the following: first, what role
Carolingian Francia Eriugena is important as one of do the senses of sight and hearing play in the
the only thinkers who knew Greek and was familiar acquisition of knowledge by human beings? Second,
with parts of the Greek patristic tradition and some how does Eriugena picture the faculties of the human
late antique neo-platonic philosophical sources. His mind? Third, which faculties do the liberal arts
image of the human person and of Man’s condition influence, and how do they exercise this influence?
after the Fall were deeply informed by a Hellenic
anthropology that focused more on the intellect than
152
HISTORY
Etruscan Record Keeping
Researcher: Professor Phyllis Culham

The investigator has been engaged in a long-term Rome so deeply. The investigator is prepared to
project on roman literacy and numeracy. Her conclude that religious associations inherited from the
publications to date on that topic have already excited Etruscans underlie the remarkable Roman cultural
much international comment and discussion. They conservatism which continued to prefer durable text-
call into question standard narratives of roman history bearing objects over easier to read and store papyri.
by insisting that Romans failed to keep systematic This supports her published theory that religious
records from which historians in Rome could work and connotations of many texts and objects limited their
that many of the so-called records which circulated in circulation in Roman society. The investigator even
various forms were actually spurious. The investigator concludes that some of the most influential authors of
gradually came to realize that explanations for Roman imperial-era Rome preserve traces of Etruscan
counting and recording practices which seem religious prototypes in their narrative form.
inefficient or even corruption-prone to us were to be
found in the older Etruscan culture which influenced
Arsenals of the Confederacy: Richmond & Atlanta, 1860-1865
Researcher: Professor Mary A. Decredico

This research project examines the impact of the Civil of Richmond and Atlanta to the war effort, the
War on the people and cities of Richmond and Atlanta. Confederacy would not have survived four long years
Because of the wartime mobilization, these cities were of war.
transformed into major sectors of industrial and
military significance. Were it not for the contributions
The Democratization of American Society and the Virginia Electoral System, 1760-1820
Researcher: Associate Professor John G. Kolp

Sponsors: Naval Academy Research Council (NARC),
Mellon Fellowship, and Virginia Historical Society
There is a continuing debate among historians over the believed were being nullified by the British
role played by the American Revolution in the Government. In the last few years, however, several
democratization of American society. Most scholars historians have challenged this conservative
do not see the Revolution as a catalyst for democracy interpretation and claim, to the contrary, that the
but rather see a conservative movement aimed only at American Revolution was as revolutionary and radical
preserving traditional English liberties which colonists as any modern event of its kind. The project
153
HISTORY
investigates the origins of American democratic ideals communities of Virginia from 1760 to 1820. The
and practices by examining the responses of local project builds upon extensive previous research into
political institutions to the constitutional and social local electoral politics in Virginia, 1725 to 1775.
upheavals of the American Revolution. Specifically, it
looks at voting patterns and voting behavior within the
FDR and American Rearmament, 1933-1939
Researcher: Professor Robert W. Love, Jr.

This project is a continuation of work done in 1997; it negotiating with various congressional committees
attempts to understand how, between 1933 and 1939, over Navy Department and War Department
Present Franklin D. Roosevelt devised his annual authorization and appropriation measures.
military and naval budgets and his methods of
Militarism and Politics in Latin America
Researcher: Professor Daniel M. Masterson

The researcher’s project was the revision of his book, in Contemporary Peru. Completing further internal
Militarism and Politics in Latin America: Peru from revisions of the original text, making bibliographical
Sanchez Cerro to Sendero Luminoso, published in updates, and completing a new index are additional
1991 by Greenwood Press. Research and writing of a goals to continue working on.
new chapter for this book encompassing the years of A second project will undertake further revisions to
the critical presidential administrations (1990 to the a proposed Spanish edition of the book which will
present) of Alberto Fujimore is completed and hopefully be published in Lima by the Catholic
submitted with the original text to Scholarly Resources University of Peru.
Publishers under a new title, The Military and Society
AIDS in Zimbabwe: the Making of a Stigmatized Disease
Researcher: Associate Professor Samuel H. Nelson

The AIDS stigma in Africa remains one of the most by focusing on the ways ideas about AIDS have been
troubling obstacles in the promotion of effective created and propagated in society, and how these ideas
disease-prevention strategies because the nature of the
stigma has not been fully understood. This project
explores the making of the AIDS stigma in Zimbabwe
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HISTORY
have shaped attitudes and behaviors. By examining contribution to an on-going ethical and health problem
how people have acquired negative connotations about in Africa.
AIDS, and how these ideas have been acquired by
people, this study seeks to make a significant
Discovering the Signs: Social Images

of the Deaf Community in Nineteenth Century France
Researcher: Professor Anne T. Quartararo

This research project is a historical study of the social educated the Deaf in the late nineteenth century. The
and cultural forces that created the Deaf community in researcher has analyzed, at least in part, the role of
nineteenth century France. The researcher is focusing Deaf-run congresses and Deaf associations in the
on the emergence of a Deaf identity during a period of formation of Deaf culture. Most recently, the
intense social change in western society. In the first researcher has been compiling information about the
part of the study, the researcher examines the ideology period 1789 to 1815. She has delivered a major paper
of the revolutionary period and how it affected the on the topic at the American Historical Association’s
creation of a Deaf community in the late 1790s. The annual meeting in Washington, D.C. in January 1999
researcher is studying the concept of how language and and has submitted the material for publication. The
culture coalesced in the late eighteenth century in a researcher has also proposed a conference paper for
way that led to the formation of an early Deaf Western society for French History (October 1999)
community. In the second part of the project, the dealing with medical ideas of the early nineteenth
researcher is studying the emergence of Deaf century that affected the French Deaf community. As
community associations, initiatives for Deaf education Powrie V. Doctor Chair of Deaf Studies at Gallaudet
and the role of leading activists to improve the University in the spring semester of 1999, the
condition of Deaf people. In the third part of the researcher was able to share some of her preliminary
study, the researcher is looking at the uses of language research conclusions with the Gallaudet University
and the exclusion of sign language from schools that community.
Re-translation of Tolstoy’s Hadji Murad
Researcher: Associate Professor Thomas Sanders

This project involves a re-translation of Leo Tolstoy’s Chechen leader, which will be paired in comparative
Hadji Murad a wonderful, posthumously published text with the researcher’s translation.
work that centers on the Russian-Chechen wars of the
nineteenth century. Associate Professor Ernest Tucker
is translating a Turkic, mountain epic about the main
Franklin Buchanan, Confederate Admiral
155
HISTORY
Researcher: Professor Craig L. Symonds

Franklin Buchanan is distinguished in American naval Despite this remarkable career, no modern biography
history for three accomplishments: He was the has ever been written of his life. The 1st book to deal
founding superintendent of the Naval Academy in with his life was published in 1929 and is what is
1845; he commanded the CSS Virginia (formerly the sometimes known as a “boy’s book” – an adventure
Merrimack) on her maiden voyage which resulted in tale subtitled: “Fearless Man of Action.” The purpose
the destruction of the USS Congress and USS of this project is to work toward a full-length scholarly
Cumberland, and in which action he was wounded; biography of Buchanan that will fill a significant gap
and he commanded the CSS Tennessee in the Battle of in the literature of both the American navy and the
Mobile Bay when Farragut “damned the torpedoes.” Civil War.
In addition, he was Matthew C. Perry’s second in
command on the voyage that opened Japan in 1852-53.
Chinese Codebreakers During WWII: Military Intelligence and Military Cooperation
Researcher: Assistant Professor Maochun Yu

This project deals with Chinese success in breaking mechanized and consolidated military and industrial
Japanese military codes during WWII and the military might that could deal the enemy a decisive and fatal
and political intrigues among the allies surrounding blow, any excellent intelligence system would lose its
this Chinese effort. While the Chinese achieved relevance and usefulness. In today’s world, we often
remarkable results in code-breaking, the overall forget that what ultimately wins a war is not
accomplishment did not assume any meaningful intelligence operations alone, however good they may
strategic value as did the Ultra and Magic efforts. The be. This supplementary role of intelligence is often
importance of signal intelligence as vital to the growth ignored by empire builders who thereby lay the
of KMT’s intelligence empire became apparent and it foundation for their own demise.
didn’t take time for the Chinese government to
recognize its value. Yet in the absence of a modern,
156
HISTORY
Constructing George Wyndham: Narratives of Aristocratic Masculinity
in Fin-de-Siecle England
Researcher: Associate Professor Nancy W. Ellenberger
This project uses methodologies and findings from not just in gender but also in class terms. The
psychology, gender studies, and literary criticism to Wyndham material casts light on the “catastrophic
examine the inner world of an important politician and imagination” that characterized some members of
member of the aristocratic landed elite in the Britain’s aristocratic elite before WWI, as this class
Edwardian period. It argues that George Wyndham’s attempted to adapt to an increasingly democratic
strengths and weaknesses as a politician, as well as society based on meritocracy and new forms of wealth
some parts of his political ideology, are best and status.
understood in the context of his generation’s shifting
debates over manliness, debates which were expressed
Henry Braid Wilson
Researcher: Associate Professor William R. Roberts
This is a 600-word article about Admiral Henry Braid superintendent, minutes of the meetings of the Board
Wilson and the contributions he made to professional of Visitors, and Admiral Wilson’s scrapbooks. The
military education while superintendent of the United first two sources are part of the United States Naval
States Naval Academy from July 1921 to February Academy Archives, while the United States Naval
1925. Wilson wrote the first official statement of the Academy Museum houses Wilson’s scrapbooks in its
mission of the Naval Academy, codified the ascending collections. This article has been accepted for
system of privileges, or “rates,” used by midshipmen to publication and will appear next year in a dictionary
this day, and introduced the first leadership course on professional military education edited by William
taught at the Naval Academy. Simon.
Research for this essay was conducted during the
summer of 1998, using the annual reports of the
World and Western Civilization Reader
Researchers: Associate Professor Thomas Sanders

and Associate Professor Samuel Nelson
This project is a reader for World and Western non-Western civilizations and between Western elites
Civilization courses. It incorporates primary source and challengers to the Western authority structure.
materials treating encounters between Westerners and
157
HISTORY
War in the Caucasus, 1830-1860: The View From the Chechen Side
Researcher: Associate Professor Ernest Tucker
During the first half of the nineteenth century, Imam the superior technology and resources of Russian
Shamil, a Chechen tribal leader in the northern forces, his memory has lived on in the hearts of his
Caucasus mountains, successfully challenged the countrymen, whose 1993-1996 struggle with the
Russian occupation of his homeland for over twenty Russians took great inspiration from his story. An
years by conducting guerilla war according to the annotated English translation is underway of the
principles of jihad (Islamic holy war). He was the Bariqat as-Suyuf., an Arabic chronicle written in the
most successful leader ever to oppose Russian imperial 1879s by Muhammad Tahir al-Qarakhi, an Islamic
expansion into the Caucasus and Central Asia during cleric who had been a close associate of Shamil and
the 18th and 19th centuries, and he became a national later fled to the Ottoman Empire. It appears to be one
hero not only to the Chechens, but to other Caucasian of the very few firsthand accounts of Shamil’s
and central Asian Muslim peoples in their long campaigns from the Chechen side.
confrontation with the Russian Empire. In the summer of 1997, research was completed on
Shamil developed a reputation in Russia not unlike the background of Shamil and the Caucasus, and the
that of Chief Sitting Bull in the late 19th century United bibliographical picture was filled in through research
States, as one of the few opponents to check, even if on Russian and Arabic sources at the Library of
only for a time, the juggernaut of Russian military Congress. Translation work is continuing through the
might. In the Muslim world, he also became famous academic year with anticipated completion by Spring
for administering his domains according to Islamic law 2000.
and serving as a paragon of Islamic propriety to
hisfollowers. Although he was ultimately defeated by
Gender, Property, and Voting Rights in Colonial Virginia
Researcher: Associate Professor John G. Kolp
Historians have long recognized that despite the enfranchisement of men has never been fully explored.
absence of legal privilege, women were central to This project sought to explore this question and to
political life in colonial America including helping complete the research and writing of a chapter-length
candidate husbands treat and entertain voters, paper on women’s property and men’s voting rights.
receiving attention from candidates during campaigns, Material collected on female property transfer by
and advising husbands on which way to vote. Yet project co-author, Terri Snyder, was merged with a
their role as owners and conveyors of property could large data base on voter participation and behavior
have had an even greater impact on local politics. collected as part of several earlier projects. In addition
Because only adult males who owned 100 acres of to exploring the many ways women, as political
unimproved or 25 acres of improved land could vote in outsiders, contributed to the political culture of local
eighteenth-century Virginia, the property men received communities, the quantitative analysis demonstrated
from mothers, sisters, and especially wives could have that nearly one-fifth of the male electorate owed some
been crucial in male enfranchisement. The extent to if not all of their political rights to women.
which women’s property contributed to the This project will appear as a chapter in a book on
158
HISTORY
early American legal history to be published in Fall,

1999, University of North Carolina Press.

John Coltraine: Spiritual Quest
Researcher: Midn 2/C Dennis Watkins, USN

Faculty Advisor: Professor David P. Peeler
This project examines the ideas, art and life of Bill. But the principal focus of this study will be on a
American jazz musician John Coltraine. The project relatively narrow part of Coltraine’s career:
will culminate in an Honors Thesis, to be presented to Thatmoment in 1957 when he experienced what he
the History Department faculty during academic year called a “spiritual awakening.” The project will
1999-2000. examine the nature of that awakening, considering
Coltraine was one of the most original jazz artists of both its biographical and intellectual dimensions, and
the twentieth century. He pioneered new motifs in his the project will also explore the awakening’s influence
art, helping to propel jazz away from big-band swing on Coltraine’s music.
and toward the improvisational solos that During 1998-1999, the researcher has read the major
characterized this music of the later twentieth century. secondary works on Coltraine, as well as the artist’s
Coltraine’s development mirrored any number of major published statements. A set of recordings has
larger historical movements of the century: he was part also been assembled and examined. During the fall of
of the black migration from the rural South to the 1999 this material will be analyzed, and the
urban North, and he was a World War II veteran subsequent honors thesis completed.
whose post-war studies were in part funded by the GI
Africanisms in the Urban Chesapeake
Researcher: Midn 1/C Michael R. Thompson, USN

Faculty Advisor: Associate Professor John G. Kolp
This History Honors Thesis noted the recent port cities, detailed material from rural plantations,
archeological discovery in Annapolis, MD., of a West known West African social, cultural, and religious
African religious artifact known as a Nukisi bundle practices, data on slave ship arrivals, and actual
and asked the question: What does this suggest about demographic data on Annapolis to suggest that a
both the survival of Africanisms and the type of number of specific African practices could have indeed
African-American culture that was possible or survived and flourished within a dominant Anglo-
probable in the late 18th century urban Chesapeake? American culture.
Although direct evidence of cultural practices among
Annapolis’ slave and free black populations is limited,
this project used more extensive evidence from other
159
HISTORY
The Alanbrooke Diaries
Researcher: Midn 1/C Frank Monterisi, USN

Faculty Advisor: Professor Robert W. Love, Jr.
Britain’s field-marshal Viscount Alanbrooke in one charge by one of the most learned historians of the war
way or another participated in or was involved with throws into doubt a great many of the major studies
almost every major Allied campaign of the Second and interpretations, including , indeed, a recent
World War. In 1939-1940, he served in France, biography of Alanbrooke by David Fraser, of the major
commanding II Corps of the British Expeditionary figures and key decisions taken by the Allied higher
Force up to the Dunkirk evacuation; thereafter, until command in the Second World War.
November 1941, he was Home Isles Commander, Just how “unreliable” are the Bryant editions of the
responsible for defending Britain against a German Alanbrooke diaries and, secondarily, how might
invasion. One month before Pearl Harbor, Churchill editorial changes have influenced historians’ accounts
appointed General Brooke as Chief of the Imperial are the two questions this project addressed. Every
General Staff, the key post in Britain’s wartime higher entry in the original diary, now held at the Liddell Hart
command and an appointment Brooke held until the Centre in Kings College in London was compared with
Japanese surrender in 1945. As CIGS, he directed the edited, or Bryant version, and every change,
British Army operations against the American and alteration, addition, and omission was noted. The
Soviet allies, to fashion British and Allied grand volume of editorial changes and omitted passages was
strategy during the second stage of the conflict. significant, but their real importance to the utility and
Each evening throughout the war Alanbrooke reliability of the Bryant volumes is another, far more
entered is reflections on the days events in a diary, complex and ambiguous matter. At the very least, this
long held to be one of the key documents for research demonstrated that Weinberg was surely
understanding Allied wartime strategy and military correct at least insofar as Bryant’s version depicted
diplomacy. Edited by the English historian Sir Arthur Alanbrooke as a somewhat different general than the
Bryant, Lord Alanbrooke’s diary was published in two diaries suggest. On major questions of policy,
volumes in 1957-1959; these volumes since then have however, the differences between the original and the
served as one of the principal primary sources for published documents appear to involve shadings,
student of the Second World War-era high command. intensity, and nuance. These are clearly important,
However, the original, handwritten diaries recently and unfortunate, but this conclusion means that the
became available to scholars and one of the first to questions posed by Weinberg‘s assertion cannot be
examine them, Professor Gerhard Weinberg, answered easily. Nonetheless, this work leaves no
contended in his highly-regarded work, A World At doubt that most recent, major studies of the British
Arms: A Global History of World War II that “the text high command rely entirely too much on Bryant’s
(of the diaries) has been seriously tampered with, and editions.
until a reliable edition is published, one must consult
the original.” If wholly accurate , this extraordinary
160
HISTORY
The Multi-Lateral Force: America’s Nuclear Solution

for NATO (1960 - 1965)
Researcher: Midn 1/C James Solomon, USN, Trident Scholar

Faculty Advisor: Professor Robert W. Love, Jr.
The Multi-Lateral Force (MLF) proposal was advanced The British, for instance, saw the MLF as somewhat
by the Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson unreal inasmuch as they had little faith that any
administrations from 1960 to 1965 as a means to particular configuration of nuclear forces would alter
prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons among the outcome of a nuclear exchange with the Soviets.
the NATO allies, provide the non-nuclear allies with On the other hand, London recognized proliferation to
a sense of participation in nuclear strategy, and bring be a problem, supposed on occasion that the American
existing European nuclear forces under an allied scheme might solve it, but mostly leaned toward other
command structure. In short, MLF provided for the alternatives, none of which survived for long.
establishment of a nuclear-armed fleet of two dozen Uppermost in the sights of both Tory and Labour
submarines and cruisers manned and commanded by governments was the need to maintain the “special
mixed crews drawn from all of the NATO powers. relationship” with Washington. The French, who were
Although MLF was the major NATO nuclear erecting their own national nuclear deterrence,
armsproposal of two American presidencies, without opposed any project that smacked of Anglo-American
exception Cold War historians have ignored the domination.
scheme, the attending diplomacy, and its effect on The research suggested, however, that the saga of the
Allied and East-West relations. MLF demonstrated one of the reasons that NATO won
This study constituted the first account of the history the Cold War. It was an efficient alliance. By contrast
of the MLF grounded in archival sources, which to the Warsaw Pact, the dominant power did not
included the records of the State and Defense impose solutions on its partners. Rigorous, informed
departments and the British Foreign Office, Cabinet, discussion dispensed with imperfect plans, and the
and Ministry of Defence. The study concluded, not MLF was one of them. In sum, the abandonment of
surprisingly, that the proposal failed in the end because the MLF in 1965 showed not the weakness and
the scheme was overly complex and failed to meet the divisions of the alliance, but one source of its strength
needs of the European allies. and staying power.
Publications
ABELS, Richard P. , Alfred the Great: War, Kingship 235- 236; pp. 330 - 331; and pp. 456 - 457.
and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England. London and
New York: Longman, 1998. ABELS, Richard P., Review of Cassandra Potts,
Monastic Revival and Regional Identity in Early
ABELS, Richard P., Five articles for M. Lapidge, J. Normandy (Rochester, NY: Boydell and Brewer, 1997)
Blair, S.D. Keynes, and D. Scragg, eds., Basil in Albion 30(1998), 660-62.
Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England.
Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1999 pp. 47 - 48; pp. 234; pp. APPLEBY, David F., “The Priority of Sight According
161
HISTORY
to Peter the Venerable,” Mediaeval Studies 60 (1998), ARTIGIANI, P. R., “Social Information: The Person
123-157. is the Message” in Wolfgang Kirchner, ed., Quest for
a Unified Theory Of Information. Gordon and Breach
The study focuses on the ideas about the spiritual Scientific Publishers, 1999.
implications of ordinary eyesight in the writings of
Peter the Venerable, abbot (1122-1156) of the great Shannon’s concepts are extended to human social
Benedictine monastery of Cluny in Burgundy. The systems by showing that social information measures
abbot’s observation and the communicant who sees the the reductions in uncertainties individuals have about
physical bread and wine of the Eucharist is moved to the systemic effects of each other’s behavior. Since
a more profound experience of the sacrament furnishes systemic effects are what individual actions “mean”,
the starting point of a review of all the abbot’s reductions in systemic uncertainties about the
references to eyes and sight, but also the human body collective environment are also measured. Social
and senses. Clearly, since orthodox Christian belief information is symbolically stored in Values, Ethics,
precludes crude body soul dualism, the question here and Morals (VEMs), which encourage individuals to
is not whether Peter the Venerable was hostile to act predictably and replicate the improbable behaviors
man’s physical and sensory self. Instead, the question characterizing particular societies. When individuals
is the extent to which he integrated the body and internalize meaning, their personal identities
senses into the process of Christian conversion and communicate societal priorities to future generations.
salvation: does the believer ascend to God by (This is a reprint of an earlier BioSystems publication)
somehow transcending his/her physical and sensory
self, or does the process of ascent involve the body and KOLP, John G. Gentlemen and Freeholders: Electoral
senses in some positive way? Peter the Venerable was Politics in Colonial Virginia. Baltimore: Johns
torn between two perspectives, one traditional and Hopkins University Press, 1998.
ascetic, the other modern (for the twelfth century) and
more at ease with the whole human person. At times, This book explores the role of elections in the public
he referred to the body as little more than the soul’s culture of culture of Virginia during the half-century
prison and emphasized the rational mind as the locus prior to the American Revolution. Using a two-
of Man’s likeness to God. At other times, especially in pronged attack, it examines both the gentry elite who
the case of sight, he admitted that the senses may be ran for office as well as the hundreds of small
enlisted in the process turning toward God, and in this freeholders in each county who elected these
respect his thought reflects one of the important gentlemen to the provincial legislative assembly, the
developments of the period. House of burgesses. Part I investigates the entire set of
legal, procedural, demographic, and behavioral
APPLEBY, David F., Five short entries and one long parameters within which these elections occurred.
entry for D.R. Woolf, ed., A Global Encyclopedia of This comprehensive and comparative section explores
Historical Writing 2 vols. (New York & London: the development of franchise law and campaign
Garland, 1998): “Asser”, “Ecclesiastical History”, customs, the growth and development of county
“Guibert of Nogent”, “Hugh of Fleury”, “Otto of electorates, voter turnout and behavior, and the broad
Freising”, “Jean-Baptiste de la Curne de Sainte- trends in electoral competition over time and among
Palaye”. constituencies. Part II exposes the actual workings of
this varied political culture through detailed case
APPLEBY, David F., Review of Janet L. Nelson, The studies of four local political communities.
Frankish World, 750-900 (London, 1996), for The
International History Review 20 (September 1998), MCBRIDE, William M., Harvard Business History
638-640. Review 72 (1998):631-33 on Paul A.C. Koistinen,
162
HISTORY
Pursuing Peace: The Political Economy of American writing for Das Zeichen.
Warfare, 1920-1939 (University of Kansas Press,
1998) SANDERS, Thomas, Historiography of Imperial
Russia: The Profession and Writing of History in a
MCBRIDE, William M., “Cone, Hutchinson Ingham,” Multinational State. Armonk, New York: M. E.
in American National Biography, eds. John A. Garraty Sharpe, 1999.
and Mark C. Carnes, 24 vols. (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1999) vol. 5, 324-25. This book is the culmination of several years’ of
conceptualization, organization, and exhortation,
MCBRIDE, William M., “Taylor, David Watson,” in bringing together in one volume the work of an
American National Biography, eds. John A. Garraty international group of scholars on Russian
and Mark C. Carnes, 24 Vols. (New York: Oxford historiography broadly defined. It represents the first
University Press, 1999), vol. 21 362-63. new work in the field in several decades and, as such,
promises to be a seminal volume, basic to the graduate
MCBRIDE, William M., “Turner, Richmond Kelly,” preparation of all students in relevant post-Soviet
in American National Biography, eds. John A. Garraty fields. In addition to a section on the background and
and Mark C. Carnes, 24 vols. (New York: Oxford evolution of historical writing in tsarist Russia up to
University Press, 1999), vol 22, 32-33. the Stalinist purges, it includes sections on individual
practitioners of both Russian and Ukrainian history.
QUARTARARO, Anne T., “Susan Plann: A Silent This substantial component on individual Ukrainian
Minority: Deaf Education in Spain, 1550-1835,” book historians supplements a sections on non-Russian
review in Das Zeichen, n. 47 (März, 1999), 165-167. historical visions and is one of the most significant
contributions of the volume. Finally, the concluding
QUARTARARO, Anne T., “A Silent Minority: Deaf thought pieces by two of the most eminent scholars in
Education in Spain,” book review in Journal of Social the field-Marc Raeff and Manfred Hildermeier-help lay
History, 32 (Spring 1999), 705-707. out signposts for the next generation of research. Two
noteworthy features of the volume are 1) that most of
Both reviews examine the work of Susan Plann, a the articles in it are new and were commissioned by
linguist at the University of California, Los Angeles the editor specifically for this work and 2) the global
who has produced a study of Deaf education in Spain caliber of the contributors (German, Canadian,
between the sixteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Russian, Ukrainian, and American). Indicative of the
Her study is based on numerous archival sources and quality and timeliness of the enterprise is the fact that
tries to explain the tensions between the use of signed the publisher prepared a paperback edition at the same
language and articulated speech in the education of time that the hardback was being printed.
deaf youth. Her study analyzes the philosophical basis
for educating deaf children in the centuries before the SANDERS, Thomas, “A Most Narrow Present,” in
spread of universal schooling for hearing children. Historiography of Imperial Russia: The Profession and
Though these book reviews deal with the same Writing of History in a Multinational State, Armonk,
publication, the reviewer would like to stress that each New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1999: 3-13.
review was written independently from the other;
hence, the reviews do not contain the same language This article is a substantive introduction to the author’s
and emphasize different parts of the text. Das Zeichen edited volume. While deeply informed by the
asked for the review of Plann’s book after a review had scholarly contributions to the volume itself, the article
been submitted to Journal of Social History. The represents a unique synthetic interpretation of the
researcher did not consult the previous review when evolution of Russian and non-Russian historical
163
HISTORY
practice and writing up to 1930. In particular, it included the records of the State and Defense
identifies three broad transitions: from chronicle to departments and the British Foreign Office, Cabinet,
national narratives based on sources but also literary in and Ministry of Defence. The study concluded, not
inspiration (Romantic), from amateur, noble and surprisingly, that the proposal failed in the end because
literary forms of history to professional historical the scheme was overly complex and failed to meet the
research and writing on the German model, and finally needs of the European allies.
the inchoate and, as it transpired, abortive evolution to The British, for instance, saw the MLF as somewhat
multifactoral, non-Positivist (a la Annales) historical unreal inasmuch as they had little faith that any
research. These main swales of change and particular configuration of nuclear forces would alter
maturation are presented as not completely the outcome of a nuclear exchange with the Soviets.
“progressive” in nature, and they are tied to the later On the other hand, London recognized proliferation to
emergence from its subterranean status of a “Russian” be a problem, supposed on occasion that the American
historiographical tradition within Soviet historical scheme might solve it, but mostly leaned toward other
practice. In general, the article provides a flexible alternatives, none of which survived for long.
framework in which untrained readers can place the Uppermost in the sights of both Tory and Labour
articles and information that follows. At the same governments was the need to maintain the “special
time the article represents an interpretation of Russian relationship” with Washington. The French, who were
historical practice and tradition that differs from and erecting their own national nuclear deterrence,
is more critical than the standard story and yet is opposed any project that smacked of Anglo-American
highly optimistic about the strength, richness, and domination.
durability of this tradition. The research suggested, however, that the saga of the
MLF demonstrated one of the reasons that NATO won
SOLOMON, James B., Midn 1/C, “The Multi-Lateral the Cold War. It was an efficient alliance. By contrast
Force: America’s Nuclear Solution for NATO (1960 - to the Warsaw Pact, the dominant power did not
1965)”, USNA Trident Report No. 269, U.S. Naval impose solutions on its partners. Rigorous, informed
Academy, May 1999. discussion dispensed with imperfect plans, and the
MLF was one of them. In sum, the abandonment of
The Multi-Lateral Force (MLF) proposal was advanced the MLF in 1965 showed not the weakness and
by the Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson divisions of the alliance, but one source of its strength
administrations from 1960 to 1965 as a means to and staying power.
prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons among
the NATO allies, provide the non-nuclear allies with TUCKER, Ernest S., “1739: History, Self, and Other
a sense of participation in nuclear strategy, and bring in Afsharid Iran and Mughal India,” Iranian Studies
existing European nuclear forces under an allied 31:2 (Spring, 1998).
command structure. In short, MLF provided for the
establishment of a nuclear-armed fleet of two dozen Article based on a conference paper comparing
submarines and cruisers manned and commanded by protrayal of the ideal subordinate in Afsharid and
mixed crews drawn from all of the NATO powers. Mughal sources.
Although MLF was the major NATO nuclear
armsproposal of two American presidencies, without TUCKER, Ernest s., “Charles Melville (ed.), Safavid
exception Cold War historians have ignored the Persia,” Iranian Studies 31:1 (Winter, 1998), 128-132.
scheme, the attending diplomacy, and its effect on
Allied and East-West relations. YU, Maochun,”Chinese Codebreakers, 1927-1945,” in
This study constituted the first account of the history the journal, Intelligence and National Security, vol.14,
of the MLF grounded in archival sources, which issue 1, Spring 1999.
164
DEPARTMENT OF
Presentations
ARTIGIANI, Robert, Professor “The Emergence of QUARTARARO, Anne T., Professor “Creating a Deaf
Social Information,”International Conference of Community in Revolutionary France, 1789-1799,”
Sociology Montreal Canada, 20-23 July 1998. American Historical Association, Washington, D.C.,
8-10 January 1999.
ARTIGIANI, Robert, Professor “Technology and
Meaning,” Evolution theory at the Millenium, Calgari, TUCKER, Ernest S., Associate Professor, “The
Sardinia, 24-29 November 1998. Safavid Nostalgia of the Ottomans: 1720-1750,” Third
International Roundtable on Safavid Iran, Edinburgh,
Scotland, UK, August, 1998.
Language Studies
165
Professor Sharon Dahlgren Voros
Chair
During the 1998-1999 academic year, the Language study of a sixteenth-century Spanish dramatist, Lope
Studies Department continued to conduct important de Rueda, and a book chapter on the seventeenth
research in a wide variety of fields and foreign century woman dramatist, Leonor de la Cueva y Silva.
languages. Faculty members produced a total of 3 This wide range of scholarly expertise provides a rich
sponsored research projects, 18 Independent Research learning environment for midshipmen studying the
Projects, 15 publications, including 2 books, 8 articles, culture, literature, history and language of other
one reprint, and 4 reviews, and 28 presentations at nations. Our students ultimately are the beneficiaries
professional societies, both national and international, of faculty research when they take classes from active,
including Canada, Italy and Spain. productive scholars.
Of particular note this year are two books. Associate In the field of language acquisition, the Annapolis
Professor María Castro de Moux, promoted this year to Interactive Video Project continued to create
full professor and the department’s nominee for the interactive video lessons for Spanish and establish
Research Excellence Award, published her work on plans to develop lessons for all languages taught in the
Puerto Rican Poetry, titled La negritud de Luis Palés department. Associate Professor William Fletcher
Matos (The Black Poetry of Luis Palés Matos). She continued his pioneering development of
emphasizes Palés’s search for Puerto Rican ethnicity in organizational infrastructures for net-based instruction
its African roots as a means of establishing an delivery of multimedia lesson materials to midshipmen
Afrohispanic cultural identity. Associate Professor in the laboratory, classrooms, and Bancroft Hall. These
Marianne Bosshard published her book Chantal delivery systems provide access to world-wide
Chawaf (Chawaf is a contemporary woman writer from authentic foreign-language material for instruction at
France). Her contribution marks the first time in book all levels of proficiency. Associate Professor María
form that a comprehensive study and interpretation of Castro de Moux, with the assistance of Visiting
Chawaf’s literary production has been undertaken. Assistant Professor Leonard Sekelick, completed a
Professor Bosshard also published a review of series of video lessons for first-year Spanish. Dr.
Chawaf’s latest novel. Sekelick also assisted Professor Elsa M. Gilmore,
Among the highlights of various other publications, coordinator of second-year Spanish, who has continued
Associate Professor Castro de Moux published two to refine lessons in Intermediate Spanish with the
articles, one on Luis Palés Matos and one on the myth latest technology-supported computerized programs in
of Prometheus in the seventeenth-century dramatist, digitized video, now fully integrated into course
Pedro Calderón de la Barca. Associate Professor syllabi. Professor Rivera-LaScala with assistance from
Clementine Fujimura published a book chapter on the Professor John Hutchins (ret.) and Professor Emeritus
issue of ideal and real culture in American society, Guy Riccio (ret.) has revamped video from the
including an analysis of military culture within the US. Televisión Azteca and placed the video lessons on CD-
Professor Elsa Gilmore published an article on the Rom for computer access. Lieutenant Homero Cruz,
Chilean playwright, Marco Antonio de la Parra and a exchange officer from the Mexican Navy also assisted
review of a book on Chilean theater. Associate in this endeavor. Lessons were planned for
Professor Elizabeth Knutson published one article on intermediate and advanced courses using these native-
reading research in the foreign language classroom speed materials and adapting them to classroom
and one review of a pronunciation CD-Rom tutor for concerns for authenticity of language and timeliness of
French. Assistant Professor Chie Paik published an subject matter with real-life situations and conflicts
article on her pedagogical research involving the “Self- involving Mexican society and politics.
Concept Scale” for students of Japanese. Professor and While the Language Studies Department does not
Chair Sharon Voros published a bio-bibliographical offer a major in foreign languages, it has a strong
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LANGUAGE STUDIES
minors program with 111 minors in all languages, Summer Programs in six different countries (France,
including 5 double minors, among the 1999 graduates. Germany, Japan, Russia, Spain and Mexico),
These midshipmen have elected to pursue advanced internships at U. S. embassies in France, Germany,
studies in language, literature, culture, history and area and Spain, and summer exchanges with the French
studies. Of these minors thirty-three (33) have taken Naval Academy in Brest, France, and the German
majors in Division I, ten (10) in Division II, and sixty- Naval Academy in Flenburg, Germany. These study-
eight (68) in Division III, thus providing a depth of abroad programs offer academic courses in the history,
experience beyond an education in technological fields culture, literature and language of each nation.
for these midshipmen in a concentrated area of the Graduates of the Class of 1999 with minors in foreign
Humanities. Majors then from all three Divisions languages will bring to the Navy and Marine Corps not
continue to pursue minors in foreign languages and only valuable linguistic skills but also in-depth
excel in their knowledge of other cultures beyond the knowledge of the regions of the five areas offered:
borders of the U.S.. Spanish, French, German, Russian, and Japanese .
The Language Studies Department also offers
immersion programs with the Cox Fund Overseas
SPONSORED RESEARCH
Constructing A New European Identity
Researcher: Professor Eva L. Corredor

The purpose of this research project was to analyze level, of, on the one hand, an idealized, only abstractly
Andréï Makine’s autobiographical novel Le Testament known French culture, and on the other, the brutal
Français which in the year of its publication, 1995, reality of the Soviet Regime. The contrasts between
immediately earned the Russian - born author two of the atrocities committed in twentieth-century Europe
France’s most prestigious prizes, the Prix Goncourt and the sensitivity and refinement nurtured by the
and the Prix Médicis. It has since been translated into grandmother and the study of French literature
twenty-eight languages. contribute to the narrator’s individuation marked by a
During the term of the NARC grant, the researcher growing awareness of otherness and perpetual exile.
examined in particular the unique process in which The results of this NARC-supported research have
Makine’s young narrator acquired a native-like been discussed at several professional conferences and
“Frenchness” in the midst of Siberia under the are intended for publication. The researcher has plans
influence of a lonely French grandmother whose to continue her study of Makine’s work in view of a
culture and refinement enchanted – and in some ways later publication in book form. In Spring 1999,
seduced– the boy’s imagination and made him into an midshipmen enrolled in the researcher’s French
exile not only in his native Soviet Russia but also in Literature course, FF422, read and analyzed Le
France where he later sought political asylum. Testament Français with considerable interest for its
The study examines the narrator’s confrontations, on gripping story but also its highly metaphoric,
a metaphoric, linguistic, cultural, and psychological suggestive prose.
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LANGUAGE STUDIES
Net-Based Multimedia Instruction Delivery for Language Courses
Researcher: Associate Professor William H. Fletcher

Sponsor: USNA Curriculum Development Project
This project continues developing the software and The researcher will also enable delivering satellite
hardware infrastructure for delivering multimedia video from the department’s 7.2 meter dish via the
lesson materials to language learners in the laboratory, web. He proposes to replace or supplement analog
classroom, and Bancroft Hall via the Naval Academy cassette recording with automated real-time digital
intranet. The researcher has extended support for the encoding. Under this scheme, the dish controller
various highly compressed digital video and audio computer will also be programmed to capture and
codecs supported by RealMedia G2 player and will digitally encode broadcasts, then upload them to the
incorporate that application into a browser-centric webserver for access (restricted to USNA) by
pedagogical tool for delivering multimedia lessons, midshipmen and faculty from throughout the yard.
eliciting learner responses, and reporting performance Valuable clips will be archived for later use, while
and accountability data via the Net. Instructor creation ephemera will be purged after a certain interval. This
and editing of presentations and lessons will rely on video-on-demand strategy finally will permit all
off-the-shelf HTML and SMIL authoring tools. The interested parties access to high-quality up-to-date
long-term goals are to provide a familiar, consistent, foreign-language video when it fits their schedule. It
flexible, and extensible user interface across all also means that video resources will be stored directly
instructional software developed in the department and in a format which can be edited and incorporated into
to establish an easily-mastered instructor front-end for multimedia lessons.
authoring and updating multimedia language lessons.
The Reliability and Construct Validity of the Six-Factor DOSC-Form H
Researcher: Assistant Professor Chie M. Paik

The dimensions of Self-Concept (DOSC)-Form H Academy, and (2) to compare scores on the DOSC-
purports to measure academic self-concept of college Form H by the subjects’ years at the Academy,
students. Developed by Michael and associate, the academic major, and gender. The reliability tests
DOSC-Form H stands on a theory of a multi- indicated satisfactory reliability for each of the six
dimensional construct of academic self-concept. The subscales of the DOSC-Form H. The confirmatory
current DOSC-Form H consists of five subscales factor analyses yielded the best fit to an oblique six-
representing the five hypothesized factors of academic factor model, supporting multi-dimensionality of the
self-concept. In this study a sixth factor was added to DOSC-Form H. Comparisons of scores by the
the current five-factor DOSC-Form H. The twofold subjects’ demographic variables revealed a significant
purpose of the present investigation was: (1) to difference in scores on the Academic Interest and
examine the reliability and construct validity of the Satisfaction (AIAS) subscale between gender and
six-factor DOSC-Form H as administered to a sample across academic majors.
of 350 midshipmen at the United States Naval
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LANGUAGE STUDIES
Maryse Condé: Désirada ou la non désirée
Researcher: Associate Professor Marianne Bosshard
In summer of 1998, the researcher wrote a paper on socio-political history of a Guadeloupian island by the
Maryse Condé's novel, Désirada (published in fall of same name which served the author as partial
1997) which was presented at the "Colloque background for her novel. This summer, the researcher
International sur la Littérature Française plans on doing further research on this topic in order
Contemporaine des Années 1990," held at Dalhousie to write an article which will be submitted to the CIEF
University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, in literary journal "Etudes francophones."
September of 1998. In this paper, the researcher
analyzed one aspect of this novel in the context of the
.
Alchemy and Emblems in Calderon de la Barca
Researcher: Associate Professor Maria E. Castro de Moux
This researcher is continuing her study of the meaning draws from art, history, theology, philosophy and 17th-
and function of alchemical symbols and images in century science.
17th-century Spanish playwrite Pedro Calderon de la
Barca's theological and mythological plays. Her study
Ethics, Law, and Justice
Researcher: Professor Eva L. Corredor
Over the last two years, the researcher has been specifically by twentieth-century philosophers such as
studying the ethics that have dictated some of the Walter Benjamin, Emmanuel Levinas and Jacques
major philosophies and critical theories of the Derrida. More recently, the researcher has been
twentieth century. She has confronted the sociocritical analyzing classical and modern interpretations of
theories of György Lukács with the deconstructive Justice and the place Justice occupies in the
practices of Jacques Derrida. She expanded this postmodern world. Some results of this research have
interest with a view toward the possible illegality of been presented at professional conferences. The
laws as it has been perceived by philosophers such as researcher hopes to pursue her study and ultimately
Plato, Aristotle, Montaigne and Montesquieu and more publish the results in book form.
The Culture of Street Children in Urban Russia: An Ethnographic Study
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LANGUAGE STUDIES
Researcher: Associate Professor Clementine K. Fujimura
The purpose of this project is to study the culture and street children continue to develop? What social
daily lives of Moscow’s street children in the wake of networks are in place to aid these children? What are
social turmoil in order to promote the protection of the immediate and long term needs of these children so
marginalized children and their families. This project that they may be ensured a better quality life in
is designed so as to gain insight into the complexity of society? The investigation of these questions will
the relationship between Russia’s marginalized contribute to ongoing sociological and anthropological
children and Russian society. Questions to be research being conducted world wide on the subject of
answered include: How might orphans and street street children as well as on Russian society in general.
children be spared as victims of human rights
violations? What cultural and social factors cause
children to take to the streets? How does the culture of
Portraits of Russian Orphans in the United States:

A Look at the Lives of Adoptive Families
Researcher: Associate Professor Clementine K. Fujimura
Along with recent social, political and economic How do the families and children cope with such
developments in Russia has come a new crisis: that of stereotypes? How do these American families redefine
unwanted children. As a recent study by this themselves as kinship units in a society which still
researcher points out: “Once hailed under the Soviet questions the adaptability and success of Russian
regime as the future of modern society and the adopted children? How do children who for many
responsibility of all adults, thousands of children have years saw themselves as existing outside the family
since been labeled as unwanted beggars (nishchie)” reconceptualize themselves as newly adopted
(Childhood 343). Indeed, many children, both “Americans”? Such questions, as they are embedded
orphaned and adopted have been forced to survive as in the context of Russian orphanhood, Russian society
marginalized. Even orphans now living as members and American society, are the subjects for this paper.
of American families are coping with their often Not only does this paper explore the process of self-
stigmatized status as adopted children. However loved definition of families of Russian adopted children, but
these children are by their families, their issues are furthermore, it addresses social issues faced by both
unlike children living with their birth parents. Within Russian orphans and adopted children alike. It is
the U.S., they will always be seen as different. In hoped that via this paper, marginalized children will
Russia, they are regarded as inferior, stemming from be seen as a valuable focus for further social scientific
“bad blood”. research.
Euromosaic and France's Endangered Languages
Researcher: Associate Professor Audrey Gaquin
This ongoing study addresses current French language policy with respect to France's non-immigrant
170
LANGUAGE STUDIES
languages in view of the recommendations of the groups, and predicts the probability of survival of each
Euromosaic report recently issued by the Office of language based on eight criteria which include
Official Publications of the European Community. government policy and institutional support. This
The Euromosaic report gives the results of exhaustive article studies the current situation of France’s seven
research carried out by sociolinguists Peter Nelde, linguistic minorities as described by Euromosaic and
Miquel Strabell and Glyn Williams among the more in recent minority periodicals and makes proposals for
than fifty non-immigrant minority cultures of the increasing the chances of survival of these languages,
European Union. The report evaluates minority most of which are considered seriously endangered by
language production and reproduction among these the Euromosaic researchers.
Tradition and Innovation in France’s Minority Language Theater
Researcher : Associate Professor Audrey Gaquin
This project is a series of articles exploring the ways Jocelyne Fritsch, and the examination of scripts and
that France’s minority language theaters communicate videos of some recent productions. The second article
across linguistic and cultural barriers. The first article, is a study of verbal and non-verbal signs in the
currently in preparation, is a general introduction to Alsatian Théâtre de la Chimère’s production Le Retour
minority language theater in France, based on d’Ubu. Future articles concerning Claude Alranq’s
interviews with Claude Alranq, Goulc’han Kervella production of Vaudeville d’Oc and Goulc’han
and Joseph Fenninger conducted in summer 1997, as Kervella’s Avanturiou Yann Konan are planned.
well as studies of the minority theater heritage by
Alranq, Gwennole Le Menn, Georges Hérelle, and
Marco Antonio de la Parra and the New Chilean Theatre
Researcher: Professor Elsa M. Gilmore
This researcher is continuing her long-term project on issue of Gestos.

the work of this well-known and prolific Chilean
dramatist. During l998-1999 her article The Dead
Father: Ekphrasis and History" appeared in the Fall
Hegel's Aesthetics: An Artistic Consecration in view of

Edward Mörike's Poem `On a Lamp'
Researcher: Professor Sylvain Guarda
In evaluating Hegel's statements on aesthetics, the Not only does Hegel - in his speculative method
essay charts Hegel's attempts to formulate a form of art similar to modern deconstructionists - integrate Kant's
that would reconcile the individual with the divine. and Schiller's ideas into a synergetic system that
171
LANGUAGE STUDIES
centers on man as mirror image of God, but he also philosophers such as Kierkegaard, Heidegger and
threads his artistic views into a concept of community. Sartre against Hegel's system. An article based on this
The study then defines Hegel's lectures on aesthetics as research is forthcoming in Monatshefte.
a political document and invalidates claims made by
Gottfried Benn's Metaphysical Quest for Mother-Hope: An Animistic Inner Birth
Researcher: Professor Sylvain Guarda
No other 20th century writer reflects as magically and explain his unique iconography that often takes on a
painfully the violent socio-political quakes and the transfigured life in his verses. The results of this
artistic traditions of the society between 1910 and 1950 research will be published in the 2000 spring issue of
as Gottfried Benn. Through close analysis of Benn's Seminar: A Journal of German Studies.
prose and poetry, the study attempts both to retrace the
poet's flights into the archaic dawn of mankind and to
Strategy Use in Foreign Language Writing
Researcher: Associate Professor Elizabeth Knutson
This project is a qualitative research study of strategy Northeast Conference on the Teaching of Foreign
use in foreign language writing. The subjects are six Languages in April 1999. Issues discussed included
students enrolled in introductory through advanced the pressure and importance of message (focus on
French courses at USNA. This year the research content rather than form), tolerance for approximate
included devising a writing rubric to evaluate the meaning, awareness of surface errors, vocabulary
quality of student writing samples, administering versus grammar, the role of the student’s native
questionnaires, conducting think aloud interviews with language in composition, and the relationship between
students, reviewing the tape recordings of the ease of writing and knowledge of topic.
interviews, and analyzing and writing up the data.
Results of the research were presented in a paper at the
Fostering Student-to-Student Classroom Interaction in the Foreign Language
Researcher: Associate Professor Elizabeth Knutson
This research focuses on the issue of students’ foreign simultaneously. The researcher attempts to determine
language interaction with other students in a whole why students fail to listen to one another, and how
group situation, i.e., in class discussions, in oral student-to-student communication in the foreign
reports given for the whole class, or in any activity language can be made to really “count” in language
which involves the entire class of students and literature courses. This research involves data
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LANGUAGE STUDIES
collected from actual classroom experiences. Results Languages.

will be presented at the annual convention of the
American Council on the Teaching of Foreign
The Development and Construct Validation Study of a Japanese Version of

a Six-Factor Academic Self-Concept Scale for College Students
For a sample of 158 college students enrolled in a that the Japanese version demonstrated what could be
highly competitive private college in Tokyo, Japan, the considered satisfactory levels of reliability and
psychometric results arising from the development and homogeneity for all six five-factor subscales as well as
validation of a Japanese version of an existing college moderate discriminant validity. Confirmatory factor
level form of a standardized academic self-concept analyses further provided a promising evidence for the
scale in English were presented. Confirmatory construct validity of the scale as the best goodness-of-
maximum likelihood factor analyses indicated that fit indexes were afforded to an oblique six-factor
among several alternative first-order and higher-order model among several alternative models.
factor models the one for which six oblique first-order
factors were hypothesized yielded overall indexes
revealing the closest degree of fit. It was concluded
Academic Self-Concept of Japanese Female Private High School Students
The purpose of this study was to examine a profile of American counterparts. Little empirical study has
academic self-concept for a sample of 293 students of been done on the academic self-concept of Japanese
a private girls-only high school in Japan as measured high-school students. Japanese high schools constitute
by the Dimensions of Self-Concept (DOSC)-Form S, a unique subculture within the entire Japanese
Japanese version. The DOSC-Form S, Japanese educational system, characterized by intensive
version yields five scores associated with the five preparation and competition for college entrance
underlying dimensions of academic self-concept: examination. This paper employs empirical data
Aspiration (ASP), Anxiety (ANX), Academic Interest analyses to investigate how academic self-concept
and Satisfaction (AIAS), Leadership and Initiative develops among a group of Japanese high school
(LAI), and Identification versus Alienation (IA). Past students enduring the pressure of academic excellence
studies involving Japanese college students have in a competitive school environment.
reported that Japanese college students display
dispositions indicative of low self-concept relative to
The Relationship of Classroom Communication Apprehension, Academic Self-Concept,
173
LANGUAGE STUDIES
and Academic Performance of the Japanese Students

Enrolled in Graduate Schools in the United States
Researchers: Assistant Professor Chie M. Paik and Instructor Shinobu Anzai
For a sample of 100 Japanese students enrolled in that the Japanese students would show lower academic
graduate schools in various parts of the United States achievement than their U.S. counter parts. The
the purpose of the study was to examine the Communication Apprehension Scale (Neer, 1987), the
relationship of communication apprehension, academic Dimensions of Academic Self-Concept (DOSC) were
self-concept, and academic performance. The past employed to measure communication apprehension
studies on communication apprehension, which and self-concept, respectively. The paper discussed
involved the U.S. students indicated a negative whether or not the commonly held belief about the
correlation between communication apprehension and relationship of classroom communication
academic performance and self-concept. In the present apprehension, academic self-concept, and academic
investigation it was hypothesized: (1) that the Japanese performance would apply to the foreign students in the
students who participated in this investigation would U.S. schools, specifically to the Japanese students in
score higher on classroom communication the U.S. graduate schools.
apprehension scale than U.S. college students, (2) that
the Japanese students would score lower in academic
self-concept scale than their U.S. counterparts, and (3)
The Effects of Combining Computer-Based Aural and Written Practice

in the Learning and Retention of Uses of the Subjunctive in Spanish
Researcher: Professor Gladys M. Rivera-La Scala
The purpose of this project is to test the effectiveness the data collected over two years on the students’ use
of certain types of instructional materials delivered via of these programs to understand the Spanish
computer on the learning and retention of Spanish verb subjunctive. When this phase of the experiment is
usage and form. With a 1997 summer CDP grant, the completed, the findings will be published as part of an
author has developed over 30 Lab programs on-going research done on the effects of this type of
integrating digitized sound and text. These programs instructional treatment on second language acquisition.
have been field tested by midshipmen in Intermediate This project was partially funded by a USNA travel
Spanish II, in the Spring semester of 1998. Using grant.
knowledge acquired at a 1998 summer seminar on
cognitive strategies, the researcher developed a
research design that she is currently using to analyze
Juan de Mena's Coplas de los siete pecados mortales:

Second and Third Continuations: A Critical Edition and Study.
Researcher: Professor Gladys M. Rivera-La Scala
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LANGUAGE STUDIES
This book-length study includes the first critical many versions of the works. A corrected version of the
edition of the Second and Third Continuations of the continuations in modern script follows. Editorial,
Coplas de los siete pecados mortales, left unfinished literary, and linguistic notes comprise the next section
at Juan de Mena's death, and an intertextual analysis which ends with a glossary of medieval Spanish terms
of the main poem and its three continuations. The first and one of proper names. Included in this volume is
chapter contains a comparative study of the four works an extensive bibliography of primary and secondary
based on themes, imagery, meter, and rhyme. In the source materials on Spanish and European 15th-
second chapter the author gives detailed, firsthand century didactic poetry. To be published in Maryland:
descriptions of the manuscripts and 16th-century Studia Humanistica.
printings used in establishing the base text and
discusses the interrelationships that exist between the
Eve’s Patrimony: Women's Roles and Gender

in Pedro Calderón de la Barca (1600-1681)
Researcher: Professor Sharon Dahlgren Voros
This book-length study examines the feminine reject Aristotelian notions of themselves as weak,
presence on the Calderonian stage as a philosophical inferior, or incapable of learning. Although Calderón
rejection of Eve’s patrimony, the legacy of original sin is not a feminist, he does insist on the notion of free
brought into the world by the first woman according to will as he rejects deterministic notions of the human
the Biblical story. While Eve does not appear as a subject. This study will incorporate the researcher’s
Calderonian dramatic character, she is evoked in his previous work done on seventeenth-century Spanish
dramatic discourse as in the affirmation by Irene in the drama and re-focus issues of women on the stage
comedy Manañas de abril y mayo, “That sin is nothing according to philosophical and legal issues, including
new for us today; it is Eve’s patrimony” (p. 573). The Salic Law, that the plays present.
relationship between notions of gender and theology
involve issues of establishing communities of women
in dramatic discursive practice. Women characters
PUBLICATIONS
BOSSHARD, Marianne, Associate Professor, Review exotic clichés often present in the works of
of Amour noir, by Dominique Noguez. The French "metropolitan" authors who write on topics concerning
Review 72.1 (October 1998): 161-162. the French Overseas Departments.
In this brief literary review, the researcher discussed BOSSHARD, Marianne, Associate Professor, Chantal
Dominique Noguez' novel in the light of common Chawaf. Ed. Michaël Bishop. Amsterdam and Atlanta:
175
LANGUAGE STUDIES
Editions Rodopi B.V., 1999. This is a study of Luis Palés Matos’ search for Puerto
Rican cultural and political identity through his early
This critical analysis of Chantal Chawaf's literary works to his Black poetry. It presents an overview of
works, from Retable-La Rêverie (1974) to Vers la the impact of his early years on his later poetry,
lumière (1993), is of interest to scholars, graduate especially his Masonic and spiritualistic beliefs. His
students engaged in research in the field of search encompassed European Vanguardist
contemporary French women writers, as well as movements, Marxist theory of art which he abandoned,
academics who teach particular works of this author. settling for Taine’s theory of the “milieu” as developed
It represents, for the first time in book form, a by Oswald Spengler. His search for Puerto Rican
comprehensive discussion and interpretation that is ethnic roots led him to a poetry supporting an
exclusively focused on various aspects of Chawaf's Afrohispanic cultural identity as a basis for an
literary itinerary. An extensive bibliography is independent nation.
included. Though the critical approaches vary
according to the topics addressed, the analysis follows CASTRO DE MOUX, María E., Associate Professor,
the chronological order in which Chawaf's literary "History and Myth in Luis Palés Matos’ Black Poetry."
texts were published. Her theoretical essays serve as a Cultura 2-4 (1998): 41-45.
background for the discussion of the author's thematic
and linguistic explorations that distinguish her oeuvre This is a study of the use of archetypes in poetry and
from that of other contemporary French women politics. Governor Luis Muñoz Marín made the
writers. The five chapters of this volume address farmhand into the symbol of the new Puerto Rico
Chawaf's literary ethics; her "poétique fusionnelle"; the emerging from the 1930's depression. Albizu Campos
complexity of maternal symbolism omnipresent proposed the Catholic Nationalist as the identity for all
throughout her works; her questioning of the essential Puerto Ricans. Luis Palés Matos created a poetical,
"Other," linked to a personal quest for identity, as well mythical “mulatto” symbolizing racial and cultural
as Chawaf's utopias and reformulations of certain unity of all Puerto Ricans in an independent nation.
ancient myths. Since Chawaf's oeuvre not only filters
the world through a woman's eyes and life CASTRO DE MOUX, María E., Associate Professor,
experiences,but also affirms itself in the context of "Duality in Calderón's La estatua de Prometeo: Astral
linguistic, sociological, psychoanalytical and Myths and Emblems." A Star-Crossed Golden Age.
philosophical debates of the past quarter of a century, Myth and the Spanish Comedia. Ed. Frederick A. de
this analysis includes references to well know figures Armas. Lewisburg, Pennsylvania: Bucknell University
such as Michel Serres, Emmanuel Levinas, Mircea Press, 1998. 179-196.
Eliade, Luce Irigaray, Elisabeth Badinter, Jacques
Lacan, Gilbert Durand, Jean Bottéro, among others. The myth of Prometheus, as presented by Calderón de
The goal of this volume is to stimulate further la Barca, is studied through 16th century Emblems by
examination and enjoyment of this author's work and Andrea Alciatus, various Spanish emblem books, and
to offer interesting insights into a literary universe that two Golden Age mythological handbooks, Juan Pérez
continues to evolve, as shown in the publication, in de Moya's Philosophia secreta (Secret Philosophy,
February of 1998, of Chantal Chawaf's novel, Le 1585) and Fray Baltasar de Vitoria's Teatro de los
Manteau noir. dioses de la gentilidad (Theater of Pagan Gods,1620,
1623). The article explores duality in human
CASTRO DE MOUX, María E., Associate Professor, psychology, as well as moral and spiritual development
La negritud de Luis Palés Matos (The Black Poetry of as illustrated by the play's characters. In his play
Luis Palés Matos). New Orleans: University Press of Calderón de la Barca uses Alciatus' Emblem 41 as an
the South, 1999. allegory of War and Peace (Concord and Discord),
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LANGUAGE STUDIES
Wisdom and Will. drama's collage-like structure is explained as resulting

from the same ideological premises which first
FUJIMURA, Clementine, Associate Professor, produced that visual art form in Europe and North
“Official and Unofficial Culture.”Diversity in the America. Ultimately, the article draws on Pierre
United States. Ed. Larry L. Naylor. Westport, CT., Bourdieu's The Field of Cultural Production to justify
Bergin & Garvey, 1999. the play's tentative, partial, and repetitive approach to
its visual images and to the culture which they
In American society, there exists a contradiction embody.
between real and ideal culture. In this chapter, the
author confronts the issue of ideal and real culture, GILMORE, Elsa M., Professor, Review of Teatro
which is crucial to the real understanding of cultural chileno y modernidad: identidad y crisis social, by
groups and the pursuit of realistic solutions to the Maria de la Luz Hurtado. Latin American Theatre
problems of diversity. Solutions must address what Review 29.2 (June 1999): 180-182.
actually exists, not simply what people want to think
exists. It is important that people distinguish between The reviewer examines the book's fundamental
official (ideal) and unofficial(real) cultures if they hope premise: that the modernizing philosophies and social
to develop the awareness and understanding necessary theories of the last four hundred years have been
to confront the problems of diversity. To be able to favorably received by Chilean dramatists and
propose more realistic solutions to the problems, propagated through their plays. This initial reaction,
Americans have to begin where they actually are on however, has been followed by a second level of
these issues, not simply where they think they are. In response, characterized by criticism of the new
addition, Fujimura demonstrates that the military ideologies. After a thorough analysis of the liberal
cultures of America are very different from every other social projects embodied in Chilean theatre history,
kind of culture that makes up America. Military Hurtado posits that the liberal capitalist model has
groups function according to very different ideas and been the one most consistently questioned by Chilean
behaviors than most other Americans, even different dramatists of every generation.
from those characterizing the nation-state culture– in
essence, making the United States a pluralistic society. KNUTSON, Elizabeth, Associate Professor, “Reading
with a Purpose: Communicative Reading Tasks for
GILMORE, Elsa M., Professor, "Marco Antonio de la the Foreign Language Classroom.” Foreign Language
Parra's El padre muerto: Ekphrasis and History." Annals 30.1 (1997): 49-57. Reprinted in Northeast
Gestos 13.26 (November 1998): 99-108. Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages
Newsletter 44 (1998): 39-44, and ERIC Digest,
This article proposes a possible expansion of ekphrasis Clearinghouse on Languages and Linguistics.
(the literary depiction of a visual work of art) to Washington, DC. December 1998.
encompass the contrapuntal presentations of visual <http://www.cal.org/ericcll>.
imagery and linguistic commentary which characterize
The Dead Father. Such an approach allows the play's Recent reading research has shown that reading
performance to be understood as an evaluation of the comprehension is a function of both text- and reader-
European heritage's effects upon Latin American based factors. This article focuses on the reader-based
Culture. The play focuses on three institutions and factor of purpose, beginning with a review of research
visual media: Christianity, as characterized in which demonstrates that reading texts with a particular
traditional iconography; political institutions, as purpose or perspective facilitates comprehension and
portrayed in journalistic photography; and mass increases reader interest. The article suggests
culture, as revealed in the publicity poster. The approaches to the teaching of texts which provide
177
LANGUAGE STUDIES
learners with purpose, including student-generated text 14-item subscales varied between .71 and .84, with a
collections, communicative tasks with reading median value of .77. From each of the five factor
components, and pre-reading tasks for readings in subscales, three subtests each comprising four or five
literature or civilization. Finally, the article argues items were formed, scored, and intercorrelated (15
that the concept of purpose provides a useful subtests in all). Confirmatory maximum-likelihood
organizing principle for the coordination of reading factor analyses for several alternative factor models
instruction across the foreign language curriculum. indicated that a five-factor oblique model accounted for
the greatest proportion of covariance in the matrix of
KNUTSON, Elizabeth, Associate Professor. Review of 15 subtests.
The Rhythm of French: Pronunciation Tutor for
English Speakers, by Bernard Rochet. Modern Note: Chie Paik was a primary investigator and author
Language Journal 82.3(1998): 434. of this paper. W. Michael, as an author of the
academic self-concept scale, English version, acted as
This review provides a description and evaluation of a a supervisor and advisor in the process of investigation
multimedia self-instructional program (CD-Rom) and write-up.
emphasizing pronunciation problems typically
experienced by native speakers of English. The VOROS, Sharon D., Professor. "Lope de Rueda."
tutorial is designed for language lab operation or at- Major Spanish Dramatists: A Bio-Critical Guide to
home use by individual students and provides a the History of the Spanish Theater: 1500 to Today.
supplement to communicatively-based French courses Ed. Mary Parker. Westport,CT and London:
from beginning to advanced levels. The content of the Greenwood Press, 1998. 188-204.
fifteen lessons covers rhythm, intonation,
syllabification, spelling-to-sound rules, vowels, semi- In this article, the researcher presents the biography,
vowels, consonants, liaison, mute “e”, and an overview dramaturgy of major works, critical response to these
of dialectal variation, including a unit on Canadian works, and selected bibliography of one of Spain’s first
French. The review highlights features of the program playwrights, Lope de Rueda (1510? to 1565?). This
which are likely to be of most benefit to students and writer was an influence on Miguel de Cervantes who
provides guidance to instructors with respect to its use describes a Rueda performance he saw in Sevilla that
at various instructional levels. instilled in him a love of theater. Lope de Rueda is
best know for his comic interludes or pasos, short
PAIK, C., Assistant Professor, and Michael, W. pieces interspersed within larger dramatic works
(1999). A Construct Validity Investigation of Scores during a performance. These interludes have been
on a Japanese Version of an Academic Self-Concept understood as the main source of comic theatrical
Scale for Secondary School Students.” Educational production throughout the Renaissance. Rueda also
and Psychological Measurement 59.1 (1999): 98-110. wrote four comedies adapted from Italian sources,
similar in theme to Shakespeare’s Twelfth night with
For a sample of 354 students taken from two highly mistaken identities generated between fraternal twins
similar college preparatory, girls-only Catholic high (brother and sister). The researcher argues that
schools in Japan, the twofold purpose of this study was Rueda’s most successful and enduring comedy is
to obtain evidence of the internal consistency reliability Medora in which he adapts the Italian theme to an
and construct validity of scores on each of five Hispanic setting, language and culture. Further, this
dimensions of a Japanese version of an academic self- work is the first major play to feature a Gypsy in a
concept measure titled Dimensions of Self-Concept principal role. A consummate comedian in his own
(DOSC), Form S, Japanese version. Internal right, in addition to writing his own scripts, Rueda
consistency estimates of reliability of scores on the five probably played the role himself or in any case it was
178
LANGUAGE STUDIES
a role for a male actor. The Gypsy provides some of Bathsheba in that he sends the warrior hero, lover and
the best examples of gender confusion and cross- husband of the lady, to war and presumably his death.
dressing which have become standard in the gracioso Unlike the Biblical story, however, the lady is still
tradition of comedy in Early Modern Spain. unwilling to submit and the warrior hero returns
triumphant. The king then has no other recourse than
VOROS, Sharon D., Professor, "Leonor de la Cueva to accept the situation and reward the hero and his
Rewrites Lope de Vega: The Subversion of Silence in lady. Cueva’s main seduction scene is markedly
La firmeza en la ausencia [Firmness in Absence] and different from Lope’s in that the lady, asleep in her
La corona merecida [Worthy of the Crown]." bedchamber, carries on a dream conversation with her
Engendering the Early Modern Stage: Women absent lover. The king interprets her message as a
Playwrights in the Spanish Empire. Eds. Amy dialogue with him. She nevertheless continues to
Williamsen and Valerie Hegstrom. New Orleans: reject him even in her oneiric discourse. In Lope, the
University Press of the South, 1999. 189-209. lady disfigures her body by burning herself with candle
wax, thus transforming the female body into a kind of
In this article, the researcher argues that Leonor de la secular saint. Cueva appropriates even similar lines,
Cueva y Silva adapted and rewrote Lope de Vega’s La such as “mi resistencia honrada” [my honorable
corona merecida from the point of view of the female resistance] and “Callen griegas y romanas” [Keep
main character. Lope de Vega was a friend of her silent Greek and Roman Women], a phrase referring
uncle, Francisco de la Cueva y Silva, the only lawyer to Classical model of female resistance to male
to whom Lope ever dedicated a play. In Cueva’s play aggressors. Cueva then read Lope de Vega and
La firmeza en la ausencia as in Lope’s work, the skillfully rescripted her play to include her own sites
female protagonist rejects the monarch’s sexual for gender negotiation in feminine discourse.
advances, potentially a dangerous position in the days
of absolute monarchies. In retaliation the king resorts
to the same tactics as King David in his lust for
PRESENTATIONS
BOSSHARD, Marianne, Associate Professor. "Maryse

Condé: Désirada ou la non désirée." Colloque CASTRO DE MOUX, María E., Associate Professor,
International sur la Littérature Française "El anima mundi y los cuatro elementos: Las
Contemporaine dans les Années 1990. Dalhousie apariencias para el auto La vida es sueño de Calderón
University, Halifax, NS, Can. 23-25 September 1998. de la Barca" (The Soul of the World and the Four
Elements: Scenery for Calderon de la Barca’s
CASTRO DE MOUX, María E., Associate Professor, Religious Play Life is a Dream). International
"Mujer y redención en el auto sacramental Las Association of Hispanists (AIH) 13th Congress.
aventuras del hombre de Lope de Vega" (Woman and Madrid, Sp. 6-11 July 1998.
Redemption in the Religious Play The Adventures of
Man by Lope de Vega). International Congress on CASTRO DE MOUX, María E., Associate Professor,
Lope de Vega. Università degli Studi di Firenze, "La leyenda del Conde Partinuplés: Magia y
Florence, It. 10-13 February 1999. escepticimos en Tirso de Molina y Ana Caro" (The
179
LANGUAGE STUDIES
Legend of Partonopeus de Blois: Magic and MD. 29 October 1998.

Skepticism in Tirso de Molina and Ana Caro).
Purdue Annual Conference on Romance Languages, GAQUIN, Audrey P., Associate Professor. “Tradition
Literatures, and Film. West Lafayette, IN. 15-17 and Innovation in France’s Minority Language
October 1998. Conference Theater.” Conference of the American
Association of Teachers of French. Montreal, Can. 24
CORREDOR, Eva L., Professor. “Justice Does Not July 1998.
Take (A) Place - La justice n’a pas (de) lieu.”
International Conference on Philosophy and GILMORE, Elsa M., Professor. "Reconsidering U.S.
Literature. Trinity College, Hartford, CT. 11-15 May Cuban Theatre." International Congress of the
1999. American Association of Teachers of Spanish and
Portuguese. Madrid, Sp. August 1998.
CORREDOR, Eva L., Professor. “The Il/legal
Violence of Laws.” Congress of the American GILMORE, Elsa M., Professor. "On the Margins of
Comparative Literature Association. Montreal, Can. Marginalization: Rita and Bessie." Latin American
9-11 April 1999. Studies Association Conference. Chicago, IL. 24-26
September 1998.
CORREDOR, Eva L., Professor. Organizer and
Chair, session of Discussion Group on Hungarian GILMORE, Elsa M., Professor. "The Theatre of
Literature. Theme for 1998: “History in Literature Mario Martin." XVII Conference on Spanish in the
and the Arts: The Case of Hungary.” Congress of the United States. Florida International University, Coral
Modern Language Association. San Francisco, CA. Gables, FL. 12-16 March 1999.
27-30 December 1998
KNUTSON, Elizabeth M., Associate Professor.
FLETCHER, William H., Associate Professor. “Composing in a Foreign Language.” Northeast
“Winnowing the Web with KwiCFinder.” CALICO. Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages.
Miami University of Ohio, Oxford, OH. 5-9 June New York, NY. 9-10 April 1999.
1999.
KNUTSON, Elizabeth M., Associate Professor.
FLETCHER, William H., Associate Professor. “L’écriture véhicule: au delà du simple vocabulaire et
“Managing Online Multimedia in the Learning de la forme grammaticale.” American Association of
Laboratory, Classroom, and Student Room.” CALICO. Teachers of French (AATF) Regional Conference.
Miami University of Ohio, Oxford, OH. 5-9 June Worcester, MA. 1 May 1999.
1999.
KNUTSON, Elizabeth M., Associate Professor. Chair,
FUJIMURA, Clementine, Associate Professor. Session on “Emotion and Language: Implications for
“Women’s Rights and Family Issues.” Invited Language Learning.” Modern Language Association
panelist to conference entitled “Social Conditions and Annual Convention. San Francisco, CA. 27
Human Rights in Russia’s regions,” funded by the December 1998.
Kennan Institute and Human Rights Watch.
Washington, DC. 13-14 January 1999. PAIK,Chie, Assistant Professor, and ANZAI, Shinobu,
Instructor. “The Relationship of Classroom
FUJIMURA, Clementine, Associate Professor. Communication Apprehension, Academic Self-
“Childhood in Russia: Representation and Reality.” Concept, and Academic Performance of the Japanese
A book-signing at Barnes and Nobles. Annapolis, Students Enrolled in Graduate Schools in the United
States.” Annual Conference of the New England
180
DEPARTMENT OF
Association for Asian Studies. Tufts University, Languages.” Presentation sponsored by the TALL
Boston, MA. 24 October 1998. committee of USNA’s Language Studies Department.
Annapolis, MD. 16 March 1999.
PRUNER, Ludmila, Associate Professor. "The
Russian Orthodox Iconography: Early 12th through VOROS, Sharon D., Professor. ”’Al tribunal de amor
20th Centuries." The National Gallery of Art, apelo:’ Leonor de la Cueva and the Language of Law.”
Washington, DC. 24 March 1999. Third Annual Conference on Early Modern Hispanic
Women Writers of Spain and Colonial Latin America.
PRUNER, Ludmila, Associate Professor. "The Film Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA. 21-
Noir and Darizan Omirbaev's Killer." Post-Soviet 24 October 1998.
Cinema: New Films from Russia and Central Asia
Conference. Tufts and Harvard Universities, VOROS, Sharon D., Professor. “The Proverb ‘Allá van
Cambridge, MA. 22-25 April 1999. leyes do quieren reyes’ in Leonor de la Cueva y Silva.”
South Atlantic Modern Language Association
PRUNER, Ludmila, Associate Professor. "New Films [SAMLA], Annual Convention. Atlanta, GA. 4-7
From Kazakhstan: S. Narymbetov, S. Aprymov and A. November 1998.
Karakulov." The National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC. 8 and 9 May 1999. VOROS, Sharon D., Professor. Chair of session,
“Performance and Art in Early Modern Spain,”
SEKELICK, Leonard C., Visiting Assistant Professor Spanish Golden Age Drama Symposium, sponsored by
of Spanish. “The Brazilian Financial Crisis: Its the Association for Hispanic Classical Theater, Inc..
Impact on the Rest of Latin America.” Invitational El Paso, Texas. 4 March 1999.
lecture at The Johns Hopkins’ School of Advanced
International Studies. Washington, DC. 26 January VOROS, Sharon D., Professor. “Leonor de la Cueva y
1999. Silva and the Oneiric Tradition of Sibylline
Discourse.” Bucknell Hispanic Studies Conference.
SEKELICK, Leonard C., Visiting Assistant Professor Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA. 12-13 April
of Spanish. “The Use of Video in Teaching Foreign 1999.
Political Science
Professor Stephen E. Frantzich
Chairman
Political Science is a complex discipline which focuses Department reflects this variety and vitality while
on varying geographical regions and a broad spectrum maintaining a focus on contemporary research
of human behavior. Research in the Political Science methodology. Our faculty base their findings on
181
POLITICAL SCIENCE
documentary analysis, empirical data collection, and of the rapidly changing world that they study.
interviewing, and formal experimentation. Independent research performed by midshipmen in
Recognizing the utility of new tools of inquiry, the department is equally important since independent
members of our faculty have drawn upon and scholarly research is rare among undergraduates. This
contributed to the information highway and the year five midshipmen took advantage of the two-
Internet for use both as a research tool and for access semester independent research program. The honors
to the most up-to-date pedagogical methods. Political thesis program affords a student the opportunity to
Science faculty have been published widely this year in participate in advanced research under the close
numerous formats and have also been actively sought mentorship of a faculty advisor. The culmination of
out for professional presentations and policy-making this experience is an honors thesis presented by the
forums. Furthermore, Political Science encourages student before a faculty panel, where it is critically
independent student research projects in which judged and evaluated. As a result of their efforts, four
midshipmen design their own research under the participating midshipmen graduated with an Honors
guidance and direction of appropriate faculty. designation on their diplomas and two others received
Departmental faculty this year published seven departmental honors.
independently authored or edited books, ten articles, A record of ten Class of 2000 midshipmen from the
book chapters or technical reports, and numerous book Political Science Department have been awarded
reviews. Among the varied topic areas are advanced education programs, either through the
explorations into the necessity for the development of Voluntary Graduate Education Program or as Olmsted
early warning systems in humanitarian emergencies, Scholars. All of these outstanding midshipmen will go
judicial performance, the future of NATO, political on to receive masters degrees as junior officers.
decision-making, and civic cynicism. This year This year midshipmen activities and achievements
departmental faculty received external research once again extended beyond the classroom to
funding from sources as diverse as the United States participating in and organizing conferences, including
Air Force Academy Institute for National Security the Naval Academy Foreign Affairs Conference
Studies, the Dirksen Center, the White House and the (NAFAC), the Model United Nations (MUN), and
International Social Science Council. Model NATO.
The department is fortunate to have hosted Jack The theme for the Thirty-eighth NAFAC was
Mendelson, the John M. Olin Foundation “Keeping Peace.” This extraordinary conference
Distinguished Professor of National Security and drew included a keynote address by the former President of
heavily on ADM William Crowe, next year’s Olin the American Red Cross, Elizabeth Dole. Students
Professor. Warwick Boulton, of the Britannia Royal participated in round table sessions exploring
Naval College brought a foreign perspective to our prominent issues and had the opportunity to participate
teaching and research on international relations. in an executive-level conflict simulation. Over 200
A reflection of the quality of our faculty is the large students from 97 colleges and universities across the
number of prestigious speaking engagements to which nation and 20 foreign countries attended this extremely
they were invited, as well as the various academic successful event. This type of academic and cultural
conferences which they attended. Most notable exchange among undergraduate students demonstrates
invitations included the Lester Pearson Peacekeeping the commitment of the Political Science Department to
Institute (Canada), Atlantic Treaty Association remaining on the vanguard of undergraduate
(Portugal), The Woodrow Wilson Center, and the international political studies.
White House. Members of our faculty traveled widely, In its sixth year, the United States Naval Academy’s
both in the United States and abroad. They shared MUN Club has experienced remarkable growth and
knowledge, taught courses and exchanged ideas, success. This year midshipmen participated in
enriching our faculty’s understanding of their fields collegiate-level Model United Nations at Montreal,
182
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Canada (MECMUN) and in Model NATO in applying to the Naval Academy.

Washington, D.C. The club also hosted the Fifth An overview of departmental research efforts reveals
Annual United States Naval Academy Model United in-depth activity on the part of all members of the
Nations (USNAMUN). More than 400 students from faculty. The knowledge and excitement of research
high schools as far away as Wisconsin and California produces invaluable dividends in the classroom, where
participated in the four-day conference, which was faculty can use their newfound knowledge to educate
completely organized and staffed by 170 midshipmen. and stimulate students. This energy and enthusiasm is
Throughout the month of June, the department reflected in the midshipmen activities and research,
sponsored 24 workshops for the Naval Academy and reaches beyond the academy to the wider
Summer Seminar. These workshops are designed to academic, political, and social world.
mentally challenge promising high school students.
Additionally, this program often serves as a useful
recruiting tool for teenagers who may be considering
Sponsored Research
The Defining Issues Test:

Report of Findings from Midshipmen Study of Moral Reasoning
Researchers: Professor Charles L. Cochran and Associate Professor Eloise F. Malone

Sponsor: Office of Institutional Research
Having compiled the DIT findings into an SPSS save the IDS and other USNA activities had on individual
file and merging this data with ACE data and findings growth in moral reasoning. I coded these findings in
from the Myers-Briggs personality inventory, Professor an EXCEL file and imported it to SPSS for statistical
Cochran and I developed a time series data base of analysis. Last summer I built the data set and began
midshipmen attitudes, behaviors, and temperament. the data analysis. Over the course of AY1998-1999 I
Last January intercessional I implemented a post-test prepared a final report (attached) which will be
of the DIT and administered a survey that I designed submitted to the Office of Institutional Research.
which asked first class midshipmen about “moral
development” issues and the impact of core courses,
The Assured Vulnerability Paradigm: Can it Provide a Useful Basis

for Deterrence in the Second Nuclear Age?
Researcher: Associate Professor Willie Curtis

Sponsor: USAF Institute for National Security Studies (INSS)
Funding for this research in the amount of a $2,750.00 grant came from the United States Air Force Institute
183
POLITICAL SCIENCE
for National Security Studies (INSS). The study will assumption of rational decision making on the part of
examine a number of assumptions and questions national leaders. However, defining rational behavior
regarding the viability of the Assured Vulnerability in a specific policymaking environment depends on
Paradigm for providing a model for deterrence policy factors such as culture, values, and attitudes toward
and strategic force structuring for coping with the new risk-taking. Will these diverse factors meant that the
regional nuclear powers that will be a part of the traditional deterrence calculations and assumptions
strategic landscape in the multipolar twenty-first that underpin our deterrence policy and shaped our
century international environment. The Assured strategic force structure during the Cold War will
Vulnerability Paradigm provided the basis for U.S. continue to be sufficient to deter the diverse states and
deterrence policy during the Cold War. As applied non-state actors that will inevitably obtain nuclear and
during the Cold War it focused on the concept that other weapons of mass destruction in the twenty-first
threats of nuclear retaliation provided a reliable and century?
credible basis for deterrence. Inherent in the
calculation of deterrence (Brodie Approach) is the
Televising Congress: The Voyage to Public Understanding
Researcher: Professor Stephen Frantzich

Sponsor: The Woodrow Wilson Center
Analysis of the impact of congressional television and opinion data as well as examples of public-related
C-Span on public attitudes and behavior. The consequences.
researcher relies on the detailed study of public
The Political Spot
Researcher: Professor Stephen Frantzich

Political campaign spots are some of the most

ephemeral advertising media. Little has been done to
classify their utilization and capture their content for
educational use. This project involves gathering,
categorizing, and digitizing a large sample of
contemporary campaign advertisements. The project
has two goals: (1) to test a variety of hypotheses related
to the types of political contests which use specific
types of political spots and (2) the creation of a
digitized and searchable data base of spots for use in
the classroom teaching of political persuasion
techniques.
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POLITICAL SCIENCE
The Effects of Intervention and Mediation on the Process of Genocide: A Comparative

Analysis of Three Current Cases
Researcher: Professor Barbara Harff

Sponsor: International Social Science Council, Conflict Early Warning (CEWS)
Senior consultant, White House initiated state failure genocides. Project director, testing accelerator models
project, 1994-99. Extensively funded project on on ten cases of genocide (project grant $83,000
accelerators of ethnic conflict and regime crisis. The administered by the University of Maryland).
concept and methodology were developed in my
previous empirical research on early warning of
Environmental Security in Southern Africa
Researcher: Professor Helen E. Purkitt

Sponsors: INSS U.S. Air Force Academy, Army Environmental Policy Institute, and
The purpose of this project is to design a generic for further detail).

monitoring system of environmental problems that Product outputs generated during this period include a
might cause future political conflicts in African final report to INSS, AEIP, and NARC and three
regions. The fully implemented system contains conference papers. I presented some of the results
relevant data at the international, regional, national, from this project in conference papers at the
and subregional level for Southern Africa. Data from International Political Psychology Society in Montreal,
interviews with a diverse set of individuals in the US Canada during July, 1998. The remaining results will
and six Southern African systems was use to aid the be summarized in two additional conferences papers:
identification and rank ordering of the key current and “How people perceive linkages between Environmental
future environmental issues that may be linked to and Security Issues: Insights from Political
future conflicts (Purkitt, 1998). A new method of Psychology,” Paper to be presented at the fifth
summarizing intuitive forecasts of diverse groups of International Interdisciplinary Conference on the
experts summarizes the key actors and dynamics of a Environment, Baltimore, MD, June 23-26, 1999 and
number of regional problems (Purkitt, 1999, “Predicting Future Trends in Environmental Security
forthcoming). The final section of this report contains in Southern Africa.” Paper to be presented June 29,
recommendations related to how the system can be 1999 at the nineteenth International Symposium on
implemented to monitor relevant trends in any African Forecasting, Washington, D.C.
political region (see http://members.tripod.com/~loose
European Security for NATO Enlargement
Researcher: Professor Arthur Rachwald

Sponsor: 44th Atlantic Treaty Association, Lisbon, Portugal, Nov 16-21, 1998
185
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Despite the end of the Cold War in Europe numerous NATO member state. The singular threat of the Soviet
emerging internal and external threats to peace and Union has been replaced by multiple threats of
stability on the continent provide justification for the differing origins and differing intensity, providing
continuing existence of several and overlapping justification for a parallel existence of several security
security organizations, namely, NATO, PfP, NACC, pillars in Europe. However, NATO will continue as
WEU, OSCE, and the EU. The main threats to the principal element of the European security
European security include attempts to impose structure, since the continent cannot afford the
hegemony over one or several smaller nations in precipitous withdrawal of American forces.
Europe, an attempt to rupture the trans-Atlantic link
between Europe, the United States, and Canada, and
any danger of aggression against the territory of any
Conduct Unbecoming an Officer: Captain Rockwood in Haiti

and The Secret Bombing of Cambodia, Part II
Researcher: Associate Professor Stephen D. Wrage

Sponsor: The Center for the Study of Professional Military Ethics
For more than a generation, it has been recognized that cases this semester. The first is a case of a conflict
ethics and values can be learned, but can hardly be between conscience and orders and involves an Army
taught. Lectures cannot impart values. It is more intelligence officer in Haiti during the American
productive to put the students in the position of a intervention in September of 1994. He was aware of
decision maker, cause them to commit themselves to a grave human right abuses occurring in Haiti’s prisons,
position, then give them an opportunity to examine but was forbidden by his chain of command from
that position and the thought process that led to it. inspecting them for fear of souring relations with the
(See Gragg, C.I. “Because Wisdom Can’t Be Told.” In remnants of the Cedras regime.
The Case Method at the Harvard Business School, ed. The second case examines the bureaucratic workings
M.P. McNair with Anita C. Hersum. New York: of a cover-up and traces the measures taken after
McGraw-Hill, 1954. See also Argyris, C. “Some Henry Kissinger was discovered to have initiated the
Limitations of the Case method: Experience in a secret bombing of Cambodia.
Management Development Program.” Academy of The third will examine the exchanges of messages
Management Review 5 (1980): 291-298 and Berger, between the commander of United Nations forces in
M. “In Defense of the Case Method: A Reply to Rwanda in 1994 and the director of the UN
Argyris.” Academy of Management Review 8 (1983): Peacekeeping Program in New York. The case, which
329-333. has yet to be written, will aim to expose the reasons
Each application requires its appropriate case. With why there was essentially no response from the United
this in mind, The Center for the Development of Nations to the killing of a half million Rwandans.
Military Ethics commissioned the production of three
Foreign Policy Belief Structures in the U.S.: Comparisons of Elite and Attentive
and Non-attentive Publics
186
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Researcher: Associate Professor Eloise Malone
I continue to work with two State Department research I have learned a new software package
colleagues analyzing elite and non elite opinion and (LISREL) along with continuing my use of advanced
foreign policy belief structures. Our research based on statistical techniques using SPSS.
findings from confirmatory factor analysis (structured
equation modeling) will be presented at a 1999 APSA
panel my colleagues and I organized. To conduct this
The Politics of ‘Eco-tourism’ in Southern Africa
This paper uses a comparative case study approach to local communities, national governments, and regional
illustrate how and why on-going efforts to promote associations throughout the developing world will
“eco-tourism” among countries in Southern Africa increasingly confront as they try to promote “eco-
may lead to future conflicts. The cases examined tourism”, sustainable development, and the
include: the decision to lift the ban on ivory exports preservation of their environments. These studies also
taken at the CITIES conference in Harare, Zimbabwe support the thesis that eco-tourism issues may an
in 1997; the Dolphin deal negotiated by the important of source conflicts in the world system in
Mpumalanga Parks Board of South Africa during future decades.
1996/7; and ongoing efforts to develop transnational
“peace parks” throughout Southern Africa. These case
studies illustrate the trade-offs that representatives of
An Experimental Study of Cognitive Processes and Information in

Political Problem Solving: A Replication
This experimental study is replication of a budget The researcher design and scenario materials for this
experiment completed in the early 1980’s. The budget replication will be presented at the 22nd annual meeting
problem for this replication mirrors real world fiscal of International Society for Political Psychology in
surplus conditions currently being enjoyed by the U.S. Amsterdam, the Netherlands, July 18-21, 1999.
federal government while the original experiments Experimental data for the study will be collected and
mirrored the real world budget deficits of the early analyzed during AY 1999/00 and an article-length
1980’s in the U.S. These eventual framings of the manuscript will be circulated for possible publication
same basic political resource allocation problem offers in a peer review journal by the end of summer, 2000.
an interesting opportunity to study how framing effects
influence political decision-making choice processes.
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POLITICAL SCIENCE
Determinants of Political Coups in Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990’s
This project examines whether earlier models designed structural economic variables will continue to be the
to predict coups in sub-Saharan Africa retained their most potent class of predictors despite the fact that the
predictive capability throughout the 1990’s when most 1990’s was called the decade of transition to
countries experienced dramatic political and economic democracy in Africa. The regression models
changes. To address this question I have compiled an developed in this analysis will be presented at a
updated coup events data for the 1990’s and am professional conference and used for classroom
currently updating economic, social, and demonstrations of how regression models are used in
environmental statistical data for a regression-based political analysis in FP220 – Political Science Methods
analysis period. My initial hypothesis is that declines and FP365 - African Politics.
in external
Lessons Learned? : Comparing Vocational Treatment in Military and Civilian Prisons
Researcher: Assistant Professor Priscilla H. M. Zotti
This conference paper compares the use of vocational the United States Disciplinary Barracks, Fort
treatment as a method of rehabilitation in military and Leavenworth and USP Leavenworth.
civilian prisons in the United States. The article This paper will be presented at the Southwestern
focuses on the success military prisons have had with Political Science Association Conference in March
relevant and widespread vocational education as 1998. It is currently under review with Corrections
compared to the limited use such programs have in Today.
civilian prisons. Particulars of these programs are
revealed in analyzing the use and success of them at
Injustice for All: The Tale of Dollree Mapp,

the Police, and Arrest and Search and Seizure
Researcher: Assistant Professor Pricilla H. M. Zotti
This project encompasses years of interest in the I have written four chapters of the book and am at
Fourth Amendment. The aim of this book is to explain work on chapter five. I anticipate this project to take
the changes in the criminal justice system, in policing, several more years.
and even to the particular litigants through the lens of
the famous U.S. Supreme Court case of Mapp v. Ohio.
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POLITICAL SCIENCE

Peace Dividents in the Middle East:

A Comparative Study of Israel, Egypt, Syria, and Jordan
Researcher: Midn 1/C Dan Bleicher, USN

Faculty Advisor: Professor Barbara Harff
Bleicher tests various hypotheses about the nature of at war with Israel.
relations between Egypt/Jordan and Israel-the only
countries that normalized relations with Israel. He
compares the effects with Syria-a country still officially
The Validity of Ethnic Motivators Behind Devolution
Researcher: Midn 1/C Bryan M. Everitt, USN

Faculty Advisor: Professor Gale A. Mattox
This honors project addressed the current attempts at differences between Scotland and England are many
devolution by the Scottish people and examined the and varied, springing both from their separate
motivating factors behind the movement to seek historical experiences before the union of the two
devolution. The paper posits that the current nations and from the different path of development
devolution movement is, to most Scots, the beginning Scotland has taken within the United Kingdom. These
of a move towards complete independence. The Scots differences are apparent enough to justify the Scots
base these aspirations on their unique culture and push for devolution and potentially even independence.
ethnicity.
Midshipman Everitt concludes that the cultural
The European Arms Industry Consolidation and its Effect on the Interoperability Gap
Researcher: Midn 1/C Jeffrey McNichols, USN

Faculty Advisor: Associate Professor Stephen Wrage with Dr. David Gompert
“The paper seeks to examine the relationship between recommend changes in governmental and industrial
the American ‘Revolution and Military Affairs,’ the policy.” [From Mr. McNichols’ first draft, page one.]
United States’ European allies, and the globalizing
defense industries on both sides of the Atlantic, and
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POLITICAL SCIENCE
Consumer Privacy on the Internet: Self-Regulation or Government Intervention
Researcher: Midn 1/C Stephanie Hartin, USN

Faculty Advisor: Associate Professor Priscilla H. M. Zotti
Midshipman Hartin’s Honors Project illustrates the dealt with past technological innovations and gleaning
significance and magnitude of consumer privacy on the the most effective tools used in the past. Furthermore,
Internet and the most appropriate means to resolve this she advocates a new method of protecting consumers’
growing problem. Hartin proposes to solve the rights through a synthesis of certain aspects of self-
problem of consumer privacy on the Internet by regulation and government intervention.
recounting how law and governmental regulation have
Publications
COCHRAN, Charles L., Professor, and Eloise F. Philip B. Heymann, Terrorism and America: A
MALONE, Associate Professor, Public Policy: Choices Commonsense Strategy for a Democratic Society, in
and Perspectives, Second Edition, New York: “The American Bar Association, National Security
McGraw-Hill, 1999. (ISBN 0-07-290896-3) Law Report.”
This text consists of about 75 percent new material for As the fear of mass destruction terrorism spreads,
the second edition of a unique text on the political government policymakers are devoting more attention
economy of public policy. to developing strategies for coping with the threat of
terrorism in America. Philip B. Heymann’s book
CURTIS, Willie, Associate Professor, Book Review of Terrorism and America: A Commonsense Strategy for
Dr. John Hillen, Blue Helmets: The Strategy of UN a Democratic Society presents just such a strategy with
Military Operations, in Marine Corps Gazette. its “simple message that we can and must deal
intelligently and dispassionately with a resurgent
In Blue Helmets: The Strategy of UN Military phenomenon that is designed to replace reason with
Operations, Dr. John Hillen provides us with an fear and anger.” Professor Heymann offers American
excellent analysis of the structural, political, and policymakers a common sense strategy that will
ideological reasons why the UN is unsuitable for the effectively counter the terrorists threats without placing
complex task of managing large military operations. at risk the democratic principles and individual
He also provides an excellent historical record of the liberties so essential to our democracy. He makes it
evolution of UN peacekeeping operations. One of the clear that terrorism is a political act, calculated to
major contributions of Blue Helmets: The Strategy of achieve a political objective and that “reason is
UN Military Operations is the examination of the essential to dealing with a tactic that, in most cases,
major dilemma for planners and analysts of early post- only appears to be senseless.” While Professor
Cold War peacekeeping operations was the difficulty Heymann provides an excellent analysis of
of defining peacekeeping in the new threat international terrorism, this author found the chapters
environment of intra-state conflicts. on the risk and possibilities of domestic terrorism of
special concern. The United States has not
CURTIS, Willie, Associate Professor, Book Review of experienced domestic terrorism on the levels of some
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POLITICAL SCIENCE
European countries and may lack the experience to

adjust to the demands on their liberties on the scale of The definitive study of the history, operations, and
the Europeans. impact of the Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network as
it enters its third decade of covering the political
CURTIS, Willie, Associate Professor, Book Review of process in-depth.
Robert K. Brigham, Guerrilla Diplomacy: The NLF’s
Foreign Relations and the Vietnam War, will be FRANTZICH, Stephen E., Professor, “C-SPAN: A
published in The Journal of Politics. Window on the Political Process,” chapter in David
Schultz, (ed) It’s Show Time: Media Politics and
Robert K. Brigham’s book Guerrilla Diplomacy: The Popular Culture, Peter Lang Publishers (forthcoming,
NLF’s Foreign Relations and the Vietnam War is an summer, 1999).
excellent study of the role and impact of the diplomatic
arm of the National Liberation Front (NLF). While An analysis of C-SPAN in a forthcoming text on the
the role of the NLF in the war in Vietnam is still new media environment.
debated, Brigham has made a major contribution to
understanding the successful role of the diplomatic FRANTZICH, Stephen E., Professor, “Teaching
arm of the NLF by an extensive archival search and Through Tocqueville,” featured article in a special
interviews with former Communist cadre and high issue of PS (Political Science) focusing on Alexis de
ranking Party officials. He assesses the diplomatic Tocqueville, June 1999.
strategy of the NLF and the manipulation of the NLF
diplomats by the Lao Dong, Vietnam’s Communist A detailed discussion of Tocqueville as a social
Party. The diplomatic arm of the NLF enhanced the scientist whose methods and approaches have a great
Party’s ability to mobilize support in the South and the deal to say to students desiring to do systematic social
Fronts able diplomats played a major role in obtaining science research.
support among other nations for the Communist’s
cause. Brigham concludes that “Some postwar HARFF, Barbara, Professor, The State Failure Task
histories issued in Hanoi have downplayed the NLF’s Force Report: Phase II Findings (with Daniel C. Esty,
role in the Lao Dong victory, but we have seen that the Jack Goldstone, T.R. Gurr, Marc Levy, Geoffrey D.
Front’s diplomatic accomplishments were crucial to Dabelko, Pamela T. Surko, and Alan N. Unger),
the revolution’s success.” McLean, VA: Science Applications International
Corporation, July 31, 1998, page 124.
FRANTZICH, Stephen, Professor, Citizen Democracy:
Political Activists in a Cynical Age, Rowan and Little This report is the second that comprehensively details
Field Publishers (forthcoming, summer, 1999). findings from the State Failure Task Force, a group
formed in response to a request from senior
Analytical profiles of 24 citizen-activists who affected policymakers to identify factors associated with serious
national public policy through involving themselves in internal crises.
the political process. The book is designed to reveal
the variety of strategies citizens can use to mold the HARFF, Barbara, Professor, “Systematic Early
decisions of appointed and/or elected officials to their Warning of Humanitarian Emergencies” (with T.R.
will. Gurr), Journal of Peace Research, Volume 35, Number
5 (1998), pages 551-579.
FRANTZICH, Stephen, Professor, The C-SPAN
Revolution (with John Sullivan), The University of More than 60 communal minorities were victimized as
Oklahoma Press, 1999 (paperback). a result of internal wars and state failures between
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POLITICAL SCIENCE
1980 and 1996. Two theoretical models provide the MATTOX, Gale A., Professor, NATO Enlargement:
basis for systematic early warning of future A Step in the Process of Alliance Reform in the Post-
victimization of communal and political groups. Cold War, Working Paper 5.71, University of
Monitoring of accelerators and de-accelerators in California, Berkeley. October 1998.
potential crisis situations provides a link between risk
assessments based on structural models and early PURKITT, Helen E., Professor, and Gale MATTOX,
warnings of use to international and national Professor, “Bridging Gaps: Reflections of Two First
policymakers. Civilian Professors at the United States Naval
Academy,” pages 152-63 in Francine D. Amico and
HARFF, Barbara, Professor, “Preconditions of Laurie Weinstein (Eds.), Gender Camouflage: Women
Genocide and Politicide 1956-1996” (with T.R. Gurr and the U.S. Military, New York: New York
and Alan N. Unger) report prepared for the State University Press.
Failure Task Force, Nov, 1998.
PURKITT, Helen E., Professor (1999) editor, Annual
A statistical analysis of the structural preconditions of Editions: World Politics 99/00. Dashiki/McGraw-Hill.
36 episodes of genocide and politicide that was This collection of readings from a variety of popular
presented to the National Security Council. Genocides and scholarly sources introduces interested individuals
are most likely after prior state failure, in autocratic to the study of International Relations. The volume,
regimes whose leaders are ethnically nonrepresentative which is often used as a supplement set of
and adherence of exclusionary regimes, in societies contemporary readings for college courses in world
with low trade openness. These factors in combination politics, is organized into ten units covering key issues
led to correct post-diction of 70 percent of the 36 and topics related to future world trends, international
historical cases. political economy, weapons of mass destruction,
politics in North America, Latin America, Europe, the
HARFF, Barbara, Professor, “A German-Born former Soviet Union, Asia, Middle East and Africa,
Genocide Scholar,” chapter accepted for publication in and the United Nations and emerging global issues.
Samuel Totten and Steve Jacobs (eds.), Pioneers of
Genocide Studies: Confronting Mass Death in the PURKITT, Helen E., Professor (1998), “The Cognitive
Century of Genocide (Westport, CN: Greenwood Basis of Foreign Policy Expertise: Evidence from
Publishers prob. pub 1. date 2000). Intuitive Analyses of Political Novices and ‘Experts’ in
South Africa,” in D. Sylvan and J. Voss (eds) Problem
MALONE, Eloise F., Associate Professor, Readings in Representation and Political Decision Making.
Government and Ethics. 3rd edition (New York: Cambridge, U.K., Cambridge University Press.
American Heritage Custom Publishing, January 1998).
This study examines the nature of political expertise by
MATTOX, Gale A., Professor, Geoffrey Oliver and analyzing how a highly varied sample of South African
Jonathan Tucker, eds. Germany in Transition: A political experts predicted future trends during a period
Unified Nation’s Search for Identity, Westview Press. of maximum political uncertainty. Protocol data for
Boulder, 1999. this study was collected in 1993 during a period when
transition negotiations hadbroken down and there was
MATTOX, Gale A., Professor, “European Security a campaign of rolling protest and violent incidents
Architecture: An American View,” Chapter 6, throughout the country. These protocol data were
Ukraine and European Security by David Albright, summarized in free-hand casual diagrams that are able
Macmillan Press, London, 1999. to control for variations in the “verbosity” of an
individual period. The summary diagrams of these
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POLITICAL SCIENCE
“think aloud” protocols providing one approach for Judicature Society, Chicago, IL, and State Justice
studying the cognitive basis of political expertise and Institute, 1998.
for systematically identifying similarities and
differences in the cognitive representations of political I was part of a group of researchers, both within the
experts from different socio-economic and ethnic American Judicature Society and outside consultants
backgrounds. The major finding of this study was that who assisted with this study. The study takes a
South African political “experts,” similar to other comprehensive look at the role of judicial performance
intuitive expert and novice political decision-makers, evaluations in the selection of judges and how judicial
developed relatively simple problem representations of performance evaluations are perceived by both judges
the current and future political status quo. and voters. The study includes an exhaustive literature
review, an analysis of the states which use judicial
WRAGE, Stephen D., Associate Professor, performance evaluations and the legislation of states
“Examining the ‘Authoritarian Advantage’ in that are considering using them. Judicial performance
Southeast Asian Development in the Wake of Asian evaluations are on of the most significant new
Economic Failures.” Studies in Conflict and developments in judicial administration. The
Terrorism 22, Number 1 (1999): 21-32 (article in increased concern about judicial independence and
referred journal). judicial competence make this study both timely and
significant. My role involved a scholarly review of the
ZOTTI, Priscilla, Associate Professor, contributor and literature and assisting in the construction of the
consultant to the final report, Judicial Retention survey.
Evaluation Programs in Four States. American
Presentations
COCHRAN, Charles L., Professor, and Malone, Eloise (round table discussant), Boston, MA, Sept 1, 1998.
F., Associate Professor, “Promoting International
Perspectives in the Military,” prepared for delivery at FRANTZICH, Stephen E., Professor, "Alice in CD-
the 4th Annual International Studies Association ROM Land,” Keynote speaker, faculty development
Convention, Washington, D.C., Feb 16-20, 1999. seminar at Villanova University, Sept 23, 1998.
CURTIS, Willie, Associate Professor, “An American FRANTZICH, Stephen E., Professor, "Congress and
Perspective on Peacekeeping,” presented to the the New Media,” guest lecture at Brigham Young
peacekeeping Management, Command and Staff University graduate school, Jan 19, 1999.
Course (PMCSC) Serial 9802 at the Lester B. Pearson
Canadian International Peacekeping rianing Centre, FRANTZICH, Stephen E., Professor, “Citizen
Nova Scotia, Canada, Oct 6, 1998. Activism in a Cynical Age,” guest lecture at Brigham
Young University, Jan 19, 1999.
FRANTZICH, Stephen E., Professor, C-Span seminar
for professors, presenter, Aug, 1998 and Jan, 1999. FRANTZICH, Stephen E., Professor, “Televising
Congress: The Voyage to Public Understanding,”
FRANTZICH, Stephen E., Professor, "Congress and Woodrow Wilson Center invited paper, Washington,
the Internet,” American Political Science Association D.C., Mar 19, 1999.
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POLITICAL SCIENCE
FRANTZICH, Stephen E., Professor, "Teaching Tech- MALONE, Eloise F., Associate Professor, with Alvin
Savvy Students in a Cynical World,” Keynote speaker Richman and David Nolle, “Foreign Policy Belief
at the first virtual conference on teaching political Structures in the U.S.: Comparisons of American
science (a Web-based text and video conference), Elites and Attentive and Non-Attentive Publics,” 94th
Cyberspace, Apr 29, 1999. Annual American Political Science Association
Meeting, Boston, MA, Sept 3-6, 1998 (paper
FRANTZICH, Stephen E., Professor, Teacher nominated for best paper award for APSA section on
Spotlight, featured teacher on the C-Span in the Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy).
Classroom Web site, Jan-Mar (with a video and textual
presentation). MALONE, Eloise F., Associate Professor, and Charles
FRANTZICH, Stephen E., Professor, “A Citizen’s L. COCHRAN, Professor, “Promoting International
Guide to Cyber-Democracy,” invited lecture, Maryland Perspectives in the Military,” prepared for delivery at
Humanities Council Millennium Speaker’s Bureau, the 40th Annual International Studies Association
Baltimore, MD, Apr 21, 1999. Convention, Washington, D.C., Feb 16-20, 1999.
HARFF, Barbara, Professor, Task Force Planning MALONE, Eloise F., Associate Professor, Provincial
meetings, State Failure Project, Aug 13-14, Sept 22, Foreign Policy Perspectives: Implications for
Nov 12, Jan 26, 1999; Genocide Project meeting, Canadian Federalism,” prepared for delivery at the 11th
McLean, VA, Feb 25, 1999. Biennial Conference of the American Council for
Quebec Studies, Charleston, SC, Nov 19-22, 1998.
HARFF, Barbara, Professor, Discussant, Conference
on Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East, MATTOX, Gale A., Professor, “The Russians and
University of Maryland, June 11, 1998. Kosovo,” Chair, Women in International Security and
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,
HARFF, Barbara, Professor, presenter, panel on Washington, D.C., May 11, 1999.
genocide after 1945, Conference on “Ever Again?
Evaluating the United Nations Genocide Convention MATTOX, Gale A., Professor, “European Security
on its 50th Anniversary,” Institute for the Study of Issues,” Conference on German-American Relations,
Genocide, New York City, Dec 2-3, 1998. sponsored by American Council on Germany, New
Orleans, LA, May 1, 1999.
HARFF, Barbara, Professor, presenter, “Anticipating
Genocides and Political Mass Murder,” to USNA MATTOX, Gale A., Professor, “Is NATO a Global
faculty by invitation of Prof. Nancy Sherman, Ethics Actor?” presenter, Conference on Polish-German-
Chair, Feb 2, 1999. American-Ukrainian Security, Warsaw, Poland, Dec 4-
6, 1998.
HARFF, Barbara, Professor, invited participant,
Special Workshop on Early Warning in Practice: The MATTOX, Gale A., Professor, “International Security:
Case of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgystan, Multi-dimensional Approach,” International
International Studies Association annual meetings, Conference, Sofia, Bulgaria, Oct 16-20, 1998.
Washington D.C., Feb 16, 1999.
MATTOX, Gale A., Professor, “Should the Anit-
HARFF, Barbara, Professor, presenter, Genocide Ballistic Missile Treaty e Renegotiated?” moderator,
Asociation bi-annual meeting, “Disposing Structures Council on Foreign Relations, Washington, D.C., Oct
and Accelerating Factors of Genocide,” Madison, WI, 22, 1998.
June, 1999.
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POLITICAL SCIENCE
PURKITT, Helen E., Professor, “How People Think WRAGE, Stephen D, Associate Professor, “Captain
About Environmental Problems and Political Conflicts Rockwood’s Orders,” presentation on panel, “Teaching
in the United States and Southern Africa,” paper Cases in Foreign Policy Analysis,” annual convention
presented at the 21st Annual ISPP Conference, of the International Studies Association, Washington,
Montreal, Canada, July 12-15, 1998. D.C., Feb 19, 1999.
PURKITT, Helen E., Professor, invited participant, WRAGE, Stephen D., Associate Professor, “American
U.S. Air Force Academy INSS-sponsored one-day Foreign Policy Making,” Series of four lectures at
conference to draft research topics for FY 1998/99 Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced
Environmental Security Program, May, 1999, International Studies, June 1998 and again in June
1999.
PURKITT, Helen E., Professor, invited participant,
Environmental Security session at World Bank, WRAGE, Stephen D., Associate Professor, invited
sponsored by UN University, Washington, D.C., May participant, International Studies Association,
10, 1998. Washington, D.C., 1998.
PURKITT, Helen E., Professor, U.S. Institute of ZOTTI, Priscilla, Assistant Professor, panel chair,
Peace’s Conference on Managing Information Chaos, “Making and Implementing Policy Through the
Washington, D.C., Mar 12, 1999. Courts,” Southwestern Political Science Association
Conference, San Antonio, TX, Mar, 1999.
RACHWALD, Arthur R., Professor, “The NATO
Enlargement Debate: A View from Central Europe,” ZOTTI, Priscilla, Assistant Professor, discussant,
presentation for a roundtable discussion at the 30th “Exploring Issues of Equality and Rights-based
National Association for the Advancement of Slavic Justice,” Southwestern Political Science Association
Studies, Boca Raton, FL, Sept 24-27, 1998. Conference, San Antonio, TX, Mar, 1999.
195
Division of
Mathematics and Science
CAPT William C. Ostendorff, USN

Director
196
DEPARTMENT OF
______________________________________________________________________________
Chemistry
Professor Boyd A. Waite
Chair
the Johns Hopkins University. Faculty members were

This past year was very successful in terms of external supported by grants from the Air Force Office of
recognition of research accomplishments within the Scientific Research, NASA, the Office of Naval
Chemistry Department. Assistant Professor Judy Research, the Petroleum Research Fund, the Eli Lilly
Hartman was recognized in her collaborative work at Pharmaceutical Company, the United States Army
the Naval Research Laboratory with the Alan Berman Medical Research of Infectious Diseases (Division of
Award for NRL’s outstanding research publication for Toxicology), and the Research Corporation.
1998. Associate Professor Mark L. Campbell continued Other research interests of the faculty include:
receiving funding through the prestigious Henry organic synthesis of species for methanol fuel cells,
Dreyfus Teacher/Scholar Award (one of five nation- radio-isotope studies in connection to specialized
wide), providing funding for his own research and for medical scanning technology, detonation simulations,
the Department. Associate Professor Judith Harrison electrochemical studies of fused salts, development of
furthered her international reputation in the field of analytical methods based on electrophoretic
tribology, and has again supported a post-doctoral techniques, synthesis and characterization of organic
associate within the Department. Assistant Professor and organometallic species, and the effects of chemical
Dan O’Sullivan also received funding to support a agents in atmospheric chemistry, among others. The
post-doctoral associate for his oceanographic chemistry active involvement of both civilian and military faculty
studies. Professor Cheek and Associate Professor in research provides strength to the curriculum and
Heuer were awarded the Kinnear Fellowships at the helps prepare our chemistry graduates for the technical
Naval Academy in support of their research programs. challenges awaiting them in the fleet.
The Chemistry Department faculty and midshipmen
chemistry majors are supported by a diverse array of
state-of-the-art instrumentation and computational
facilities. Eight different midshipmen participated in
directed research courses. Several of the midshipmen
attended national scientific meetings and presented
results of their work during the year.
The Chemistry Department faculty have continued to

pursue collaborative research efforts with Navy
laboratories and other government and private
institutions. This year faculty collaborated with
projects at the Naval Research Laboratory, the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and
197
198
199
CHEMISTRY
Sponsored Research
Kinetics of Gas Phase Oxidation Reactions of Transition Metal Atoms
with Oxygen Containing Oxidants
Researcher: Associate Professor Mark L. Campbell

Sponsor: The Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation
The objective of this research is to determine the rate exists between these values and the physical properties
constants for reactions of ground state and low-lying of the transition metals and reactants. Results for the
excited state transition metal atoms in the gas phase reactions with N2O will be compared to the calculated
with oxygen-containing oxidants as a function of values from a theoretical model developed by Fontijn
temperature and pressure. In particular, three projects and co-workers. The reactions of niobium and
are in varying stages of completion: (1) reactions of tantalum will indicate the importance electronic effects
transition metals with N2O, (2) reactions of ground have on the reaction rate. The reactions of zirconium
state and low-lying excited states of niobium and and hafnium with water will yield a better
tantalum with several oxidants, and (3) reactions of understanding of chemical reactions which may occur
zirconium and hafnium with water. By obtaining during accidents in nuclear reactors. Completion of
Arrhenius parameters for these reactions, geometric this research will greatly enhance our understanding of
factors and energy barrier effects will be determined. transition metal chemical reactions.
The experimentally measured rate constants and
barriers will be analyzed to determine if a relationship
Kinetics of Oxidation Reactions of Group 6 and Group 12 Atoms in the Gas Phase
Researcher: Associate Professor Mark L. Campbell

Sponsor: Research Corporation
This research has been concerned with the predicts accurate energy barriers for these reactions.
fundamental parameters which affect gas-phase The primary conclusion we have drawn from our work
transition metal chemistry. At present we have studied is that transition metals with s1dn-1 configurations
the Group 6 metals tungsten and molybdenum and will (where n is the number of valence electrons) tend to be
be studying the Group 12 metals in the near future. much more reactive than transition metals with s2dn-2
Our primary focus has been to determine the influence configurations. For example, the s1d5 Mo atom reacts
electron configuration has on the reactivity of the near the gas kinetic collision rate with O2 while the
transition metal. Our other objective has been to carry s2d4 W atom has a temperature dependent rate constant
out a thorough study of the reactions of N2O with with an activation energy of approximately 13 kJ/mole.
transition metals to determine if the resonance An excited state of W with a s1d5 configuration was
interaction model proposed by Fontijn and co-workers also found to react near the gas kinetic collision rate.
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CHEMISTRY
Electrodeposition of Niobium from Low-Valent Salts

in a Room-Temperature Molten Salt
Researcher: Professor Graham T. Cheek

Sponsor: Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR)
Previous attempts at electrodeposition of niobium by solution of niobium(V) chloride in an acidic melt

reduction of Nb(V) salts in the aluminum chloride : 1- caused the disappearance of the first two reduction
ethyl-3-imidazolium chloride had been found to process for Nb(V), and the formation of a redox
produce poorly adherent deposits. The presence of process at +0.6 V presumably due to Nb(II) and
higher oxidation states in solution may have oxidized Nb(III). Reduction at the aluminum deposition
previously deposited material, so that use of lower potential produced an adherent deposit containing
valence states would be expected to produce more approximately 3 atomic% niobium (remainder
adherent deposits. Niobium(II) oxide was introduced aluminum).
into an acidic melt; however, no electrochemical
activity was noted. Addition of aluminum powder to a
Synthesis of Polypeptide Analogs
Researchers: Elizabeth Fowler, Broadneck Senior High School and Associate Professor Debra K. Dillner,
Sponsor: United States Army Medical Research of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Division of Toxinology
A main focus of the Division of Toxinology of the U.S. the deleterious effects could be reversed or mitigated.
Army Medical Research of Infectious Diseases It is also known that the natural substrates of the toxin
(USAMRID) is development of antidotes to botulism contain a histidine amino acid residue and that this
toxin. Botulism is a particularly devastating form of histidine is bound to the active site of the toxin.
food poisoning with great potential for development in Various strategies are being pursued to synthesize
biological warfare. The Army is concerned that the small polypeptides containing a histidine residue.
botulism microorganism could be easily introduced Once these polypeptides are synthesized, they can be
into the food supply. At this time, there is no effective tested for inhibition of the botulism toxin.
antidote for botulism poisoning. Current medical Two broad classes of polypeptide analogs were
treatment involves treatment of symptoms and synthesized for this project. In the first class, the
supportive care until the victim recovers or dies. This normal peptide amide linkage is replaced by a
recovery period can last from weeks to years with the covalent, carbon-nitrogen single bond. This would
possibility of long-term neurological effects from the give a substrate of approximately the correct size and
neurotoxin produced by the microorganism. structure for binding which could not be cleaved into
The botulism toxin’s structure is known. It is a two- small fragments by the toxin. In these analogs, a
subunit protein, with both units being necessary for tripeptide unit with a histidine at the N-terminal was
activity but only the A subunit containing the active synthesized by investigators at USAMRIID at Fort
site. The active site binds proteins in the victim which Detrick. These tripeptides were then synthetically
are normally involved in neuro-transmission. One modified at the Naval Academy. The modification
class of potential antidotes are competitive inhibitors involved reaction of the tripeptide, bound to a resin,
of the botulism toxins. If a compound can be found with an alpha keto-acid. This resulted in formation of
which binds to the active site of the toxin, presumably an imine link between the free amine group of the
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CHEMISTRY
histidine. This imine was reduced in situ using sodium the same spatial requirements as natural substrates but
cyanoborohydride. Four of these substrates were to bind irreversibly to the enzymes.
prepared and tested for inhibition of botulism toxin. For this portion of the project, amino acid analogs
The testing for inhibition was carried out by containing a phosphonic acid group, a variety of side
biochemists at USAMRIID. While they found to be chains and specific protecting groups for the N-
inhibitors of the toxin, the level of inhibition was not terminus nitrogen are being synthesized. Once
greater than other substrates previously developed. synthesized these materials can be used in solid-state
The second class of compounds contain phosphorous peptide synthesis at USAMRIID. To date, synthetic
analogs of polypeptides. The synthesis of these methods for introducing the phosphonic acid and the
compounds is still being pursued. Replacement of the desired nitrogen protecting group have been developed.
carboxylic acid moiety of an amino acid with a Completion of the project requires extension of these
phosphonic acid has been used for the past fifteen techniques to a wider variety of amino acid side
years to develop transition state mimics of enzymatic chains. This strategy has been successful for
processes and potent pharamaceuticals. In the incorporating simple alkyl side chains but difficulties
structures of interest to us, an amide of a tri-peptide have been encountered with aromatic side chains.
will be replaced with a phosphonamide linkage. These
types of compounds are known to have approximately
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Shock-Induced Chemistry in Hydrocarbons
Researcher: Professor Mark L. Elert

Sponsors: Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and Naval Academy Research Council (NARC)
The high temperatures and pressures achieved in a capable of accurately reproducing hybridization
shock wave can induce polymerization and other changes, radical formation, and other features of
chemical reactions in hydrocarbons. These processes chemically reactive hydrocarbons, was incorporated
may have cosmological significance, since they are into a molecular dynamics code designed to simulate
thought to have played a role in the formation of shock wave phenomena in condensed phases.
prebiotic complex organic molecules in the early solar Preliminary simulations of shock-induced chemistry in
system due to impacts of carbon-rich comets and solid acetylene were carried out.
meteors. To study such reactions, a reactive empirical
bond order (REBO) potential for hydrocarbons,
Studies of the Mechanism of Anomalous Low Temperature Crystallization

on Laboratory Analogs of Interstellar Grains
Researcher: Associate Professor Robert F. Ferrante

Sponsors: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and Kinnear Foundation
Comets and other interstellar objects are believed to processing both before and after accretion. Laboratory
have formed by the accretion of silicate dust grains studies have been used to model such condensation
upon which volatile molecules have condensed as ices; processes, and their results employed in the
the particles may have undergone various types of interpretation of the thermal- and radiation-processing
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CHEMISTRY
history of the natural systems. Such models have grains, and with the surface area and pore size
always assumed the formation of amorphous ice at low distribution of the material. We are using thermal and
temperatures. However, our work over the last few chemical treatments to vary the surface properties.
years, utilizing silicate grain analogs as a substrate for Silicate “smoke” substrates are baked at varied
simple ices of astrophysical interest (H2O, CH3OH, temperatures and durations, in vacuum, hydrogen and
etc.), have indicated that the nature of the dust particle oxygen. Some samples are exposed to chemical
surface may have an effect on the crystallization oxidation by ozone. Samples are also being processed
behavior of the ice coating. The ices are observed to by electron, proton, and argon ion irradiation in an
form in the crystalline phase, even during deposition attempt to alter pore characteristics. Treated samples
at temperatures near 10 K; in contrast, similar studies are analyzed for surface area and pore size distribution,
performed in the absence of the silicate lead only to and tested for efficacy in the LTC effect by low
amorphous ices on low temperature deposition. If temperature FTIR spectroscopy of condensed adsorbate
these laboratory studies represent good models for the ices. Current evidence suggests that the LTC may be
natural process, then a re-evaluation of the amorphous an extreme example of the lowering of phase transition
ice assumption is warranted. The work performed here temperatures for materials confined to small pores, or
is designed to explore the mechanism of the observed result from an anomaly in surface diffusion rates that
anomalous low-temperature crystallization (LTC). places the sample below the theoretical “critical flux”
The goal is to provide a better understanding of the for amorphous ice formation. Additional ices, and
significance of these observations towards other model grain models with different (e.g., Fe and
interpretation of astrophysical data. Mg silicates) or sharp (silica aerogels; molecular
Our evidence suggests that the LTC effect is sieves) pore size distributions will also be utilized.
associated with the degree of oxidation of the silicate
Explorations of Laboratory Models for the Catalytic Formation of Methane

by Silicate Interstellar Dust Grains
Researcher: Associate Professor Robert F. Ferrante

In the molecular cloud from which the solar system Preliminary studies indicate that the conversion of a
condensed, CO was the most abundant carbon-bearing 2:1 H2:CO mixture into simple hydrocarbons is quite
molecule. However, gas-phase reactions converting facile on our silicate smoke grain analogs, which have
CO to methane are quite slow, and are thought to be been doped to 10% (by mass) with iron. Methane,
insufficient to account for the large amount of organic ethane, and ethene all formed in amounts totaling a
material observed. Catalysis by dust grains, especially few percent conversion in a period of only 3 hours, at
those bearing transition metal atoms, may offer an relatively low temperatures (300oC). The relative
alternative route to methane and other organics. The amounts differ from that expected, but probably reflect
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of methane grain 3 H2 + CO trapping ability and not intrinsic reaction yield. The
6 CH4 + H2O catalyzed by Fe or Ni surfaces, has been formation of NH3 from a H2/N2 mix, a process also of
considered theoretically, and appears to provide great interest, has not yet been observed. Work on
reasonable yields of organics under some appropriate these interesting findings is continuing.
conditions.
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Octa(hydroxymethyl)tetraazaporphyrin: A New Water Soluble

Tetraazaporphyrin Macrocycle
Researcher: Associate Professor Jeffrey P. Fitzgerald

Tetraazaporphyrins bearing peripheral functional cause the macrocycles to aggregate. Such molecular
groups capable of acting as ligands have recently been assemblies may have novel optical and/or magnetic
reported. The classic example of such a complex is properties. In this work, we hope to synthesize a novel
Hoffman’s nickel(II) star- porphyrazine in which eight tetraazaporphyrin macrocycle, octa(hydroxymethyl)-
thiolate groups on the macrocycle periphery bind four tetraazaporphyrin. Our strategy has been to convert
tin(IV) ions (in addition to the nickel(II) ion bound in 1,4-dihydroxy-2-butyne to a maleonitrile bearing two
the center of the tetraazaporphyrin ring). Synthetic protected hydroxymethyl groups. Cyclization of this
routes to macrocycles possessing thiols, amines, ethers pecursor followed by deprotection will yield
and alcohols have also been described. octa(hydroxymethyl)-tetraazaporphyrin. We have
Our interest in these macrocycles stems not from successfully prepared the protected macrocycle and are
their ability to coordinate additional metal ions but presently working on deprotection conditions.
from how these peripheral functional groups might
Vanadium Dicyanoperfluorostilbene: A Charge-Transfer Magnet with Tc ~ 180 K
Researcher: Associate Professor Jeffrey P. Fitzgerald

In 1991, Miller and coworkers reported the reaction of with V(CO)6 in THF to give a solid that appears to
V(benzene)2 and tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) to yield order ferrimagnetically with Tc ~ 180 K. This second
a solid which is magnetic at room temperature. In the example of magnetic ordering in a molecule-based
intervening years, other metals have been found to magnet may provide needed insight into the
react similarly, however no other organic receptor has mechanism of magnetic ordering in these poorly
been reported to replace TCNE. We have synthesized understood systems.
the novel one-electron acceptor,
dicyanoperfluorostilbene, and discovered that it reacts
Molecular Dynamics Investigations of the Tribology of Diamond Surfaces
Researchers: Dr. Alan B. Tutien (postdoctoral associate), Dr. Steven J. Stuart (postdoctoral associate)
and Associate Professor Judith A. Harrison
Sponsor: The Office of Naval Research (ONR)
Friction and the related phenomenon of wear are two wear has long been recognized as being central to
of the more costly problems facing industry today. many areas of technology. For instance, combustion
Understanding and ultimately controlling friction and engines break down and cutting tools become dull
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usually because of friction induced wear. Despite the macroscopic friction experiments on diamond.
obvious importance of friction and the induced wear, More recently, we have re-fit the potential energy
much of the atomic-scale dynamics responsible for function needed to carry out these simulations. We
these phenomena remain elusive. If the atomic-scale have adapted this potential so that, in addition to solid
origins of friction and wear were understood, this and gas phase hydrocarbons, liquids can also be
might ultimately lead to the design of materials with simulated. This will allow us to examine the break
specific friction and wear properties. down of liquid lubricants and self-assembled
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been monolayer systems. This new potential energy function
used to investigate the atomic-scale origins of friction has been documented and submitted for publication to
and wear in hydrocarbon systems. Previously, the the Journal of Chemical Physics.
atomic-scale friction that resulted when two diamond Atomic force microscope measurements show that the
(111) surfaces are placed in sliding contact was friction of alklysilane chains bound to Si surfaces
examined. Using MD simulations has proven useful in decreases as the length of the alkyl portion of the chain
examining atomic-scale friction and relating the increases. In an effort to elucidate this non-intuitive
results to experimental data. For example, result, we have begun to examine the friction of
tribochemical reactions and their atomic-scale hydrocarbon chains, of various lengths, bound to
mechanisms were cataloged. These reactions and their diamond.
products were consistent with inferences drawn from
Investigation of the Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
Researchers: Dr. Carter T. White (Naval Research Laboratory), Dr. Daniel H.Robertson (IUPUI),
Dr. Steven J. Stuart (postdoctoral associate) and Associate Professor Judith A. Harrison
It has been recently proposed that carbon nanotubes into a hard substrate, such as diamond.
might constitute well-defined tips for scanning probe More recently, the lateral and transverse motions of
microscopies (SPM). Multiwalled nanotubes have been [n,n] single-walled nanotubes have been investigated.
shown to perform well as SPM tips when used in These results show that single-walled nanotubes
tapping mode, due to their desirable combination of vibrate in both the transverse and the lateral directions.
stiffness and flexibility. We have been using Examination of [10,10] nanotubes of various lengths
molecular dynamics simulations to examine the revealed that the frequency of the vibrations was linear
physical properties of hemispherically-capped carbon with the square of the nanotube length. The frequency
nanotubes. These simulations provided insight into the of lateral vibrations of nanotubes with different radii
utility of these tubes as scanning force microscope tips. was shown to be linear with radius. These results were
Simulations demonstrate that the capped nanotubes, presented at the Fall Meeting of the Materials
although undergoing complex deformations, have the Research Society in Boston.
remarkable ability to recover reversibly when pushed
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Molecular Dynamics Investigations of the Tribology of Diamond Surfaces and Films
Researchers: Dr. Alan B. Tutien (postdoctoral associate) and Associate Professor Judith A. Harrison
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) represent an Silicon-based MEMS devices suffer from two major
emerging technology. These systems have generated problems. First, because these devices are so small, the
a great deal of interest because of their potential use as fabrication process can leave critical components
sensors and actuators. The devices are on the order of adhered to one another. The phenomenon, call stiction,
microns in size and it is possible to fabricate thousands renders the MEMS device inoperable. Second, the
of devices at one time for a cost of a few cents per wear rate of silicon is such that MEMS composed of
device. Consequently, any systems with MEMS-based silicon cannot be used in applications were parts are in
technologies will be lighter, smaller, and be less relative motion for extended periods of time.
expensive than systems utilizing non-MEMS-based To overcome these problems researchers at the
technologies. Workers at Sandia National Labs predict University of California have suggested coating the
that these devices will play a significant role in future silicon-based MEMS with carbon coatings.
technologies with a broad range of commercial and Researchers at the Raytheon Corporation have
military applications. Possible future applications of suggested constructing MEMS devices from diamond
MEMS-based devices include accelerometers for use in because it posesses superior friction and wear
military systems such as stability control, attitude properties compared to silicon.
heading reference, and short-time flight navigation. We have extensive experience investigating the
The use of silicon-based MEMS devices in friction and wear of diamond, which should lend
nanosatellites to form an interconnected aerospace insight into the construction of diamond-based MEMS.
surveillance system has been proposed by The In addition, we are currently debugging a molecular
Aerospace Corporation. Workers at Hughes Aircraft dynamics code that will be capable of examining the
Company and collaborators have proposed a MEMS- friction and wear properties of silicon-based MEMS
based system to replace current rocket, missile, and devices coated with carbon films.
space vehicle navigational systems.
Investigations into the Effects of Tripodal Ligands on Transition Metal Environments
Researcher: Assistant Professor J. R. Hartman

Midn 1/C Gertner and Midn 2/C Wheat each worked purify, and hence expensive.
with me for one semester this year on this project.
Midn Wheat presents his work in a poster at an ACS TREN-Podand
student research meeting.
Crown and cryptand ligands are useful for binding Podands ("many-armed" ligands) can act as either
metal ions because the constrained nature of crown constrained ligands that form cryptand-like metal
and cryptand ligands allows them to form complexes or as unconstrained ligands that form
metal-complexes in which the metal has unusual cross-linked polymeric metal complexes. In the
steric and electronic properties. Unfortunately, proposed research, the chemistry of a novel series of
crowns and cryptands are difficult to prepare and TREN-based tripodal ligands have been synthesized
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and are being studied to characterize their method of free ligands and metal-ligand complexes. During the
binding and to determine where they fit in the scale of last year, we have prepared a series of copper, nickel,
preorganization that ranges from linear ligands to and manganese complexes of these ligands. We are
cryptands. currently studying the electronic and structural
I am studying the binding properties of TREN-based properties of these complexes.
podand ligands by determining the properties of both
Supramolecular Inclusion of Non-Linear Optical Chromophores by Amylose
Researcher: Associate Professor William B. Heuer

In collaboration with researchers at NRL, we have Prelimiary studies of the interaction of soluble dimer
been investigating the chemistry and photophysical dyes with low molecular weight (ca. 4500 g/mol)
properties of inclusion complexes formed by insertion amylose suggest that only partial inclusion of the dyes
of rod-like, conjugated dyes into the hydrophobic is achieved, either due to the presence of polar (amide)
cavity of host amylose, a helical oligosaccharide functionality in the dye linkage OR perhaps due to
derived from starch. In an effort to increase the insufficient length of the the helical host. Possible
number density of chromophores in supramolecular counterion effects on the inclusion state are also being
films derived from such complexes, the synthesis and investigated.
characterization of several covalently-linked
chromophore assemblies has been carried out.
Preparation of C-11 Labeled WAY 100,635: A Radioligand for Positron Emission

Tomographic Studies of Serotonin 5HT1a Receptor
Researcher: Assistant Professor Christopher M. Kinter

Sponsor: Eli Lilly Pharmaceutical Company
I have been involved in a research project funded by developed for study of the serotonin 5-HT1a receptor.
Eli Lilly Pharmaceutical Company involving the This neuroreceptor has been linked to physiological
synthesis of [C-11] labeled WAY 100,635. This work processes such as the regulation of mood, sleep, and
has been done in collaboration with Dr. John L. sexual disorders. In addition, the 5-HT1a receptor has
Musachio at the Johns Hopkins University been linked to psychiatric disorders such as anxiety,
Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear depression, and schizophrenia.
Medicine. WAY 100,635 is a compound that has been
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Midshipman Online Laboratory System (MOLS): Web-Based Feedback

and Reporting and Online Lab Manual
Researchers: Associate Professor Joseph F. Lomax and Associate Professor Debra K. Dillner
Sponsor: United States Naval Academy Curriculum Development Program
A series of CGI/Perl scripts for a chemistry laboratory of scripts is overwhelming positive. The student data
report have been written, implemented and tested. and analysis and the calculated analysis using student
These scripts assist the students by providing feedback data is available to the Instructor. Finally, the Plebe
on their data and analysis. Once the students have Chemistry Laboratory Manual has been electronically
learned how to correctly perform the analyses, they published and is accessible to the midshipmen on the
submit their results to their instructor, who can use the Web.
output for evaluation. Student assessment of this series
Association Reactions of Manganese, Iron, and Ruthenium with Nitric Oxide
Researcher: Assistant Professor Roy E. McClean

This work, started in academic year 1996 - 1997, is iron have [Ar]3d54s2 and [Ar]3d64s2 configurations,
now complete and has been published. and ruthenium has a [Kr]4d75s1 configuration. The
In brief, the association reactions of ground state singly occupied s orbital of ruthenium might overlap
manganese, iron, and ruthenium with nitric oxide in favorably with the single electron of nitric oxide and
the gas phase were studied as a function of total form a bond. Since ground state manganese and iron
pressure and temperature. Manganese, iron, and have closed s-subshells, electronic repulsive effects are
ruthenium atoms were produced by the laser encountered on the reactive surfaces of Mn and Fe
photodissociation of methylcyclopentadienyl with NO.
manganese tricarbonyl, ferrocene, and ruthenocene, RRKM rate calculations were performed on Mn-NO
respectively. Detection of the formed transition metal and Fe-NO to determine their binding energies. The
atoms was by laser-induced fluorescence. molecular parameters needed for these calculations
Results indicate adduct formation. Ruthenium was were obtained from published density functional theory
found to be more reactive towards nitric oxide than results. Agreement between experiment and RRKM
manganese and iron. This observation is interpreted theory was found for binding energies of .20 (MnNO)
in terms of the different electron configurations of the and .36 kcal/mol (FeNO).
transition metal atoms. Ground state manganese and
Depletion Kinetics of Nickel Atoms by Sulfur Dioxide

This work, started in academic year 1997 - 1998, is metals is an attractive subject because SO2 is an air
now complete and has been published. pollutant. In this work, the gas phase depletion
The interaction of sulfur dioxide, SO2, with transition kinetics of ground state nickel atoms in the presence of
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SO2 was studied as a function of temperature and total relatively fast and reaction were found to proceed with
pressure using argon as the bath gas in order to little or no barriers. In order to determine the binding
determine the reactivity of nickel towards SO2. Nickel energy of the adduct, density functional theory and
atoms were produced by the 248 nm photodissociation RRKM calculations were performed. The DFT
of nickelocene and were detected by laser-induced calculations provided molecular parameters of the
fluorescence. The overall reaction rates increased with adduct. The rate data and DFT results were then used
increasing total pressure and decreased with increasing in the RRKM calculations to estimate the binding
temperature, an indication of adduct formation energy which was found to be 47 kcal/mol.
between nickel and SO2. The reaction rates were
Depletion Kinetics of Chromium Atoms by Sulfur Dioxide

This work is part of a project to determine the chromium and sulfur dioxide interact at an exceptional
reactivity of transition metal atoms toward sulfur rate. Presumably, these rapid rates are due to the open
dioxide in the gas phase. The focus of this part of the shell nature of ground state chromium and the
project is on the interaction of chromium and sulfur relatively high electron affinity of sulfur dioxide
dioxide. This work is currently in progress and should (compared to other small oxygen-containing
be completed during the 1999 - 2000 academic year. molecules).
Results obtained thus far indicate that ground state
The Distribution of Hydrogen Peroxide, Methyl Hydroperoxide and Formaldehyde and

their Influence on the Tropospheric Chemistry of Ozone in the Southeastern Pacific
Researchers: Assistant Professor Daniel W. O’Sullivan, Co-PI

and Brian G. Heikes, PI (University of Rhode Island)
Sponsor: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
During the NASA’s Global Tropospheric Chemistry understanding of the net ozone production in the
Pacific Exploratory Mission Tropics (PEM Tropics) troposphere, and to constrain tropospheric
field program, we measured the distribution and gas photochemical models. We will also evaluate the role
phase concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, of atmospheric peroxides in the gas phase oxidation of
methylhydroperoxide, and formaldehyde on board the sulfur dioxide in the lower marine troposphere. In
NASA P3-B aircraft during the first year of the addition we will evaluate the role formaldehyde and
contract. During the final year, these data will be methylhydroperoxide have in the oxidation of methane
coupled to other measurements to examine the in the remote troposphere. The budget page that
dynamics of tropospheric oxidant chemistry in clean follows describes the labor, equipment, supplies and
tropospheric air. The peroxides are critically linked to travel costs that will be allocated to the US Naval
the net production of tropospheric ozone through the Academy to complete the data analysis and to repair
reactions of peroxyl radicals. Consequently these and replace equipment used during the field portion of
measurements will be used to enhance our the work.
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Hydrogen Peroxide, Methylhydroperoxide, and Formaldehyde: Their Relationship to

Tropospheric Oxidant Chemistry and Transport Over the Equatorial South Pacific
Researchers: Assistant Professor Daniel W. O’Sullivan, Co-PI

and Brian G. Heikes, PI (University of Rhode Island)
Sponsor: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
We propose to make measurements of gas-phase and provide an additional measure of confidence in

hydrogen peroxide, methylhydroperoxide, and their results. Multi-dimensional space-time models
formaldehyde on board both the NASA DC-8 and P3-B suggest that atmospheric motions, the vertical
aircraft as part of the NASA/GTE PEM-Tropics B transport and mechanical redistribution of the
mission. The target species are directly coupled to hydroperoxides, may have a profound effect on odd-O
tropospheric oxidants as sources of odd-hydrogen and and odd-H chemistry in the upper troposphere. The
odd-oxygen radicals, as reservoirs of the same, and as proposed hydrogen peroxide, methylhydroperoxide,
conductors in their loss. The net production of ozone and formaldehyde measurements will add needed
or odd-oxygen in the troposphere is largely predicted information on transport, chemical redistribution, and
on the basis of photochemical point model simulations scavenging by cloud and precipitation systems
based upon measured concentrations of hydrocarbons, (meteorological conditions which are expected to have
nitric oxide, water, carbon monoxide, ozone, and a larger role in the tropospheric chemistry than in
sunlight and both measured and model diagnosed PEM-Tropics A). Also, the target species are coupled
concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, perhydroxyl, to the gas-phase and, more significantly, to the
methylperoxyl, and hydroxyl radicals. The species to heterogeneous chemistry of sulfur dioxide and its
be measured provide mechanistic insight and chemical oxidation to sulfuric acid.
constraints to these purely chemical model simulations
Impact of Superoxide Redox Cycling on the Chemical and Optical Properties of

Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter
Researcher: Assistant Professor Daniel W. O’Sullivan

Interest in reactive oxygen species in the environment OH, hydroxyl radical, and RO2, organic peroxy
has been stimulated by atmospheric chemical problems radicals) can significantly influence the cycling of
such as smog formation, stratospheric ozone depletion, carbon, oxygen, sulfur, and biologically important
and acid rain. Because of the need to understand these trace metals. As in the atmosphere, reactive oxygen
chemical problems, atmospheric gas-phase reactions of species can act to cleanse the aquatic environment of
oxidants and the related primary photochemical bioactive pollutants or in some cases, convert wastes
processes have been intensely studied. As a result into more toxic substances. Superoxide has the highest
atmospheric photochemistry has become a highly steady state concentration of reactive oxygen species in
developed subdiscipline. Aquatic photochemistry is natural waters, and is the first intermediate in most
less well developed, largely because of the complex oxygen mediated oxidations. Recently photo induced
chemical composition of most natural waters. Recent redox reaction involving superoxide have been shown
studies indicate that photo reactions producing reactive to significantly alter chromophoric dissolved organic
oxygen species (O2G, superoxide; 1O2, singlet dioxygen; matters optical properties in surface waters. In spite of
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the central role of superoxide in natural water superoxide in natural waters. The method will have
photochemistry, the kinetics and mechanisms of its the sensitivity, selectivity, and sampling resolution
formation and destruction are poorly understood. This required to perform detailed kinetic studies at levels of
proposal will continue efforts initiated last summer to superoxide and chromophoric dissolved organic
address this gap in our understanding of superoxide material in natural waters.
chemistry in natural waters through the development
of a luminol-based chemiluminescence method for
Particle Diffusion Through Hevea and Guayule Rubber Films
Researcher: Assistant Professor Maria J. Schroeder

Controversy exists over the effectiveness of natural latex processing method may cause the poor barrier
rubber (Hevea) films as protective barriers to virus- performance. Latex rubber is formed from discrete
sized particles. The concern centers on the possible particles, which are coated with naturally occurring
transmission of disease-causing agents such as proteins and surfactants, and dispersed in an aqueous
hepatitis and HIV. Viruses can range between 0.1 and medium. During commercial processing, drying and
5 microns in diameter. Defects in rubber latex due to curing occur almost simultaneously. This can lead to
poor manufacturing processes or intrinsic flaws incomplete coalescence resulting in a residual capillary
inherent to the material can be orders of magnitude structure and concomitant permeability. To investigate
larger than viruses. This project investigates the the theory that the processing method leads to defects,
extent to which small particles can pass through permeation studies of melt processed natural rubber
ostensibly intact rubber films, examines possible films are being conducted. During melt processing, no
explanations for any permeation, and suggests drying step is required as curing occurs in the melt at
alternatives for improved barrier performance. elevated temperatures and pressures.
Barrier performance of natural rubber latex films has Another alternative is to study the barrier
been investigated by monitoring diffusion of performance of a non-Hevea product, one derived from
fluorescently-labeled polystyrene microspheres through the guayule shrub. Naturally occurring proteins in
commercial samples. Preliminary studies indicate guayule are much different than in Hevea, therefore its
permeation of about 106 particles of 0.1 micron size processing and coalescence properties might produce
and about 103 particles of 1.0 micron size particles films of improved barrier quality. Permeation studies
through a square centimeter of sample within 30 on guayule films prepared by latex and melt processing
minutes. Rather than intrinsic flaws in the rubber, the methods are currently being investigated.
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Investigations into Electrodeposition Processes in Room–Temperature Molten Salts
Researchers: Dr. John Mitchell (ASEE Post-Doctoral fellow), Maj. Hugh C. De Long (AFOSR), PI,
Associate Professor Paul C. Trulove (USNA), Dr. Patrick Hagans (NRL)
and Professor Graham T. Cheek (USNA)
Aluminum alloys with enhanced resistance to chloride- not suffer from the cost and applicability disadvantages
induced pitting corrosion have been produced using of the above methods.
solute elements such as Ti, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zr, Nb, Mo, Room-temperature molten salts provide some unique
Ta, and W. These "stainless" aluminum alloys are of properties which make them ideal for studying the
interest both for use as bulk deposits and as coatings deposition of aluminum and aluminum alloys.
over existing structural aluminum alloys. Producing Aluminum can be reversibly electrodeposited from
improved corrosion resistance in the aluminum alloys acidic melt compositions. The molten salts readily
often requires solute concentrations (up to 50 atom solubilize both ionic and molecular species, they
percent, a/o) that are far in excess of the equilibrium possess a wide electrochemical window, they have high
solubility limit (ca. 1 a/o). Consequently, intrinsic conductivities, and they are thermally stable
nonequilibrium methods such as sputter deposition, over a very wide temperature range.
melt spinning, and ion implantation have been We have demonstrated the deposition of Al-Mn, Al-
employed to prepare these metastable single-phase Co, Al-Ni, Al-Nb, and Al-Cr from the molten salts.
aluminum alloys. Unfortunately, these techniques are Characterization of these deposits shows them to be
of limited commercial utility because of their high non-equilibrium alloys with solute concentrations up
inherent cost and the difficulty associated with their to 80 a/o. Aqueous corrosion studies indicate
application to large structures. Electrochemical significant improvement in the chloride pitting
deposition is an alternative method for producing potential over unalloyed aluminum.
nonequilibrium aluminum alloys that generally does
Investigations of Ionic Liquid-Polymer Gel Electrolytes
Researchers: Dr. Thomas E. Sutto (ASEE Post-Doctoral Fellow),

Associate Professor Paul C. Trulove (USNA), PI, Maj. Hugh C. De Long (AFOSR),
and Professor Graham T. Cheek (USNA), Co-PI
Room-temperature ionic liquids composed of electrolytes are not moisture sensitive.

perfluoroanions and 1,3- dialkylimidazolium and For manufacturing and design optimization, solid-
1,2,3-trialkylimidazolium cations possess a number of state electrolytes with high ionic conductivities are
unique properties that make them ideal electrolytes for preferred to liquid electrolytes. In this research
compact power sources. In particular, they are program we are investigating the generation of solid-
nonflammable, nonvolatile, and chemically inert, and state electrolytes that incorporate perfluoroanion ionic
they display wide electrochemical windows, high liquids into a poly(vinylidene fluoride)-
inherent conductivities, and wide thermal operating hexafluoropropylene copolymer. These free-standing
ranges. Also, unlike room-temperature ionic liquids rubbery electrolytes appear to retain much of the
based on chloroaluminate anions, these perfluoroanion desirable properties of the perfluoroanion ionic liquids.
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In this project we will be investigating the physical and graphite intercalation anodes and cathodes with the
electrochemical properties of these gel electrolytes ionic liquid-polymer gel electrolytes in solid-state cells
using thermal mechanical analysis, differential employing the dual intercalating molten electrolyte
scanning calorimetry, imbedded microelectrode (DIME) concept.
techniques, AC-impedance, and luminescent probe
molecules. In addition this project will evaluate
Synthesis of Molecules for Liquid Crystalline Displays
Researcher: Assistant Professor Craig Whitaker

Sponsor: Dr. R. Shashidhar, Naval Research Laboratory (NRL)
The goal of this research is to demonstrate a new active-matrix display devices. The research is aimed
alignment process that does not require mechanical at demonstrating the feasibility of the process for
rubbing and is suitable for flat panel displays. The attaining stable and varying pre-tilt angles with out
new process, which involves a combination of compromising the quality of the alignment and show
chemisorption and photo polymerization, creates an the applicability of the process for active matrix and
anisotropic surface that guides the orientation of the passive matrix displays.
liquid crystal molecules. The process is a room The following molecules have been synthesized to
temperature process, easy to scale-up for achieve pre-tilt angle in the range of 1 - 5o with an
manufacturing, applicable to different types of surfaces accuracy of +/- 0.2o.
and capable of fine-control of the pre-tilt needed for
Self Assembly of Rodcoil Molecules
Researcher: Assistant Professor Craig Whitaker

Sponsors: Petroleum Research Fund (ACS-PRF) and Naval Academy Research Council (NARC)
The goal of this research project is to design, The creation of a variety of multi-functional materials
synthesize and evaluate molecules which self assemble will begin with the design of molecules which possess
into novel, functional materials. These materials are the intrinsic ability to spontaneously form regular
of interest because of their potential to be used as shaped units when cast from a solution. These
nonlinear optical films and photorefractive composites. compounds can be described as miniaturized triblock
It is a great scientific challenge to learn how to encode polymers. The molecules contain one block of a bulky
in the structure of simple molecules the styrene or carbazole oligomer, a second block of a
thermodymanic factors that will lead to their flexible isoprene oligomer and the third block of a
programmed assembly into identical, supramolecular mesogenic (liquid crystalline) unit containing multiple
structures. Such structures are not currently accessible biphenyl or thiophene groups. One could say the
by conventional synthetic chemistry. Learning to triblock molecules have a “rodcoil” architecture since
control the macroscopic self assembly of materials into a stiff, rod-like chemical sequence (mesogenic units) is
functional devices is a fascinating prospect for covalently connected to a more flexible diblock
technology. segment (styrene and isoprene oligomers). When films
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of the triblock molecules are cast from a solvent, they bulk self assembly of a polar film. The materials can
will spontaneously form nearly identical nanometer exhibit intriguing properties based on the polar
sized aggregates. Interestingly, the nanostructures assembly of the films.
should pack into layered polar stacks, resulting in the
Aluminum Reduction in the Acetonitrile/Aluminum Chloride Solvent System
Researcher: Professor Graham T. Cheek
Previous studies have shown that aluminum(III) as 8-hydroxyquinoline, fluoride, and nitrate. It was
reduction in the acetonitrile / aluminum chloride found that reduction currents were substantially higher
solvent system occurs in a very poorly defined process. in some cases than in the original solvent system;
In the present study, other aluminum salts were also however, only slight evidence of aluminum stripping
placed in solution, resulting in the appearance of other was ever found.
reduction processes. These salts involved ligands such
Preparation of N1'-([F-18]Fluoroethyl)Naltrindole: A Radioligand for

Positron Emission Tomographic Studies of Delta Opioid Receptors
Researcher: Assistant Professor Christopher M. Kinter
Previously we have developed N1'-([C- from naltrexone hydrochloride in an overall yield of

11]methyl)naltrindole as a radioligand for selective 47%. Nucleophilic displacement of a tosyl leaving
localization of the delta opioid receptor by positron group by [F-18] fluoride, followed by hydrogenolysis
emission tomography (PET). In order to monitor the of a benzyl protecting group gave [F-18]FEtNTI. The
pharmokinetics of radioligand binding to the delta average time for radiosynthesis, HPLC purification,
receptor over a longer time interval with improved and formulation was 77 minutes from end of
signal intensity and counting statistics we are also bombardment. [F-18]FEtNTI was produced in
investigating naltrindole analogs that are radiolabeled sufficient radiochemical purity and specific activity to
with fluorine-18. This research has led to the synthesis permit initial in vivo binding studies which shows
of N1'-([F-18]Fluoroethyl)Naltrindole, [F-18]FEtNTI, specific binding to the delta opioid receptor in vivo.
which is currently undergoing evaluation as a Thus, [F-18] FetNTI warrants further investigation as
radioligand for use in PET. The precursor for a radioligand for PET studies of delta opioid receptors.
radiolabeling was obtained in a four step synthesis
Synthesis and Characterization of Acidic Pillared Metal(IV) Phosphates
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CHEMISTRY
Researcher: Associate Professor Joseph F. Lomax
The project objectives are to synthesize and crystal X-ray diffraction and computer molecular
characterize a series of pillared metal phosphonates modeling, 2) the number and thermal stability of the
whose properties will be rationally adjusted by changes layer/pillar bonds and the water resident between the
in the pillar length and functional groups attached to pillars investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis
the pillar. This will involve three parts. First, organic interfaced with infrared spectroscopy or gas
diphosponates with functional groups will be chromatography, 3) the mechanism and magnitude of
synthesized. Next, pillared metal diphosphonates will ion (in particular proton) conductivity as determined
be made by reacting the diphosphonates and by audio frequency impedance/admittance
phosphoric acid with metal oxychlorides. measurements using state of the art devices; 4) the
Finally, structural, thermal, electronic and chemical intercalation and ion exchange behavior of these
properties of these compounds will be measured. compounds.
Properties to be investigated include: 1) the pillar
arrangement that can be deduced from powder and
Photochemical Study of Cyano-Isocyanide-Phosphine Complexes of Iron and Ruthenium
Researcher: Professor Joyce E. Shade
The chemistry of carbonyl-cyano-phosphine complexes with a variety of phosphine, phosphite, arsine and
of iron has been studied extensively for the last ten antimony ligands. Several of the reaction products
years. In general, reflux or photolytic reaction have been isolated from the fairly clean reaction
conditions have been employed to initiate the loss of a mixtures and a variety of spectral data have been
carbonyl (CO) group from obtained to verify their identity. Further purification
cyclopentadienyl-iron-carbonyl starting materials with and characterization of these compounds is continuing.
a subsequent inclusion of a phosphine or phosphite In addition, trends of reaction product yields with bulk
ligand on the metal center. The resulting complexes and basicity of ligand are being studied. Effect of
obtained in these studies, however, all contain at least ligand identity (both on the metal prior to photolysis
one carbonyl group. The purpose of this research was and as an incoming group), wavelength of the
to prepare a series of anionic, neutral and cationic photolysis lamp and temperature of the reaction
cyano, mono- and bisisocyanide complexes for reaction mixture are being studied as they affect the reaction
with phosphine or phosphite groups under photolytic products obtained. Anionic and cationic starting
conditions. materials are being investigated under a variety of
Photolysis of the monoisocyanide complex, reaction conditions in order to analyze the system for
(ç 5-C5H5)Fe(CO)(CN)(CNCH3), in the presence of a any trend which might develop as a function of
slight excess of triphenylphosphine at room complex charge. A collaborative effort was established
temperature gave the desired product with Professor Antony Rest at The University in
[(ç 5-C5H5)Fe(CN)(CNCH3(PPh3)] with loss of one Southampton in an effort to conclusively identify the
equivalent of carbon monoxide. Two additional reaction intermediate(s). The results of this work have
products have been obtained, however: been very promising and the identity of the reaction
(ç 5-C5H5)Fe(CNCH3)2(CN) and intermediate has been postulated, as a result of
(ç 5-C5H5)Fe(CN)(PPh3)2. Similar results were obtained low-temperature matrix isolation studies conducted by
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Prof. Rest. Work on the project is continuing with a prepared and final spectral data is being obtained for
shift in focus to the analogous ruthenium species. inclusion in the papers.
Manuscripts on the synthetic portions of the project as
well as the spectroscopic matrix work are being
Charge Delocalization in Fluoromethyl Fluorophenols: Model Compounds

for Fluorinated Tyrosines
Researchers: Assistant Professor Joseph J. Urban and Maj. Robert L. von Tersch, Ph.D., USA
This work has involved computational investigations stereoselectively synthesize fluorinated derivatives of
of the degree of charge delocalization from a phenol tyrosine. The beta fluoro tyrosines have a short
oxygen atom to a fluoromethyl group located in the lifetime under the reaction conditions presumably due
para position. The effect of ring fluorination on this to the elimination of fluoride. The lifetime is extended
charge delocalization has also been examined. The when the ring is also fluorinated. In the current
motivation for this work is that fluoromethyl phenols research ab initio calculations have been carried out to
represent model compounds for the beta fluorinated examine the effect of ring fluorination and aqueous
derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine. These solvation on the electronic charge distribution in these
compounds are substrates for the enzyme tyrosine compounds. The work has been accepted for
phenol-lyase (TPL). TPL catalyzes the cleavage of the publication in the Journal of Organic Chemistry.
phenol portion of tyrosine and has been used to
Conformational Analysis of Acetylcholine and Related Compounds
Researcher: Assistant Professor Joseph J. Urban
Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter in both the change, however, is not known and is extremely
central and peripheral nervous systems. The difficult to estimate experimentally. In this work a
cholinergic nerve transmission system is of particular combination of molecular modeling techniques have
importance to the military because this system is the been employed to determine the difference in energy
target of the organophosphorous G nerve agents. The between the bound and unbound conformations of
mechanism of action of these agents is to block nerve acetylcholine. The results indicate that the bound
transmission by inhibition of the enzyme conformation reported in the previous NMR work lies
acetylcholinesterase, an essential component of the significantly above the ground state in energy. This
nerve transmission process. Upon binding to its suggests that further experimental work is needed to
receptor acetylcholine undergoes a conformational establish the bioactive conformation of acetylcholine
change and NMR studies that have been reported in when bound to its receptor. In addition, this work
the literature provide a hypothesized “bound established the effects of substituents (N-methyls) and
conformation” (to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor). the surrounding environment on the conformational
The energy cost associated with this conformational preferences of acetylcholine and similar systems.
Computational Analyses of 4-Aminopyridine and its Analogues
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CHEMISTRY
Researchers: Maj. Robert L. von Tersch, Ph.D., USA and Assistant Professor Joseph J. Urban
Tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin are potent neurotoxins To address this point, we have been studying both gas
affecting the transmission of nerve impulses through phase and solvation effects on various neutral and
their disruption of sodium channels. Aminopyridines, protonated analogues of 4-aminopyridine. All
such as 4-amino- or 3,4-diamino-, have been shown by calculations have been performed on a Silicon
a number of researchers to be efficacious in reversing Graphics Indigo II at AM1 or HF 6-311+G(2d,p) level
the effects of these toxins if they are administered of theory with and without solvent as implemented in
shortly after toxin exposure. Even though extensive the SPARTAN and Gaussian94 software packages.
experimental studies have been performed with the The results of these calculations are considered with a
aminopyridines, very little computational analyses view toward the possible biological fate of these
have been undertaken in an effort to understand the materials.
interactions of these materials with the aqueous
biological environment in which they exert their effect.
Computational Analyses of Ethopropazine Hydrochloride

and its Interaction With Human Butyrylcholinesterase
Researchers: Maj. Robert L. von Tersch, Ph.D., USA, Assistant Professor Joseph J. Urban
and Dr Ildiko Kovach, Chemistry Department, Catholic University
Ethopropazine hydrochloride is a tricyclic neuroleptic butyrylcholinesterase. Molecular dynamics (MD)

used to treat Parkinsonism through an unknown calculations could help to further explain the
mechanism. Recently this compound has been shown interaction of ethopropazine hydrochloride with
to be a potent inhibitor of the human human butyrylcholinesterase. As a prelude to MD
butyrylcholinesterase enzyme. Studies analyzing the studies, high level ab initio calculations have been
active site gorge of members of the cholinesterase conducted to generate suitable force-field parameters
family suggest that the inhibition that is observed for ethopropazine hydrochloride.
derives from the larger volume found in human
Structure Elucidation of Possible Anti-Malarial Compounds from Verbinia sp
Researcher: Maj. Robert L. von Tersch, PhD, USA and Associate Professor Debra K. Dillner
(in collaboration with Walter Reed Army Institute of Research - COL John Scovill, PhD, USA)
This work has focused on elucidating the structure of Plasmodium falciparum. Structure determination has
biologically derived compounds that have shown involved a number of analytical techniques, most
efficacy against organisms that pose a threat to US notably high performance liquid chromatography and
forces in various theaters of operation. The materials one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance
have previously been extracted from foliage native to spectroscopy.
Thailand and have been assayed for efficacy against
Analysis of the Stereoisomers of 3,3-Dimethyl-
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butyl-2-ol-methylphosphonofluoridate(Soman) and Related Compounds
Researcher: Maj. Robert L. von Tersch, PhD, USA (in collaboration with the US Army Medical Research Institute
of Chemical Defense - Dr David Lenz and Steroids Limited - Dr Robert Moriarty)
The generation of biological scavengers capable of spectroscopy was employed to determine whether the
hydrolyzing nerve agents is a major research effort of phosphorous chiral center had degraded or had been
the chemical defense program of the Army. The cleaved from the succinylated protein molecule. These
scavenger molecules currently under investigation are experiments coupled with 13C NMR data correlate the
genetically-engineered proteins such as human NMR chemical shift with the relative configuration at
butyrylcholinesterase or catalytic antibodies. In either the soman phosphorous and carbon chiral centers.
project, it is of considerable importance to ascertain the Similar studies have indicated the phosphorous and
stereospecificity of the scavenger molecule with respect carbon chemical shift position of soman analogues of
to the nerve agent whose hydrolysis is being catalyzed. known absolute configuration at phosphorous and
Since we wish to maximize the effectiveness of such carbon. The initial data suggests the following
scavenger molecules in conferring protection against correlations: C(+)P(+) = C(S)P(S), C(-)P(+) =
nerve agent intoxication, knowledge of the absolute C(R)P(S), C(+)P(-) = C(S)P(R), and C(-)P(-) =
configuration of the nerve agent molecules is necessary C(R)P(R). Molecular modeling using conformational
to determine the amino acids to be subjected to search techniques has begun to address the
site-directed mutagenesis or the design of the stereochemical binding environment of the toxic
transition state analogues. Since soman possesses two soman stereoisomers. Taken together these
chiral centers, four stereoisomeric analogues have been experiments can provide a reference relating absolute
synthesized. The structures have been verified by X-ray and relative phosphorous stereochemistry by NMR and
analysis and attached to a succinyl spacer group prior will permit this technique to be used as a novel method
to attachment to proteins for use as immunogens. As a of rapidly screening the stereospecificity of newly
means of assessing the stability of the resulting developed biological scavengers.
adducts, 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

Self Assembly of Rodcoil Molecules
Researcher: Midn 2/C Burkholder, USN

Faculty Advisor: Craig Whitaker
Sponsor: Petroleum Research Fund (ACS-PRF)
The purpose of the project is the synthesis and units of isoprene where found to self assembling into
evaluation of how changes in the coil portion of rodcoil mushroom type structures when cast as thin films. We
molecules effects its self assembling properties. wanted to explore how changes in the coil structure
Rodcoil molecules possessing an oligo(styrene-b- effect the self assembling properties of the system. The
isoprene) coil segment with 9 units of styrene and 9 initial change examined was the addition of a methyl
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CHEMISTRY
group at the para position of the styrene monomer. the additional methyl groups to the styrene units
Mr. Burkholder synthesized the rodcoil molecule (1) prevent the formation of any nanostructures. Work
and evaluated its self assembling properties using a will be continued to study the effects of changing the
polarizing optical microscope. Rodcoil 1 when coil length from (9,9) oligo(p-methylstyrene-b-
examined under cross polars in the optical microscope isoprene) to (9,15) and (15,15) on the self assembling
at temperatures ranging from 25 oC to 250 oC showed properties of the materials.
no birefringence. We believe the steric repulsions of
Determination of Carbon Monoxide in Hemoglobin

using Capillary Isoelectric Focusing
Researcher: Midn 1/C Daniel Williamson, USN

Faculty Advisor: Assistant Professor Christine L. Copper
Capillary Isoelectric Focusing (CIEF) was studied with analyze proteins such as hemoglobin. In this work, a
an ultimate goal of using this technique to determine commercial instrument that was designed to perform
the amount of carboxyhemoglobin in blood samples. capillary electrophoresis, a separation technique
Carboxyhemoglobin is formed when a person is similar to CIEF, was modified to perform CIEF.
exposed to carbon monoxide gas. The Optimal column rinsing procedures, focusing and
carboxyhemoglobin level in a person’s system is often separation solution combinations, injection, focusing
important in the determination of the cause of death in and separation voltages, and sample composition were
an accident (such as a military plane, helicopter, or determined. It was shown that CIEF can be used to
vehicle crash). The current separation and detection analyze hemoglobin samples however separation of
methods employed for carboxyhemoglobin analysis hemoglobin from carboxyhemoglobin was not
have some flaws in their reproducibility and accuracy. completed in the time frame of this project.
CIEF is a separation method that can be used to
Histone Deacetylase and Methylation Inhibitors: Their Effect on Mitosis

in Human Mammary Tumor Cells
Researcher: Midn 1/C Christine Weeks, USN

Faculty Advisor: Assistant Professor Christine L. Copper
This project, a study of the target biological processes states. This study, carried out with the MCF-7 human
of antitumor drugs, had a goal of providing mammary tumor cell line, sought to show that deoxy-
information relevant to the biological mechanism of azacytidine, a methylation inhibitor, blocked cells in
cell growth inhibition. mitosis. It also investigated the interaction between
DNA methylation and hypoacetylation of core histone deacetylase inhibiting drugs FR-901228 and
histones have been linked to repression of gene Trichostatin A and the methylation inhibitor deoxy-
expression. Studies of gene silencing in imprinted azacytidine. Results revealed that the number of cells
mammalian genes have proven this phenomenon to blocked in mitosis increases with administration of
depend on mitotic inheritance of repressed chromatin histone deacetylase inhibitor in addition to methylation
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inhibitor deoxy-azacytidine. No connection was found cells increased with treatment with the methylation
between dosage of deoxy-azacytidine and number of inhibitor.
mitotic cells, though the overall number of mitotic
Development and Analysis of a Superoxide-luminol Chemiluminescent System in Aqueous

Solutions
Researcher: Midn 1/C Gregory T. Chesnut, USN

Faculty Advisor: Assistant Professor Daniel W. O’Sullivan
A study to develop luminol based chemiluminescence this study. Due to the high reactivity of the superoxide
as a means of analyzing superoxide in aqueous molecule, laboratory techniques for effective
solutions is presented. This analysis uses a specially superoxide study were developed. The use of a sodium
developed continuous-flow apparatus that allows the bicarbonate buffer to keep the reaction pH at 7 proved
desirable interaction between superoxide and luminol to be instrumental in the study of superoxide kinetics,
to be quantitatively recorded. The intensity of the as the signal at lower pH’s was inconsistent and a
chemiluminescent reaction between luminol and lower sensitivity. A standard curve for signal intensity
superoxide is measured by a photomultiplier tube. versus superoxide concentration was developed and a
Critical to this study is the preparation of stock study of the reaction kinetics of superoxide decay was
superoxide solutions for analysis. Saturated initiated.
superoxide solutions in DMSO prepared by filtration
proved to the most effective preparation method for
Rates and Reaction Mechanisms of Iron (II) with Superoxide

Using a Flow Injection Apparatus
Researcher: Midn 1/C Cory Durant, USN

Faculty Advisor: Assistant Professor Daniel W. O’Sullivan
This experiment employed the use of a flow injection ranges. The experiment demonstrates how Fe(II)
system for the analysis of iron(II) in aqueous solutions. interacts with superoxide intermediates in the presence
The purpose for the project was to design and construct of luminol reagent. The concentrations of Fe(II) was
a flow injection system to measure the kinetics of the found to be linearly related to chemiluminescence
reaction between Fe(II) and superoxide. The method intensity. Experiments were conducted to optimize the
for measuring was rapid and detected Fe(II) chemiluminescence intensity as a function of reagent
concentrations in both the micromolar and nanomolar flow rates, and reaction pH.
Comparison of Gas and Solid Phase Structures for a series of Aminopyridine Complexes
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CHEMISTRY
Researcher: Midn 2/C Robert J. Wheat, USN

Faculty Advisors: Associate Professor Wayne H. Pearson and Assistant Professor J.R. Hartman
We were involved with Mr. Wheat in the the report the results at an ACS student affiliate meeting
characterization of several multidentate nickel and in Blacksburg, VA. Publication is pending.
copper compounds. We guided the X-ray structural
work. He was able to solve several structures and
Permeation of Organic Solvents Through Natural and Synthetic Rubber Films
Researcher: Midn 1/C Brett Sterneckert, USN

Faculty Advisor: Assistant Professor Maria J. Schroeder
Natural and synthetic rubber films are intended as gloves and examine the applicability of Raman
chemical and physical barriers to potentially harmful spectroscopy in such studies. Permeation times for
agents such as viruses, pathogens, and toxic chemicals. benzene, cyclohexane, toluene, p-xylene, m-xylene,
Many of these products are typically manufactured and o-xylene through various commercial samples
from natural rubber latex (Hevea Brasiliensis). were determined using Raman spectroscopy. However,
Natural rubber can be processed into very thin films further refinement of the experimental apparatus and
which allow for high elasticity and tensile strength, yet conditions is required. Supporting evidence of
it remains relatively inexpensive to manufacture. One permeation was obtained by Scanning Electron
weakness is that rubber gloves are known to rip and Microscopy (SEM) studies of the surface and edge
tear, reducing their ability to protect the user against topology of the rubber films. By examining solvent-
possible contaminants. Defects in natural rubber exposed and unexposed samples, it was determined
arising from the manufacturing process or inherently that natural rubber gloves are more susceptible than
present in the material can also lead to failure. The synthetic gloves to damage from the organic solvents
goals of this project were to investigate permeation of tested.
organic solvents through natural and synthetic rubber
Development of the Plebe Chemistry Curriculum: Laboratory Experiments

and Demonstrations
Researchers: Midn 1/C Jacqueline McDowell, USN and Midn 1/C Susan Smith, USN
Faculty Advisor: Assistant Professor Maria J. Schroeder
Development of new laboratory experiments intended CO2 scrubber on a submarine, the chemistry of scuba
for the Plebe Chemistry course was the focus of this diving, and boiler water analysis. The submarine
research project. Experiments related to Navy atmosphere and scuba diving activities utilized Naval
applications and everyday life were created. Activities applications to teach chemistry concepts such as gas
with Naval applications included the operation of the laws, chemical reactions, and solubility. The applied
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nature of these exercises (i.e., what is the maximum beverage among midshipmen, it was selected as a test
depth a diver can descend with a certain sample. The relationship of sugar content and acidity
nitrogen/oxygen ratio in his or her tank?) would seem to tooth decay would be investigated and explicitly
to spark interest in the midshipmen. The boiler water observed by the students. The use of Quattro Pro, the
analysis suggested a procedure to include an unknown TI-92 calculator, and the Computer Based Laboratory
water sample. In lab, the students would be required (CBL) units would also provide exposure to other
to devise a procedure to analyze their water sample for technology in the laboratory. The synthesis of soaps
contaminants and report their findings in a clear, experiment would provide a good introduction to
technical memorandum. Considerations such as organic chemistry and the process of saponification as
sample size, accuracy, and time would have to be well as teaching students about something they use
addressed by the students. Experiments related to real- everyday.
world applications included the analysis of Coke and
the synthesis of soaps. Because Coke is a popular
Publications
CAMPBELL, Mark L., Associate Professor, constants of 1.0x10-10 and 3.0x10-10 cm3s-1,
"Temperature Dependent Study of the Gas-Phase Kinetics respectively. The disappearance rates for all the
of Zr(a3F2) and Hf(a3F2)," Journal of the Chemical reactants are independent of total pressure indicating
Society, Faraday Transactions, 94 (1998), 1687-1693. a bimolecular abstraction mechanism.
The gas phase reactivity of Zr(a3F2) and Hf(a3F2) with O2, CAMPBELL, Mark L., Associate Professor, "Kinetic
N2O, CO2, NO, H2O, SO2 and SF6 is reported. For Study of Gas-Phase Y(a2D3/2) and La(a2D3/2) with O2,
Zr(a3F2) the bimolecular rate constants (in molecule- N2O, CO2 and NO," Chemical Physics Letters, 294
1
cm3s-1) are described in Arrhenius form by k(O2) = (1998), 339-344.
(2.6±0.5)x10-10exp(-6.2±0.7 kJ·mol-1/RT), k(N2O) =
(1.6±0.3)x10-10exp(-3.3±0.6 kJ·mol-1/RT), k(CO2) = The second order rate constants of gas-phase
(1.4±0.2)x10-10exp(-5.1±0.4 kJ·mol-1/RT), k(NO) = Y(a2D3/2) and La(a2D3/2)with O2, N2O, CO2 and NO
(1.6±0.3)x10-10exp(-1.9±0.5 kJ·mol-1/RT), k(SF6) = as a function of temperature are reported. In all
(3.4±1.3)x10-10exp(-28±2 kJ·mol-1/RT) where the cases, the reactions are relatively fast. The
uncertainties are ±2ó. The rate constants for Zr reacting disappearance rates are independent of total pressure
with H2O and SO2 were temperature insensitive with indicating bimolecular abstraction processes. For
room temperature rate constants of 9.1x10-11 and 3.5x10-10 Y(a2D3/2), the bimolecular rate constants (in
molecule-1cm3s-1, respectively. For Hf(a3F2) the rate molecule-1cm3s-1) are described in Arrhenius form by
constants (in molecule-1cm3 s-1) are described in k(O2) = (2.2±0.1)x10-10exp(-3.5±0.6 kJ·mol-1/RT),
Arrhenius form by k(O2) = (1.2±0.1)x10-10 exp(-2.8±0.3 k(N2O) = (1.9±0.2)x10-10exp(-4.0±0.8 kJ·mol-1/RT),
kJ·mol-1/RT), k(N2O) = (1.5±0.2)x10-10exp(-11.3±0.5 k(CO2) = (1.0±0.1)x10-10exp(-2.3±0.6 kJ·mol-1/RT),
kJ·mol-1/RT), k(CO2) = (1.4±0.2)x10-10exp(-17.5±1.2 where the uncertainties are ±2ó. The rate constants
kJ·mol-1/RT), k(H2O) = (2.1±0.3)x10-11exp(-3.4±0.6 for Y reacting with NO are temperature insensitive
kJ·mol-1/RT), k(SF6) = (7±5)x10-10exp(-41±3 kJ·mol-1/RT). with a value of 1.0x10-10 molecule-1cm3s-1. For
The rate constants for Hf reacting with NO and SO2 were La(a2D3/2), the bimolecular rate constants for all the
temperature insensitive with room temperature rate reactants are near the gas kinetic collision rate.
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CAMPBELL, Mark L., Associate Professor, "Rules for Chemistry," 103 (1999), 2659-2663.
Determining the Ground State of a j-j Coupled Atom,"
Journal of Chemical Education, 75 (1998), 1339-1340. The gas phase association reactions of ground-state
manganese, iron, and ruthenium atoms with nitric
Rules for determining the ground state term and J state oxide are reported. The transition metal atoms were
for atoms described by jj coupling are presented. The produced by the 248 nm photodissociation of 2-
rules are straightforward and give the same ground state methylcyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl,
values of J determined using Hund's rules for L-S ferrocene, and ruthenocene. Detection of these
coupling. A table of jj coupled terms with their transition metal atoms was by laser-induced
associated J values is presented. Tables of the ground fluorescence. Manganese was found to be the least
state term and J state are included for all the neutral reactive with nitric oxide of the transition metals in
atoms and for ions with only one partially filled subshell. this work. The limiting low-pressure third-order
rate constant, ko, of Mn + NO + Ar can be expressed
CAMPBELL, Mark L., Associate Professor,"Kinetic as (9.5±2.5)x10-33 exp(-6.3±1.7 kJ·mol-1/RT)
Study of the Reaction of Rh(a4F9/2) with N2O, O2 and molecule-2cm6s-1. The ko for Fe + NO + N2 at 296 K
NO," Laser Chemistry, 17 (1998), 219-237. is (2.3±0.5)x10-32 molecule-2cm6s-1; this reaction is
independent of temperature over the range 296-622
The gas phase reactivity of Rh(a4F9/2) with N2O, O2 and K. Ruthenium was found to be the most reactive
NO is reported. Removal rate constants at 20 Torr for the toward NO. In Ar buffer, ko = (7.3±1.0)x10-30
excited states of rhodium below 13,000 cm-1 are also molecule-2cm6s-1 and the limiting high-pressure rate
reported. Rhodium atoms were produced by the constant k4 = (3.8±0.8)x10-11 molecule-1cm3s-1 for a
photodissociation of dicarbonyl(acetylacetenato) rhodium fixed broadening factor of Fc = 0.6. The
and detected by laser-induced fluorescence. The reaction uncertainties here represent precision. Recent
rate of the ground a4F9/2 state with N2O is relatively density functional theory calculations on transition
temperature insensitive. The rate constants are described metal mononitrosyls were combined with RRKM
in Arrhenius form by (1.3±0.3)x10-12exp(-1.3±0.8 kJ·mol- calculations to estimate the binding energies of the
1
/RT) molecule-1cm3s-1 where the uncertanties are ±2ó. Mn-NO and Fe-NO adducts.
The disappearance rates in the presence of N2O are
independent of buffer gas pressure indicating a CHEEK, Graham T., Professor, “Electrochemical
bimolecular abstraction mechanism. The reaction rates of Studies of Tantalum and Niobium in
the a4F9/2 state with O2 and NO are pressure dependent Chloroaluminate Systems,” Proceedings of the
and decrease with increasing temperature indicating Eleventh International Symposium on Molten Salts
adduct formation. For O2, the limiting low pressure XI, P.C. Trulove, H.C. De Long, G.R. Stafford, and
third-order, ko, and limiting high-pressure second-order, S. Deki, The Electrochemical Society, Inc., PV 98-
k4, room temperature rate constants in argon buffer are 11, pp. 205 - 216.
(6.6±0.6)x10-30 molecule-2cm6s-1 and (2.1±0.2)x10-11
molecule-1cm3s-1, respectively. For NO, ko and k4 are The electrochemical behavior of Nb4+ and Nb3+ in
(1.3±0.2)x10-30 molecule-2 cm6s-1 and (1.2±0.4)x10-11 the aluminum chloride: 1-ethyl-3-
molecule-1cm3s-1, respectively. The removal rates of the methylimidazolium chloride molten salt system has
excited states in N2O, O2 and NO are faster than the been studied. Although Nb3+ is virtually insoluble
ground state by a factor of 2 or more. in the acidic melt, Nb4+ is sufficiently soluble to
allow study of its voltammetric characteristics.
CAMPBELL, Mark L., Associate Professor, co-author, Electrochemical studies of TaCl5 in the aluminum
"Association Reactions of Manganese, Iron, and chloride : acetontrile solvent system have also been
Ruthenium with Nitric Oxide," Journal of Physical carried out, and the results shed some light on the
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CHEMISTRY
various pathways available to Ta5+ reduction.

Mass spectrometric investigation of noncovalent
CHEEK, Graham T., Professor, “Structure of Niobium interactions has been made possible with the advent
and Tantalum Complexes in Room-Temperature Molten of electrospray ionization technique. Early
Salts Using EXAFS,” Proceedings of the Eleventh electrospray studies of these interactions have
International Symposium on Molten Salts XI, P.C. typically examined biopolymers such as proteins and
Trulove, H.C. De Long, G.R. Stafford, and S. Deki, The nucleic acids. Noncovalent interactions also exist
Electrochemical Society, Inc., PV 98-11, pp. 217 - 226. between host cyclodextrins and various guest
molecules. In this work, we use electrospray mass
Coordination numbers for Ta+5 and Nb+5 in the aluminum spectrometry to examine noncovalent host-guest
chloride : EMIC molten salt system have been derived associations between cyclodextrins and several
from EXAFS data. The values are consistent with known organic molecules with the goal of identifying the
melt properties, decreasing as the melt acidity increases. types of interactions that predominate in the
The coordination numbers are interpreted as inclusion complexes formed. The importance of
corresponding to the number of chloride ligands on the “mild” electrospray conditions and sample
cental metal atom. The proposed structures also explain preparation procedures are discussed in reference to
the potential shift observed as initially basic melts are these studies. Ortho-, meta-, and para-nitrophenol
made acidic. are used as guest molecules with á, â and ã
cyclodextrin hosts to study the effects of host size,
COPPER, Christine L. Assistant Professor and guest substituent position, and host:guest
KOUBEK, Edward, Professor, “Kinetics of the concentration ratio on complex formation. Relative
Molybdate and Tungstate Catalyzed Oxidation of Iodide binding affinities are determined for meta- and para-
by Hydrogen Peroxide”, Inorganica Chimica Acta Vol nitrophenol and agree with other solution phase
288/2 pp 229-232. studies. We also present the first report of
complexes between the very hydrophobic polycyclic
Several studies of the Mo(VI) and W(VI) catalyzed aromatic hydrocarbon pyrene and â-cyclodextrin as
reaction of H2O2 with various substrates have been observed under “mild” electrospray conditions.
documented previously. The experiments described herein
attempt to settle some apparent contradictions in these GOMBA, Frank J., Associate Professor, co-author,
reports. Specifically, the oxidation of I- with H2O2 in the “Phosphazenes” in Synthetic Lubricants and High-
presence of molybdate or tungstate ion in an acid solution Performance Functional Fluids,2nd Ed, Leslie R.
was studied. The rate law for this system was found to be Rudnick and Ronald L. Shubkin, Eds., Marcel
rate1 = kcat[MoO24-][I-]+kuncat[H2O2][I-] with values of Dekker: New York•Basel (1999), 297-311.
kcat=3.87 M-1 s-1 and kuncat of 9.5 x 10-3 M-1 (at 22.8EC).
The values of ªH… for the molybdate catalyzed and Phosphazenes are ring or chain compounds
uncatalyzed reactions were found to be 39.4 and 56.8 kJ consisting of alternating phosphorus(P) and nitrogen
mol-1, respectively. Similarly, the value of kcat was found (N) atoms with two substituents attached to the
to be 32.7 M-1 s-1 and ªH… was found to be 41.1 kJ mol-1 phosphorus. The physical properties of the
(at 21.8EC) for same system catalyzed with tungstate phosphazenes vary considerably with molecular
rather than molybdate. weight and choice of substituents. Many of the cyclic
phosphazenes are either liquids or low melting
COPPER, Christine L., Assistant Professor, co- solids. As the molecular weight is increased by
author,“Probing Cyclodextrin-Guest Associations Using increasing the size of the substituent or number of P-
Electrospray Mass Spectrometry,” Supramolecular N repeating units, one can obtain oils and greases;
Chem., 1998, 9, 263-276. ultimately, elastomers and thermoplastics are
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CHEMISTRY
formed. Since phosphazenes contain phosphorus and by measuring forces between the tip and sample that
nitrogen, phosphazenes are inherently fire resistant and give rise to twisting or torsion of the tip. To obtain
much interest has been focused upon applications where meaningful results, one must have knowledge of the
fire resistance and thermal stability are important tip shape and radius, knowledge of the cantilever
properties. When halogen atoms are in the makeup of the force constants, and the specifics of nanometer-scale
substituents, the fire resistance is enhanced. The military contact mechanics. Tribological properties also can
has been especially interested in these properties and be studied on the atomic scale using molecular
early work (1960s) was centered around the development dynamics (MD) simulations. In this work, molecular
of fire-resistant, compression-ignition-resistant hydraulic mechanisms of energy dissipation, the chemical
fluids to meet the requirements of MIL-H-19457A. By nature of tribological interfaces, and tribochemistry
1986 the Ethyl Corporation produced 280 gallons of the and wear are all examined with both an AFM and
Navy’s Phosphazeneesterhydraulic MD simulations. These data complement each other
f l u i d : N 3P3( O C H 2 C F 3 ) 3.5( O C 6H5) 1.25( O C 6H4m- and lend insight into the fundamental nature of the
CH3)0.87(OC6H4-p-CH3)0.38.This fluid met the Navy’s tribology that occurs at interfaces.
physical and chemical property specifications. Although
the Phosphazene hydraulic fluid showed considerable HARRISON, Judith A., Associate Professor,
promise as a replacement for the current MIL-H-19457 Handbook of Micro/Nanotribology, ed. B. Bhushan,
fluid, the Navy curtailed the program because of the second edition, Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999,
projected cost ($12/lb, $144/gal). This high cost is due to Chapter 11, “Atomic-Scale Simulations of
the limited demand for Phosphazene fluids and the need Tribological and Related Phenomena”, pp. 525-594.
for expensive starting materials (trifluoroethanol and
chlorotrimer).The Navy has made the hydraulic fluid Atomistic computer simulations have had a major
available to other groups for testing purposes. A high impact in many areas of chemical, physical,
temperature lubricant, designated as X-1P by the Dow material, and biological sciences. This is largely due
Chemical Company has been shown to be superior to to enormous recent increases in computer power,
polyphenylene ether fluids in four ball wear tests. It also increasingly clever algorithms, and recent
improved the friction and wear properties of a developments in modeling interatomic interactions.
commercial pentaerythritol tetraester (PET) fluid. Other The last development in particular has made it
cyclophosphazenes are under investigation for use as possible to study a wide range of systems and
rotary pump lubricants, transmission oils, hydraulic processes using molecular dynamics simulations.
fluids, electrical insulating media, First, the details of molecular dynamics simulations
electroviscous/electrorheological fluids, magnetic which have contributed to the success of this
recording media, liquid cores for optical waveguides, approach in the study of adhesion, friction, wear,
chemical analysis, and as stabilizers for oils and greases. and related areas was reviewed. Second, an overview
The chemistry of polyphosphazene fluids is closely of the molecular dynamics technique itself was
related to that of polyphosphazene, and large scale presented. Finally, the recent scientific literature was
development in one of these areas could be a stimulus for reviewed and recent results presented. For example,
commercial development of all Phosphazene technology. simulations which examine the indentation of metals
and non-metals and the machining of metal surfaces
HARRISON, Judith A., Associate Professor, co-author, were discussed. The simulated properties of liquid
"Friction in the Presence of Chemical or Hard Coatings”, films confined to thicknesses on the order of atomic
Mat. Res. Soc. Bull., 23 (1998) 27-31. dimensions were also examined. The tribological
properties of solid surfaces, such as diamond and
An atomic force microscope (AFM) can be used to self assembled monolayers, were also reviewed.
measure tribological properties on the microscopic scale
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CHEMISTRY
HARRISON, Judith A., Associate Professor, Tribology addition, the effect of the metal center on the
Issues and Opportunities in MEMS, ed. B. Bhushan, reactivity of the complexes in the gas-phase is
Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998, “The analogous to solution-phase trends, suggesting that
Tribology of Hydrocarbon Surfaces Investigated using electronic structure strongly influences the gas-phase
Molecular Dynamics”, pp. 285-299. reactions. The results presented here represent
initial attempts to use ion-molecule chemistry to
Diamond’s potential usefulness as a material for MEMS study the structures of metal complexes.
has renewed interest in the atomic-scale friction and wear
properties of diamond. With this in mind, molecular HARTMAN, JudithAnn R., Assistant Professor and
dynamics simulations have been used to examine the Jonathan FAGINS, Midn 3/C, Be All That You Can
tribology of diamond surfaces in contact under a number Be?; “Excellence at What Cost?”, Editors: G. Lucas,
of experimentally relevant conditions. Friction was R. Madison, and C. Sompkins-Mullins; Annapolis,
examined as a function of applied load, in systems with MD; 1999 pp. 43 - 51.
hydrocarbon chains chemisorbed to one diamond surface,
and in systems with molecules trapped between the We are all familiar with the army’s advertising
contacting surfaces. The origin of friction was shown to slogan “Be all that you can be.” and at first glance
be directly related to the amount of energy dissipated it’s difficult to see how anyone could argue with the
during sliding. Differences in the friction were correlated values expressed in this slogan. In this IDS session
to the differences in simulation systems and atomic-scale we will explore the ethical limits to the means that
sliding mechanisms. Conditions that lead to the wear of should be used to maximize a persons mental and
the diamond surfaces and specific tribochemistry of the physical capabilities. Specifically we will explore
trapped molecules were elucidated. the ethical issues around using chemical methods
(supplements/drugs) to improve on the “natural
HARTMAN, JudithAnn R., Assistant Professor, co- ability” of people.
author, Ion-Molecule Reactions in a Quadrupole Ion The selected texts are from a special report in the
Trap as a Probe of the Gas-phase Structure of Metal “Navy Times” that explores the use of supplements
Complexes. J. Mass. Spec., 1998, 33, 1209-25. by officers and enlisted men in the Navy. These
articles summarize the current state of supplement
A method is described in which the coordination number use in the Navy and the known benefits and risks of
in metal complexes can be determined using ion-molecule a variety of supplements.
reactions in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer.
Complexes of first-row transition metals in the +2 HEUER, William B., Associate Professor, co-author,
oxidation state, including manganese through zinc, are “Influence of Hemicyanine Dye Structures on
isolated and allowed to react in the gas-phase, and the Spectral Properties of their Supramolecular
coordination number is ascertained by observing the Complexes with Amylose” Chem. Commun., 1998,
reagent ligands that successfully react with the complex. 2649-2650.
It was generally observed that six-coordinate complexes
are unreactive, five-coordinate complexes react with Hemicyanine chromophores bearing long-chain
pyridine and ethylamine, four-coordinate complexes react alkyl substituents on the donor and/or acceptor ends
with pyridine, ethylamine, and ammonia, and three- have been prepared. Absorption and emission
coordinate complexes react with all the reagent ligands spectra of their supramolecular complexes with
studied including water and methanol. The order of amylose have been studied in order to relate them to
reactivity for a given complex reacting with the various their supramolecular structures.
reagent ligands is found to follow the order of the
electron-donating ability of the reagent ligands. In HEUER, William B., Associate Professor, co-author,
226
CHEMISTRY
“Spectral Properties of Hemicyanine Dye in rate1 = kcat[MoO24-][I-]+kuncat[H2O2][I-] with values of

Supramolecular Confinement by Helical Amylose” kcat=3.87 M-1 s-1 and kuncat of 9.5 x 10-3 M-1 (at
Macromol. Symp., 1999, 138, pp. 79 - 84. 22.8EC). The values of ªH… for the molybdate
catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions were found to be
The Hemicyanine dye structure is modified with a C16- 39.4 and 56.8 kJ mol-1, respectively. Similarly, the
alkyl chain to amino-head and a C1, C8 or C16 alkyl to value of kcat was found to be 32.7 M-1 s-1 and ªH…
pyridinium-tail. Spectral properties of the dyes in was found to be 41.1 kJ mol-1 (at 21.8EC) for same
supramolecular inclusion complexation with amylose are system catalyzed with tungstate rather than
studied in order to assess the mono-functional polarity molybdate © 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights
sensing activity of the pyridinium cations in DMSO/H2O reserved.
mixtures. Inclusion complexation brings the lmax of
C16DASPC1 to a blue-shift (relative to that of the free-dye LOMAX, Joseph F, Associate Professor and
state) while those of the C16DASP(C8 and C16) dyes DILLNER, Debra K., Associate Professor, “A Series
remain almost unchanged. of CGI/Perl Scripts for Web-Based Feedback and
Reporting in the General Chemistry Laboratory:
ISLAM, Mohammad Q., Assistant Professor, co-author, Colorimetry", Chem. Educator, 1998, 3(6):S 1430-
“Lithium Complexes and the Kinetics of Interactions of 4171(98) 06258-8. Avail. URL:
Zinc Ions with Tetra(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin in http://journals.springer-ny.com/chedr/.
Basic Solution,” Transition Metal Chemistry, 23 (1998),
727-733. A series of CGI/Perl scripts for a chemistry
laboratory report have been written, implemented
The acidity of the H2P(4,3,and 2) porphyrins in base have and tested. These scripts assist the students by
been explored and found evidence for the dianions P(X)2 providing feedback on their data and analysis. Once
-
. This allows calculation of metalloporphyrin formation the students have learned how to correctly perform
constants. The dianions also forms mono-lithium adducts. the analyses, they submit their results to their
Kinetic studies on the rates of aquo and hydroxy zinc instructor, who can use the output for evaluation.
species reacting with various protonated forms of the Student assessment of this series of scripts is
peripherally tetrapositively charged H2-P(4) are included. overwhelming positive. Scripts are included and
The reactivity patterns are different from those previously programming considerations are discussed.
noted with octanegative porphyrins such as
uroporphyrin-I. The nature of such transition metal ion McCLEAN, Roy E., Assistant Professor, "Depletion
reactions with porphyrins is discussed. Kinetics of Nickel Atoms by Sulfur Dioxide,"
Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 103 (1999) 75.
KOUBEK, Edward, Professor, and COPPER, Christine
L. Assistant Professor, “Kinetics of the Molybdate and The gas phase depletion kinetics of Ni(a3FJ, a3DJ) in
Tungstate Catalyzed Oxidation of Iodide by Hydrogen the presence of SO2 are reported. Nickel atoms were
Peroxide”, Inorganica Chemica Acta Vol 288/2 pp 229- produced by the 248 nm photodissociation of
232, 30 May 1999. nickelocene and were detected by laser-induced
Several studies of the Mo(VI) and W(VI) catalyzed fluorescence. The ground term of Ni, a3F4, and the
reaction of H2O2 with various substrates have been two lowest-energy spin-orbit states, a3D3 and a3D2,
documented previously. The experiments described herein were found to react termolecularly (and with
attempt to settle some apparent contradictions in these identical rate constants) with SO2, an indication of
reports. Specifically, the oxidation of I- with H2O2 in the rapid interconversion between these states. The
presence of molybdate or tungstate ion in an acid solution limiting low-pressure third-order rate constant,
was studied. The rate law for this system was found to be measured over the temperature range 296 - 612 K,
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CHEMISTRY
can be expressed as ko(T) = 7.455 - 24.41 (logT) + 3.993 groups participated on a number of research cruises
(logT)2 cm6 molecule-2 s-1. A binding energy of 47 kcal in the Arabian Sea as part of the Joint Global Ocean
mol-1 was estimated by combining the kinetic results with Flux Study (JGOFS) sponsored by the National
unimolecular rate theory and density functional methods. Science Foundation (NSF). This paper gives the
The limiting high-pressure second-order rate constant results of our total inorganic carbon dioxide (TCO2),
over the temperature range is on the order of the collision total alkalinity (TA) and potentiometric pH
rate. The other spin-orbit states of both terms depleted measurements made on Arabian Sea water samples
quite rapidly in the presence of SO2, with rate constants during these cruises. Measurements made on
also on the order of the collision rate. Certified Reference Material (CRM) indicate that
the reproducibility of ± 0.007 in pH, ± 3.2 µmol kg-1
McCLEAN, Roy E., Assistant Professor, co-author, in TA, and ± 1.5 mol kg-1 in TCO2 (N = 180). The
"Association Reactions of Manganese, Iron, and surface measurements (0 to 30 m) of pH and
Ruthenium with Nitric Oxide," Journal of Physical normalized TCO2 and TA were quite uniform
Chemistry A, 103 (1999) 2659. throughout the year (pH = 8.1 ± 0.05, NTCO2 =
1950 ± 20 µmol kg -1 and NTA = 2290 ± 5 µmol kg -
1
The gas phase association reactions of ground state ). The larger variations in NTCO2 in the surface
manganese, iron, and ruthenium atoms with nitric oxide waters are related to changes due to primary
are reported. The transition metal atoms were produced production and the upwelling in the coastal waters.
by the 248 nm photodissociation of 2- The depth profiles of pH, pCO2, TA, and TCO2 were
methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, ferrocene, similar to those in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean.
and ruthenocene. Detection of these transition metal The components of the carbonate system (CO2,
atoms was by laser-induced fluorescence. Manganese was HCO3-, CO32-) and the saturation state (Ù) for calcite
found to be the least reactive with nitric oxide of the and aragonite were determined from the
transition metals in this work. The limiting low-pressure measurements of TA and TCO2. The waters below
third-order rate constant, ko, of Mn + NO + Ar can be 600 m and 3400 m in the Arabian Sea were under-
expressed as (9.5 ± 2.5) x 10-33 exp[-1.5 ± 0.4 kcal mol- saturated (Ù < 1.0) for aragonite and calcite,
1
/RT cm6 molecule-2 s-1. ko for Fe + NO + N2 at 296 K is respectively.
(2.3 ± 0.5) x 10-32 cm6 molecule-2 s-1; this reaction is The CO2 measurements have been combined with
independent of temperature over the range 296 - 622 K. the nutrient data to examine the stoichiometric ratios
Ruthenium was found to be the most reactive towards of C/N, C/P, C/O2, and C/SiO2 of the waters.
NO. In Ar buffer, ko = (7.3 ± 1.0) x 10-30 cm6 molecule-2 Marked differences were found for the waters above
s-1 and the limiting high-pressure rate constant k4 = (3.8 and below the oxygen minimum zone. The surface
± 0.8) x 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 for a fixed broadening water results have been used to develop the
factor of Fc = 0.6. The uncertainties here represent following stoichiometry for phytoplankton in the
precision. Recent density functional theory calculations Arabian Sea(CH2O)125(NH3)14(H3PO4)(SiO2)13. The
on transition metal mononitrosyls were combined with oxidation of this material is due to reactions with O2
RRKM calculations to estimate the binding energies of (77%) and NO3 (23%) with the resultant formation
the Mn-NO and Fe-NO adducts. of N2 and N2O. The maximum amount of organic
carbon oxidized has been estimated to e 3.1µmol kg -1
O’SULLIVAN, Daniel W., Assistant Professor, coin the deep waters with as much as 0.9 µmol kg -1 in
author, “The Carbon Dioxide System in the Arabian the oxygen minimum zone with NO3.
Sea,” Deep Sea Research, (December, 1998), 45(10/11),
2225-2253. These results, together with the organic material
data collected from the sediment traps, should be
In 1995 the WHOI (C. Goyet) and MIAMI (F. J. Millero) useful in characterizing the formation and
228
CHEMISTRY
degradation of plant material in the Arabian Sea. reached over 260 µatm close to the Omani coast in
January-February and July-August. Off shore the
O'SULLIVAN, Daniel W., Assistant Professor, co-author, pCO2sea variations with time were relatively small (<
“Temporal variation of the sea surface CO2/carbonate 40 µatm). The pCO 2air shifted by 15 µatm between
properties in the Arabian Sea”, Marine Chemistry, the northeast and southwest monsoons.
(December, 1998), 63(1), 69-79.
In order to estimate monthly and annual mean of
As part of the U.S. JGOFS program in the Arabian Sea CO2 flux in the Arabian Sea, we used sea surface
we have measured total CO2 (TCO2), and total alkalinity temperature and wind speed data, given on a 2.5E x
(TA) throughout the water column at selected station 2.5Eresolution, from FNMOC and interpolated the
locations. In addition we measured the fugacity of CO2 in observed pCO2sea data both in time and space. Close
surface seawater and in the air above seawater along the to the Omani coast, the estimated monthly mean
cruise tracks. Between 10oN and 20oN, these CO2 efflux across the air-sea interface varies from
measurements, repeated five times in January, March, 8.3 to 44 mmol m-2 month-1 during most of the year
July, November, and December 1995, show different and up to 312.8 mmol m-2 month-1 during the
temporal variations of the carbonate properties in surface southwest monsoon season (July/August). Overall,
seawater depending upon the different regional the annual mean CO2 flux from the northern
hydrological and biological regimes. In order to estimate Arabian Sea to the atmosphere is estimated to be
the relative importance of each process (physics, biology 0.46 mol m-2 yr-1 or 7.0 Tg C yr-1.
and thermodynamics) on the temporal carbon cycle in
these regions, we use a 1-D process model initialized with O’SULLIVAN, Daniel W., Assistant Professor, “The
the data from January 1995 and forced with Distribution of Hydrogen Peroxide and
climatological fields. The outputs of the model applied at Methylhydroperoxide over the Pacific and South
three locations (10oN 65oE; 14.5oN 65oE; and 19oN 65oE) Atlantic Oceans”, Journal of Geophysical Research,(
in the Arabian Sea are compared with US-JGOFS March, 1999), 104(D5), 5635-5646.
observations. The forcing terms and the "standard"
biological parameters reproduce the CO2 cycle at 10oN The gas phase hydrogen peroxide and
and 14.5oN. At 19oN, the “standard” biological activity methylhydroperoxide concentrations were measured
has to be reduced by a factor two to approach the observed in the troposphere over the tropical Pacific Ocean as
CO2 concentrations. The model outputs further point out a component of NASA’s Global Tropospheric
seasons of minimum and maximum fCO2 in surface Experiment/Pacific Exploratory Mission Tropics A
seawater at time periods where no data are available in field campaign. Flights on two aircraft covered the
October and May/June, respectively. Pacific from 70ES to 60EN and 110EE to 80EW and
south Atlantic from 40 ES to 15EN and 45EW to
O’SULLIVAN, Daniel W., Assistant Professor, co- 70EE, and extending from 76 to 13,000 m altitude.
author, “Temporal variations of pCO2 in surface seawater H2O2 and CH3OOH have the highest concentrations
of the Arabian Sea in 1995", Deep-Sea Research, (July, at a given altitude at the equator and decrease with
1998), 45(1), 609-623. increasing latitude in both the Northern and
Southern hemisphere. Above 4 km the gradient is
As part of the JGOFS program in the Arabian Sea we substantially reduced for both H2O2 and CH3OOH
continually measured the partial pressure of CO2 gas in with latitude, and at altitudes in excess of 8 km there
surface seawater (pCO2sea) and in the atmosphere above is no latitudinal dependence. H2O2 and CH3OOH
the sea surface (pCO2air) along six similar cruise tracks in exhibit maximum mixing ratios between 1 and 2 km
January, February, March , July , November, and at all latitudes. The mean mixing ratio of H2O2 at
December of 1995. The observed variations of pCO2sea the equator was 1600 ± 600 parts per trillion by
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CHEMISTRY
volume (pptv) decreasing to 500 ± 250 pptv at latitudes Solventless deposition of thin, uniform dielectric
greater than 55 degrees North and South between 1 and films is of considerable interest and importance in
2 km altitude. CH3OOH at the equator was 1400 ± 250 the microelectronics industry due to environmental
pptv, decreasing to 330 ± 200 pptv at high latitudes at concerns and increasing wafer sizes. This work
altitudes between 1 to 2 km. The concentration of demonstrates a solvent-free method for atmospheric
peroxides at high latitudes in the Northern hemisphere pressure chemical vapor deposition polymerization
was generally a factor of two higher than at of thin films on a variety of substances, including
corresponding latitudes in the Southern hemisphere. The silicon, molybdenum, platinum and copper.
ratio of H2O2 to CH3OOH was between 1 to 2 from 45ES Polymerization of 4-fluorostyrene (4FS) and
to 35EN at altitudes below 4 km. Between 5 to 15EN the pentafluorostyrene (PFS) is used as a model system.
ratio is less than one, due to preferential removal of H2O2 Depth profiling is performed using x-ray
in the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone(ITCZ). photoelectron spectroscopy, ellipsometry, and step
profilometry. Film growth is found to be
SCHROEDER, Maria J., Assistant Professor, co-author, independent of substrate, and proceeds with
“Normal Mode Relaxation of Polyisoprene in Blends with activation energies of 14 ± 1 and 15 ± 1 kcal/mol,
Vinyl Polybutadienes,” Macromolecules, 32(6), 2000- respectively for 4FS and PFS deposition between 425
2003. and 550 K. Films are shown by gel permeation
chromatography to consist of low molecular weight
When probe chains are dispersed in a network or higher polymer and oligimer species (between 3 and ~140
molecular weight matrix, the expectation from the repeat units). Atomic force microscopy analysis of
reptation model is that the terminal relaxation function films grown by this method indicates that the root
will narrow, due to suppression of constraint release. mean square thickness variation along the surface is
Previous experiments found no support for this about 2.5%.
prediction, although they relied on time-temperature
superpositioning to obtain spectra. These studies also TRULOVE, Paul C., Associate Professor, editor,
made use of polyisoprene (PI)/1,4-polybutadiene blends, Proceedings of the Eleventh International
whose thermodynamic miscibility is problematic. We Symposium on Molten Salts, Vol. 98–11, The
report measurements acquired with a broad-band Electrochemical Society: Pennington NJ, 1998.
dielectric spectrometer of the terminal relaxation of PI in
blends with polybutadiene having substantial 1,2-content. The Eleventh International Symposium on Molten
This mixture is thermodynamically miscible, thus Salts was held during the 193rd Meeting of the
excluding the possibility of phase separation. Electrochemical Society in San Diego, California,
Corroborating earlier work, we find that the experimental May 3-9, 1998. Over 70 papers were presented on
behavior is qualitatively opposite to the prediction. topics ranging from theoretical studies to
Suppression of constraint release broadens the terminal technological applications of molten salts. Authors
dispersion, increasing the deviation from the theoretical were from over fifteen different countries with well
relaxation function. This suggests that the common over half from outside North America. Funding for
assumption that reptation and constraint release are this meeting was provided by the Physical
independent processes is incorrect. Electrochemistry, the High Temperature Materials,
and the Electrodeposition divisions of the
SCHROEDER, Maria J., Assistant Professor, co-author, Electrochemical Society. Further funding was
“Vapor Deposition Polymerization of 4-Fluorostyrene and provided by the Air Force Office of Scientific
Pentafluorostyrene,” Journal of Vacuum Science and Research.
Technology - Part B, 17(1), 90-94.
TRULOVE, Paul C., Associate Professor, co-author,
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CHEMISTRY
“Investigations of the Electrodeposition of Aluminum and Shigehito Deki, Eds.; Vol. 98–11, The
Chromium from an Acidic Chloroaluminate Molten Electrochemical Society: Pennington NJ, 1998, pp.
Salt,” Molten Salt Chemistry and Technology 5, H. 205–216.
Wendt, Ed., Travis Tech Pubs. Ltd., Switzerland, 1998,
pp. 593. The electrochemical behavior of Nb4+ and Nb3+ in
the aluminum chloride:1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium
The electrochemical reduction of chromium (II) in acidic chloride molten salt system has been studied.
AlCl3:EMIC (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride) Although Nb3+ is virtually insoluble in the acidic
room temperature molten salt results in codeposition of melt, Nb4+ is sufficiently soluble to allow study of its
aluminum and chromium. Two reduction peaks are voltammetric characteristics. Electrochemical
observed in staircase cyclic voltammetry, with the first studies of TaCl5 in the aluminum
peak significantly smaller than the second. Constant cholride:acetonitrile solvent system have also been
potential deposition in the region of the first reduction carried out, and the results shed some light on the
peak results in the deposition of chromium rich BCC various pathways available to Ta5+ reduction.
chromium-aluminum alloys. Constant potential
deposition in the region of second peak results in the TRULOVE, Paul C., Associate Professor, co-author,
formation of aluminum rich FCC chromium-aluminum “Investigation of the Underpotential Deposition of
alloys. Evaluation of the chronoamperometric transient Lead on Gold in Basic and Acidic
behavior on platinum during electrodeposition of the first Room–Temperature Chloroaluminate Molten Salts,”
peak shows that the codeposition of chromium and in Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium
aluminum proceeds via three-dimensional progressive on Molten Salts, Paul C. Trulove, Hugh C. De Long,
nucleation with diffusion controlled growth. Gery R. Stafford, and Shigehito Deki, Eds.; Vol.
98–11, The Electrochemical Society: Pennington NJ,
TRULOVE, Paul C., Associate Professor, co-author, 1998, pp. 66–77.
“Structure of Niobium and Tantalum Complexes in
Room–Temperature Chloroaluminate Molten Salts Using The underpotential deposition (UPD) of lead on
XAFS,” in Proceedings of the 11th International polycrystalline gold was used to investigate the
Symposium on Molten Salts, Paul C. Trulove, Hugh C. De characteristics of the electrochemical quartz crystal
Long, Gery R. Stafford, and Shigehito Deki, Eds.; Vol. microbalance (EQCM) in room-temperature
98–11, The Electrochemical Society: Pennington NJ, chloroaluminate molten salts. The bulk and UPD
1998, pp. 217–226. reduction of lead on gold was observed in both
acidic and basic molten salts. The mass of the lead
Coordination numbers for Ta+5 and Nb+5 in the aluminum UPD in both acidic and basic melts, as determined
chloride:EMIC molten salt system have been derived from both EQCM charge and frequency data, were
from EXAFS data. The values are consistent with known essentially identical. These data indicate that the
melt properties, decreasing as the melt acidity increases EQCM is well behaved in these systems.
and the number of chloride ligands decreases. The
proposed structures also explain the potential shift TRULOVE, Paul C., Associate Professor, co-author,
observed as initially basic melts are made acidic. “The Electrodeposition of Aluminum–Manganese
Alloys from Room–Temperature Chloroaluminate
TRULOVE, Paul C., Associate Professor, co-author, Molten Salts,” in Proceedings of the 11th
“Electrochemical Studies of Tantalum and Niobium in International Symposium on Molten Salts, Paul C.
Chloroaluminate Systems,” in Proceedings of the 11th Trulove, Hugh C. De Long, Gery R. Stafford, and
International Symposium on Molten Salts, Paul C. Shigehito Deki, Eds.; Vol. 98–11, The
Trulove, Hugh C. De Long, Gery R. Stafford, and Electrochemical Society: Pennington NJ, 1998, pp.
231
CHEMISTRY
40–54. powerful vesicant that has been used in the past as a

chemical weapon. Its extreme toxicity makes
The electrochemical reduction of manganese (II) in acidic o b t a i n i n g
AlCl 3 :EMIC (aluminum chloride: 1–ethyl–3- experimental data to characterize this notorious
methylimadzolium chloride) room temperature molten c h e m i c a l
salt results in codeposition of aluminum and manganese. system very challenging. In this work, we have
Constant potential deposition in the region of the c a r r i e d
reduction peak results in the deposition of manganese out ab initio calculations on the geminal, cis, and
rich amorphous manganese-aluminum alloys. Constant t r a n s
potential deposition in the region of diffusion control isomers of Lewisite at a variety of levels of theory
results in the formation of aluminum rich amorphous employing both all-electron and effective-core
manganese-aluminum alloys. Evaluation of the p o t e n t i a l
chronoamperometric transient behavior on platinum basis sets. The aims are to ascertain the relative
during electrodeposition at the foot of the wave shows s t a b i l i t y
that the codeposition of manganese and aluminum of these three isomeric forms of Lewisite and to
proceeds via three-dimensional instantaneous nucleation characterize their structures, dipole moments, and
with diffusion controlled growth. conformational preferences. The trans isomer of
L e w i s i t e
URBAN, Joseph. J., Assistant Professor, co-author, and is found to be the most stable and the geminal the
Robert, L VON TERSCH, Major, USA co-author, l e a s t .
“Conformational Analysis of the Isomers of Lewisite” This is consistent with the experimental data
Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry, 12, (1999), a v a i l a b l e o n
95-102. the compositions of Lewisite mixtures.
Chlorovinyldichloroarsine, also known as Lewisite,

i s a
Presentations
CAMPBELL, Mark L., Associate Professor, "Reactions Studies of Tantalum and Niobium in Chloroaluminate
of Gas Phase Transition Metal Atoms," 15th Systems,” (Poster Session) Gordon Conference on
International Symposium on Gas Kinetics, Bilbao, Electrochemistry, Ventura, California, 19 January
Spain, 9 September 1998. 1999.
CHEEK, Graham T., Professor, “Electrodeposition of COPPER, Christine L., Assistant Professor, co-author,
Niobium from a Room-Temperature Molten Salt,” “Isolation and Characterization of Metabolic
(Poster Session) Gordon Conference on Intermediates from Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Electrodeposition, New London, New Hampshire, 10 Biodegradation,” paper presented at The Frederick
August 1998. Conference on Capillary Electrophoresis, Frederick,
MD, October, 1998.
CHEEK, Graham T., Professor, “Electrochemical
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CHEMISTRY
FERRANTE, Robert F., Associate Professor, co- HARRISON, Judith A., Associate Professor, "Utility of
author, Deposition Surface Properties and the Spectra Carbon Nanotubes when used as SPM Probes: A
of Deposited Ices, 30th Annual Meeting of the Division Molecular Dynamics Study”, Fall meeting of the
of Planetary Sciences, American Astronomical Society, Materials Research Society ,” Boston, MA, Nov 30-
Madison, WI, October 1998. Dec 4, 1998.
FERRANTE, Robert F., Associate Professor, co- HARRISON, Judith A., Associate Professor,
author, Laboratory Investigations of Catalysis on "Development of a New, Reactive Potential Energy
Grain Analogs, 30th Annual Meeting of the Division of Function to Study the Tribology of Hydrocarbon
Planetary Sciences, American Astronomical Society, Systems”, AFOSR/ONR/NSF Tribology Program
Madison, WI, October 1998. Review, Annapolis, MD, June 22-25, 1998.
FERRANTE, Robert F., Associate Professor, co- HARTMAN JudithAnn R., Assistant Professor,
author, Surface Effects and the Low Temperature PEARSON, Wayne G., Associate Professor, WHEAT,
Crystallization of Ices, Symposium on Phase Robert J., MIDN 2/C, co-authors “Solid, Solution, and
Transitions at Ice Surfaces, Centennial Meeting of the Gas-Phase Structural Studies for Nickel(II) and
American Physical Society, Atlanta, GA, March 1999. Copper(II) Complexes of a Series of Aminopyridine
Ligands.”, American Chemical Society 19th Annual
FITZGERALD, Jeffrey, Associate Professor, co-author, Undergraduate Research Symposium, Blacksburg, VA,
“New Subphthalo-cyanines and Subtriazaporphyrins,” 30 March 20, 1999.
1998 Gordon Research Conference on Inorganic
Chemistry, Newport, RI, 19 July, 1998. HEUER, William B., Associate Professor, co-author,
"Effect of Inclusion State of Hemicyanine Dye on the
HARRISON, Judith A., Associate Professor, "New, Spectral Properties” 2nd International Conference on
Reactive Potential Energy Function to Study the Polymer-Solvent Complexes and Intercalates”
Tribology of Hydrocarbon Systems”, International Fisciano, Italy, 31 August 1998.
Conference of Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films,
San Diego, CA, April 12-15, 1999. HEUER, William B., Associate Professor, co-author,
"Spectral Studies of Supramolecular Complexation of
HARRISON, Judith A., Associate Professor, "The Hemicyanine Dyes by Helical Amylose”Chemistry
Atomic-Scale Friction of Hydrocarbon Self-Assembled Department Faculty Research Seminar, U. S. Naval
Monolayers”, National Meeting of the American Academy, Annapolis, MD, 17 March, 1999
Chemical Society, Anaheim, CA, March 21-25, 1999.
HEUER, William B., Associate Professor, co-author,
HARRISON, Judith A., Associate Professor, "Spectral Properties of Hemicyanine Dyes in
"Adhesion, Friction, and Wear of Anchored Supramolecular Confinement by Helical Amylose”
Hydrocarbon Molecules on Diamond”, Gordon American Chemical Society National Meeting,
Research Conference on Polymers (West), Ventura., Anaheim, CA, 22 March, 1999.
CA, January10-15, 1999.
MCDONALD, David M., Commander, USN,
HARRISON, Judith A., Associate Professor, “Weather”, Waynewood Elementary School,
"Molecular Dynamics Simulations as a Tool for Alexandria, Virginia 4 February 1999.
Investigating Tribological Phenomena”, ASME/STLE
International Tribology Conference and Exposition, O’SULLIVAN, Daniel W., Assistant Professor,
Toronto, Canada, October 25-28, 1998. “Atmospheric chemistry of the hydroperoxides”,
Chemistry Department Seminar Series, USNA,
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CHEMISTRY
Annapolis MD, 21 October 1998. and Manganese from and Acidic Chloroaluminate
Molten Salts.” European Research Conference –
PEARSON, Wayne G., Associate Professor, Molten Salts: From Structural Aspects to Waste
HARTMAN JudithAnn R., Assistant Professor, Processing, Parquerolles Island, Hyeres France, 27
WHEAT, Robert J., MIDN 2/C, co-authors “Solid, June – 3 July 1998.
Solution, and Gas-Phase Structural Studies for
Nickel(II) and Copper(II) Complexes of a Series of TRULOVE, Paul C., Associate Professor, co-author,
Aminopyridine Ligands.”, American Chemical Society “Electrodeposition and Pitting Corrosion of
19th Annual Undergraduate Research Symposium, Aluminum–Manganese Alloys from
Blacksburg, VA, 30 March 20, 1999. Room–Temperature Chloroaluminate Molten Salts,”
Gordon Research Conference on Electrodeposition,
SCHROEDER, Maria J., Assistant Professor, Colby–Sawyer College, New London, NH, 9-11 August
“Learning Polymer Chemistry in the Undergraduate 1998 (Poster Presentation).
Laboratory,” Middle Atlantic Regional Meeting of the
American Chemical Society, Fairleigh Dickinson TRULOVE, Paul C., Associate Professor, co-author
University, Madison, New Jersey, 19 May 1999. “Electrodeposition of Niobium from a
Room–Temperature Molten Salt,” Gordon Research
SCHROEDER, Maria J., Assistant Professor, Conference on Electrodeposition, Colby–Sawyer
collaborator, “Segmental and Terminal Dynamics in College, New London, NH, 9 – 11 August 1998 (Poster
Miscible Rubber Mixtures,” 154th Rubber Division (of Presentation).
the American Chemical Society) National Meeting,
Nashville, Tennessee, 30 September 1998. TRULOVE, Paul C., Associate Professor, co-author,
“Application of the EQCM to the Study of
SHADE, Joyce E., Professor, co-author, "Frozen Nujol Electrodeposition from Room–Temperature
Matrix and Solution Photochemistry of Linked Chloroaluminate Molten Salts,” Gordon Research
Cyclopentadienyl-Allyl Compounds of Molybdenum Conference on Electrodeposition, Colby–Sawyer
and Chromium.” 216th National Meeting of the College, New London, NH, 9 – 11 August 1998 (Poster
American Chemical Society, Boston, MA, 23-27 Presentation).
August 1998.
URBAN, Joseph J., Assistant Professor, "Use of 3-D
SHADE, Joyce E., Professor, co-author, "Photolysis of Molecular Models in Instructional Chemistry Web
Rhodium Carbonyl Complexes in Solution and Frozen Pages" Curriculum Development Presentation, United
Nujol Matrices.” 217th National Meeting of the States Naval Academy, 22 Sept, 1998.
American Chemical, Anaheim, CA, 21-25 March 1999
WHITAKER, Craig M., Assistant Professor,
TRULOVE, Paul C., Associate Professor, co-author, “Chemistry in My Life,” US Naval Academy Internal
“Investigation of The Electrodeposition of Aluminum Seminar Series, Annapolis, MD, March 2, 1999.
DEPARTMENT OF
234
Computer Science
Commander Joseph G. Kovalchik, USN
Chairman
During the 1998-1999 academic year, the Computer Naval Research Laboratory and the National Science
Science Department continued to conduct important Foundation funded faculty members of the department.
research including that which solidly involved The Computer Science Department had a productive
Midshipmen. Student research continued to prosper. year. Overall, there were seven publications and six
The department encouraged its faculty to seek summer presentations.
support through outside funding. Last summer the
Sponsored Research
Advanced Decision Aids
Researcher: Professor Patrick R. Harrison

Decision Aids (DA) are used to support information alone mode. Rather, they must be integrated with and
intensive tasks such as help-deck, diagnosis, training embedded in other tools. Therefore, DA practitioners
systems, distance education, non-linear tactical must have access to tools that address practical issues
planning and training. In large-scale, real-time in the course of building their applications. These
planning, strategic and tactical situation assessment include the ability to identify and consider the merits
and other complex domains critical to the Navy, of alternative forms of solution representation and
current DA technologies needs to be extended and reasoning including prototyping and simulation
developed in a variety of ways. In particular, progress support. This program includes building,
is needed in verification and validation, indexing demonstrating and eventually disseminating such next-
information, reasoning about possible solutions, generation capabilities.
solution adaptation and the integration of varieties of
representations. DA systems rarely can solve complex
problems in a stand-
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COMPUTER SCIENCE
Situation Readiness in Autonomous Systems (SARAC)

Future unmanned vehicles require sensor systems and This was accomplished by staying towards the middle
software that can cope with tactical situations that of the course. It was also important for the trailing
involve an adversary, response to a changing boat to avoid getting caught outside the lay lines
environment, navigate, adapt to degraded levels of during wind shifts. There were certain rules of the
situational awareness, resist spoofing, jamming and road that applied to both boats. It was essential to be
other countermeasures, learn and work cooperatively able to define who had the right of way, and to use this
with allied vehicles. right of way as a technical advantage. It was also
This project involved a match race using two necessary to understand which rules applied in a given
sailboats with (at least) one containing a cognitive situation. The defining points for situational
system that would evaluate sensor input and provide awareness were as follows: 1) Same tack/Opposite
tactical suggestions. The course was either linear or Tack, 2) Right of Way/No Right of Way, 3)
triangle. In either event, the first mark was always Windward/Leeward, 4) Close Hauled/Reaching
upwind. With a linear course, the second mark was Running. From these defining points, 24 basic
directly downwind. After rounding the second mark situations were established in Option Space.
the boats headed upwind to the finish line. With a Two types of sensors were used on the boat. Global
triangle course, the second mark was approximately Positioning System (GPS) provided latitude, longitude,
225 degrees from the first mark, while the third mark and time. B&G provided options such as boat speed,
was 180 degrees from the first mark. After rounding heading, apparent wind speed, true wind speed, and
the third mark, the boats headed upwind to the finish wind angle. The boat had a laptop computer running
line. The first objective during the race was to stay Windows NT (at least 233 MHz) with 64 MB of RAM.
between the opponent and the next mark. For the lead The system ran GIS and Tactician software. GPS and
boat, this involved forcing the opponent beyond the lay B&G data is fed asynchronously through COM ports
lines, thus requiring the opponent to sail a longer to the GIS software. The data transfer was between
course. In order to accomplish this, the lead boat 1Hz and 4Hz. GIS fused this data into a data string
might have to move outside the lay lines as well. The which is then sent to the Tactician software.
goal of the trailing boat was to maximize its options.
Intelligence Decision Aids in the Enterprise

This research program is focused on n-tiered Client- between clients. Current work has been exploring
Server concepts to redevelop and reinvent Intelligent technologies and approaches that support the design
Decision aids. The goal is to define and implement and implementation of applet-based thin clients.
powerful Decision Aids that provide for very quick Rapid advances in software technology and internet-
delivery and that encourage high degrees of interaction based solutions are enabling research to rapidly take
236
COMPUTER SCIENCE
new directions. Agent concepts are being re-evaluated degree to which the user can interact with the system
and developed against the backdrop of advanced during development also is producing new models of
software concepts such as SERVLETS, CORBA, design, development and especially testing.
DCOM and Enterprise Java Beans. Next generation During the current period, several distributed applet-
decision systems will integrate these technologies into based systems have been designed and implemented
N-tiered architectures with fully integrated database using CORBA and servlets. A basic model for the
support. This research also focuses on intelligence development of these systems and management of
directed towards query generation, focus and security has resulted. This model is detailed in a
transformation, knowledge reorganization, data Technical Report currently being written. For this
reduction and data quality. These elements will year, the goal is to deliver a proof of concept in the
becoming increasingly important in fast delivery form of design concepts for web-based Decision aid
interactive systems with essentially instant customer tool that allows for interactive use over the net.
response time. Response time to delivery and system
modification is clearly a major step forward. The
Computational Solutions for Protein Structure Prediction
Researcher: Associate Professor Andrew T. Phillips

This research project, currently in its third year, involves collecting a large number of conformers,
involves the study of solution methods for the protein each
structure prediction problem. The protein structure attained by finding a local minimum of the potential
prediction, or protein folding problem, attempts to energy function from a random starting point. The
predict the native, or folded, state of a protein in three- information from these conformers is then used to
dimensional space, given its primary sequence of form a convex quadratic global underestimating
amino acids. One common approach for a solution is function for the potential energy of the known
to treat each complex amino acid as a single sphere, or conformers. The minimum of this under-estimator is
"united atom," and to model each peptide linkage used to predict the global minimum for the function,
between residues by a virtual bond between spheres. allowing a localized conformer search to be performed
Computational efforts being examined rely on two based on the predicted minimum. The new set of
major assumptions: (1) for any specific molecular conformers generated by the localized search can serve
conformation, a corresponding potential energy as the basis for another quadratic underestimation.
function can be computed, and (2) the three- After several repetitions, the global minimum can be
dimensional, folded state corresponds to the global found with reasonable assurance. The conformer
minimum of this energy function. The optimization which lies at the global minimum represents the three-
method being used to minimize the potential energy dimensional folded state of the molecule.
237
COMPUTER SCIENCE
The Andes Project

Researcher: Professor Kay G. Schulze
Classical physics is a prerequisite for virtually all of the project is to help students at the U. S. Naval
university-level study of science and technology, and Academy understand the concepts underlying force,
yet is notoriously difficult for students to learn. The energy, work, motion, and other topics in classical
Andes Project is an intelligent tutoring system that is mechanics.
intended to be used as a “homework helper” for
students taking Physics I. One of the main objectives
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Network Analysis Tool
Researcher: CDR J. G. Kovalchik, USN
This is a cooperative research program with Naval traffic descriptors on Windows NT platforms.
Research Laboratory Information Technology Software models are constructed using the Unified
Divisional Communications System Branch, Integrated Modeling Language. Active Data Objects are used to
Communication Technology, Code 5523. State-of-the- access the underlying database.
art technologies are being applied to develop software
applications to test commercial ATM network
equipment under various qualities of service and
Weighted MinMax Algorithm for Color Image Quantization
Researcher: Assistant Professor Paula Reitan
The maximum intercluster distance and the maximum MinMax that is a hybrid between the MinMax and
quantization error that are minimized by the MinMax Linde-Buzo-Gray (LBG) algorithms is also described.
algorithm are shown to be inappropriate error The weighted MinMax algorithm incorporates activity
measures for color image quantization. A fast and weighting and seeks to minimize WRMSE, whereby
effective (improves image quality) method for obtaining high quality quantized images with
generalizing activity weighting to any histogram-based significantly less visual distortion than the MinMax
color quantization algorithm is presented. A new non- algorithm..
hierarchical color quantization technique call weighted
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COMPUTER SCIENCE
Publications
NEEDHAM, Donald M., Assistant Professor, S. support for the automated generation of Ada95
Demurjian and M. McMahon, “Concurrency in Object- software constructs that maintain object
Oriented Propagation Modeling Using Ada95", interdependency at runtime. We focus on our
Proceedings of the 12th Annual ASEET Symposium, propagation model’s use of Ada95 tasking constructs
Monterey, CA., July 27-30, 1998. pp. 92-100. and protected objects, with an emphasis on the source
level mechanisms through which our model utilizes
Modeling object interdependency within an object- concurrency. We present constructs required for an
oriented application requires design-time mechanisms Ada95 distributed propagation model that supports
for specifying object interrelationships, as well as communication through CORBA.
software constructs for the runtime maintenance of
these relationships. In this paper, we present our REITAN, Paula J., Assistant Professor, “3D
technique for the design-time modeling of Visualization of Color Image Histograms”. Computer
propagations (our term for the relationships between Network and ISDN systems, 30(20-21) (November
interdependent objects), with a focus on the 1998), 2025-35.
concurrently executing portions of our propagation
model. We examine our propagation model as Color quantization is a useful method for obtaining
implemented using Ada95's tasking constructs, and high-quality compressed images for storage and
present the source level mechanisms through which subsequent distribution via the World Wide Web. The
our model achieves concurrency. The concurrency first step of most color quantization techniques is to
embedded within our approach to propagation create a histogram of the colors in the truecolor image.
modeling allows the development of software The dramatic differences in time and space efficiency
applications that more fully utilize environments of various data structures used to represent truecolor
supportive of multi-tasking. image histograms are visually explored in 3D. Spatial
subdivisions use buckets to store colors in a portion of
NEEDHAM, Donald M, Assistant Professor, S. the RGB cube. Linked lists are the typical data
Demurjian and T. Peters, “Towards a Distributed structure used for buckets; we propose using red-black
Object-Oriented Propagation Model Using Ada95", trees and treaps. Our visualizations highlight the
Proceedings of SIGAda99, Redondo Beach, CA, clustering property of spatial subdivision methods.
October 17 - 21, 1999, pp. 203 - 210..
REITAN, Paula J., Assistant Professor, “Hybrid
Representing interdependencies between the objects of Approaches to Color Image Quantization”, Ph.D.
an object-oriented software application requires Dissertation, University of Maryland Baltimore
design-time mechanisms for specifying object County, 1999.
interrelationships, as well as software constructs for
the runtime maintenance of these relationships. In this Color image quantization is the irreversible
paper, we present a portion of our software engineering transformation of a truecolor image into a color-
research environment ADAM, (short for Active Design mapped image consisting of K carefully selected
and Analyses Modeling), which incorporates a representative colors. There are many possible
tchnique for the design-time modeling of propagations mappings of a truecolor image to a quantized image
(our term for the relationships between interdependent using K colors. The primary goal of color quantization
objects). We examine the ADAM environment’s is to minimize the visual distortion between the
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COMPUTER SCIENCE
original image and the quantized image. heterogeneous-cut algorithm is the fastest.
This dissertation proposes a heterogeneous-cut This dissertation shows that the maximum
algorithm that combines the speed of oct-cut methods intercluster distance is not an appropriate error
with the accuracy of 24 bit precision, variance- measure for color image quantization (MinMax).
minimization and principal component oblique-cut Furthermore, this dissertation proposes a new non-
methods to achieve high quality quantized images hierarchical color quantization technique called
quickly. This dissertation also presents a fast and weighted MinMax that is a hybrid between the
effective (improves image quality) method for MinMax and Linde-Buzo-Gray (LGB) algorithms.
generalizing activity weighting to any histogram-based The new method incorporates frequency (or activity
color quantization algorithm. The value of the weighting) information in order to obtain high quality
heterogeneous-cut algorithm and activity weighting is quantized images with significantly less visual
validated by a comprehensive empirical analysis of distortion than he MinMax algorithm. However, the
thirty-nine other hierarchical color quantization running time of both the MinMax and the weighted
techniques using a test set consisting of twenty-five MinMax algorithm is not competitive with any of the
diverse images. Of the high quality quantization hierarchically divisive methods.
techniques studied in the analysis, the proposed
Technical Reports
HARRISON, Patrick, Professor, (co-author), “NAC: Group, “A Networked Wizard-of-Oz Experiment to

An Adaptive Case-Based Reasoning Tool for Study the Effect of Communication on Decision-
Experimenting with Retrieval and Indexing”, NRL Making Performance”, NRL/FR/5510--99--9901,1999
Report NRL/MR/5520-98-8146, 1998.
Verbal communication is a crucial aspect of Naval
NAC is a testbed for experimenting with concepts of Command anc Control (C(C) environments and an
retrieval and indexing in Case-Based Reasoning frequently be so heavy as to overwhelm the entire CIC
(CBR). The paper describes similarity functions and process. We began this research to identify verbal
decision functions used for retrieval as well as communication that could possible be eliminated or
methods for re-indexing and case organization. The transferred to the computer interface in order to
paper also describes methods for weighting attributes, reduce he verbal communication traffic on the
analyzing their dependence and evaluation the command net. This paper describes the
importance index of a singly stored case. Methods implementation of a networked, software package that
employed for retrieval and indexing are based on compares human-to-human, human-to-computer,
mathematically sound techniques developed in computer-to-human and computer-to-computer
classification, clustering and decision analysis. NAC communications.
includes basic functions for specifying similarity, This software is a Wizard-of-Oz simulation in which
normalizing data and evaluation.. Retrieval is done the subject must determine the threat level of two
using both non-parametric and parametric statistical targets. The threat-level can be determined by
procedures with weighted attributes. querying eight attributes, such as speed, for each
target and classifying each as very threatening,
SCHULZE, Kay G., Professor, and Lisa B. Achille, somewhat threatening, or non threatening. Based on
Astrid Schmidt-Nielsen, Bronwen Deubner, and Janet these classifications, the subject can choose among
240
five threat levels. The subject perceives that the appropriate acknowledgments are either verbal or
attribute information is being provided by two people, computer generated.
although only one wizard is used. The
communication of the attribute information and the
Presentations
NEEDHAM, Donald M., Assistant Professor, “An SCHULZE, Kay G., Professor, “ANDES: A Coached
Object-Oriented Approach to Maintaining Problem-Solving System for Basic Physics,”
Topological Tolerances for CAD/CAM”, Naval Educating Our Nation’s Leaders, West Point, NY,
Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, MS, April 1999.
February 18, 1999.
SCHULZE, Kay G., Professor,“Computer Ethics Five
NEEDHAM, Donald M., Assistant Professor, Years Later: How Far Have We Come and Where Are
“Concurrency in Object-Oriented Propagation We Going,” Workshop at SIGCSE ‘99, New Orleans,
Modeling Using Ada95", 12th Annual ASEET LA, March 1999.
Symposium, Monterey, CA., July 30, 1998.
SCHULZE, Kay G., Professor, “A Tutoring System
REITAN, Paula, J., Assistant Professor, “Hybrid for Classical Physics” American Association of
Approaches to Color Image Quantization.”, Ph.D Physics Teachers, Anaheim, CA, January 1999.
Dissertation defense, University of Maryland
Baltimore County, 11 December 1998.
241
DEPARTMENT OF
______________________________________________________________________________
Mathematics
Professor Michael W. Chamberlain
Chair
Mathematics provides a logical framework and a Flavors" (William Withers)

language indispensable to understanding the technical -Joshua Wood, (Honors and Trident Scholar)
world in which we live. The following description "Error Statistics of Time-Delay Embedding Prediction
summarizes the many contributions to this field of on Chaotic Time Series" (Erik Bollt)
study made during the past academic year by the Once again, the USNA Mathematics Department
faculty and midshipmen of the Mathematics produced a wide range of scholarly work that appeared
Department of the U.S. Naval Academy. The results as technical reports or publications in refereed journals
cited reveal the great scope, diversity, and applicability throughout the world. Dozens of particles appeared as
of mathematics and offer glimpses of its intellectual applications of mathematics or as pure mathematical
beauty and appeal. research. Topics that Mathematics Department faculty
Several midshipmen conducted research projects researched include: mathematics pedagogy, chaos and
either as Honors Mathematics Majors or in specially dynamical systems, mathematical physics and
created projects under the guidance of faculty cosmology, parallel computer applications, astronomy,
members. Several faculty spent many hours serving as algorithms for computers, wavelets, cryptology, ocean
mentors and readers for capstone projects required of acoustics, navy ship degaussing, missile systems
all midshipmen majors. Listed next are some of our assessment, antenna design, and basic mathematical
mathematics majors, projects and the faculty mentors: research in areas such as algebra, combinatorics,
-Brendan Beer, (Honors) "Determining Buoy differential equations, matrices, number theory,
Pattern and Ownship's Position from Bearing operator theory, and statistics.
Information" (Peter Andre) In addition to many independent research
-Richard Bower, (Honors) "Tiling Rectangles projects, several research projects were sponsored in
with Rectangles"(T.S. Michael) whole or part by a variety of sources, such as:
-Jeremy Hoffmann, "Parallel Knockout Processes
on Graphs" (T.S. Michael) The Johns Hopkins University/Applied Physics Lab
-Alexander Holston, (Honors) "Bipartite Ramsey Office of Naval Research
Problems" (T.S. Michael) Naval Research Laboratory
-Alexander Leanos, (Honors) "Properties of Naval Air Warfare Center
Elliptic Curves and Their Applications Toward the Naval Surface Warfare Center
Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem" (Courteny Moen) Naval Academy Research Council
-Pavel Lincoln, (Honors) "The Symmetric Level National Science Foundation
Index System of Computer Arithmetic" (Peter Turner) National Security Agency
-Justin Montague, (Honors) "A Solution to Ulam's Natural Sciences & Engineering Council of Canada
Problem with Error Correction Codes" (David Joyner)
-Kate Oliver, (Honors) "Tiling Infinitely in Three During the past year, members of the USNA
242
MATHEMATICS
Mathematics Department presented the results of their expand their intellectual horizons and stay vital in
scholarly activities on nearly sixty occasions at their disciplines. They contribute to the discovery of
professional mathematical meetings and colloquia new mathematics. And they develop new materials
throughout the United States and abroad. This and ideas that they can share with midshipmen
activity,along with publication, enhances the academic students in their mathematics courses and research
stature of the Naval Academy and promotes the projects.
professional growth and reputation of those individuals
involved. Through research activity, the faculty
Sponsored Research
Shallow Ocean Acoustics
Researcher: Professor James L. Buchanan

In order to realistically model sound transmission in a simulate the scattered acoustic field by solving systems
shallow ocean the acoustic properties of the seabed of linear equations derived from integrals of the
below must be taken into account. The seabed has acoustic field over the surface of the scatterer. Two
been modeled variously as a completely rigid slab, a methods of reconstructing the shape of the scatterer,
dense fluid, or an elastic slab. A more realistic model assumed to be a solid of revolution, are being
needs to admit the porous nature most surficial investigated. The first one is the Intersecting
sediments. In a poroelastic sediment model the seabed Canonical Boundary Approximation (ICBA) which
is taken to consist of a viscoelastic frame with an attempts to match the acoustic field locally to the field
interstitial pore fluid. For the last five years the of a cylinder. This method works well unless the
researcher and his collaborators have been source/receiver is located at a near null of the acoustic
investigating sound transmission in the ocean over a field. Hence for this method to be successful the
poroelastic seabed. Recent work has included frequency of the source must be varied to avoid such
computing acoustic pressure in the near field over a nulls. Another limitation is that it yields an estimate
one layer seabed using a modal solution combined with of the radius of the object only at depths where a
integrals along certain branch cuts, computing acoustic source/receiver unit is located. A second approach that
pressure in an ocean with depth-varying sound speed, was tried was to recover the Fourier coefficients of the
computing pressure in the far field over a two layer scatterer. This method uses perturbation expansions of
seabed using a modal solution, and computing pressure the integrals used to calculate the forward field to
in the far field using a numerical technique called obtain expressions for the scattered field as a function
parabolic approximation. The solution of the problem of the Fourier coefficients of the scatterer which allow
described above is a component of the solution of an calculation of the field efficiently enough to be used in
important practical problem in ocean acoustics, that of an inversion scheme. Many inversion techniques
recognizing the shape and/or composition of an object require this distance to be known a priori. Second it is
in the water or lying on the seabed. The investigator capable of finding the location and dimensions of the
and his collaborators made progress on the problem of object from relatively sparse source-receiver
recognizing the location and shape of an object configurations. Further worked planned on this
floating in the ocean under the simple assumption that problem includes extension of the technique to shapes
the seabed is perfectly reflecting. Our approach was to more general than solids of revolution and use of the
243
MATHEMATICS
more sophisticated models of the seabed described

above.
Closed-loop Degaussing Using Both Naval Vessels and Scale
Researcher: Associate Professor Gary O. Fowler

Sponsor: Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC)
Naval vessels containing ferrous material emit detectable scale model to predict measurements on the naval
magnetic signals. The Naval Surface Warfare Center v e s s e l .
(NSWC) administers a project that studies and measures This analysis is both statistical and mathematical in
this phenomenon. Data is collected from naval vessels nature. It includes both the design of the
under a variety of conditions and from scale models under e x p e r i m e n t s a n d
similar conditions. A goal of the project is to connect this the analysis of the data.
data in a manner that will allow measurements from the
Extraction of Pulsar Signals Buried In Noise
Researchers: Associate Professor Sonia Garcia, Associate Professor Colin Ratcliffe (Mechanical
Engineering Department), and Professor Bill Bagaria (Aerospace Engineering Department)
Pulsars that are in the Milky Way Galaxy can be used developed the mathematical basis for the unique data
for orbital velocity and position determination. The extraction technique. The starting point for the theory
signals from the pulsars are periodic pulses. However, was the cross-correlation function. This theory was
because the signal level is very low (the signals can be then modified and developed into a data extraction
10 orders of magnitude below the noise) classic signal technique called the RBG (Rapid Binary Gage)
processing procedures to detect and analyze the signal function. The cross-correlation function requires on
require averaging the signal over a period of hours to the order of O(N^2) multiples, and on the order of
months. In order to use the pulsar signals for orbital O(N^2) adds, where N is the number of data points in
velocity and position determination, it is necessary to the digitized signal. The RBG function only requires
analyze the pulsar signal based on as short of a time as O+(Np N) adds. Here, Np equals the number of data
possible (on the order of minutes). Prior to the current points during the pulsed portion of the signal, and NP
research, preliminary tests were conducted using N. Therefore, the required number of adds is greatly
existing lab equipment. Signals for durations of about reduced. Also, the RBG does not require any
two minutes were captured, digitized and stored. A multiplies! Using the RBG function, the period of the
unique method of data extraction was developed based pulsar signal is determined. An unexpected result of
on random vibration techniques. Custom software the theory was that the temporally averaged waveform
programs were written (by Professor Ratcliffe) to of the pulsar signal could also be determined! In order
extract the pulsar signal from the background noise. to use pulsars for navigation, it was only necessary to
During this past summer, new lab equipment was extract the period of the pulsar signal from the noise.
ordered for this research project. This equipment has Being able to determine the temporally averaged
now been delivered, and is being set up. The waveform allows the conduction of pulsar research
theoretical research, conducted this past summer, using “smaller” (about 12 m) aperture antennas rather
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MATHEMATICS
than the “larger” (about 90m) aperture antennas. A C. Ratcliffe. The preliminary cross-correlation theory
technical paper of this research is in progress, and will was due to Professor Bagaria. The detailed
be submitted for publication. Acknowledgments: The mathematical analysis was by Professors S. Garcia,
preliminary idea to use pulsar for navigation was due and W. Bagaria.
to LtCol B. Smith. The preliminary signal extraction
technique and computer program was due to Professor
Stability of Spacetimes with Mild Singularities

or Cauchy Horizons
Researcher: Professor Deborah A. Konkowski

The researcher is studying mild singularities and that the main problem was the unphysical nature of
Cauchy horizons in spacetime models. Mild null dust which is pressure-less even when it piles up.
singularities include quasiregular and nonscalar A new improved conjecture was postulated which
curvature singularities. In the former, particle paths accounted for the “shell-focusing” singularities in anti-
may end with no accompanying catastrophes, while in deSitter spacetime and for a beam of null dust incident
the latter, some particles moving near the singularity on an impulsive gravitational wave. A more serious
will feel infinite tidal forces, but not all do. In most problem was indicated, however. The conjecture could
cases the spacetime models examined satisfy Einstein’s fail when a curvature singularity occurred only in the
equations. In particular, the researcher is using a Weyl tensor and not the Ricci tenor. The previous
conjecture she and T.M. Helliwell first published in examples were “fixable” since they depended solely on
1985 to predict whether various mild singularities and the null dust behavior, but other examples were found
Cauchy horizons are stable. Thus far the conjecture which were more serious. These occurred in Reissner-
has held true for the quasiregular singularities in Nordstrom or Reissner-Nordstrom-deSitter with power
Taub-NUT-type cosmologies and in Khan-Penrose law in-falling but impulsive outgoing null dust. The
spacetime when fields are added. When applied to the improved conjecture failed in these cases because the
quasiregular singularity in Bell-Szekeres spacetime outgoing radiation creates a Weyl curvature singularity
and the nonscalar curvature singularity and Cauchy which persists along the Cauchy horizon to the future
horizon in a type-V LRS spacetime, a prediction was of its point of origin. Null dust density always stays
possible but no exact solutions were available for finite. The conjecture has been shown to be completely
comparison. A study of the Cauchy horizons in reliable in indicating Ricci-tensor singularities. In a
Reissner-Nordstrom spacetime using the conjecture multitude of cases where exact solutions have not been
correctly predicted the effects of null dust when carried out, it can indicate whether singularities form,
compared with exact solutions. The Cauchy horizons and what type they should be. It is, of course, no
in the Kerr spacetime were predicted to be generally substitude for exact back-reaction calculations. With
unstable to the addition of null dust but no exact an eye towards proving the conjecture, we examined
solutions were known for comparison. Two years ago the Cauchy horizons which occur in plane-wave
the Cauchy horizons in anti-deSitter spacetime were spacetimes. Two stability theorems, based on the
shown to be unstable to the addition of null dust. For conjecture, for aligned fields (scalar, electromagnetic,
the first time the conjecture failed – it predicted and null dust) were proven. In addition, the
correctly the occurrence of a singularity but not the conjecture’s predictions for Cauchy horizons in
type. Therefore last year the instability was studied colliding fields and in the nonsingular interaction
more thoroughly using scalar fields. It was determined regions of colliding wave spacetimes were compared
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MATHEMATICS
with exact solutions. In the process two new exact spacetimes with mild singularities. We have begun
solutions to Einstein’s equations were constructed. with a simple spacetime with an “almost-conical”
This work extends and clarifies the work first singularity and we are studying what happens in the
presented at a workshop two years ago in Israel and limit that the “almost-conical” singularity turns
reported in its proceedings. This work has been conical. We are in the preliminary stages of this
accepted for publication in the British journal research.
Classical and Quantum Gravity. Most recently we
have begun studying the effects of quantum fields on
Antenna Design
Researchers: Dr. S.N. Sammaddar, Dr. E.L. Mokole (Naval Research Laboratory-Radar Division)
and Professor Peter A. McCoy
Sponsors: Naval Research Laboratory and Naval Academy Research Council (NARC)
The infinite biconical antenna is an idea pulse radiator that depends strictly on latitude and longitude
that is characterized by frequency dependence when a
point source is located at the apex of the cone. When
(θ , ϕ ) . New conformal mapping techniques are
the voltage is applied at the apex, the surface charges, utilized to provide simpler closed form solutions then
currents and electromagnetic fields are associated with those previously known for the antenna’s fields,
spherical waves of the form II( θ , ϕ )e − jkr
/r
currents and relevant characteristic parameters.
Numerical examples are given to illustrate the results.
where the radiation pattern II (θ ,ϕ ) is a function
Fast Computation of the Characteristic Polynomial
Researchers: Professor George Nakos and Dr. Robert M. Williams

Sponsors: Naval Academy Research Council (NARC) and Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC)
This is a report on the Samuelson-Berkowitz- test some of the findings of Abdeljaoued. We are
Abdeljaoued Algorithm (SBA), which is a very particularly interested in the complexity of the end
efficient computation of the characteristic polynomial algorithm. As an alternative to Abdeljaoued’s Maple
in an arbitrary ring. We describe in detail program, we offer a Mathematica package that
Abjeljaoued’s improved version of the Berkowitz computes the characteristic polynomial in essentially
Algorithm which was based on Samuelson’s Formula. the same way. There are two reasons that make this
We offer step-by-step examples and a Mathematica Samuelson-Berkowitz-Abdeljaoued approach very
package that implements SBA. More precisely, we interesting indeed. First this approach yields perhaps
explore J. Abdeljaoued’s work on the computation of the fastest and most efficient algorithm of its kind
the characteristic polynomial over any commutative known today. Secondly, the algorithm is completely
ring. The work is based on an improved sequential free of division and it applies to any commutative ring
version of the Berkowitz algorithm which in turn is with unit. Other efficient algorithms such as the
based on Samuelson’s Formula. In the course of our Leverrier-Fadeev algorithm based on Newton’s
discussion we provide several concrete examples and formulas, require characteristic zero, or at least
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MATHEMATICS
characteristic greater than the size of the matrix. The

resulting manuscript was submitted in the
Mathematica for Education and Research.
Shifts on Operator Algebras
Researcher: Professor Geoffrey L. Price

Sponsors: National Security Agency (NSA) and National Science Foundation (NSF)
One of the key problems in the theory of von Neumann commutant in the hyperfinite factor R. Price has
algebras is to study and to classify the position of shown that all Powers shifts with relative commutant
subfactors of a prescribed index in the hyperfinite II, index 2 are cocycle conjugate (a natural sort of
factor R. In some ways this problem resembles the equivalence for automorphisms and endomorphisms on
Galois theory of automorphisms of finite groups; in von Neumann algebras) and has made some progress
fact, the group-theoretic notions of index, normality, on the higher relative commutant case. Price has also
and conjugacy all have analogues in the theory of established a connection between the conjugacy classes
subfactors. Over the past few years Price has worked of binary shifts of commutant index 2 and polynomials
with R. T. Powers to study a family of subfactors in R over the field of 2 elements which have a certain
on which one can define a sort of non-commutative duality property. Recently Price has proved that there
version of the Bernoulli shift of index 2. These shifts exist shifts of relative commutant index 2 on R which
are called Powers shifts. For each Powers shift there are not Powers shifts, and it is of interest to try to
is a corresponding bitstream of 0's and 1's which determine whether these new examples are cocycle
defines the shift. The structure of the shift is reflected conjugate to Powers shifts also of commutant index 2.
in certain properties possessed by the bitstream, the The central problem in the study, though, is to try to
most conspicuous of which is whether or not the finish the classification of the cocycle conjugacy
bitstream is eventually periodic. In fact, the bitstream classes of Powers shifts of higher relative commutant
is eventually periodic if and only if there is a finite index.
positive integer k such that the kth power σ k
of the
shift σ has range σ k
(R) with nontrivial relative
Cruise Missile/TACAIR Effectiveness Assessment Software
Researcher: Professor Thomas J. Sanders

Sponsor: The Johns Hopkins University / Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL)
This project involved the continued development of a mission planning, and equipment performance
cruise missile and tactical air (TACAIR) effectiveness prediction. During the summer of 1998, this
assessment system that is being done by the Joint investigator added options and improved the DTED
Warfare Analysis Department of the Johns Hopkins map program (DTMA). This program was written in
University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL). The C++ and MacApp, and may be used by an analyst to
purpose of this system is to aid an analyst in scenario display and manipulate Digital Terrain Elevation Data
development, scenario analysis, survivability analysis, (DTED) files. Enhancements added include a module
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MATHEMATICS
for generating ballistic trajectories based on predefined command altitudes for flight path generation, and a
flight paths, a RAM saving feature that reduces the module that allows the user to “fly” a predefined
resolution of a map whenever available RAM is low, vehicle interactively. The final module was also ported
an interface that allows communication with the 3-D into both UNIX and PC environment.
modeling software DOORS, enhancements to the path
profile display to help in determining optimal
Differential Simplicity and Rational Singularities
Researcher: Assistant Professor William N. Traves

Sponsors: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and
Grothendieck showed that the ring of differential localize? Their conjecture is reformulated in terms of
operators on a smooth complex algebraic variety is the Hasse-Schmidt algebra. In the second part of this
always generated by derivations. In prime project, I show that under mild conditions excellent
characteristic this fails, even for Euclidean space. The differentially simple rings determine (pseudo-) rational
main thrust of the first part of this project is to extend singularities in prime characteristic. The proof uses
Grothendieck’s theorem to arbitrary characteristic by the theory of tight closure and techniques pioneered by
introducing the Hasse-Schmidt derivations. Along the Smith in the study of D-simplicity. In particular, I
way, I show that Hasse-Schmidt derivations extend show that the parameter test ideal is differentially
over etale extensions, generalizing results due to stable. The material is currently being written-up for
Brown and Kuan and, separately, Ribenboim. I also publication.
present a counterexample to an old question posed by
Brown and Kuan: do Hasse-Schmidt derivations
Residue Polynomial System
Researcher: Professor Peter R. Turner

Sponsors: Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC) and Naval Academy Research Council (NARC)
The fundamental idea is for a new system of presented. The basics of the representation are
representation of polynomials within Computer manifestations of standard results in polynomial
Algebra Systems. The basic idea is not new but it has interpolation. The biggest problem with residue
been regarded as practicable largely because of the representations is performing division. In a
problem of obtaining a satisfactory division algorithm. polynomial ring, however, this turns out to be a
However that problem is solved in this work. The idea tractable problem. An algorithm for division is
is to represent a polynomial by its residues at a set of presented. This is then extended to other polynomial
nodes and to perform polynomial arithmetic and algorithms which render RPS a potentially practical
manipulation in terms of these residues rather than system for polynomial manipulation within Computer
using the conventional coefficient representation. In Algebra Systems.
the two new papers below, the basic ideas and
properties of the Residue Polynomial System (RPS) are
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MATHEMATICS
Image Recognition Problems
Researchers: Professor Peter R. Turner and Dr. Robert M. Williams

Sponsors: Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC) and Naval Academy Research Council (NARC)
From the previous work for NAWC, the potential for the RNS-based approach more practical. The
use of Gauss elimination in an integer computing complexity analysis of this algorithm has not yet been
environment is significantly enhanced by an improved fully explored. These two developments combine to
fraction-free integer Gauss elimination algorithm. make a more practical method for solving integer
This algorithm has the further benefit of eliminating linear systems with the fast parallel arithmetic of RNS.
all unnecessary common factors in matrix elements The developments in fraction-free algorithms, and
without the need for any additional computational their extensions to a fraction-free LU algorithm make
effort to find these factors. The modified algorithm is it possible to combine these ideas within a computer
also applicable in the situation where the matrix algebra setting with the earlier work of Nakos on using
elements (coefficients) are taken from a more general Dixon resultants for the solution of polynomial
ring such as a ring of real polynomials. Also within systems. These are important within the realms of
the realm of RNS arithmetic a new algorithm for exact threat analysis, robot control and object recognition.
integer linear division within the RNS system has been This is all the subject of continuing research sponsored
developed. This could be combined with the fraction- again by NAWCAD, Patuxent River this year.
free algorithm since the divisions required there are
known to be exact. This may have the effect of making
Implementation and Applications of Level-Index Arithmetic
Researchers: Professor Peter R. Turner and Midn 1/C Pavel Lincoln, USN
The principal recent objectives have been to investigate development and use of algorithms for various
further the implementation and application of LI and arithmetic systems and their application to the
SLI arithmetic and the comparison of these with other evaluation of mathematical functions. This included
proposed new computer arithmetics. The primary goal a comparative study of the various schemes. The study
was to begin the implementation of this system on the also included research into recent hardware design
Mathematics Department MasPar MP-1 system to developments and their possible use in eventual
investigate the advantages to be derived from a implementations of the level-index scheme. The other
massively parallel implementation. This aspect of the major areas of activity here have been and are
work was enhanced during the summer of 1995 by the concerned with the use of parallel processors and the
visit of Nicolas Schabanel, a graduate student from the implications of the parallelism for the arithmetic
Ecole Normale Superieure, Lyon, France who spent his system used. The principal output of this research has
summer internship working here at USNA. His work been in the form of research papers and the
on implementing SLI arithmetic on the MasPar is development of ideas for further developments and
summarized in his Technical Report. The methods of publications.
investigation included mathematical analysis, the
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MATHEMATICS
Computational Algorithms in Algebraic Number Theory
Researcher: Associate Professor JoAnn S. Turisco
This project is a continuation of my previous work an algebraic viewpoint, using Jordan algebras and
which involves the use of Maple and Mathematica for triple systems. Examples are generated with Maple
computations and to generate examples with the goal and Mathematica by associating to each map a family
of making progress towards the solution of some open of rectangular matrices which satisfy certain
and difficult problems in algebraic number theory. idempotent and anti-commutative properties. In
One part of this work is the explicit computation, addition, I am continuing my work on Maple and
which involve the determination of eigenvalues of Mathematica programs which determine prime
large matrices whose elements are multivariable numbers and class numbers of certain algebraic
polynomials of invariants associated with smooth maps number fields.
of Euclidean space which have produced generalized
hypergeometric functions. I am also studying the
problem of the existence of normed bilinear maps from
Derivative Polynoials and Associate Integer Sequence
Researcher: Professor Michael E. Hoffman
Let Pn and Qn be the polynomials defined by f(n)(x) = From these closed forms come various relations,
Pn(f(x)) and g(n)(x)=Qn(f(x))g(x), where f(x) = tan(x) among the generating functions, e.g.
and g(x) = sec(x). In an earlier paper the author P(P(u,t),s)=P(u,t+s). The author also obtained a
obtained closed forms for the exponential generating result expressing infinite series of the form
functions:
∞
∞ n
t ∑ φ (n)
,
∑
nk
P(u,t)= pn(u) and n= 1
n= 0 n!
∞
tn φ
∑
where (n) is a periodic function of n, in terms of
Q(u,t)= Qn(u) ’ the polynomials Pk-1 and Qk-1. The purpose of this
n= 0 n!
project is to apply these results to understand the
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MATHEMATICS
numerical sequences Pn(u) and Qn(u) for specific

values of u.
sequences 3P n ( 3) and and 3Qn ( 3)
are less familiar, but a combinatorial model can be
Results: Using general relations among the given for them as well. Further, all rational values
generating functions, the author obtained general of Euler polynomials can be expressed in terms of
fomulas relating the values of the polynomials Pn and polynomials Pn and Qn.
Qn at u to their values at P(u,t), for any t. These
formulas were then applied to the numerical Status: A paper “Derivative polynomials, Euler
polynomials and associated integer sequences” has
sequences Pn(u) and Qn(u) for u=0,1, 3 . The
appeared in the Electronic Journal of Combinatorics.
sequences Pn(0)+Qn(0),Qn(1), and Pn(1)-Qn(1) have Investigation of additional sequences related to the
combinatorial interpretations: they count various derivative polynomials continues.
types of “up-down” sequences corresponding to the
three infinite classes of Coxeter groups. The
Integrating Computer Vision Research into the Undergraduate

Mathematics Major Curriculum
Researcher: Professor Carol Crawford
The major focus of this research effort is the design of Special emphasis is given to the integration of these
methods and procedures to create classroom topics into traditional mathematics courses such as
implementations of applied graph theory. In Linear Algebra, Matrix Theory and Discrete
particular, graph representations for algorithm design Structures.
are applied to robot vision systems and to the
formulation of graph matching neural networks for the
matching and classification of fingerprint images.
On a Question of C. SIMS
Researcher: Professor Anthony M. Gaglione
Let r > 2 be a natural number, F = Fr is the free group

[ x, y] = x y xy
-1 -1
X = { x1 , x2 ,L , xr }.
group generated by all commutators
on the alphabet Let C
with x ∈γ n-1 and γ ∈ F. We also let Nn be the
= x1 , x2 ,K , xr , cr +1 ,K be any sequence of basic normal closure in F of the set of basic commutators of
commutators that starts out with the ordered alphabet weight n from C. Charles Sims raised the question of
X. For the definition of basic commutators, see for whether or not γ n = Nn and answered this question
example “The Theory of Groups” by M. Hall, Chapter positively for n<4 (and all r) and for n = 5,r = 3 which
11. We write γ n = γ n(F) for the nth term of the as far as we know was unknown before this time. We
lower central series of F, γ n := [γ n − 1, F], i.e., the
have also proven that Sims’ question has a positive
answer for the variety of metabelian groups. The
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MATHEMATICS
question, however, in general is still open, so that our

research on it is still ongoing.
Formations and Model Theory
Researcher: Professor Anthony M. Gaglione
A nonempty class X of finite groups which is closed Question 2: Which first-order properties give rise to
under taking homomorphic images and subdirect formations?
products of two (and therefore inductively, finitely
many) factors is a formation of groups. In the presence Although formations were nestled in the cradle of
of closure under homomorphic images the second finite groups, first-order axiomatizability is in general
condition above is equivalent to the following: If G is incompatible with finiteness conditions because of the
a finite group (not necessarily in X) and K1 and K2 are Compactness Theorem and Lowenheim-Skolem type
subgroups normal in G and such that G/Ki lies in X, results. (A set of first-order sentences having
i=1,2, then G/(K1 ∩ K2) also lies in X. If, in addition, arbitrarily large finite models will have models of
H ∈ X if and only if H/ Φ (H) ∈ X, where Φ (H) is arbitrarily large infinite powers.) For that reason we
the Frattini subgroup of H, then the formation is have chosen to modify the classical definition to suit
saturated. These concepts first introduced by W. our purposes to the extent that we no longer insist that
Gaschutz in 1963 within the class of finite solvable our structures in a formation need be finite. Hence, we
groups, especially that of saturation, provoked an now define: A nonempty class X of groups to be a
interest over the next thirty years that resulted in a formation of groups provided X is closed under taking
tremendous output in contributions to the literature homomorphic images and whenever G is a group (not
and a proliferation of associated ideas that still attract necessarily in X) and K1,K2 are subgroups each normal
attention today. Since the underlying theme of the in G and such that G/Ki ∈ X,i=1,2 one must have
initial concepts relates to properties imposed on well- G/(K1. ∩ K2.) ∈ X. We also generalize this notion to
defined subsets of chief factors in a group, H. Bechtell other algebraic structures. Since most of the results go
examined this relationship as a basis for extending the through in the context of universal algebra, we have
formation concept into other algabraic systems. With chosen to consider this material in a universal
an eye toward his nascent generalization, Professor algebraic setting. It would appear that at no point was
Bechtell posed the following question to myself and my there an effort to re-examine the fundamentals of the
colleague Dr. Dennis Spellman: theory of formations through Model Theory - even
though the work of R.C. Lyndon on properties
Question 1: Which properties of groups give rise to preserved under homomorphisms and subdirect
formations? products was well-known. It is the purpose of this
research project to do just that.
Because of the broadness of Question 1, we have
chosen to attack the more modest:
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MATHEMATICS
Moving Space-Time Mixed Finite Element Methods
Researchers: Associate Professor Sonia M.F. Garcia and Dr. Rafael Santos
The researchers are defining and analyzing mixed believe the combination of mixed finite element
finite element methods for solving time dependent methods with the moving techniques will bring
partial differential equations. Our methods are based surprising results for parabolic equations models.
on a previous paper “Analysis of Some Moving Space- A technical paper of this research is in progress,
Time Finite Element Methods”, by R. Bank and Rafael and it will be submitted for publication.
Santos where one method allows for adding and
deleting knots in a continuous fashion and the other
allows for discontinuous changes in the mesh. We
A Primer for Apprentice Mathematicians
Researcher: Professor C. C. Hanna
The objective of the text is to ease the transition from (applied to modular arithmetic and construction of
engineering-oriented mathematics, emphasizing number systems), vector spaces, sequences and their
techniques for solving particular problems, to limits, and an introduction to real analysis. Only my
mathematicians’ mathematics, emphasizing discovery section of SM291 used the notes as their primary text
and proofs of mathematical truths. The text begins in the spring semester of 1999. The existing material
with an introduction to basic mathematical concepts - is nearly in final form. I contemplate extensive
sets, logic, numbers, functions, sequences, and vectors. expansion this summer to include supplementary
There follows an extensive discussion of how to material on number theory, sequences, and
understand and construct proofs of simple statements. polynomials.
Finally, the readers are invited to apply these
techniques in a deeper discussion of the basic ideas.
Additional chapters will consider equivalence relations
The Omega Limit Set of a Class of Integro-Differential Equations
Researcher: Associate Professor T. J. Mahar
This work deals with the long time behavior of differential equation is a novelty. This result is an
solutions to a class of integro-differential equations analog of the Hopf bifurcation theorem for differential
similar to those which arise in models of visco-plastic equations, except that the periodic function arising in
flow. It is shown that a periodic function becomes part the differential equation problem actually solves the
of the omega limit set of the equation when certain equation.
parameter conditions are satisfied. The fact that the
periodic function does not actually satisfy the integro-
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MATHEMATICS
Symmetry and the Existence of Multiple Eigenvalues for Laplacians
Researcher: Associate Professor Robert Lockhart
Generally a Laplace operator on a compact manifold extent to which some symmetry is necessary for the
has only simple eigenvalues. This is also true for existence of multiple eigenvalues. Put simply, does the
elliptic boundary value problems for Laplacians on existence of infinitely many multiple eigenvalues
compact manifolds with boundaries. In research done imply the existence of a symmetry? In the past year he
several years ago, however, the researcher showed that has also been able to extend the original work from
if the manifold has a symmetry of order three or more, Laplacians to general self adjoint operators on a
then there are infinitely many multiple eigenvalues. Hilbert space which are real and have a discrete
Furthermore, if the manifold is in fact homogeneous, spectrum.
then all but the first eigenvalue is multiple. During the
past year the researcher has been investigating the
Classification of Singularities with SHEEP/CLASSI
Researcher: Professor Deborah A. Konkowski
Investigating ways to apply computer algebra scalar curvature and non-scalar curvature singularities
programs (e.g., SHEEP/CLASSI) to the problem of should yield to analysis. Ways to study scalar and
singularity classification. This computer algebra nonscalar curvature singularities using a complete
research was begun during a recent sabbatical in listing of curvature invariants and frames related to
London at Queen Mary and Westfield College with parallel propagated orthonormal ones are currently
Professor Malcolm MacCallum’s group and has been under consideration.
continued during periodic visits to London. Although
it is impossible to classify topological singularities
such as quasiregular singularities in this manner,
Various Problems
Researcher: Associate Professor Courtney Moen
Working on various problems on tiling and number semester. A second problem is: given r, find an
theory. One class of problems concerns the following integer k such that every positive integer is the sum of
sequence of integers. Pick a positive real number r. at most k elements of the sequence x(n). If r is an
Define a sequence by letting x(n) be the integer part of integer, then this is Waring’s problem. Another class
the r-th power of n. We would like to examine the of problems is concerned with packing and tiling. A
solutions of the equation x(a)+x(b)=x(d), where a,b conjecture which I formulated which is probably very
and d are positive integers. If r is an integer greater difficult is the following. For each j between 1 and n,
than two, this problem is Fermat’s Last Theorem. I let R(j) be a rectangle with integer sides and area j.
worked on this with MIDN Leanos during the fall Let R be a rectangle with integer sides whose area is
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MATHEMATICS
the sum of the areas of the R(j). Assume that each R(j) than 20 years. This conjecture can be generalized
fits in R. Then the set {R(1),...,R(n)} tiles R. T.S. extensively.
Michael has pointed out to me that this conjecture is
analogous to the famous tree-packing conjecture in
graph theory, which has not been resolved for more
The NSP-world and Action-At-A-Distance
Researcher: Professor Robert A. Herrmann
Using the Nonstandard Physical World (NSP-world) model’s prediction that a type of nonlocal
model, a model that cannot be eliminated from instantaneous action-at-a-distance does occur in
scientific discourse, it was predicted that specific objective reality.
processes exist such that information between objects
within our natural environment would appear to be
transmitted instantaneously. In this article, certain
aspects of this model are discussed as well as
experimental evidence that establishes as fact the
Information Theory, Consequence Operators and the Origin of Life
In this article, the Gitt (1997) concept of information signifies that if random mutations are random
as it is represented by a mental-like sequence of alterations in the characteristics of a biological entity
activities is compared with the mental activity that are, necessarily, not dependent upon the original
represented by consequence operators. It is shown how biological characteristics, then this model would tend
consequence operators model mathematically these to disallow random mutations as a viable source for
Gitt notions and how a specific ultralogic and four biological alterations. On the other hand, for fixed
ultrawords yield an identical foundation for Gitt’s pragmatic information, an increase or decrease in
information theory scenario for the origin of life. complexity by selecting from two distinct apobetic
Consequence operator theory, as a model for Gitt level biological entities is possible if a very special
information theory, is used to establish that, relative to dependency exists between their characteristics.
this model and without external modification to the Further, complexity can also be increased by applying
processes, it is not possible, using fixed pragmatic the semantic level consequence operator to an
information, to increase or decrease the complexity of increased portion of the information contained within
a biological entity by selecting from two distinct the genetic code in the DNA, information that exists
independently produced biological entitles as these originally.
entities are characterized at the apobetic level. This
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MATHEMATICS
The Wondrous Design and Non-random Character of “Chance” Events
In this article, it is shown specifically that natural natural events. A second result shows theoretically
system chance events as represented by theory that all such “chance” behavior is caused by the
predicted (a priori) probabilistic statements used in application of well-defined ultralogic. These results
such realms as modern particle physics, among others, show specifically that the fundamental underlying
are only random relative to the restricted language of behavior associated with all natural systems that
the theory that predicts such behavior. It is shown that comprise our universe is controlled internally by
all such “chance” natural events are related one to processes that cannot be differentiated from those that
another by a remarkably designed, systematic and mirror the behavior of an infinitely powerful mind.
wondrous collection of equations that model how the
natural laws and processes specifically yield such
Explicit Construction of Complete Kahler Metrics of Saper Type

by Desingularization (Formerly titled: “ Generating Functions
for Metrics on Singular Kahler Varieties)
Researcher: Associate Professor Caroline Grant Melles
The authors construct complete Kahler metrics of blow-up. These Kahler metrics have a particularly
Saper type on the nonsingular set of a subvariety X of simple local formula, involving essentially a product of
a compact Kahler manifold using (a) a method for distances to the centers of the blow-ups used to resolve
replacing a sequence of blow-ups along smooth the singularities of X. The proof of (a) uses a
centers, used to resolve the singularities of X, with a generalization of Chow’s theorem for coherent ideals,
single blow-up along a product of coherent ideals proved using the Direct Image Theorem.
corresponding to the centers and (b) an explicit local
formula for a Chern form associated to this single
Polynomial System Triangularization with the Dixon
Researchers: Professor George Nakos and Dr. Robert M. Williams (NAWC)
Recently, the Dixon resultant (Dixon 1908) has been to actually solve a polynomial system by using the
revisited and generalized by Kapur, Saxena, and Yang. Dixon resultant. We describe a certain
The restrictions on the coefficients of the polynomial triangularization of the polynomial system based on
system in the generalized form are very mild and the the computation of several Dixon resultants. This
method can be applied to almost any system of n+1 method exploits the special structure of the matrix
equations and n unknowns (parametric coefficients whose determinant is the Dixon polynomial. The new
allowed). In this paper we address the question of how idea here is the following: instead of computing the
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MATHEMATICS
determinant of this matrix directly, a fraction-free resultants form a triangular system whose solutions
Gauss elimination is performed based on the well- include - in general - the solutions of the original one.
known Gauss-Bareiss algorithm. When done properly, The resulting manuscript will be published in Word
this elimination produces the principal minors of the Scientific Proceedings following the CSCC’99 Athens
original matrix on the main diagonal. Each of these Conference.
minors yields a corresponding Dixon resultant with an
increasing number of variables. Eventually, all these
Nakai’s Conjecture for Varieties Smoothed by Normalization
Researcher: Assistant Professor William N. Traves
Nakai’s conjecture concerns a very natural question: curves. The argument is concise and rederives
can differential operators detect singularities on characteristic dependent results of Mount and
algebraic varieties? On a smooth complex variety, it is Villamayor (characteristic zero) and Ishibashi. The
well known that the ring of differential operators is argument also provides a new proof of Nakai’s
generated by derivations. Nakai asked whether the conjecture for Stanley-Reisner rings and, more
converse holds: if the ring of differential operators is generally, unions of smooth varieties. The proof plays
generated by derivations, is the variety smooth? In this off Hasse-Schmidt stability against D-simplicity in a
paper, the notion of D-simplicity is used to give a short subtle way. The paper is to appear in the Proceedings
proof that varieties whose normalization is nonsingular of the American Mathematical Society.
satisfy Ishibashi’s extension of Nakai’s conjecture to
arbitrary characteristic. This yields a new,
characteristic-free proof of Nakai’s conjecture for
Bayesian Searching
Researcher: Professor John C. Turner
The problem of searching with Bayesian updates to insights about the updating process.
provides a real world example of Bayes Theorem.
Analysis of the characteristics of the updates can lead

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Error Statistics for Embedding Prediction of Chaotic Time-Series
Researcher: Midn 1/C Joshua T. Wood, USN, Trident Scholar

Faculty Advisor: Assistant Professor Erik M. Bollt
This project investigates a statistical method for from this single time-series. The reconstructed
analyzing the error on predictions made through the attractor can then be used to make predictions on the
process of time-delay-embedding of chaotic time evolution of the system. This project describes an
series. When viewed as a time-series, chaotic data algorithm for determining an appropriately fitted
appears to be unpredictable and random. A chaotic model for time-delayed data. A prediction is then
system actually has an orderly representation when made from this model along with confidence intervals
viewed in its proper state space (the space consisting of which measure the reliability of the expected response.
the pertinent variables of the system, when the data is This model is tested on large sets of both computer-
recorded time if often incorporated into the analysis. generated and experimentally-gathered chaotic data.
This creates a problem when making predictions on a Large data sets are used to verify the accuracy of the
chaotic system, since a prediction is a forecast of the confidence bands. While this project involved many
system at a later time. A remarkable result from the different data sets, the purpose was not to analyze these
study of chaotic dynamical systems shows that present specific data sets, but to begin work on a general
in almost any single time-series is information from all algorithm which could theoretically be used on any
the variables of the state space. The technique of time- chaotic system.
delay-embedding provides a method for reconstructing
a topological equivalent of the state space attractor
Nonperiodic Tilings
Researcher: Midn 1/C Kate Oliver, USN

Faculty Advisor: Professor W. Douglas Withers
This paper is a brief exploration into the complex Finally, we will contrast nonperiodic tilings with an
world of tiling. We begin by setting the stage for the even more interesting type of tessellation, the aperiodic
study of tilings by introducing the basic concepts variety. Our exploration of aperiodicity will highlight
inherent to the field: symmetry relations and the distinguishing factors between the two types of
periodicity. After developing these foundations for our tilings, while introducing the main characteristics of
investigation into tilings in general, we will enter the aperiodicity. Last we will consider applications of
world of nonperiodic tilings. Using the language we aperiodicity to the natural world, conceptualized by the
developed in our analysis of periodic tilings, we will new science of quasicrystals.
examine tilings that cover the plane to infinity without
exhibiting any of the characteristics of periodicity.
Publications
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MATHEMATICS
HERRMANN, Robert A., Professor, “Newton’s Second polynomials, Euler polynomials, and associated integer
Law of Motion Holds in Normed Linear Spaces,” Far sequences” Electronic Journal of Combinatorics 6
East Journal of Applied Math 2(3)(1998), 183-190. (1999) #R21 (13 pages).
By application of elementary laboratory observations, Let Pn and Qn be the polynomials obtained by repeated
Newton’s Second Law of Motion is derived for any differentiation of the tangent and secant functions
normed linear space. The derivation assumes that the respectively. From the exponential generating
same elementary physical observations made by function of these polynomials we develop relations
Newton hold in a normed linear space and uses the among their values, which are then applied to various
elementary theory of Robinson infinitesimals and numerical sequences which occur as values of the Pn
Frechet differentials. The theory of Robinson and Qn. For example, Pn(0) and Qn(0) are respectively
infinitesimals is a rigorous approach to the informal the nth tangent and secant numbers, while Pn(0)+Qn(0)
Newtonian theory of the infinitely little. is nth Andre’ number. The Andre’ numbers, along
with the numbers Qn(1) and Pn(1)-Qn(1), are the
HERRMANN, Robert A., Professor, “A Possible Springer numbers of the root systems of types An, Bn,
Solution to the Heat Issue Within Catastrophic Plate and Dn respectively, or alternatively (following V.I.
Tectonics,” CRS Quarterly, 35(2)(1998), 110-111. Arnol’d) count the number of “snakes” of these types.
We prove this for the latter two cases using
In a recent publication, Carl R. Froede Jr., discussed combinatorial arguments. We relate the values of Pn
the problem of the heat generated during the short
and Qn, at 3 to certain “generalized Euler and class
flood period by the processes known as catastrophic
plate tectonics, CPT. The author states that the rapid numbers” of D. Shanks, which have a combinatorial
removal of such energy is an unexplained aspect of the interpretation in terms of 3-signed permutations as
CPT model. However, ongoing theoretical research defined by R. Ehrenborg and M. A. Readdy. Finally,
may give a possible solution to this and other problems we express the values of Euler polynomials at any
such as the rates of radioactive decay. Using the linear rational argument in terms of Pn and Qn, and from this
effect line element and a pure complex substratum deduce formulas for the Springer and Shanks numbers
term, a type of “time compression” is obtained that in terms of Euler polynomials.
would increase the rates for all modes of heat
dispersal. KONKOWSKI, Deborah A., Professor, “Address of
the Guest of Honour: Some Thoughts About S.
HERRMANN, Robert A., Professor, “Answers to Chandrasekhar,” News Bull. Cal. Math. Soc., 21, pp.
Three Questions Posed by Carl R. Froede Jr.”, CRS 15 - 16, 1998.
Quarterly, 35(4)(1999), 234.
KONKOWSKI, Deborah A., Professor, “The Strengths
In this letter, the questions, how rapidly did the heat and Limitations of a Stability Conjecture for Cauchy
generated dissipate? What is the maximum Horizons,” Proceedings of the International
temperature attained? And what physical processes Symposium on Mathematical Physics, Bull. Cal. Math.
were involved in the heat transfer? For the model Soc., 91, pp. 49 - 58, 1999.
proposed in CRSQ 35(2) (1998), 110-111 are answered
in the only way such a model is capable of answering A stability conjecture for Cauchy horizons is stated and
such specific questions. described. A review is given of its application to
Reissner-Nordstrom, Kerr, and other black-hole
HOFFMAN, Michael, Professor, “Derivative spacetimes. Its limitations are discussed primarily in
the anti-deSitter case.
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MATHEMATICS
MEYERSON, Mark D., Professor, “Visualizing Space- assumed pairwise either to commute or to
Filing Curves with Fractals (As Limits of Curves of anticommute, and which satisfy the further property
Continuously Varying Dimension),” Electronically that for any positive integer k the pair of operators
published in Communications in Visual Mathematics, ui + kuj + k have the same commutation relations as do
a new electronic journal sponsored by the the pair ui , uj . . If the commutation relations are
Mathematical Association of America, vol. 1, no.1., sufficiently chaotic the weakly closed algebra
(Http://www.geom.umn.edu/~dpvc/CVM/1998/01/w generated by these operators is isomorphic to the
elcome.html) hyperfinite II1 factor R. Due to the translation
invariance of the commutation relations one can define
a shift endomorphism σ on R which satisfies
Common assumptions about the concept of dimension
seem to be violated by the existence both of fractals
and of space-filling curves. Here we use a continuum σ ( ui ) = ui + 1 for all non-negative integers i.
of iterated functions systems (IFS’s with a time Endomorphisms of R defined in this way are called
parameter) to produce families of fractal curves that in Powers shifts. The commutant index of σ is defined
the limit of a discrete sequence of polygonal, one- to be the first positive integer k such that the von
dimensional curves (as is usually done), but rather as Neumann subalgebra σ K(R) of R has non-trivial
the limit of curves that continuously increase in relative commutant in R. In this paper the author
dimension )or in area) to that of the space filled region. generalizes his result, to higher commutant indices,
This leads naturally to the visually elucidating that any pair of Powers shifts of relative commutant
production of animations showing the construction of index 2 are cocycle equivalent.
space-filling curves.
PRICE, Geoffrey L., Professor, “The Entropy of
MCCOY, Peter A., Professor, “Multipower Legendre Rational Powers Shifts”, Proceedings of the American
Series in Several Variables,” Kernel Functions & Their Mathematical Society, 1998, vol. 126, no. 6, pp. 1715 -
Applications, Saburou Saito (editor) Kluwer Academic 1720.
Publishers, Boston, pp 1-11.
Let uo, u1, K be a sequence of hermitian unitary
Nehari’s theorem links the singularities of Legendre
operators in a von Neumann algebra which are
series in Cz with those of associated Taylor’s series in
assumed pairwise either to commute or to
Ct. Recently, the theory was generalized to products of
anticommute, and which satisfy the further property
powers on m Legendre polynomials in Cm. This paper
that for any positive integer k the pair of
continues the development of series of products of
operators ui + kuj + k have the same commutation
powers of Legendre polynomials in Cm.
relations as do the pair ui , uj . . If the commutation
MICHAEL, T.S., Assistant Professor and Thomas relations are sufficiently chaotic the weakly closed
Wuint, Sphere of influence graphs in general metric algebra generated by these operators is isomorphic to
spaces, Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 29 the hyperfinite II1 factor R. Due to the translation
(1999) 45-53. invariance of the commutation relations one can define
a shift endomorphism σ on R which satisfies
PRICE, Geoffrey L., “Shifts on the hyperfinite II, σ ( ui ) = ui + 1 for all non-negative integers i.
factor” Journal of Functional Analysis 156(1998) 121-
Endomorphisms of R defined in this way are called
169.
Powers shifts.
Let uo, u1, K be a sequence of hermitian unitary
The Connes-Stormer entropy for automorphisms of the
operators in a von Neumann algebra which are hyperfinite II1 factor R is modeled on the classical
260
MATHEMATICS
entropy defined for commutative dynamical systems. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, Find the Smith
The Connes-Stormer entropy may also be defined for normal form over the integers of the n x m matrix A
Powers shifts. Narnhofer, Stormer and Thirring have with entries aij = ji.
published results of Powers shifts which have Connes-
Stormer entropy 0. In the paper above Price shows WOOD, Joshua T, Midn 1/C and Bollt, Erik, M.,
that all Powers shifts of finite relative commutant Assistant Professor, “Error Statistics of Time-Delay
index have Connes-Stormer entropy ½log2. It is an Embedding Prediction on Chaotic Time Series”,
outstanding problem to try to determine whether there USNA Trident Scholar Report No. 271, U.S. Naval
are Power shifts whose entropy is other than 0 or Academy, May 1999.
½log2.
This project investigates a statistical method for
WARDLAW, William P., Professor, “Quickie Q882 analyzing the error on predictions made through the
and Answer A882," Mathematics Magazine Vol 71 no. process of time-delay-embedding of chaotic time
3 (June 1998) p. 226 and p. 231. series. When viewed as a time-series, chaotic data
appears to be unpredictable and random. A chaotic
Q882. Proposed by William P. Wardlaw, U.S. Naval system actually has an orderly representation when
Academy, Annapolis, Maryland let Fq denote a field viewed in its proper state space (the space consisting of
with q elements. Suppose that A is an m x n matrix the pertinent variables of the system, when the data is
over Fq that has a right inverse over Fq. How many recorded time if often incorporated into the analysis.
right inverses does A have over Fq? This creates a problem when making predictions on a
chaotic system, since a prediction is a forecast of the
A882. The matrix A has qm(n - m) right inverse over Fq. system at a later time. A remarkable result from the
To see this, we note that since AB = Im for some n x m study of chaotic dynamical systems shows that present
matrix B, A must have full rank m. Hence, the in almost any single time-series is information from all
nullspace of A has dimension n - m and consists of qn-m the variables of the state space. The technique of time-
vectors in the nullspace of A. delay-embedding provides a method for reconstructing
a topological equivalent of the state space attractor
WARDLAW, William P., Professor, “Solution 10487" from this single time-series. The reconstructed
American Mathematical Monthly vol. 105 no. 8, attractor can then be used to make predictions on the
October 1998, p. 773. evolution of the system. This project describes an
algorithm for determining an appropriately fitted
Let R be a commutative ring with 1 and let A be an n- model for time-delayed data. A prediction is then
by-n matrix over R. If x=<x1,x2,... , xn> is a vector with made from this model along with confidence intervals
entries in R, let (x) denote the ideal generated by the which measure the reliability of the expected response.
entries of x. Show that (xA) = (x) for every n-tuple x This model is tested on large sets of both computer-
over R if and only if A is invertible. generated and experimentally-gathered chaotic data.
Large data sets are used to verify the accuracy of the
WARDLAW, William P., Professor, and SPELLMAN, confidence bands. While this project involved many
Dennis “Problem 1567" Mathematics Magazine, vol. different data sets, the purpose was not to analyze these
72 no. 1, pg. 65, February 1999. specific data sets, but to begin work on a general
algorithm which could theoretically be used on any
1567. Proposed by Dennis Spellman, Philadelphia, chaotic system.
Pennsylvania, and William P. Wardlaw, United States
261
MATHEMATICS
Presentations
BOLLT, Erik M., Assistant Professor, “Model Lecture, Boulder, Colorado, October 23, 1998.
Selection, Confidence and Scaling in Predicting
Chaotic Time-Series” SIAM Dynamical Systems BOLLT, Erik M., Assistant Professor, “On the Inverse
Conference, Snowbird, Utah, May 1999. Frobenius-Perron Problem: Global Stabilization of
Arbitrary Invariant Measures” Math Colloquium, U.S.
BOLLT, Erik M., Assistant Professor, “Dynamics of Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, October 1998.
coding in communicating with chaos” SIAM
Dynamical Systems Conference, Snowbird, Utah, May BUCHANAN, James L. and Gilbert, R. P., Paraobolic
1999. approximation of acoustic pressure over a poroelastic
seabed. Presented 17 July 1998 at PIERS98, Nantes,
BOLLT, Erik M., Assistant Professor, “Optimal France.
Targeting” SIAM Dynamical Systems Conference,
Snowbird, Utah, May 1999. BUCHANAN, James L. and Gilbert, Wirgin, A. and
Xu, Y. Identification of the size and shape of a soft
BOLLT, Erik M., Assistant Professor, “On the Inverse body of revolution located within a waveguide.
Frobenius-Perron Problem: Global Stabilization of Presented May 11, 1999, Fourth ICTCA, Trieste, Italy
Arbitrary Invariant Measures” SIAM Dynamical
Systems Conference, Snowbird, Utah, May 1999. CRAWFORD, Carol G., Professor, “Integrating
Computer Vision Research into Undergraduate
BOLLT, Erik M., Assistant Professor, “Model Discrete Mathematics Courses” International
Selection, Confidence and Scaling in Predicting Conference on Mathematics/Science Education and
Chaotic Time Series” Chaos Brown Bag Lunch, Technology, San Antonio, Texas, March 3, 1999.
University of Maryland, April 22, 1999.
GAGLIONE, Anthony M., Professor, “On a Question
BOLLT, Erik M., Assistant Professor, “On the Inverse of Charles Sims Relativized to the Metabelian Case”
Frobenius-Perron Problem: Global Stabilization of U.S. Naval Academy Math Department Seminar,
Arbitrary Invariant Measures” Invited Colloquium Annapolis, Maryland, October 1998.
Lecture, University of Kansas at Lawrence, February
26, 1999. GAGLIONE, Anthony M., Professor, “Formations and
Varieties of Groups” New York Group Theory
BOLLT, Erik M., Assistant Professor, “On the Inverse Conference, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, New
Frobenius-Perron Problem: Global Stabilization of York, October 2, 1998.
Arbitrary Invariant Measures, Invited Colloquium
Lecture, February 12, 1999. GAGLIONE, Anthony M., Professor, “On a Question
of Charles Sims” SUNY at Albany Group Theory
BOLLT, Erik M., Assistant Professor,”Chaos, Control; Conference, Albany, New York, October 11, 1998.
Opposite sides of the same coin” Math Club, U.S.
Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, November GAGLIONE, Anthony M., Professor, “Fully
1998. Residually Free Groups and Free Exponential Groups”
New York Group Theory Conference, CUNY Graduate
BOLLT, Erik M., Assistant Professor, “On the Inverse Center, New York, New York, March 12, 1999.
Frobenius-Perron Problem: Global Stabilization of
Arbitrary Invariant Measures, Invited Colloquium GAGLIONE, Anthony M., Professor, “Applications of
262
MATHEMATICS
Group Theory for Undergraduate Mathematics” Atlanta, Georgia, May 15, 1999.
Fairfield University, May 28, 1999.
MELLES, Caroline Grant, Associate Professor, “An
GAGLIONE, Anthony M., Professor, “On a Question Explicit Construction of Complete Kahler Saper
of Charles Sims” Ohio-Denison Group Theory Metrics by means of Desingularization,” AMS Special
Conference, Binghamton University, Binghamton, Session, Joint Mathematics Meetings, San Antonio,
New York, May 22, 1999. Texas, January 14, 1999.
HOFFMAN, Michael, Professor, “What is a Hopf MELLES, Caroline Grant, Associate Professor,
algebra?” Mathematics Colloquium, U.S. Naval “Coherent Ideal Sheaves and Blow-ups,” United States
Academy, September 9, 1998. Naval Academy
KAPLAN, Harold M., Professor, “Exact subsample MICHAEL, T.S., Associate Professor, “Ryser’s
tests for two samples with invariance,” 1998 Mid- Embedding Problem for Hadamard Matrices,” 30th
Atlantic Regional Probability and Statistics Day, International Southeastern Conference on
United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, Combinatorics, March 1999.
October 3, 1998.
MICHAEL, T.S., Associate Professor, “Problems in
KIDWELL, Mark E., Professor, “Bridges and Combinatorial Matrix Theory” University of West
Tangles”. Knots Miniconference at Georgetown Florida, April 1999.
University, October 1998.
MICHAEL, T.S., Associate Professor, “Combinatorics
KONKOWSKI, Deborah A., Professor, “Instability of Problems of Ryser and Erdös,” University of Delaware,
Plane-Wave Cauchy Horizons,” Poster Presentation at April 1999.
19th Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics,
Paris France, December 1998. MICHAEL, T.S., Associate Professor, “Pranks by
Design,” Conference on Coding Theory,
KONKOWSKI, Deborah A., Professor, “Testing a Cryptography, and Number Theory, United States
Stability Conjecture with Plane-Wave Cauchy Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, October 1998.
Horizons,” presented at the American Physical
Society’s Centennial Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, MICHAEL, T.S., Associate Professor, “Permanents,”
March 1999. United States Naval Academy, January 1999.
LOCKHART, Robert B., Associate Professor, Math MICHAEL, T.S., Associate Professor, “Faculty Panel
Department, Quantum Information Theory” presented on Library Research,” 25th Anniversary Celebration of
in the Mathematics Colloquium at the U.S. Naval Nimitz Library, September 1998.
Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, June 1999.
MICHAEL, T.S., Associate Professor, “Discrete
MCCOY, Peter A., Professor, “Discrete and Mathematics: Resources for Faculty and Midshipmen,”
Continuous Sampling in Several Variables”, American Report to Faculty of Curriculum Development project,
Mathematical Society Annual Meeting, San Antonio, September 1998.
Texas, January 13, 1999.
PENN, Howard L., Professor, “Homerun Hitting, an
MCCOY, Peter A., Professor, “Transformation and Application of Projectile Motion.” MAA Summer
Structure of Sampling Series.” SIAM Annual Meeting, National Meeting, Toronto, Ontario, July 1998.
263
MATHEMATICS
NAKOS, George, Professor, and Dr. Williams, Robert “Brunnian braids and links, n-triviality, and group
(NAWC) “Obtaining Triangular Polynomial Systems commutators,” Special Session of the AMS Spring
with the Dixon Resultant”, Poster presented at the East Eastern Section Meeting, Buffalo, New York, April 24,
Coast Computer Algebra Conference, Raleigh, North 1999.
Carolina, 24 April 1999.
STANFORD, Theodore B., Assistant Professor “A
PRICE, Geoff, L., Professor, “Equivalence of shifts on move on diagrams that generates S-equivalence of
the hyperfinite II1 factor”, Functional Analysis knots,” mini-conference at George Washington
Seminar, University of California, Berkeley, University, Spring 1999.
September 1998.
TRAVES, William N., Assistant Professor,
PRICE, Geoff, L., Professor, “The Structure of binary “Application of Commutative Algebra to Internet
shifts” Graduate Student Seminar, University of Reliability.” Graduate Program in Algebra,
California, Berkeley, March 8, 1999. Mathematical Sciences Research Institute, July 1998.
PRICE, Geoff, L., Professor, “The structure of binary TRAVES, William N., Assistant Professor,
shifts” USNA Mathematics Department Colloquium, “Differential Operators on Toric Varieties.”
March 17, 1999. Computational Issues Seminar, Mathematical Sciences
Research Institute, November 1998.
STANFORD, Theodore B., Assistant Professor, “Knots
modulo braid commutators,” Knots in Hellas TRAVES, William N., Assistant Professor,
Conference, Delphi, Greece, August 10, 1998. “Introduction to Differential Operators.” Postdoctoral
Seminar, Mathematical Sciences Research Institute,
STANFORD, Theodore B., Assistant Professor, December 1998.
“Vassiliev’s knot invariants and the structure of the
braid groups,” Topology Seminar, University of TRAVES, William N., Assistant Professor,
Rochester, Rochester, New York, November 6, 1998. “Derivation in Prime Characteristic,” Eisenbud
Seminar, University of California (Berkeley),
STANFORD, Theodore B., Assistant Professor, “Free December 1998.
Newton polynomials and the concordance group of
two-strand string links,” George Washington TURNER, Peter R., Professor, “Image and Moving
University, February 12, 1999. Object Identification in Computer Vision” ICIAM 99,
Edinburgh, Scotland, July 1999.
STANFORD, Theodore B., Assistant Professor,
“Brunnian links, braids, and free group elements,” TURNER, Peter R., Professor, “Teaching Scientific
United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, Computing through Projects”, FIE99, Puerto Rico,
February 17, 1999. November 1999.
STANFORD, Theodore B., Assistant Professor, WARDLAW, William P., Professor, “A Course in
“Symmetries of 2-strand string links up to Number Theory and Cryptology”, MA Summer
concordance,” Special Session of the AMS Spring MathFest at Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario,
Western Section Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada, April Canada, July 16, 1998.
10, 1999.
WARDLAW, William P., Professor, “A Maple
STANFORD, Theodore B., Assistant Professor, Implementation of the RSA Public Key Cipher”, MAA
264
DEPARTMENT
MATHEMATICS
OF
Summer MathFest at Ryerson University, Toronto, Annapolis, Maryland, October 26, 1998.
Ontario, Canada 17 July 1998.
WARDLAW, William P., Professor, “Matrix
WARDLAW, William P., Professor, “Matrix Completion and Good Matrices”, Annual Meeting of
Completion and Good Matrices”, U.S. Naval Academy AMS and MAA, San Antonio, Texas, January 15,
Mathematics Department Colloquium, Annapolis, 1999.
Maryland, October 2, 1998.
WARDLAW, William P., Professor, “A note on e”,
WARDLAW, William P., Professor, “The RSA Public Spring meeting of the MD-VA-DC Section of the
Key Cipher Algorithm”, U.S. Naval Academy MAA, James Madison University, Harrisonburg,
Conference on Cryptology and Coding Theory, Virginia, April 10, 1999.
Oceanography
Captain Dennis J. Whitford, USN
Associate Professor
Chair
The Oceanography Department has the largest chemistry; yet it includes applications of all these
undergraduate physical oceanography program in the fields. Thus these K-12 teachers will use physical
nation. In addition to rotating military faculty, this oceanography to get their students excited about
program is anchored by only five tenure track faculty science and mathematics.
and one externally-funded research faculty. Their Through involvement in the department’s
meteorology and oceanography (METOC) scientific Independent Research Courses, twenty-two
and pedagogical research productivity, especially when midshipmen were directly involved in METOC
teamed with midshipmen, was quite impressive for the research. Their research projects were cooperative
1998-1999 research year. efforts by the midshipmen and their research advisors.
The department commenced its research efforts by The projects introduced the midshipmen to the
hosting its fifth Maury Project summer workshop in excitement and responsibility of data collection and
July 1998. Twenty-six K-12 science teachers from analysis, as well as exposing the midshipmen to
across the nation were introduced to physical independent scientific thought and evaluation. At the
oceanography teaching methodologies. Physical end of each semester, these midshipmen presented
oceanography is recognized by pedagogical researchers their results to the department’s faculty in a formal
as being more attractive to students than the more presentation. As a result of these efforts, several
intimidating topics of physics, mathematics, and midshipmen went on to deliver oral and poster
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OCEANOGRAPHY
presentations at scientific conferences. In addition, the member.

department was fortunate to have another Trident The annual Oceanographic Yard Patrol (YP)
Scholar this year. Midn 1/C James Coleman’s Summer Cruise aboard YP686 was conducted in June
research, entitled “Optical Variability in an Estuarine 1999. This cruise took on an added dimension this
Environment”, was awarded the Harry E. Ward year in that data acquisition was conducted to directly
Trident Prize for its competitive selection as the best support Project PROBE (Plankton Research on Bay
Trident Research for the 1998-1999 academic year. Environments), a state-of-the-art research project
In a natural extension of the Maury Project, being conducted by two faculty members. Data will be
Associate Professor David Smith received a $2M used to support publishable refereed research.
pedagogical research grant, to be used over a 4.5 year All faculty continued their strong research efforts
period, to fund a distance learning project entitled with multiple articles submitted for publication.
“Water in the Earth System.”. This is the largest
external grant ever received by a USNA faculty
Sponsored Research
Shipyard Trace Metal Removal System for Hull Cleaning Operations
Researcher: Professor John W. Foerster

With the requirements to reduce and eliminate is regenerated with dilute aqueous acid (acetic acid).
environmental contamination, the Navy now has a This allows for cost effective recovery of the trace
problem with trace metals produced during shipyard metals without costly landfill burial (chemical
hull refurbishment (grinding and repainting a hull). precipitation and zeolite methods). The advantage is
At present, there is no simple method to reduce this that the system is simple to use, re-usable, and
contamination in a timely and cost effective manner. provides water recycling. Results are quick and the
This work studied a relatively portable and cost process requires little personnel training. Coupling
effective method for removing this contamination. this cleaning system to a testing comparator (patent
The method takes advantage of a common waste pending) makes cleaning and tracking the waste less
(shells from shrimp). Coarse ground shells received a complicated and costly than other methods (chemical
chemical treatment to produce the product chitosan, a precipitation, ion exchange, chelation).
polyglucosamine. Chitosan absorbs trace metals and
Development of Specific Ion Probes for Use in Seawater

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OCEANOGRAPHY
Research will be conducted into developing polymer measuring these trace metal contaminants. This
based specific ion probes for detecting chromium (VI) project is relevant to Navy environmental projects and
and lead in seawater. Both diphenylcarbizide (for Cr) shipyard contamination monitoring.
and dithizone (for Pb) dyes will be incorporated into an
ionomeric membrane (Nafion) and a test developed for
Measuring Copper in the Marine Environment

A major source of trace metal contamination in the the deployment of remedial methods to avert an
marine environment is the copper containing environmental problem. The sensor must have
anti-foulant paints on ship hulls. An anti-fouling paint ! parts per billion (ppb) detection limits,
containing copper (I) presents a challenge to the ! environmental immersion capability, and
environment because its design is to leach continuously ! the ability to detect the copper (I) oxidation
over a period of time. This study tests the hypothesis state.
that the organic molecule, Results of this study show copper one leaching at a rate
2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline- of 1.2 ppb/hour. After 2 hours copper (I) begins to
disulfo nic acid (Bathycuproinedisulfonic acid = BCS) convert to copper (II). Both ions are toxic above very
is a reliable chemical to use in developing a sensor low ppb concentrations (<5.0 ppb). Initially for the
capable of measuring copper (I) in seawater. The first 2 hours you have 100% copper (I) leaching into
purpose is to acquaint environmental users and the water and by 20 hours the ratio is 38% copper (I)
managers with a system easily used to determine levels to 62% copper (II). The BCS chemical is a quick and
of copper contamination. A sensor system that will relatively easy way to determine the concentration of
copper (I) in marine and estuarine waters.
measure trace metal contamination quickly will help in
TerraBase II: Computerized Terrain Analysis Training System
Researcher: Associate Professor Peter L. Guth

Sponsor: U.S. Army Engineer School, Ft. Leonard Wood, MO
TerraBase II is a training system to expose soldiers to for tracking situation, terrain computations (e.g., line
the nature and types of digital terrain data, procedures of sight, slope for cross country mobility,
for visualizing terrain, and integrating terrain into sunrise/sunset), and 3D visualizations. The program
tactical planning. The program runs on standard integrates digital elevation models and satellite
desktop, laptop, and notebook computers with the imagery. This year's work greatly increased the
Windows 95 or NT operating system, and uses number of data sets the program used, increased the
standard terrain data from the National Imagery and number of display and analysis options, and improved
Mapping Agency. The program provides base maps display capabilities.
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OCEANOGRAPHY
Illuminance Trends during Clear & Overcast Twilights:

Spectroradiometric Time Series & their Practical Application
(within "Twilight and the Naked-eye Observer:
Models and High-resolution Measurements")
Researchers: Midn 1/C Stephen Coffee, USN and Adjunct Visiting Assistant Professor Raymond L. Lee, Jr.
In recent decades, little research has been done on are quite similar from day to day and that a simple
outdoor illuminance trends during twilight. This data equation accurately predicts twilight illuminance given
has both military and civilian applications, including sun elevation h0. For overcast twilights, illuminance
evaluating lighting for architecture, transportation, and depends both on h0 and on the overcast’s optical depth
naval operations. Given the availability of field- t. Because of this optical-depth dependence, overcast
portable spectroradiometers, measuring twilight skies’ illuminance can fluctuate considerably around its
spectral irradiances is now relatively easy. The overall decreasing trend during evening twilight. This
resulting illuminance time series (or trends) show just is quite different from the smooth, predictable
how well we can actually see during twilight, and they decreases measured during clear twilights. Overcast
can provide valuable information about atmospheric illuminances normalized by their clear-sky
structure. With Prof. Lee’s assistance, Midn. 1/C counterparts yield a quantitative measure of overcast t
Coffee measured many clear-sky and overcast spectral and physical thickness h. This in turn provides a
irradiances during the 1998-99 academic year. practical and inexpensive way to measure a presently
Specifically, we measured temporal trends in unmeasured meteorological quantity, overcast
illuminance and spectral irradiance falling on a thickness. In addition to having practical applications
horizontal surface outdoors, a standard technique for in aircraft operations, our research can benefit
determining visibility during twilight. Subsequent numerous atmospheric radiative transfer models by
analysis of these time series was the basis for Coffee’s providing yet another standard for testing those
well-received May 1999 research presentation. models’ realism.
For clear skies, we found that illuminance trends
The Influence of Dynamics and Thermodynamics on the Diagnosis of

Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer Statistics by Synthetic Aperture Radar
Researchers: Assistant Professor Todd D. Sikora and Midn 1/C John C. Bleidorn, USN
An algorithm for calculating marine atmospheric Comparisons are made between the results for the
boundary layer statistics from synthetic aperture radar Obukhov length of the SAR algorithm and those from
(SAR) 10m neutral wind imagery in the presence of a bulk flux algorithm which uses corresponding buoy
convection is tested on 6 Radarsat images. The 6 data as input. In general, the agreement is better, the
Radarsat images are scenes from off the East Coast of more unstable the surface layer as defined by the Bulk
the United States during cold air outbreaks. Richardson Number. Deviations range from 23% to
268
OCEANOGRAPHY
two orders of magnitude. It is hypothesized that the algorithm. Potential sources of error for the SAR
effects of non-surface forced convection such as cloud algorithm are discussed.
radiative cooling and precipitation evaporation can
lead to the SAR algorithm out performing the bulk flux
The Maury Project - Exploring the Physical Foundations of Oceanography
Researcher: Associate Professor David R. Smith

Sponsors: National Science Foundation (NSF),
Commander, Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command
and Maryland Space Grant Consortium
The Maury Project is a teacher enhancement program experiences, and tours of oceanographic facilities.
on the physical foundations in oceanography for pre- Upon completion of the summer workshop, these
college educators. Each year approximately twenty-five teachers return to their respective states where they
teachers are brought to the United States Naval conduct peer-training sessions for other teachers using
Academy to attend a summer workshop where they materials developed by project staff.
learn about fundamental concepts in physical
oceanography. This includes a combination of
lectures, hands-on laboratory exercises, field
The Douro Estuary (Portugal): Hydrodynamic Study
Researchers: Associate Professor Mario E. C. Vieira and Dr. A. Bordalo

Sponsor: Porto University, Porto, Portugal
The Douro River (Northwest Portugal) forms an hydrographic data collected by investigators of Porto
estuary in the last 22 km of its course. Due to University. It has been found that this is a mesotidal
damming and diversion for irrigation, the fresh water estuary featuring a very dynamic salt wedge highly
inflow has been reduced since 1985; further reductions dependent on river discharge. The tide is a standing
are forthcoming after an agreement between the wave throughout the length of the estuary, which
governments of Portugal and Spain. Additionally, explains its atypical behavior. This is an ongoing
breakwater construction is planned at the mouth. There project, started during my sabbatical in the Spring of
being no literature on the hydrodynamic behavior of 1998.
this waterway, this project consists of analysis of
Internal Tides in the Setúbal Canyon (Portugal)
Researchers: Associate Professor Mario E. C. Vieira, LCDR F. Coelho PN, and Dr. A. Clemente
Sponsor: Portuguese Hydrographic Institute
The Setúbal submarine canyon starts its descent through the narrow Portuguese continental shelf at
269
OCEANOGRAPHY
depths of about 50 m, attaining abyssal depths of 4000 shelf, whereupon the vertical structure of the column
m after running for about 100 km. This investigation responds at inertial and subtidal frequencies. A linear
focuses on the hydrodynamics at the head of the model is giving encouraging results. This is an
canyon and adjacent shelf through the analysis of ongoing project, started during my sabbatical in the
hydrographic data taken by the Portuguese Spring 1998.
Hydrographic Institute. The hypothesis is that tidal and
atmospheric forcing determine the injection of energy
from the open ocean into the canyon and onto the
Sentinel Species: Managing Trace Metals in a Large Estuarine System
Oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau) and the American oyster zinc (9-30 mg/L). For the toadfish, the trace metals
(Crassotrea virginica) are resident, non-migratory vary as a function of the size, age, and sex of the fish.
species important to the estuarine benthic food web Generally, the trace metals have an accumulation
along the eastern coast of North America. They are pattern of chromium>zinc>copper. The life history
sentinel species with the potential to extract potentially stage of the toadfish is an important factor in trace
toxic environmental trace metals. To test this metal accumulation. Oysters tend to concentrate trace
hypothesis, samplings are from areas away from direct metals in the ratio of zinc>copper>selenium with
industrial or commercial effluents. Using a proton varying concentrations of lead and arsenic (1-10 mg/l).
induced x-ray emissions (PIXE) system, this study The lead, arsenic and copper accumulation in these
concentrates on trace metals found in the liver of the animals fit patterns of land use. Therefore, trace metal
oyster toadfish and the gill and muscle tissue of the accumulation relative to life history stages, and land
oyster. The PIXE system is a rapid method to use practices in the northern Chesapeake Bay indicates
determine trace metal types, concentrations and for these two species are useful sentinel species for various
archiving samples. Present analyses of various size trace metals.
toadfish show that the livers contained concentrations
of chromium (6-52 mg/L), copper (3-26 mg/L), and
270
OCEANOGRAPHY
The Influence of Dynamics and Thermodynamics on the

Diagnosis of Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer Statistics
by Synthetic Aperture Radar
Researcher: Midn 1/C John C. Bleidorn, USN

Faculty Advisor: Assistant Professor Todd D. Sikora
An algorithm for calculating marine atmospheric more unstable the surface layer as defined by the Bulk
boundary layer statistics from synthetic aperture radar Richardson Number. Deviations range from 23% to
(SAR) 10m neutral wind imagery in the presence of two orders of magnitude. It is hypothesized that the
convection is tested on 6 Radarsat images. The 6 effects of non-surface forced convection such as cloud
Radarsat images are scenes from off the East Coast of radiative cooling and precipitation evaporation can
the United States during cold air outbreaks. lead to the SAR algorithm out performing the bulk flux
Comparisons are made between the results for the algorithm. Potential sources of error for the SAR
Obukhov length of the SAR algorithm and those from algorithm are discussed.
a bulk flux algorithm which uses corresponding buoy
data as input. In general, the agreement is better, the
Illuminance Trends during Clear & Overcast Twilights:

Spectroradiometric Time Series & their Practical Application
(within "Twilight and the Naked-eye Observer:
Models and High-resolution Measurements)
Researcher: Midn 1/C Stephen Coffee, USN

Faculty Advisor: Adjunct Visiting Assistant Professor Raymond L. Lee, Jr.
In recent decades, little research has been done on Specifically, we measured temporal trends in
outdoor illuminance trends during twilight. This data illuminance and spectral irradiance falling on a
has both military and civilian applications, including horizontal surface outdoors, a standard technique for
evaluating lighting for architecture, transportation, and determining visibility during twilight. Subsequent
naval operations. Given the availability of field- analysis of these time series was the basis for Coffee’s
portable spectroradiometers, measuring twilight skies’ well-received May 1999 research presentation.
spectral irradiances is now relatively easy. The
resulting illuminance time series (or trends) show just For clear skies, we found that illuminance trends
how well we can actually see during twilight, and they are quite similar from day to day and that a simple
can provide valuable information about atmospheric equation accurately predicts twilight illuminance given
structure. With Prof. Lee’s assistance, Midn. 1/C sun elevation h 0. For overcast twilights, illuminance
Coffee measured many clear-sky and overcast spectral depends both on h0 and on the overcast’s optical depth
irradiances during the 1998-99 academic year. t. Because of this optical-depth dependence, overcast
271
OCEANOGRAPHY
illuminance can fluctuate considerably around its practical and inexpensive way to measure a presently
overall decreasing trend during evening twilight. This unmeasured meteorological quantity, overcast
is quite different from the smooth, predictable thickness. In addition to having practical applications
decreases measured during clear twilights. Overcast in aircraft operations, our research can benefit
illuminances normalized by their clear-sky numerous atmospheric radiative transfer models by
counterparts yield a quantitative measure of overcast ô providing yet an other standard for testing those
and physical thickness h. This in turn provides a models’ realism.
Optical Variability of the Chesapeake Bay
Researchers: Midn 1/C James E. Coleman, Jr., USN, Trident Scholar

Faculty Advisors: Adjunct Associate Professor Richard W. Spinrad, Associate Professor David R. Smith
and Associate Professor Steven N. Montgomery (Physics Department)
This project investigates the seasonal variation in the inversion with increased winds associated with fall
in-water optical properties of the Chesapeake Bay storm systems causes a top to bottom mixing of the
estuary. Understanding this variability allows for the water column.
proper employment of optical measurement techniques An intensive study combining in situ hydrographic
as well as a foundation for accurate interpretation of and optical measurements as well as laboratory
remotely sensed visible imagery. characterization of the suspended load is performed
The absorption and scattering properties of the across a destratification event in the northern Bay.
Bay water column can be expected to change with These data and analysis are combined with theoretical
major physical variations. The most significant source modeling to characterize the physical variation in
of physical variation in the Bay is associated with the terms of changes in the absorption, scattering, and
fall destratification or mixing event. As autumn hence suspended load properties of the Bay.
progresses, atmospheric cooling causes a temperature
inversion in the water column, thereby weakening the
salinity-stratified pycnocline. Combining this
A Study of the Effect of El Nino on the Weather of U.S. Cities
Researcher: Midn 1/C Susan T. Feher, USN

Faculty Advisor: Associate Professor David R. Smith
El Nino, as proven in previous studies, alters the December through March to determine deviations from
tracks of extratropical cyclones to the south during the normal due to the changes associated with the 1997-
winter months. An analysis of data sets for fourteen 1998 El Nino. This analysis was accomplished by
different stations across the continental United States calculating the deviations from normal for both
was conducted to determine the effects of El Nino on temperature and precipitation on a monthly basis on a
the normal weather conditions of U.S. cities. This spreadsheet and graphing the results. All of these
study reveals the specific effects on the weather for stations’ weather changed due to the El Nino event.
these stations due to the 1997-98 El Nino. The Furthermore, the results show that most stations
analysis was completed for the winter months, experienced an increase in precipitation and
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OCEANOGRAPHY
temperature. Also, the southern-most stations deviated stations.

further from normal than did the northern-most
A Study of the Effect of La Niña on the Weather of U.S. Cities
Researcher: Midn 1/C Susan T. Feher, USN

Faculty Advisor: Associate Professor David R. Smith
La Niña, as proven in previous studies, alters the expected due to the La Niña event. The weather
tracks of extratropical cyclones to the north during conditions did show significant deviations from normal
winter months. An analysis of data sets for fourteen due to the La Niña, but in many cases the temperatures
different stations across the United States was were still above normal. The precipitation had much
conducted to determine the effects of La Niña on the more distinct results. Most of the southern stations
normal weather conditions of U.S. cities. This study were either much drier than normal, as nearly all
reveals the specific effects on the weather for these storms passed to the north. The northern stations were
stations due to the 1998-99 La Niña. The analysis was either at or above normal as the storms tracked across
completed for the winter months (December through the northern United States. The greatest deviations
March) to determine the deviations from normal due to were experienced in stations along the west coast and
the changes associated with the 1998-99 La Niña. most closely experienced the predicted weather
This analysis was accomplished by calculating the conditions for a La Niña event.
deviations from normal for both temperature and
precipitation on a monthly basis on a spreadsheet and
graphing the results. Cooler and drier conditions were
Computer-Aided Visualization and Animation of Ocean Wave Dynamics
Researcher: Midn 1/C Charles F. Gould, USN

Faculty Advisor: Captain Dennis J. Whitford, USN
Ocean waves are the most recognized phenomena in comprehension. Thus, computer-aided visualizations
oceanography. Students majoring in oceanography and animations are a welcome pedagogical supplement
first encounter the complex mathematical theories of to traditional methods of instruction.
these surface gravity waves in upper level A MATLAB® software program was developed to
undergraduate and lower level graduate courses. compute, visualize, and animate various ocean wave
Linear wave theory is the simplest theory which dynamics topics for instructional pruposes. These
mathematics models these waves, yet its complex topics include: water particle orbital paths,
mathematical equations are often difficult and displacements, velocities and accelerations; static,
confusing to students. This difficulty is due to linear dynamic and total sub-surface pressures; and velocity
wave theory’s inherent dependence on time and space potentials and streamlines. By using the developed
along with its mixture of linear, hyperbolic, and computer code, others may produce these
trigonometric functions in its equations. As a result, visualizations of ocean wave dynamics without the
verbal descriptions and two-dimensional illustrations benefit of an extensive background in computer
are often insufficient for in-depth student programming.
273
OCEANOGRAPHY
Gravity Wave Initiation of a Severe Thunderstorm over the Chesapeake Bay
Researcher: Midn 1/C Clarence Neslen, USN

Faculty Advisors: Assistant Professor Todd D. Sikora, Associate Professor David Smith
and Richard M. Giannola of Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
On 7 September 1998 there was the development of a 19 stations along a band from Harper's Ferry, WV to
severe thunderstorm over the Maryland Eastern Shore. Berlin, MD. The equivalent potential temperature
This study explored whether the cause of this increased over the stations near the Chesapeake Bay as
convection was a gravity wave. The effects and a result of the increased moisture content. More
development of the gravity wave were investigated to significantly, the e values increased on the Eastern
quantify the amplitude, period, wavelength, and Shore which caused the thunderstorm to intensify as a
pressure oscillations. The wave had a period of 3-5 hr result. The effects of the Appalachian Mountains also
and pressure oscillations between -1.110 and 1.72 mb. played a major role in the external forcing of wave
The wave propagated in an east-southeast direction. trains in producing an increase in energy and
The intensity of the thunderstorm was also influenced momentum. The gravity wave was first observed near
by the effects of the Chesapeake Bay. The mesoscale Harper's Ferry, WV and increased in energy as it
circulation and the development of a gust front over moved eastward.
the Chesapeake Bay played a major role in the The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) was used to
intensification of the storm on the Eastern Shore. observe waves at specific frequencies. A FFT analysis
To observe the variations in the temperature, dew was performed by taking into account the pressure
point temperature, wet bulb temperature, relative oscillations between a crest and a trough to identify
humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and barometric high amplitude waves at specific frequencies. The
pressure, data from 19 Automated Weather Stations FFT was useful in identifying gravity waves from
were used. In each example, the atmospheric variables larger diurnal or secondary oscillations. It was
played a major role in identifying an atmospheric speculated that a gravity wave may have initiated the
instability leading to the development of convection. thunderstorm that occurred over Kent Island,
From the temperature and pressure data, the Maryland on 7 September 1998.
equivalent potential temperature ( e) was measured at
Publications
COLEMAN, James E., Jr., Midn 1/C, SMITH, D. R., The solution assumes an inverse relationship between
Associate Professor and MALEK-MADANI, R., particle velocity and radial distance from the vortex
Professor, “Serrin's Vortex Revisited,” Preprints of the line, a no-slip condition at the surface, and a balance
19th AMS Conference on Severe Local Storms, between buoyancy and gravity. Varying parameter
American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, pp. 72- values, indicative of the average level of turbulence of
75. the flow, results in unique solutions resembling one
and two-celled tornadic flows. Analysis and
Serrin's vortex (1972), a particular solution to the animations of the solutions correlate well with
Navier-Stokes equation for rotating flows, is revisited documented laboratory measurements of velocity fields
utilizing Mathematica software to model tornadic flow. and with flow visualizations of laboratory vortices.
274
OCEANOGRAPHY
The simplicity of the solution allows for in-depth variation caused by slight variation in the counts of
analysis including vorticity contours, pressure larger particles by allowing extrapolation to those
distributions and component changes in velocity, particles instead of relying on the original data. The
vorticity, and pressure affecting a single particle log-log slope of the particle size distribution plotted
transitioning the flow. This paper will describe the against beam attenuation can also be used to identify
model used and present examples of vortical flows and water masses in a manner similar to T-S plots.
how they relate to naturally occurring tornadoes. Similarly, separating these data reveals two separate
regions, validating the results obtained with the
COLEMAN, James E., Jr., Midn 1/C, SMITH, D. R., suspended volume versus beam attenuation plots. It is
Associate Professor, SPINRAD, R. W., Adjunct clear from the study that these optical properties can be
Associate Professor, “Optical Variability in the used to identify the physical process of destratification,
Northern Chesapeake Bay,” Proceedings of the Ocean however the ability of these properties to identify water
Community Conference ‘98 (CD-ROM). Marine masses in the case II regime is suspect.
Technology Society, Washington, DC, 5pp
COLEMAN, James E., Jr., Midn 1/C, MALEK-
The utility of optical properties to identify water MADANI, R., Professor, and SMITH, D. R., Associate
masses has been well documented in the open ocean. Professor, “Visualization of fluid flows using
The nature of these properties is poorly understood in Mathematica,” Proceedings of the Ocean Community
case II waters like the Chesapeake Bay. This study Conference ‘98 (CD-ROM). Marine Technology
investigates this relationship by focusing on the Society, Washington DC 10pp.
connection between the total beam attenuation
coefficient, a measure of the loss in radiant energy of The symbolic manipulator Mathematica has high
a monochromatic light beam per unit length, and the utility in visualizing and analyzing many fluid flows.
total suspended mass. For a given particulate Serrin’s swirling vortex, represented by a nonlinear
distribution, total beam attenuation coefficient boundary value problem, can be analyzed and
correlates to total suspended particulate mass. displayed in as much as one page of code using the two
Therefore, particulate distributions can be monitored techniques of the shooting method and Picard
and potentially used to describe water masses or successive iteration. Solutions obtained via
physical processes like distratification. A seven-week Mathematica matched those of Serrin’s original
study at four sites on an east-west transect of the bay differential equations obtained from the discretized
just south of the mouth of the Severn River explored velocity profiles. The author succeeded in generating
this process. A SeaTech transmissometer was used in the motion of parcels of fluid for various sets of
conjunction with Sea Bird CTD to collect parameter values. The points comprising these parcels
hydrographic and transmission data. Samples were were tracked for particular time intervals. The
taken at various depths and analyzed with a Spectrex resulting snapshots are then animated. The visual
Laser Particle Counter to determine the size representations of two distinct solutions of the fluid
distribution and concentration of the suspended load. flow correlate well with flow images from laboratory
These data were used to calculate total suspended simulations of one-cell and two-cell meteorological
volume, which were correlated to beam attenuation in tornadoes. The basic flow dynamics of the simulations
place of total suspended mass. Separating the data agree well with the dynamics of the physical
temporally based on the occurrence of the mixing phenomena. Additionally, vorticity and pressure
event associated with destratification yields two contours obtained are qualitatively similar to those
distinct slopes of beam attenuation versus suspended predicted by the meteorological finite difference
volume. Smoothing of the data by assuming an schemes and laboratory measurements. These results
exponential size distribution lessens the statistical substantiate the ability of a simple fluid dynamic
275
OCEANOGRAPHY
model to acurately describe axisymmetric tornadic Being able to assess the effects, and predict the
events as well as provide insight into the principle movement of an anthropogenic trace metal released
factors affecting tornado size and its destructive into a marine or estuarine environment is a major
capability. The strategy of flow visualization is also focus in pollutional studies. One major source of trace
utilized to study the flow in the wake of a wind metal contamination in these environments is the
utilizing the vortex lattice method and to understand copper containing anti-fouling paints on ship hulls.
chaotic advection in the Raleigh-Benard flow. This study uses the distribution of total available ionic
copper [Cu (I) and Cu(II)] as a means of exploring
COLEMAN, James E., Jr., Midn 1/C, SPINRAD, R. copper circulation and distribution in two tidally
W., Adjunct Associate Professor, SMITH, D. R., influenced marinas. The central hypothesis is that
Associate Professor, and MONTGOMERY, S. N., ionic copper gives a reliable indication of water
Associate Professor, “Optical Variability of the circulation within a semi-enclosed basin. A secondary,
Chesapeake Bay,” USNA Trident Scholar Report No. but equally important hypothesis, is that that the
263, U.S. Naval Academy, May 1999. organic dye molecule, 2, 9-dimethyl-4, 7-diphenyl-1,
10-phenanthroline (Bathocuproine = BCP) embedded
This project investigates the seasonal variation in the in the polymer Nafion 117 is a reliable system for
in-water optical properties of the Chesapeake Bay developing a probe capable of measuring Cu (I) in
estuary. Understanding this variability allows for the seawater. Results show that total available ionic
proper employment of optical measurement techniques copper is circulated, mixed and released into an
as well as a foundation for accurate interpretation of estuary with the tide relative to the physical parameters
remotely sensed visible imagery. in the marina basin. The circulation and mixing are
The absorption and scattering properties of the functions of the flushing rate and exchange ratio. In
Bay water column can be expected to change with addition, the Nafion 117 containing BCP probe allows
major physical variations. The most significant source for quick and accurate measurement of the Cu (I)
of physical variation in the Bay is associated with the component of the total available ionic copper. It is
fall destratification or mixing event. As autumn within 17% of the measurements made with the
progresses, atmospheric cooling causes a temperature aqueous BCS Standard Method procedure. The
inversion in the water column, thereby weakening the polymer impregnated with Bathocuproine (BCP) is a
salinity-stratified pycnocline. Combining this rapid method useful for detecting Cu(I) released into
inversion with increased winds associated with fall the marine environment. This copper distribution
storm systems causes a top to bottom mixing of the allows for estimation and prediction of the total
water column. available ionic copper circulating into the
An intensive study combining in situ hydrographic environment.
and optical measurements as well as laboratory
characterization of the suspended load is performed FOERSTER, John W., Professor, “Sentinel Species:
across a destratification event in the northern Bay. Managing Trace Metals in a Large Estuarine
These data and analysis are combined with theoretical System,” Coastal Communities in the 21st Century,
modeling to characterize the physical variation in Coastal Zone Canada Meeting ‘98, 1, pp. 138-139.
terms of changes in the absorption, scattering, and
hence suspended load properties of the Bay. Oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau) and the American oyster
(Crassotrea virginica) are resident, non-migratory
FOERSTER, John W., Professor, “Copper Circulation species important to the estuarine benthic food web
in Two Tidally Influenced Marinas Studied Using a along the eastern coast of North America. They are
Nafion Polymer Probe,” Field Analytical Chemistry sentinel species with the potential to extract potentially
and Technology 3, 1999, pp. 1-12. toxic environmental trace metals. To test this
276
OCEANOGRAPHY
hypothesis, samplings are taken from areas away from transform of the elevation distribution, and direct
direct industrial or commercial effluents. Using a computation of a contour ghost ratio.
proton induced x-ray emissions (PIXE) system, this
study concentrates on trace metals found in the liver of GUTH, Peter L., Associate Professor, "Military
the oyster toadfish and the gill and muscle tissue of the Geology in War and Peace: An Introduction": in
oyster. The PIXE system is a rapid method to Underwood, J.R., Jr., and Guth, P.L, eds., Military
determine trace metal types, concentrations and for Geology in War and Peace: Geological Society of
archiving samples. Present analyses of various size America Reviews in Engineering Geology, vol. XIII,
toadfish show that the livers contained concentrations 1998, pp.1-4.
of chromium (6-52 mg/L), copper (3-26 mg/L), and
zinc (9-30 mg/L). For the toadfish, the trace metals In warfare military geologists pursue five main
vary as a function of the size, age, and sex of the fish. categories of work: tactical and strategic terrain
Generally, the trace metals have an accumulation analysis, fortifications and tunneling, resource
pattern of chromium>zinc>copper. The life history acquisition, defense installations, and field
stage of the toadfish is an important factor in trace construction and logistics. In peace they train for
metal accumulation. Oysters tend to concentrate trace wartime operations, and may be involved in peace
metals in the ratio of zinc>copper>selenium with keeping and nation building exercises. While many
varying concentrations of lead and arsenic (1-10 mg/l). geologists view military geology as a branch of
The lead, arsenic and copper accumulation in these engineering geology, the U.S. military does not include
animals fit patterns of land use. Therefore, trace metal geologists in its force structure and gets geologic
accumulation relative to life history stages, and land assistance on an ad hoc basis. The Army does,
use practices in the northern Chesapeake Bay indicates however, include organic terrain teams at division and
these two species are useful sentinel species for various higher levels to provide routine information for
trace metals. mission planning and execution. The classic dilemma
for military geology has been whether support can best
GUTH, Peter L., Associate Professor, “Contour Line be provided by civilian technical-matter experts or by
’ghosts’ in USGS Level 2 DEMs”: Photogrammetric uniformed soldiers who routinely work with the
Engineering and Remote Sensing, vol.65, no.3, (1999) combat units.
pp.289-296.
GUTH, Peter L., Associate Professor, (co-author), eds.,
Characteristics of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) Military Geology in War and Peace, Reviews in
differentiate those produced from digitized contour Engineering Geology, vol.XIII, Geological Society of
lines from those produced directly from imagery. America, 1998, 245 p.
Contour to grid algorithms produce more grid-node
elevations with the same elevation as the contour lines This volume contains 24 chapters in 6 sections. The
compared to elevations different from contour line first 11 chapters cover aspects of the history of military
elevation; this Aghost@ artifact reflects the DEM geology in the United States and the United Kingdom.
generation process and not the underlying topography. Three chapters deal with the current status of geology
In new USGS Level 2 DEMs, elevations corresponding in the armed forces. Three chapters cover terrain
to the source map contours can occur twice as often as analysis, three chapters cover the use of geology in
similar elevations between contour lines, and overall military engineering, and three chapters cover the use
contour line elevations are over represented by about of geology in military peace keeping and nation
30%. Three independent techniques demonstrate the building exercises. The final chapter explores the
contour line ghosts: visual examination of elevation future relations of geology and the U.S. Army.
histograms, the power spectrum from a fast Fourier
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OCEANOGRAPHY
GUTH, Peter L., Associate Professor, "Quantifying purplish bands inside the bows are called
Topographic Fabric: Eigenvector Analysis Using supernumerary bows. Despite their "superfluous"-
Digital Elevation Models": in 27th Applied Imagery sounding name, the supernumeraries are an inherent
Pattern Recognition (AIPR) Workshop:Advances in part of the rainbow and can often be seen inside bright
Computer-Assisted Recognition, R.J. Merisko, ed., fogbows and rainbows.
vol.3584, 1999, pp.233-243.
SIKORA, Todd D., Assistant Professor and Young, G.
Digital elevation models (DEMs) provide an estimate S., “Distinguishing boundary layer signatures from
of the topographic fabric (the tendency for topography mesoscale and ocean-clutter in SAR imagery”.
to have a preferred orientation) of the earth’s surface. Preprints, International Geoscience and Remote
The algorithm extracts the eigenvectors and Sensing Symposium 98, IEEE, Seattle, WA, 6-10 July
eigenvalues from a 3x3 matrix of the sums of the cross 1998, pp. 1385-1387.
products of the directional cosines of the surface
normals computed at each point in the DEM. The A spectral-based method for filtering synthetic
ratio of eigenvalues S1 (largest) and S2 measures the aperture wind imagery (derived from synthetic
ruggedness of the terrain. The ratio of eigenvalues S2 aperture radar imagery) is presented. The resulting
and S3 (smallest) measures the tendency for the terrain filtered spectra are employed in mixed-layer similarity
to have a preferred orientation, while their orientation theory to yield estimates of convective velocity scale.
reflects the direction of dominant topographic fabric. Results are compared to ground-truth data as well as to
Sample sizes of about 500-2500 points provide robust convective velocity scale derived from a previously a
statistics, allowing sample regions of 1/2 to 1/3 square presented study.
degree for global data sets and about 600 meters on a
side with 30 m US topography. Topographic fabric SIKORA, Todd, D., Assistant Professor, Phillips, P.,
appears to be a fundamental characteristic of and Gadparovoic, R. F., “Gulf Stream web site”.
landforms amenable to quantitative study. It should be Preprints, Eighth Symposium on Education, AMS,
included in terrain analysis and classification, and may Dallas, TX, 10-15 January 1999, pp. 68 - 69.
lead to better estimates for cross-country mobility.
The Gulf Stream is a major component of the North
LEE, Raymond L., Adjunct Visiting Assistant Atlantic circulation. This World Wide Web site,
Professor, “Regnbuens Farver,” Kvant 9 (# 4 developed as a student project, presents a chronology
December 1998), pp 14. of the major historical events in the development of
our understanding of the Gulf Stream characteristics,
A color map that shows how the primary rainbow's a description of observational techniques, and a
colors vary with drop size and angle from the sun (or discussion of its significance for weather, climate and
deviation angle; a deviation angle of 138° is 180° – naval operations. The historical treatment includes
138° = 42° from the shadow of an observer's head). examples of the earliest nautical charts indicating the
Each column in this map of George Airy's rainbow location of the Stream, along with brief biographies of
theory shows the sequence of colors in a rainbow (or many of the scientists who made important
fogbow) caused by one droplet of a given size. As in contributions to Gulf Stream oceanography. The
the natural primary rainbow, reds and oranges are on observational techniques discussed range from early
the exterior of these theoretical rainbows, while greens and modern in situ instruments to present day satellite
and purples are on their interior. As drop size observations with infrared, optical and microwave
decreases, rainbows broaden and become more pastel, remote sensors. In addition to on-line access via the
ultimately becoming fogbows when the drop radius is Internet, the site is available as a CD-ROM with a
less than about 0.07 mm. The alternating greenish and Netscape browser interface for use on desktop
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OCEANOGRAPHY
computers SMITH, D. R., Associate Professor, Moran, J. M., and

Smow, J. T., “Report on the Fourth International
SIKORA, Todd D., Assistant Professor and Young, G. Conference on School and Popular Meteorological and
S., ”Richardson number dependence on the diagnosis Oceanographic Education.” Bulletin of the American
of marine atmospheric boundary layer structure from Meteorological Society, 79(7), 1998, pp. 1387-1395.
synthetic aperture radar” Preprints, Thirteenth
Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence, The Fourth International Conference on School and
AMS, Dallas, TX, 10-15 January 1999, pp. 373-374. Popular Meteorological and Oceanographic Education
was held 22-26 July 1996 in Edinburgh, Scotland.
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery can be Conference attendees included 125 educators,
converted to neutral wind imagery using a standard meteorologists, oceanographers, and government
transfer function such as CMOD4. Two methods have officials representing 19 nations. The themes of the
previously been presented which employ Monin- conference were the roles of meteorology and
Obukhov and mixed layer similarity theory to produce oceanography in science education and the benefits
Obukhov length, convective velocity scale, buoyancy derived from improved environmental awareness and
flux, and a stability corrected wind speed from the scientific literacy, particularly weather awareness,
SAR-derived neutral wind imagery. These procedures meteorological literacy, and understanding of the
are based on the variance and spectral shape of the ocean. Formal presentations, workshops, poster
neutral wind imagery in the face of a mottled SAR sessions, and demonstrations provided information on
image where mottling is a SAR signature of boundary programs for teacher enhancement, computer-aided
layer convection. The ability of SAR to reveal the instruction, and classroom access to real-time weather
existence of convection via the mottling is, among information through the World Wide Web.
other things, a function of the MABL static stability
and mean wind speed. In the presence of MABL SMITH, D. R., Associate Professor, “Meeting Report
convection, it is reasonable to expect that as the static on the Seventh AMS Symposium on Education,”
stability and mean wind speed change, mottling Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,
variability will also change. An increase or decrease 79(12), 1998, pp. 2733-2340.
in MABL static stability will cause a corresponding
decrease or increase in mottling variability, all else The American Meteorological Society held its Seventh
being equal. An increase or decrease in mean wind Symposium on Education in conjunction with the 78th
speed will cause a corresponding decrease or increase Annual Meeting . The theme of the Symposium was
in mottling variability, all else being equal. It is “Atmospheric and Oceanographic Education:
therefore reasonable to expect that there is a static Advancing our Awareness”. Thirty-six oral
stability / mean wind speed limit in SAR=s ability to presentations and 47 poster presentations summarized
detect the presence of MABL convection. This limit is a variety of educational programs or examined
when the mottling variability approaches zero but the educational issues relevant for both the precollege and
MABL is still convective, not neutral. In short, it is university levels.
hypothesized that SAR is not a perfect convection
There were also joint sessions with the Second
finder. This poses a potentially serious problem when
Conference on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic
employing SAR for the above mentioned MABL
Prediction and Processes and the Ninth Conference on
techniques. The current research will present neutral
Interaction of the Sea and Atmosphere, as well as the
wind spectra from Radarsat imagery of the sea surface
Tenth Symposium on Meteorological Observations and
in the face of varying degrees Richardson Number in
Instruments. Over 200 people representing a wide
order to quantify and account for this potential
spectrum of the Society attended one or more of the
problem.
sessions in this two-day event.
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OCEANOGRAPHY
SMITH, David R., Associate Professor, Geer, I. W., DC 1998, 3pp.

and McManus, D. E., “The Maury Project: a Program
on the Physical Foundations For Pre-college Teachers” The Maury Project is the American Meteorological
Proceedings of the Ocean Community Conference ‘98 Society's pre-college teacher enhancement program
(CD-ROM). Marine Technology Society, Washington, that focuses on the physical foundations of
DC, 1998, 5pp. oceanography. This program conducts workshops
each summer at the United States Naval Academy.
The Maury Project is a joint venture of the American Also, educational resource materials are developed for
Meteorological Society (AMS) and the United States peer-training by our summer participants for teachers
Naval Academy, with funding from the National in their home states.
Science Foundation. This unique pre-college teacher One of the most prominent physical features of the
enhancement program focuses on the physical coastal ocean, are shallow-water waves. They are of
foundations of oceanography. Since its initiation in interest to teachers because of their impacts on coasts,
1994 both the Navy (Naval Meteorology and the economy, recreation, and defense. Tides and
Oceanography Command and the Office of Naval tsunamis, are special examples of shallow-water
Research) and NOAA (National Environmental waves. Although there is still interest in shallow-water
Satellite, Data and Information Service and the waves as a source of pollution-free renewable energy,
National Ocean Service) have become sponsors of this present day research is more focused on their role in
unique educational partnership. The primary activity nearshore geological, chemical, and biological
of the Maury Project is the annual two-week summer processes. Breaking waves are also being investigated
workshop for teachers on various aspects of the for their impact on beach erosion and coastal habitats
physical foundations of oceanography. The participant as well as an important mechanism contributing to the
teachers become peer trainers, conducting workshops exchange of energy and material across the air-sea
for their colleagues, normally at statewide science interface.
teachers conferences, using teacher’s guides on the The first demonstration will focus on a Maury
physical aspects of oceanography as the subject matter Project hands-on activity that investigates
area of the workshops. These workshops have shallow-water waves using Wave Tubes constructed of
reached thousands of teachers at workshops nationwide inexpensive and readily available material. The
over the past five years. activity will use the simulated advance of surface
This presentation will focus on the activities of the waves toward shore to investigate changes in wave
Maury Project over the past five years. In addition, characteristics that eventually lead to breakers and
there will be an examination of the accomplishments surf.
of the program and its impact on precollege teachers, One of the best known examples of global scale
who have participated in the summer workshops as air-sea interaction is El Niño and the Southern
well as the peertraining sessions conducted across the Oscillation, often described together as ENSO. This is
country and beyond. Finally, there will be a glimpse of interest to teachers because its impacts on
toward the future to see the directions where the Maury worldwide weather can lead to major ecological, social,
Project will be headed in its efforts to promote the and economic disruptions.
study of the oceans in the precollege classroom. The second demonstration will focus on a Maury
Project hands-on activity that investigates air-sea
SMITH, David R., Associate Professor and McManus, interaction using a device called the ENSO-lyzer to
D. E., “AMS Maury Project Teacher Guides: compare and contrast tropical Pacific ocean and
Shallow-Water Ocean Waves and El Niño, atmospheric conditions that occur during El Niño with
Proceedings of the Ocean Community Conference ‘98 long term average conditions. This educational device
(CD-Rom). Marine Technology Society, Washington, will help teachers to describe the average ocean and
280
OCEANOGRAPHY
atmospheric conditions of the tropical Pacific, the educational programs to achieve a level of
ocean and atmospheric conditions that occur during El effectiveness and accomplishment that otherwise
Niño, and the relationships among different would have been impossible. A key component in the
atmospheric and oceanic conditions during long-term development of resource agents is the evolution of the
average and El Niño. unique AMS model of leadership training for teachers.
This paper will examine this leadership model and
SMITH, David R., Associate Professor, Geer, I.W., how it serves the respective AMS educational
Moran, and J.M., Weinbeck, R.S., “The Educational programs.
Programs of The American Meteorological Society: A
Model For Teacher Enhancement And Leadership SMITH, David R., Associate Professor and Domencic,
Development,” Preprints of the 8th AMS Symposium C. S., “An Analysis of Conditions that Cause Heavy
on Education, American Meteorological Society, Precipitation: Case Study of 1 March 1997,” Preprints
Boston, MA, 1999, pp. 205-208. of the 14th AMS Conference on Hydrology, American
Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, 1999, pp. 233-
The American Meteorological Society (AMS) has been 236.
actively engaged in teacher enhancement programs
since 1991. It's first program, Project Flash floods are capable of occurring everywhere in
ATMOSPHERE, created a national network of the United States. These events are extremely
Atmospheric Education Resource Agents (AERAs), destructive and are responsible for the most deaths
teachers who are instrumental in training their peers every year of any weather-related phenomena. Flash
with AMS-developed resource materials on selected floods occur most often when a large amount of
topics in weather and climate. In addition, AERAs precipitation falls in a short amount of time. When the
became leaders in their respective states in promoting ground is not able to absorb this precipitation it flows
the study of the atmospheric environment across the into streams and waterways. If the water overflows the
K-12 curriculum. They also serve as agents of change banks of a waterway, flooding begins. In order to get
in curriculum and assessment within their state a better understanding of the conditions that cause
educational systems. flash flooding, it is useful to study weather situations
In 1994, the Maury Project was begun. Modeled that cause heavy precipitation events.
after Project ATMOSPHERE, the Maury Project This investigation examines the circumstances
provides a similar teacher enhancement program on responsible for flooding in south central Kentucky on
the physical foundations of oceanography. An 1 March 1997. This heavy rain event received
outgrowth of Project ATMOSPHERE is the significant synoptic-scale forcing from a cold front
DataStreme Project which utilizes near-real-time advancing into the area from the Mississippi River
observational data to enhance the study of weather Valley. Additionally, the Appalachian Mountains over
topics using the Internet as a delivery system. A eastern Kentucky stalled this system and altered the
common thread that runs through all of these teacher windflow, leading to enhanced moisture convergence
enhancement programs is the cultivation of a cadre of over the state. Further, significant convective activity
teachers with both the necessary scientific background occurred due to the high degree of instability and
and the leadership skills to serve as educational synoptic-scale forcing. The end result was as much as
resource agents in their respective schools and states. 30 cm of rainfall in some locations.
These teachers serve an invaluable role of transferring PC-GRIDDS, was used to analyze the
their knowledge acquired through AMS summer initialization data for the ETA-model to investigate
workshops to their peers in their home states. Such a this scenario. PC-GRIDDS allows for model output to
network of resource agents working within their own be analyzed at a variety of atmospheric levels. A
educational systems have made it possible for the AMS valuable aspect of this software is that it enables one to
281
OCEANOGRAPHY
analyze not only conventional meteorological variables impacts and the physics behind the ENSO occurrence.
(e.g., sealevel pressure, moisture content, or winds), Interannual variations of ocean surface temperatures in
but more complex calculations (e.g., lifted index, the equatorial Pacific, has apparently had effects on
moisture convergence, or absolute vorticity). Through weather patterns in other parts of the world. Inter-
the use of this software package, forecasters can linked changes, among other phenomena, has lead to
determine conditions that contribute to heavy the concept of "teleconnections," that is connections
precipitation, thereby leading to improved warnings of between different processes occurring at locations
flash flood events. widely-separated across the globe. During ENSO
events, the normal pattern of tropical precipitation
SMITH, David R., Associate Professor, Croft, P.J., becomes disrupted, which affects tropical atmospheric
Karr, and F. H., Tucker, D. F., “The Bachelor’s circulation features, such as jet streams in the
Degree in Atmospheric Science - Revision of the 1995 subtropics and in the temperate latitudes. One of
AMS Statement,” Preprints of the 8th AMS Symposium several possible disturbances caused by ENSO is the
on Education, American Meteorology Society, Boston, disruption of normal hurricane occurrences in the
MA, 1999, pp. 188-190. Atlantic Basin, which includes the North Atlantic, the
Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico.
The AMS Board of Meteorological and Oceanographic According to William Gray, the Atlantic Basin
Education (BMOEU) has been requested to revise the experiences more season-to-season hurricane
1995 AMS statement on the bachelor’s degree in variability than any other tropical ocean basin. There
atmospheric science. This revision was deemed are seven factors currently being used by Gray and
necessary because of the rising importance of the Landsea, to determine tropical cyclone activity, and
private sector in meteorology. The BMOEU formed a the presence of ENSO is among one of them. It is
subcommittee to develop a revised statement. This obvious that many factors are used in the prediction of
paper will present the current status of the revised hurricanes, but when ENSO occurs, it appears that it
statement. not only tends to have an overriding effect over the
Although the statement outlines minimum other influences, but it may well alter other predictive
requirements which are not particular to any career signals. The purpose of this study is to examine
path, it is felt that students wishing to pursue a specific connections between ENSO occurrence and hurricane
type of career should be aware that additional activity in the Atlantic Basin. For this study, the years
coursework may be helpful to them. The new selected as representing the ENSO warm phase (El
statement contains short supplemental lists of courses Niño) were 1987 and 1997, and those selected as
which would be helpful to students interested in a representing the ENSO cold phase (La Niña) years
couple of sample career paths. were 1988 and 1995. Sea surface temperature
anomalies (SSTAs), presented in this paper are from
SMITH, David R., Associate Professor, Garcia, D., the month of August, which was chosen since it is one
and Strong, A.E., “Teleconnections between ENSO month before the peak hurricane frequency month and
and the Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Frequency, mid-way through the season. In this study a “normal”
Intensity and Cyclogenesis,” Preprints of the 23rd AMS year, 1986, is selected and compared to cold and
Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, warm phase ENSO years.
American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, 1999, In general, the following patterns were discovered:
pp. 423-426. (a) during an El Niño year tropical cyclone frequency
The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a was lower than the average of the last 4 decades,
phenomenon that is not clearly understood. The ability intensity of storms was reduced, and cyclogenesis
to determine ENSO cycles is extremely vital, but occurred in higher latitudes, (b) during a La Niña year
equally important is an understanding of its global tropical cyclone activity was more prolific than the
282
OCEANOGRAPHY
average of the last 4 decades, the intensity of the El Niño years, which can have a significant impact on
storms was significantly stronger, and storm the weather patterns of areas that are crossed (or
cyclogenesis occurred lower in latitude. missed) by cyclones during an El Niño year.
This study helped to establish the teleconnection that WHITFORD, Dennis J. , Captain, USN, D. R. SMITH,
exists between the ENSO events and Atlantic Basin Associate Professor and W. A. Wright, “The Physical
hurricanes, but attempting to base hurricane activity Oceanography and Meteorology Curriculum at the
solely on the effects that ENSO has, would not be U.S. Naval Academy: Environmental Education for
valid. Although general patterns were evident, certain Naval Officers in the 21st Century.” Proceedings of the
aberrations were present. However, this teleconnection Marine Technology Society Ocean Community
should be useful to forecasters for long range Conference ‘98, (CD-Rom), Washington DC, 1998,
prediction of tropical cyclones during ENSO versus 5pp.
non-ENSO years.
The ability to uncover accurate teleconnections The naval warfare environment extends from the
between ENSO, from both oceanic and atmospheric bottom of the ocean to the sea surface and well into the
conditions and other global events is extremely vital to atmosphere. In order to effectively perform in such
an improved understanding of the coupled systems and diverse operational arenas, naval officers require an
their feedbacks on our planet. This ability, which understanding of not only waves, tides and currents,
helps to predict the hurricane season in the Atlantic but the characteristics of the deep ocean and the littoral
Basin, will become very important in years to come to zone, the processes governing the atmosphere as well
many sectors of society, if ocean temperatures continue as the ocean, and, most importantly, knowledge of how
to rise. the marine environment of an understanding of how it
affects one’s weapon system is of vital importance to
SMITH, David R., Associate Professor and Ledridge, the naval warrior.
M.J., “The Effect of El Niño on Extratropical Cyclone
Tracks in North America,” Preprints of the 10th AMS The mission of the United States Naval Academy
Symposium on Global Change Studies, American (USNA) is to prepare midshipmen for their future
Meteorology Society, Boston, MA, 1999, pp. 77-80. careers as U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps officers.
The Oceanography program at USNA is a unique
The El Niño/Southern Oscillation event has program, designed to provide future officers with a
widespread effects on global atmospheric conditions. thorough understanding of the ocean and atmospheric
During El Niño years, it has been observed that the environment in which they will be operating in their
tracks of extratropical cyclones over the United States professional military careers. This undergraduate
are altered compared to those during non-El Niño program focuses on the scientific disciplines of
years. How cyclone tracks are affected during an El physical oceanography and meteorology with practical
Niño event is the focus of this study. Cyclone tracks application toward naval operations. In addition, the
are plotted across the North American continent for program contains a heavy dose of science, mathematics
the period 1 December 1997 – 31 March 1998. The and engineering courses to provide midshipmen with
frequency of occurrence and the location of the tracks a strong technical background that forms a solid
during this period are compared to two other El Niño foundation for any of the naval technical schools and
years (1982-83 and 1987-88) and two non-El Niño for graduate school.
years (1985-86 and 1995-96). This paper examines
results from both El Niño and non-El Niño cases. This presentation will describe the oceanography
There appears to be an equatorward shift in the program at USNA. The Oceanography program builds
cyclone tracks during El Niño years compared to non- upon a core of mathematics, science, engineering and
283
OCEANOGRAPHY
professional military courses taken by all midshipmen well as independent research opportunities. The
with a curriculum of physical oceanography and presentation will focus on how the most recent
meteorology courses. There are a wide variety of curriculum revisions are designed to prepare the
upper division elective offerings which include midshipmen as they prepare for their future military
biological, chemical, geological and physical careers in the 21st century.
oceanography; meteorology; and remote sensing, as
Technical Reports
FOERSTER, John W., Professor, “Copper Sensor System BCP measures Cu(I) within 17% of measurements
for Unattended Marine Operations II: Development of a m a d e
Polymer Sensor and Field Tests,” NRL REPORT with the Standard Method BCS procedure. The use
#NRL/MR/6120-98-8131 o f t h e
polymer with Bathocuproine (BCP) allows for a
A major source of trace metal contamination in the r a p i d
marine environment is the copper containing anti-fouling electronic measurement. This electronic
paints on ship hulls. This research examines the potential m e a s u r e m e n t
of 2, 9-dimethyl-4, 7-diphenyl-1, 10-phenanthroline uses optical fibers running from a small
(Bathocuproine = BCP) embedded in the polymer, spectrophotometer to either a flow through or a
Nafion 117, for use as a reliable chemical for developing submersible device containing the BCP impregnated
a sensor capable of measuring Cu(I) in seawater. The polymer. Response times for the devices depend on
sensor must have t h e
size of the membrane used and the flow rate. The
! parts per billion (ppb) detection limits, f l o w
cell takes 8 minutes to reach a peak optical density
! marine environmental immersion capability, and w h i l e
! the ability to detect the Cu(I) oxidation state. the submersible probe takes 1 minute. Nafion 117
polymer impregnated with Bathocuproine (BCP) is
Results of this study show the Nafion 117 a rapid method useful for detecting Cu(I) released
c o n t a i n i n g into the marine environment.
Presentations
FOERSTER, John W., Professor, “Sentinel Species: British Columbia, MD.

Managing Trace Metals in a Large Estuarine System,”
at the Coastal Zone Canada ‘99 meeting in Victoria GUTH, Peter L., Associate Professor, “Terrain
284
OCEANOGRAPHY
classification from digital elevation models: Geological Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology,
Society of America Abstracts with Programs”, vol.30, Dallas TX (January 1999).
no.7, p.A-137--A-138. Annual meeting, Toronto,
Canada, 26-29 October 98 SMITH, David R., Associate Professor, “Visualization
of Fluid Flows Using Mathematica” (with J.E.
SIKORA, Todd, D., Assistant Professor and G. S. Coleman and R. Malek-Madani), Marine Technology
Young, “Distinguishing boundary layer signatures Society’s Ocean Community Conference’98,
from mesoscale and ocean-clutter in SAR imagery”. Baltimore, MD (November 1998).
International Geoscience and Remote Sensing
Symposium ‘98, IEEE, Seattle, 6-10 July 1998. SMITH, David R., Associate Professor, “Serrin’s
Vortex Revisited” (with J.E. Coleman and R. Malek-
SIKORA, Todd D., Assistant Professor, R. F. Madani), 19th Conference on Severe Local Storms,
Gasparovic and P. Phillips, “Gulf Stream web site.” Minneapolis, MN (September 1998).
Eighth Symposium on Education, AMS, Dallas, TX,
10-15 January 1999. SMITH, David R., Associate Professor, “The
Educational Program of the American Meteorological
SIKORA, Todd D., Assistant Professor and G. S. Society: A Model for Teacher Enhancement and
Young, “Richardson number dependence on the Leadership Development”, (with I.W. Geer, I.W., R.S.
diagnosis of marine atmospheric boundary layer Weinbeck and J.M.Moran) 8th AMS Symposium on
structure from synthetic aperture radar.” Thirteenth Education, Dallas, TX (January 1999).
Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence,
AMS, Dallas, TX, (10-15 January 1999). SMITH, David R., Associate Professor, “The
Bachelor’s Degree in Atmospheric Science - Revision
SIKORA, Todd, D., Assistant Professor, “Testing the of the 1995 AMS Statement”(with D.F. Tucker, F.H.
diagnosis of MABL structure from SAR.” Emerging Karr, and P.J. Croft), 8th AMS Symposium on
Coastal and Marine Applications of Wide Swath SAR Education, Dallas, TX (January 1999).
Symposium, The Johns Hopkins University Applied
Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, (23-25 March SMITH, David R., Associate Professor, “The Maury
1999). Project: A Program on the Physical Foundations of
Oceanography for Pre-college Teachers” (with I.W.
SMITH, David R., Associate Professor, "The Effect of Geer and D.E. McManus), Marine Technology
El Niño on Extratropical Cyclone Tracks in North Society’s Ocean Community Conference ‘98,
America” (with M.J. Ledridge), 10th Symposium on Baltimore, MD (November 1998).
Global Change Studies, Dallas, TX, (January 1999).
SMITH, David R., Associate Professor, “The Maury
SMITH, David R., Associate Professor, "An Analysis Project Teacher’s Guides: Shallow Water Ocean Waves
of Conditions Responsible for a Heavy Precipitation and El Niño” (with D.E.McManus), Marine
Event: The Storm of 1 March 1998" (with C.S. Technology Society’s Ocean Community Conference
Domencic), presented at the 14th Conference on ‘98, Baltimore, MD (November 1998).
Hydrology, Dallas TX (January 1999).
SMITH, David R., Associate Professor, “The Physical
SMITH, David R., Associate Professor, Oceanography and Meteorology Curriculum at the
"Teleconnections of ENSO and the Atlantic Basin U.S. Naval Academy: Environmental Education for
Tropical Cyclone Frequency, Intensity and Naval Officers in the 21st Century (with D.J. Whitford
Cyclogenesis" (with D. Garcia and A.E. Strong), 23rd and W.A. Wright,III), Marine Technology Society’s
285
OCEANOGRAPHY
______________________________________________________________________________
Ocean Community Conference ‘98, Baltimore, MD Research Society, Gloucester Point, VA, April 1999.
(November 1998).
WHITFORD, Dennis J., Captain, USN, and D. R.
VIEIRA, Mario E. C., Associate Professor, “The Smith, Associate Professor, “The Physical
Douro Estuary: a Mesotidal Salt Wedge Case.” Fall Oceanography and Meteorology Curriculum at the
meeting of the Atlantic Estuarine Research Society, U.S. Naval Academy: Environmental Education for
Stone Harbor, NJ, October 1998. Naval Officers in the 21st Century.” Marine
Technology Society Ocean Community Conference
VIEIRA, Mario E. C., Associate Professor, “The ‘98, Baltimore, MD (November 1998).
Douro Estuary: Does a Standing Wave Control its
Behaviour?” Spring meeting of the Atlantic Estuarine
Physics
Professor Francis D. Correll
Chair
______________________________________________________________________________
Physics Department faculty members were vigorously current in their various areas of specialization, allowed
engaged in research and scholarship during the 1998- them to expand the use of research-based teaching
1999 academic year. Their efforts helped them keep techniques in our classrooms and laboratories, and
286
DEPARTMENT OF
provided opportunities for midshipmen to develop as conduct nuclear structure experiments using
independent scholars. accelerators at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Zurich.
The reports that follow describe studies in such Commander Alan Whiting received observing time at
traditional areas of physics research as acoustics, the Cerro Tololo Observatory in Chile to study galactic
astronomy and astrophysics, atomic physics, condensed astronomy. Assistant Professor Debora Katz-Stone
matter physics, cosmology, nonlinear optics, nuclear was awarded observing time to conduct astrophysics
structure physics, and planetary physics. They also research using the Very Large Array. Assistant
relate work in a variety of interdisciplinary fields, Professor Phillip E. Stallworth received a visiting
including cognitive science, applied electromagnetics, research appointment at the Laboratory of
environmental science, geoacoustics, materials science, Electrochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of the
and medical acoustics. Additionally, they describe a CNRS in Paris to study materials for use in advanced
number of important efforts to understand how photovoltaic cells.
students learn physics and how to teach it more Our faculty shared the results of their research by
effectively. publishing scholarly articles in journals and presenting
External research sponsors included the National talks and posters at conferences. They published
Science Foundation, the Office of Naval Research, the twelve refereed articles this year and made 37
U.S. Department of Education, the Naval Research presentations, including some at international
Laboratory, the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Los meetings in Canada, France, Scotland, South Africa,
Alamos National Laboratory, and the Swiss National and Taiwan.
Science Foundation. Internal support came from the The relationship between our faculty and our
Naval Academy Research Council and the Naval students remained close and productive. One Trident
Academy Curriculum Development Program. Scholar developed an improved computational model
Several of our faculty received special recognition of the magnetosphere of Saturn, which he presented at
for their research and scholarship. Professor Irene M. an international conference. Nine midshipmen
Engle received a Kinnear Fellowship to support her participated in a variety of independent research
courses, and several of them gave talks based on their
work at professional meetings. In addition, two
students from St. John’s College gained valuable
research experience by assisting Physics Department
studies of planetary magnetospheres. Associate faculty members in their laboratories.
Professor Jeffrey R. Vanhoy was awarded beam time to
Sponsored Research
Infrared Studies
Researcher: Professor Donald W. Brill
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PHYSICS
This project supports the development of a Bi- transmission coefficients for a smooth, flat interface
Directional Reflectometer (BDR) facility at NSWC, between a dielectric (air) and a conductor (gold). Plots
Carderock, led by Peter Sarman. This device performs were made of the reflection coefficients as a function
measurements on the infrared (IR) energy reflected of the laser beam’s angle of incidence at the
from a surface: an incident beam having a prepared frequencies which Mr. Sarman uses. These plots
intensity and linear or circular polarization is scattered compared favorably with data he obtains using his test
by the target surface into a receiver which analyzes the facility.
polarization and intensity of the scattered beam as a Since then, the work has been extended to the
function of the angular position of the receiver relative more difficult case of scattering from a rough gold
to the target. surface. A literature search produced a list of
The data received from the target surface is publications pertaining to this type of problem. The
compared with similar data received from a flat gold works of Beckmann and Spizzichino and also Ogilvy
reference surface. This means that the scattering have been the most helpful introduction to the methods
characteristics of the gold surface should be well and results which are available for the case of
understood and reproducible. electromagnetic scattering.
During the summer of 1997, a study was made of
the Fresnel relationships giving the reflection and
Creation of Geoacoustical Maps for Selected Littoral Zone Areas
Researcher: Professor Douglas W. Edsall

This project builds upon the work of M. D. Max and within the littoral zone is to extrapolate existing
incorporates existing data, within the framework of topographic and geologic information from the
known geological processes, to produce geoacoustical adjacent continental area. Maps produced in this
maps of selected littoral areas. From a bathymetric, manner can be used to understand existing data and to
geologic, and acoustic perspective, most of the littoral plan future tests.
zone is poorly known or understood. One method of
expanding the knowledge of these important properties
Properties of Fuel Cell and Battery Materials
Researchers: Professor John J. Fontanella, Professor Mary C. Wintersgill,

Assistant Professor Phillip E. Stallworth and Assistant Professor Charles A. Edmondson
The goal of the project is to determine the ion transport mechanism in materials proposed for use in fuel cells
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PHYSICS
and batteries. The materials of interest include ion- membranes described in the ONR proposal by S. G.
exchange membranes for fuel cells and liquid and Greenbaum. One battery material of interest is a
polymer electrolytes for batteries. NMR studies of hybrid electrolyte composed of PFdF-HFP copolymer
cathode materials will also be carried out. For ion- containing fumed silica developed by Bellcore. In
exchange membranes, studies will be made of the addition, liquids such as propylene carbonate
sulfonated block copolymer membranes developed by (containing a lithium salt), phosphoric acid and room
Wnek and coworkers at Virginia Commonwealth temperature molten salts will also be studied.
University and the PSSA-PVdF and composite
Heavy-ion Backscattering Using a Magnetic Spectrometer
Researcher: Associate Professor James R. Huddle

When a beam of ions scatters from atoms in a target, silicon substrates. The film thicknesses were measured
the scattered ions emerge with a distribution of charge using high-resolution Rutherford backscattering to be
states. For thick targets, in which the ions experience 10 and 25 Angstroms. 2 MeV helium ions were
many collisions, equilibrium charge state distributions directed onto the 10-Angstrom film, and ions scattered
can be calculated, and the calculations are in at 135 degrees to the incident beam were analyzed with
reasonable agreement with experiment. But non- the NRL 20-inch double focussing magnetic
equilibrium charge state distributions for ion-atom spectrometer. We found approximately 20 times more
collisions in thin targets are more difficult to calculate, ions in charge state +1 than in +2, in agreement with
and the experiments to measure these distributions a simple theory. The magnetic spectrometer cannot
generally have used gas jet targets, which are not detect neutrals. 2 MeV carbon ions were directed onto
feasible for elements that are not gaseous at room the 25-Angstrom film, and we found approximately
temperature, and are expensive when feasible. Since equal numbers of ions in charge states +2 and +3,
a magnetic spectrometer registers ions which satisfy fewer in +4, and essentially none in other charge
the condition mE = kq2B2, where m is the ion’s mass, states. The theory predicts, for equilibrium,
E is its kinetic energy, k is a constant, q is the ion’s approximately 21% of the scattered ions to be in
charge state and B is the magnetic field inside the charge state +2, 52% in +3, and 28% in +4. The next
spectrometer, using such an instrument with thin films step in this work should be to determine whether this
deposited onto solid substrates offers an attractive difference is due to statistical or systematic error, or if
alternative. we have indeed reached non-equilibrium conditions.
Thin films of niobium were evaporated onto
Radio Observations of Tycho Supernova Remnant
Researcher: Assistant Professor Debora M. Katz-Stone

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PHYSICS
This ongoing research makes use of the most sensitive features that were not previously identified. Further
low-frequency radio observations of the Tycho investigation may reveal fundamental information
Supernova remnant. The analysis involves techniques about the acceleration process in this Supernova
developed by the researcher to isolate overlapping remnant.
spectral components, and it has already unveiled
Electron Populations and Ages in Radio Galaxies
Researcher: Assistant Professor Debora M. Katz-Stone

Sponsor: National Science Foundation (Professor Lawrence Rudnick, University of Minnesota)
Previous investigations of radio galaxies have revealed acquired data to determine which of these features are
sheath engulfed jets. These features were not present in a number of radio galaxies and determine
previously identified, but this research has shown that the age and dynamics in these sources.
they may be common. As part of an international
research team, the researcher has analyzed recently
Design and Development of PC-IMAT:

Teaching Strategies for Acoustical Oceanography
Researcher: Professor Murray S. Korman

Sponsor: USNA Curriculum Development Program
This program supports development of the of scientific visualizations using PC-IMAT. Their
Personalized Curriculum for Interactive Multisensor work seeks to find the best ways to display a sequence
Analysis Training (PC-IMAT). PC-IMAT is a flexible, of scientific visualizations combining the physics of
effective computer-based platform that helps students wave motion, acoustical oceanography, and the
master Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) and other complex environment associated with ASW scenarios,
tasks which require extensive analysis, classification to help students acquire skills that can be transferred
and interpretation skills. to the analysis of new situations.
Students taking SP411 (Underwater Acoustics and
Sonar) have been actively involved in the development
Fixing the Photorefractive Soliton
Researcher: Associate Professor Steven R. Montgomery
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PHYSICS
Under normal circumstances, a laser beam focused to background light has limited its usefulness: vary any of
a small spot expands significantly a short distance these things too much, and the soliton would erase.
downstream of the beam waist due to diffraction. The objective of this study was to produce a fixed
When focused on the input face of a photorefractive soliton that could survive large variations in those
crystal with transversely applied DC electric field, parameters. This was accomplished by manipulating
however, the beam can alter the index of refraction of ferroelectric domains in the soliton channel relative to
the crystal in such a way that a waveguide forms to the bulk of the crystal. Once such a fixed soliton is
maintain the minimum beam waist throughout the formed, its erasure requires raising the temperature
crystal, effectively turning off the diffraction. The above the Curie temperature or applying a DC field
resulting waveguide is called a spatial soliton that can greater than 1000 V/cm (the coercive field) so that the
be formed and erased dynamically, as conditions waveguide can even be moved to another setup days
warrant. later without loss of waveguide efficiency.
The sensitivity of the photorefractive spatial
soliton to laser beam power, electric field strength, and
Implementation of Real-Time Physics into the Introductory Physics Course
Researchers: Professor Eugene P. Mosca, Associate Professor John P. Ertel, and

Major Andrew R. MacMannis, USMC
Sponsor: U.S. Department of Education (Professor David R. Sokoloff, University of Oregon)
The goals of this project are to implement the Real- mechanics (motion, force, and energy) and electricity
Time Physics (RTP) laboratory curriculum in the (charge, current, and circuits).
Naval Academy’s core physics courses and assess its In the first year of this two-year project supported
effectiveness in helping midshipmen master by the Department of Education’s Fund for the
fundamental concepts of mechanics and electricity. Improvement of Post-Secondary Education (FIPSE),
Real-Time Physics is a laboratory curriculum the researchers received training in the goals and
developed by Professors David R. Sokoloff (University methods of the RTP curriculum in a workshop with
of Oregon), Ronald K. Thornton (Tufts University), participants from five other colleges and universities.
and Priscilla W. Laws (Dickinson College). It is In addition, they adapted laboratory curricular
characterized by the use of carefully designed guided materials and experiments to conform to the
activities that are enhanced by the use of computer- requirements of our SP211 and SP212 laboratories.
interfaced sensors and an integrated suite of data They have also begun administering a series of
presentation and analysis programs. Research standard pre- and post-tests to assess the effectiveness
conducted at a number of schools has shown that RTP of the RTP in helping students learn the targeted
has helped students master important concepts in concepts.
Optical Spectroscopy of Upconversion Processes

in Rare Earth Doped Crystalline Solids
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PHYSICS
Researchers: Assistant Professor Anne-Marie Novo-Gradac and Jason Derleth (St. John’s College)
Upconversion is a process which results in the industry. Lasers of this nature have been constructed,
emission of light from a material that is being optically but are not yet commercially viable due to limitations
pumped by light lower in frequency than the emission. in performance of known upconverting materials. It is
This is achieved by converting two or more low the purpose of this ongoing project to identify new
frequency input photons into a single high frequency upconverting materials, determine the particulars of
output photon. As a result, it is possible to produce the upconversion process itself, and identify the
blue emission from a crystal that is being pumped by conditions necessary to optimize the process
an infrared diode laser. The upconverting crystal can sufficiently to produce laser emission.
be coupled wit the diode pump laser into a compact
package to produce a visible light laser. Such systems
have immediate applications in the optical data storage
Computer Technology in Cooperative Instruction of Basic Physics
Researchers: Professor Carl S. Schneider, Assistant Professor Debora M. Katz-Stone

and Ensign Jennifer M. Childs, USN
Sponsor: USNA Curriculum Development Program
The goal of this project was to enhance the utility of over three hundred additional questions, four for each
the Physics Department’s ClassTalk instructional of the roughly 85 lessons in the core physics course.
system by expanding the type and number of questions For each lesson, they devised three reading questions
available and by organizing the questions in such a to encourage daily preparation and one demonstration
way that instructors would find the system easy to use. question to focus attention on a physical demonstration
ClassTalk is a computer-based classroom polling presented in class. The difficulty level of the reading
system that implements a pedagogical technique called questions was designed to be moderate, so that the
peer instruction. The effectiveness of peer instruction questions both stimulated learning and rewarded study.
in basic physics classes was demonstrated by Professor The format of the demonstration questions included
Eric Mazur of Harvard University, who developed both conceptual items (which asked what happens) and
several hundred short conceptual questions that he quantitative ones (which asked how much).
calls ConcepTests He presents a number of these To make the new questions easily available to
questions during each class meeting and gives his instructors, the researchers created two web pages, one
students time to convince one another of the for SP211 and one for SP212, with hyperlinks to the
correctness of their responses. This process of peer questions suitable for each lesson. A brief survey
instruction has been shown to be very effective in indicated that 23 of 28 faculty with access to the
correcting misconceptions among students. ClassTalk system used it several times per week.
In the present project, the researchers developed
ANDES: A Tutoring System for Classical Physics
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PHYSICS
Researcher: Professor Robert N. Shelby

Classical physics is a prerequisite for virtually all Wintersgill, and Shelby of the USNA Physics
university level study of science and technology, yet is Department, and knowledge base construction, coding,
a notoriously difficult subject for students to learn. We and coordination is being done by Professor Schulze of
are building a tutoring system named ANDES that will the USNA Computer Science Department.
help students learn physics. ANDES is based on the The project is currently in its fourth year and will
latest research in Cognitive Science as well as input include a 7-section trial of the current system in the
from a team of physics instructors with years of fall semester of 1999 and a 2-section trial in the spring
experience in instructional reform. When completed, semester. The present focus of the project is on
ANDES will be used at the U. S. Naval Academy to increasing material coverage, knowledge base
enhance the introductory physics course, which is expansion, addition of more difficult problems and
taken by approximately 1000 students per year. improving the quality of the help being given by the
The coding and cognitive science portions of the tutor. These changes are designed to improve
system are being done by Professor Kurt VanLehn’s acceptance of the system by the students and use of the
group at the Learning Research and Development system by professors.
Center (University of Pittsburgh), the domain
knowledge is being developed by Professors Treacy,
Applied Studies of Imaging and Pattern Recognition
Researcher: Professor Lawrence L. Tankersley

Research has continued on optical detection and longitudinal fields; (2) optical evaluation of lubricating
analysis of debris in turbine engine lubrication fluids, fluids using partial-volume sampling; (3) optical
imaging through turbid media and modulator studies studies of small wear particles in lubricants; (4) real-
using multiple quantum well devices. A specific, time evaluation of debris in turbine engine lubricants;
fruitful effort developed a method to decrease the (5) quantum well photorefractive image correlators; (6)
power consumption of quantum well modulators. The development of support electronics; and (7) design
power savings makes the devices more suited for studies for a new generation of magnetic capture chip
communications satellites and even possibly for a detectors.
planetary probe.
Work performed under this program includes: (1)
theoretical investigation of non-linear effects involving
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PHYSICS
Nuclear Structure of 120Te via the 118Sn(alpha,2n-gamma) Reaction and 120I Decay
Researchers: Associate Professor Jeffrey R. Vanhoy and Midn 1/C Robert T. Coleman, USN; Sally F. Hicks, M.
Walburn, and B. Sklaney (University of Dallas); P. E. Garrett and N. Warr (University of Kentucky);
F. Corminboeuf,. L. Genilloud, J. Jolie, J. Kern, and J.L. Schenker (University of Fribourg)
Sponsors: National Science Foundation (NSF), Swiss National Science Foundation, and Paul Scherrer Institut
118
Tellurium-120 appears to have many characteristics of Sn(alpha,2n-gamma) reaction at the Paul Scherrer
a harmonic-vibrational nucleus. It is known, however, Institut (PSI) in Switzerland. In late November,
that other configurations, such as particle and intruder measurements were made using (alpha,2n-gamma-
structures, play an important role in neighboring gamma) coincidence techniques and a beta-decay
nuclei. Spectroscopic information such as spins and measurement using the 110Pd(14N,4n) reaction. These
parities, branching ratios, and transition rates are measurements provide an impressive amount of data
required to search for both collective and particle-like and it will not be until late summer 1999 that analysis
structures and to examine their interplay. One of the should be complete. At the present time, the level
best ways to obtain this information is with in-beam scheme has been developed up to 3.3 MeV excitation.
gamma-ray spectroscopy. Excitation function and
angular distribution measurements were performed
during summer 1998 on the 120Te nucleus using the
Basic Nuclear Physics with the GEANIE Array at LANSCE/WNR
Researchers: Associate Professor Jeffrey R. Vanhoy and the GEANIE collaboration

Sponsor: National Science Foundation (NSF) and Los Alamos Neutron Science Center
GEANIE is a planar and coaxial germanium detector to LANSCE and installed on a Target-4 beamline to
array installed at LANSCE/WNR. The high neutron evaluate its performance. Some of the concerns to be
energies available at the facility allow access to nuclei answered were (1) whether an array such as KEGS can
not accessible from stable targets and also provide safely reside in the beamline shielding and collimation
access to different spin regimes in stable nuclei. Open environment, (2) whether the present KEGS data
exit channels involve the emission of up to 15 acquisition system can process events in the beam-
nucleons. Applied interests; i.e., the need for (n, xn) burst environment of WNR, (3) whether the various
cross-section measurements over a range of energies (n,xn) channels can be cleanly extracted from the time-
drive the data taken using GEANIE. The question structure and still maintain usable statistics, and (4)
arose as to what extent the facility could also be used whether isotopically enriched targets from the RMC
for spectroscopic studies. The LANSCE groups were collection can be used without activating them. The
also interested in developing an external user program. test period ran from September through October 31,
As GEANIE was designed for use in high- 1998. Short data sets were obtained for 196Pt and 181Ta
multiplicity heavy-ion reactions, it was suggested that targets, and a longer 19-day run on 186W was
an array with greater angular coverage might be performed. The KEGS array easily passed the first
suitable for (n,xn) nuclear structure studies. The three tests. Insufficient data was obtained to draw any
University of Kentucky 4-element HpGe array KEGS conclusions about the use of RMC targets.
(Kentucky Gamma-Ray Spectrometer) was transported
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PHYSICS
Development of an Intelligent Tutoring System
Researchers: Professor Mary C. Wintersgill, Professor Donald J. Treacy,

Professor Robert N. Shelby, and Professor Kay G. Schulze (Computer Science Department)
The student modeling module of an intelligent tutoring The second problem is that inferring a line of
system (ITS) infers a student's line of reasoning from reasoning from student actions is fraught with
the student's user interface actions. It thereby uncertainty. Students may know a rule, but fail to
determines what pieces of knowledge a student recall and use it. Sometimes students generate correct
employed in taking those actions, and thus what actions via lucky guesses. Often an action can be
knowledge the student possesses. The ITS makes derived either by correct or incorrect lines of
important pedagogical decisions based on both the reasoning. Existing student modeling systems often
student's line of reasoning and the student's knowledge use heuristics to cope with such uncertainties.
mastery. This ITS will use sound, probabilistic reasoning
The existing technology for student modeling instead. In particular, the system will use Bayesian
needs improvement. Its first problem is combinatorial. belief networks. Because the reasoning is sound, the
Because the ITS assigns the problem the student is systems' assessments should be able to hold up to the
working on, student modeling is usually done by pre- same psychometric and legal standards that are applied
computing the whole problem space for the problem, to conventional multiple choice tests. This project will
then searching it to find a solution path that matches develop a student modeling module based on these
the student's actions. In many task domains, the ideas, and demonstrate its combinatorial feasibility by
problem spaces are too large to use this technique, so using it in the context of simple ITS for university
the ITS designers artificially reduce their sizes by physics. The internal validity of the assessments will
designating only some possible solution paths as be evaluated using artificial students. The external
"correct." In many task domains, it appears possible to validity will be evaluated using real students and
vastly reduce the size of the pre-computed data verbal protocols.
structures by taking advantage of certain redundancies
in the problem space.
An Optical Survey of Large Interstellar Structures
Researchers: Professor C. Elise Albert; L. Danly and P. Lee (Space Telescope Science Institute);
C. Sneden and D. Hiltgen (U. of Texas); D. Hartmann (Center for Astrophysics);
B. Burton (Sterrewacht Leiden); and F.J. Lockman (National Radio Astronomy Observatory)
Over the past decade, studies of the interstellar and importance of large-scale structures in the
medium in our galaxy have highlighted the prevalence distribution of gas in the disk and halo. Heiles (1984)
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PHYSICS
presented a catalog of H I shells, shell-like loops and I shells. Intermediate velocity gas is observed toward
worms. Some of these structures are believed to be a number of our program stars. Results from the
several kiloparsecs in size and show coherent structure optical observations are being compared to H I data on
in space and velocity. The researchers obtained the shells to evaluate their distances, kinematics and
interstellar absorption spectra of Ca II H and K lines abundances.
and Na I D1, D2 lines at high resolution (about 7
km/s) toward 61 stars in the directions of interstellar H
Electrical Properties of Nafion Membranes Intended for Use in Methanol Fuel Cells
Researchers: Assistant Professor Charles A. Edmondson, Professor John J. Fontanella

and Professor Mary C. Wintersgill
The primary objective of this work is to gain insight presence of methanol, current efforts are directed at
into ion motion in the ion exchange membrane Nafion evaluating the effect of methanol and methanol-water
via complex impedance measurements. Detailed mixtures on their conductivity.
studies of the complex impedance as a function of
water content and pressure have been conducted.
Since these membranes are intended for use in the
Investigation of the Human Voice Mechanism
Researchers: Professor Samuel A. Elder and P. F. Castellanos (University of Maryland School of Medicine)
This is a joint research project involving Professor S. acoustic sound pressure one may obtain the effective
A. Elder of the United States Naval Academy Physics volume flow source strength of the larynx as a sound
Department and Dr. P. F. Castellanos, an generator. Making use of a photo-glotto-graphic
otolaryngological surgeon on the staff of the University sensor, this has been directly correlated with the
of Maryland School of Medicine. Over the past two changing glottic area of the vibrating vocal folds,
years, papers have been presented at meetings of the giving insights into the source mechanism of the
Acoustical Society of America, the International oscillation. Comparisons are being made with in vivo
Congress on Acoustics, the Association for Research in subjects to determine if the mechanisms are the same.
Otolaryngology, and the American Broncho- Evidence is accumulating that in vivo, and
Esophagological Association. therefore “normal”, laryngeal sound production is
The work is being carried out in the Acoustics dominated by a monopole source function, with some
Laboratory of the USNA Physics Department. dipole or quadrupole contributions at the beginning
Experimental methods involve the USNA anechoic and end of the open cycle. Currently it is of particular
chamber facility and make use of state-of-the-art interest to the investigators that epithelial damage to
computerized speech laboratory equipment. the vocal folds in pathological specimens has been
Investigations involve both in-vivo and in-vitro observed to occur typically at the location along the
specimens. An excised larynx preparation, driven by folds at which they begin to part on opening. This
warm moist air, radiates as a point source in an suggests a possible mechanism for damage: adhesion
anechoic chamber. By integrating the measured from a condition of abnormally high surface tension.
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PHYSICS
Establishing this connection is currently a primary

goal.
Magnetospheric Physics
Researcher: Professor Irene M. Engle
Several topics in magnetospheric physics were studied planning and made a favorably received presentation
during the past year. They include: of results. An associated manuscript has been
Modeling, from first principles, a representation submitted to a referred journal.
of the Jovian magnetosphere during a semi-inflated Modeling, either from first principles or by scaling
state, as observed during the Voyager II flyby. The from a function set, self-consistent, three-dimensional
expanded version of the Voyager II Era magnetosphere global magnetospheres of Uranus and Neptune.
field model was the one most applicable to correct Adapting alternate sets of orthogonal functions for
predictions and useful data analysis for the July 1994 three-dimensional representation of magnetospheres
Shoemaker-Levy 9 Encounter with the Jovian for earth and other planets with intrinsic planetary
magnetosphere (which culminated in the collision with magnetic fields.
the planet). A floppy magnetodisk to replace a rigid Investigations of the relation of observed temporal
magnetodisk is currently being explored, but some variations of magnetospheric configurations to the
fundamental problems have arisen. The mathematical proximate causes and consequential phenomena;
forms used to fit the disk are Euler potentials whose investigations of the mechanisms for transport of
behavior in the neighborhoods outside the regions particles, momenta, and energy related to the aforesaid
where the parameter fits were made is bizarre. This phenomena. Attempts are being made to model
discovery was combined with similar difficulties upstream shock waves attributable to diurnal variations
encountered by other investigators into a generalized of Jovian magnetopause position.
work on the hazards of such modeling approaches. Modeling, from first principles, a representation
A new look at the Mercury magnetospheric field, of the Saturnian magnetosphere as observed during the
in response to a published review on Mercury which Pioneer 11 and Voyager I and II flybys. An expanded
contains some conclusions that are not supported by paper written jointly with Sylvestre Maurice was
this investigator's experience. In addition, there is new published in the Journal of Geophysical Research.
interest in obtaining time dependent configuration Midshipman Mark Skubis worked on an "upgrade" of
modeling for analyzing recently observed photo- the model by incorporating a non-equatorial plane
ionization of heavy ions (especially sodium) near the incidence of the solar wind as his 1995-96 Trident
disc of Mercury. The researcher presented her work at Project. A follow-up paper on details of possible size
the European Space Agency Workshop for planning a and shape configurations when a plausible range of
new mission to Mercury and her model was formally direction of incident solar wind and solar wind
requested and supplied for use in mission planning. pressure was published with Mark Skubis, Sylvestre
The associated paper was published in a special issue Maurice and Michel Blanc. The model was adopted by
of Planetary and Space Science (January 1997). the CASSINI mission investigators as their basic
Ensign Jacob Scott undertook as a special project the magnetic field model for planning the now-launched
mapping of the boundaries of the magnetospheric mission to Saturn. Several presentations based upon
models being used by ESA investigators for mission the work have been made in Europe. Trident Scholar
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PHYSICS
Jeremy J. Bruch for 1998-99 produced an "upgrade" to

the model by incorporating a realistic representation of
a magnetotail.
Scattering of Acoustical Power from

Unribbed and Regularly Ribbed Panels
Researchers: Associate Professor John P. Ertel, Joseph W. Dickey (Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock
Division, Annapolis Detachment) and Gideon Maidanik (Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division)
Research continues on the radiation and partial the radiation efficiency have been shown to increase
radiation efficiencies as well as the radiated and with increased damping in a panel, while the radiated
partially radiated power from point and line driven power decreases. These results again show the
panels. Current studies compared the mechanical fallibility of the conclusion that higher radiation
power dissipated in a point-driven, fluid-loaded panel efficiency necessarily implies more radiated power. A
to the radiated power. The interdependence of the paper including all of the above together with the most
mechanical and radiated powers was investigated, and recent results of computer experiments is in
they were related as fractions of the total input power. preparation.
The dependencies of the mechanical and radiated
power on frequency, fluid loading, and mechanical loss
have been further studied. The mechanical power and
Accuracy and Precision of a Commercial GPS Receiver
Researcher: Associate Professor James R. Huddle
Precise measurements of the beginning and end of Geodetic Survey benchmark, for which the latitude and
some astronomical events are useful for astrometric longitude are known to within a few centimeters. The
applications. In order for such measurements to be latitude and longitude were recorded at intervals of five
valuable, the latitude and longitude of the observing to six minutes over a period of about two hours. After
station must be known to within 30 meters. While the data were collected, averages and standard
manufacturers of commercial Global Positioning deviations were computed for the latitude and for the
System (GPS) receivers generally quote an accuracy of longitude readings. In all cases, the known latitude
50 to 100 meters for a single "fix" of latitude and and longitude fell within one standard deviation of the
longitude, preliminary data indicate that a precision of average, so the standard deviation appears to be a
as little as 10 meters can be achieved under optimum conservative estimate of the accuracy. Eight such
conditions if 20 fixes can be taken over a period of 2 experiments have been done to date. The median
hours. standard deviation in latitude and in longitude for two
In a typical experiment, three GPS receivers were Garmin model GPS-38 receivers was about 30 meters;
placed within a six-inch circle centered on a National for a Garmin GPS-12XL, it was about 20 meters.
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PHYSICS
Video Analysis of the Solar Flash Spectrum
Researchers: Associate Professor James R. Huddle and Martin Connors (Athabasca University)
By placing an inexpensive plastic holographic February 1998. Nine spectral lines were detected in
diffraction grating over the objective lens of a common the flash spectrum. Seven lines have been identified
camcorder, spectra of light sources of narrow angular and attributed to neutral hydrogen, helium, and
extent can be recorded. Using a helium Geissler tube sodium. Another line is a superposition of lines due to
in the laboratory, a full-width resolution of about 25 neutral magnesium, chromium and iron, and the last
Angstroms was achieved with a spectral range of about line is due to singly ionized titanium and iron.
3500 Angstroms. The uncertainty in measured Current camcorder technology limits this
wavelengths using this method was about 13 technique to pedagogical applications, but the
Angstroms. At maximum zoom, a resolution better technology is improving rapidly, and the technique
than 10 Angstroms can be achieved, but the spectral may soon reach a sensitivity, accuracy, and resolution
range is only about 450 Angstroms. comparable to photographic emulsions.
Such an instrument was used to record the
chromospheric flash spectrum during the total solar
eclipse that was visible from the Caribbean on 26
HyperText Physics Tutor (HyPT)
Researcher: Professor Eugene P. Mosca
The researcher is working with a team of programmers and video out-takes with more traditional instructional
and graphics artists on a prototype of HyperText media.
Physics Tutor (HyPT), to be released on compact disk.
This educational tool will teach physics problem
solving, integrating QuickTime movies of simulations
Development of Infrared Ytterbium Vanadate Laser
Researchers: Assistant Professor Anne-Marie d. Novo-Gradac; William Scharpf,

and Alan Lux (Naval Air Warfare Center, Electro-Optics and Sensors Branch)
Currently there are numerous industrial and military laser emission around 1030 nm with wall plug
applications for the neodymium doped yttrium efficiencies substantially greater than Nd:YAG. This
aluminum garnet laser (Nd:YAG). This laser operates would significantly reduce the expense and bulk of
at a wavelength of 1064 nm with wall plug efficiencies such laser systems.
ranging from 3% to 10%. The purpose of this research Current work is in preparation for future funded
project is to investigate the viability of ytterbium doped research with the Naval Air Warfare Center Electro-
vanadate (Yb:YVO4) as a competitive laser material to Optics and Sensors Branch (NAWC). Since much of
Nd:YAG. It is predicted that Yb:YVO4 will produce the experimental work will be conduced at USNA, the
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PHYSICS
on-site laboratory has been modified in preparation for and emission spectra, as well as radiative transition
the upcoming experiments. Current work has also rates. Samples will be assessed for contaminants and
included an assessment of the existing work done by any impact they have on stimulated emission
NAWC and advising them of how to modify their processes. Experimental methods and theoretical
approach. models will be employed to assess the ideal dopant
Future work at the United States Naval Academy concentration to achieve efficient laser action in
will primarily consist of detailed characterization of Yb:YVO4.
samples of the laser crystals provided by NAWC.
Measurements will include high-resolution absorption
Development of Isotopic Analysis Techniques Using the USNA Pelletron
Researchers: Associate Professor Jeffrey R. Vanhoy and D. M. Moore; K. J. Crandell (St John’s College)
Chemical and accelerator-based elemental analysis Proton induced gamma-ray emission techniques
techniques are generally used to determine the are being developed at the USNA Pelletron laboratory.
chemical composition of materials. In some instances, We are presently concentrating on the magnesium and
it is also useful to know the isotopic composition of oxygen isotopes. Oxygen abundances are known to be
materials. Any variations in isotopic abundance which particularly sensitive to mean temperature variations in
deviate from standard values may be due to sensitivity stratified ice deposits, paleo-carbonates, geothermal
of chemical reaction rates to the isotopic mass of the water, and ocean waters. Preliminary measurements
reactants or to sensitivity of physical processes were made on the Murchison meteorite.
(transport, crystallization, etc.) to the isotopic
composition.
Visual Survey for Local Group Dwarf Galaxies
Researcher: CDR Alan B. Whiting, USNR
Dwarf galaxies are central to theories of galaxy candidate Local Group low-luminosity dwarf galaxies.
formation and shed important light on star formation. Follow-up observations have confirmed two as
In addition, they act as tracers of dark matter. previously unknown members of the Local Group, four
Extremely low-luminosity dwarfs are only detectable at as nearby dwarfs just outside the Group and about forty
very short distances, effectively in and near the Local as more distant low-luminosity galaxies.
Group of galaxies. A visual search of southern sky
photographic survey plates has resulted in a list of
Dynamic Modeling of Small Galaxy Groups
Researcher: CDR Alan B. Whiting, USNR
Groups of galaxies containing only a few large dynamical systems, which means that information
(massive) members are generally not relaxed about their formation can in principle be extracted
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PHYSICS
from their present locations and motions. In practice, calculations. Applying another simple dynamical
data of the necessary accuracy is available only for the model to the spins of the galaxies in the nearby
nearest groups. Applying a simple model of the Local Sculptor Group, he finds that their directions are
Group’s motions, the researcher calculates a mass for consistent with having been generated by tidal
the whole group of about 1.6 × 1012 Solar masses and interactions among themselves.
an age of 10-12 billion years. This age presumably
applies to the rest of the universe as well, allowing a
comparison with more distant and exotic cosmological

Incorporation of a Magnetotail into the Model of the Global Saturnian Magnetosphere
Researcher: Midn 1/C Jeremy J. Bruch, USN, Trident Scholar

Faculty Advisor: Professor Irene M. Engle
An extension to the global Saturnian magnetosphere neutral plasma streaming outwards. The cross-tail
model can be developed by adding a realistic current sheet with its associated return currents
magnetotail. The magnetotail structure provides a generates a magnetotail magnetic field, an additional
mechanism for the rejoining of deflected solar wind contribution to the overall Saturnian magnetospheric
particles after they have traveled beyond the planet, field. The incorporation of a magnetotail into Saturn's
following the deflection from their original paths as a magnetosphere has enhanced the range wherein the
result of interaction with the magnetospheric field. model may be said to be applicable.
These particles generate a dawn-to-duskward
crosscurrent as they re-merge to eventually form a
Electromagnetic Launch
Researcher: Midn 2/C Rebecca E. Bowen, USN

Faculty Advisors: Associate Professor John P. Ertel and Professor Carl S. Schneider
Electromagnetic launch is currently of interest to the the numerical simulator developed for that paper in
Navy as a possible means for accomplishing quieter order to begin the process of revising the launch
and more efficient launch of aircraft and quieter firing process from AC to DC. The review included
of torpedoes. In this project, the physics of Maxwell's Equations, the phenomenon of
electromagnetic launch was reviewed in the context of demagnetization, AC circuits, symmetry, and time
the recently published paper "A Classroom Jumping averaging. The studies of the numerical simulator
Ring" by the advisors. Further studies were done on included a cell-by-cell review of the algorithms and
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PHYSICS
their output to check for accuracy and computational input. This is expected to yield the data required for a
instabilities. Towards the end of this project, the goals computationally stable simulation of a single stage DC
and milestones for a follow-on project were developed electromagnetic lunch process.
to include acquisition of a new database of spatially
dependent transient responses to step-function driving
Tracking Near Earth Asteroids
Researcher: Midn 2/C Douglas T. Campbell, USN

Faculty Advisor: Assistant Professor Debora M. Katz-Stone
This research was performed in preparation for several months of observations to determine their
Midshipman Campbell’s Trident Scholar project for orbits. In addition, Midshipman Campbell will
Academic Year 1999-2000, which will use the determine the rough composition of a subset of the
reflecting telescope on the roof of Michelson Hall to asteroids that he tracks.
track Near Earth Asteroids. These are asteroids which
have been recently discovered and which require
Study of 120Te by the 118Sn(alpha,2n-gamma) Reaction
Researcher: Midn 1/C Robert T. Coleman, USN

Faculty Advisor: Associate Professor Jeffrey R. Vanhoy
In-beam gamma-ray spectroscopy was used to study partial check of the analysis procedure is possible,
120
Te. A partial level scheme has been developed using however. Consistent slopes are found for several
gamma-gamma coincidence and excitation function gamma rays originating from the same level.
techniques. Eleven new levels have been found to Discrepancies generally indicate the presence of
date. Final analysis must wait until all of the observed unresolved doublet lines.
gamma rays have been placed into a level scheme. A
A Spectroscopic Study of Nd3+:GdLiF4
Researcher: Midn 1/C Brad W. Hoff, USN

Faculty Advisor: Assistant Professor Anne-Marie Novo-Gradac
Violet upconversion emission was observed under host for energies up to 35000 cm-1.
visible light excitation in Nd3+:GdLiF4 Absorption and
fluorescence measurements at low temperatures were
used to make level assignments for the Nd3+ ion in this
Upconversion in GdLiF4:Nd3+
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PHYSICS
Researcher: Midn 1/C Kevin J. Kitcey, USN and Midn 2/C Justin A. Sarlese, USN
Faculty Advisor: Assistant Professor Anne-Marie Novo-Gradac
Upconversion was studied in GdLiF4:Nd3+ crystals in order to determine the transition rates and assess the
a two-stage experiment. During the first stage, the efficiency of the upconversion. Experimental results
crystal’s absorption spectrum and fluorescence thus far indicate that GdLiF4:Nd3+ is a good candidate
spectrum were obtained to find the upconversion and for producing violet light under a green pump and
to find which of the crystal’s energy levels absorb the possibly even under an infrared pump.
most energy. During the second stage, lifetimes for
fluorescence at various wavelengths were obtained in
Interaction of a Two-phase Turbulent/Bubbly Submerged

Water Jet with a Single-Phase Jet: Measurements
of the Enhanced Hydrodynamic Near-field Spectrum, Part II.
Researchers: Midn 2/C John V. Tobin, USN and Midn 2/C Kathryn M. McMahon, USN
Faculty Advisor: Professor Murray S. Korman
The interaction of mutually perpendicular submerged the overlap region (typically 4D - 10D). Very small
turbulent water jets was studied from measurements of gas bubbles are generated in the two-phase turbulent
the hydrodynamic near-field pressure spectrum. One jet by pressurized nitrogen gas passing through a
jet is a conventional single-phase, free turbulent shear fritted disk housed in a Buchner funnel located near
flow circular jet, while the other jet is a two-phase the nozzle entrance. Spectra are compared for
bubbly jet of similar construction. The overlap region different void fractions and different Reynolds
is located at a distance of four nozzle diameters (4D) numbers (based on jet diameter). Typically, volume
away from each orifice. A small hydrophone located void fractions of about 0.001 significantly amplify the
outside the overlap region on the symmetry line 45° flow noise coming from jet nozzles (D=0.635 cm) with
from each jet axis (and in the far quadrant from each nozzle exit velocities of 10m/s.
nozzle exit) measures the near-field pressure signature.
Spectra are measured at different radial positions from
From the Speed of Light to the Speed of Sound to Chaos: Demos for All Occasions
Researchers: Midn 2/C John V. Tobin, USN and Midn 2/C Kathryn M. McMahon, USN
This project involves the development of several of their eclipses, i.e., the times at which they enter
demonstrations for classroom use. In 1676, the Danish Jupiter's shadow. Roemer found that the periods
astronomer Olaf Roemer discovered variations in the increased when the earth moved away from Jupiter and
periods of the four known satellites of Jupiter. The decreased when the earth moved towards Jupiter; and
periods of these satellites can be determined by means he concluded that it must take a finite amount of time
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PHYSICS
for light to traverse the diameter of the earth's orbit. (or orbits) plays the role of the earth. Using Doppler
From his knowledge of the earth's orbit, he computed shift versus time information obtained from the
the velocity of light to be 227,000 km/s, which was the microphone, the speed of sound is ultimately
first evidence for a finite speed of light. In this project, determined. Another apparatus was developed which
an apparatus was developed which can illustrate displays a compass needle going from simple harmonic
Roemer’s result using the Doppler effect and bring it motion to chaotic behavior in a periodically reversing
to life using sound waves. In this apparatus, a magnetic field.
stationary source of sound plays the role of the satellite
and a distant microphone on a radius arm that rotates
Design of a Practical Spherical Bubble Cloud Encapsulated

by a Thin Spherical Shell for Sound Scattering Experiments
Researcher: Midn 3/C Elizabeth Simmons, USN

The scattering of sound by a spherical bubble cloud is oil. The design involves sealing a propeller, its shaft,
a much studied problem in acoustics. Some theoretical and supporting bearings along the axis of one of the
solutions are known which can predict resonances in filling ports. An external coupling and high torque
the backscattering cross section in the case where the motor will be used to drive the propeller for whipping
volume void fraction is very small, the bubbles are up the suspension so that the effects of buoyancy upon
uniform in size and distribution, and the individual the bubbly flow can be countered. Along the other
resonances from each bubble are much higher in port, a miniature piezo-electric spherical transducer
frequency than that of the incident plane wave. The will be housed so that the element can be translated
resonances are due to the collective oscillations of the from the filling port to the center of the cloud when
two-phase bubbly flow whose sound speed is much less necessary. Therefore experiments involving the
that the speed of sound in the surrounding medium. transmission of sound from the cloud, radiating into
This project involves the design and testing of a the surrounding media (as a function of frequency) can
submerged spherical bubble cloud that is encapsulated be compared to the more difficult backscattering
by a polyurethane shell with filling ports along the experiments that need to be investigated at the
north and south pole axes. The bubbly two-phase flow relatively low frequencies important to the sonar
consists of a whipped-up suspension of bubbly castor community.
Publications
EDMONDSON, C. A., Assistant Professor, FONTANELLA, J. J., Professor, “Electrical
STALLWORTH, P. E., Assistant Professor, Conductivity and NMR Studies of Methanol/Water
WINTERSGILL, M. C., Professor and Mixtures in Nafion Membranes,” Electrochimica Acta,
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PHYSICS
43 (1998), pp. 1295-1299. Trace Metals in a Large Estuarine System,” in Wilson,

R. and Pringle, J. (eds.), Coastal Zone Communities in
Complex impedance studies have been carried out in the 21st Century, Proceedings of Coastal Zone Canada
acid form Nafion 117 treated with various amounts of ’98, p. 138.
methanol and methanol-water mixtures. At room
temperature and atmospheric pressure the conductivity Food safety and introduction of pollutants into coastal
for Nafion treated with ‘pure’ methanol is about a marine environments pose a risk to public health.
factor of ten less than for Nafion that contains the Coastal zone managers and regulators must understand
same wt. % of water. In samples treated with the in particular the roles of waste disposal and toxin
water-methanol mixtures, the conductivity is lower impacts on their coastal system. Targeting specific
than for samples having the same total wt.% of water. organisms and using them as indicators of the health
However, for low mixed fluid wt.% the conductivity is and safety of the coastal waters is a method for
significantly higher than for samples with the same assessing the condition of the waterway. Trace metals
amount of water, only, as was in the mix. This in low concentrations (picograms) are mostly useful in
enhancement of conductivity over that for the the physiology of aquatic plants and animals. The
corresponding water uptake is attributed to a useful trace metals are biotic (i.e. copper, zinc,
plasticizing effect of the methanol facilitating chromium). Other trace metals are not useful and,
segmental motion of the polymer. At higher water therefore, toxic. The non-useful trace metals are
concentrations, the conductivity is generally lower in exenobiotic (i.e., lead, mercury). However, the
the mixed solution-treated samples than in samples movement of trace metals through the aquatic system
treated with the corresponding amount of water. This is complicated. Understanding a particular organism
is to be expected since in this regime, proton and its response to trace metals is an important tool in
conduction occurs in the fluid-rich regions, which in assessing the health of a coastal environment. Oyster
the solution case, contains a large fraction of methanol. toadfish (Opsanus tau) and the American oyster
For a 40 wt.% 1.4:1 molar ratio film, the studies were (Crassostrea virginica) are resident, non-migratory
carried out at pressures up to 0.3 GPa. It is found that species important to the estuarine benthic food web
the electrical conductivity decreases with increasing along the eastern coast of North America. They are
pressure. Both the electrical conductivity and the sentinel species with the potential to extract toxic
activation volume are similar to the result for Nafion environmental trace metals. To test this hypothesis,
containing the same amount of water only. Deuteron samples were collected in the Northern Chesapeake
NMR spin-lattice relaxation measurements of Bay, away from direct industrial or commercial
isotopically enriched methanol/water mixtures in effluents. Using a proton induced x-ray emissions
Nafion 117 at elevated pressure demonstrate greater (PIXE) system, this study concentrates on trace metals
molecular level interactions between methanol and found in the liver of the oyster toadfish, and the gill
Nafion than between water and Nafion. This is and muscle tissue of the oyster. The PIXE system is a
consistent with the plasticizing effect observed in the rapid method to determine trace metal types and
conductivity results. concentrations and for archiving. Present analyses of
various sized toadfish show that the livers contained a
ERTEL, John P., Associate Professor and Burt, P. E., range of concentrations of chromium (6-52 mg/L),
General Physics Laboratory Manual, 1998-1999 copper (3-26 mg/L), and zinc (9-30 mg/L), depending
(Harcourt-Brace Custom Publishing, ISBN 0-03- on the size, age, and sex of the fish. Generally, the
044733-X). trace metals have an accumulation order of chromium
> zinc > copper. The life history stage of the toadfish
FOERSTER, John W., Professor, LaMontagne, Robert is an important factor in trace metal accumulation.
A., CORRELL, Francis D., Professor and EDSALL, Oysters tend to concentrate trace metals in the order
Douglas W., Professor, “Sentinel Species: Managing zinc > copper > selenium with varying concentrations
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PHYSICS
of lead and arsenic (1-10 mg/L). The lead, arsenic and article about the Caribbean total solar eclipse of 26
copper accumulation in these animals fit patterns of February 1998 in The Ambassador, Fall 1998, p. 73.
land use. Therefore, trace metal accumulation relative
to life history stage and land use practices in the Jones, Douglas E., Alexander, Claudia J, and ENGLE,
Northern Chesapeake Bay indicates these two species Irene M., Professor, "On the Use of Euler Potentials to
are useful sentinels for various trace metals. To aid the Model the Magnetosphere of Jupiter," in the
manager in determining the level of problems in a Proceedings of the Chapman Conference on
waterway, a case study of copper is discussed. This Magnetospheric Current Systems, Kona, HI, 11-15
case study includes simple analytical methods for January 1999.
determining trace metals and a procedure for their
removal. A study of several Euler potential models of the Jovian
magnetosphere, each incorporating some version of a
FONTANELLA, John J., Professor, WINTERSGILL, Harris sheet current, is presented. It is found that in
Mary C.,Professor and IMMEL, Jeffrey J., “Dynamics each and every case, he specific functional form and
in Propylene Carbonate and Propylene Carbonate the nature of model parameters obtained by fitting the
Containing LiPF6,” Journal of Chemical Physics, 110 model to data acquired at low latitudes lead
(1999), pp. 5392-5402. unfortunately to non-physical currents in the vicinity
of the magnetic axis. These non-physical currents in
Electrical Conductivity and differential scanning turn create severe high-latitude distortion of the
calorimetry studies (DSC) have been carried out on 1M calculated net magnetic field, particularly near those
LiPF6 in propylene carbonate (PC) from 187 to 296 K. currents. Although the fitted Euler potential modeling
The electrical conductivity data are analyzed in terms approach discussed herein can be used to provide
of Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher (VTF), Williams-Landel- insights regarding the nature of the "equatorial"
Ferry (WLF) and Bendler-Shlesinger (BENSH) current sheet distortions, it appears to be not entirely
formalisms. In addition, literature data for viscosity reliable for use in global modeling.
and relaxation times for PC (not containing salt) are
analyzed using the same formalisms. Large, KATZ-STONE, Debora M., Assistant Professor,
systematic variations are found in both the VTF and Rudnick, L., Butenhoff, C., and O’Donoghue, A.,
WLF fitting parameters with temperature interval. “Coaxial Jets and Sheaths in Wide-Angle Tailed Radio
The large variation of the parameters with temperature Galaxies,” Astrophysical Journal, 516 (1999), pp. 716-
demonstrates the failure of both formalisms and shows 728.
that care must be taken when utilizing the VTF/WLF
parameters to draw conclusions concerning the We add 20, 6 and 3.6 cm VLA observations of two
behavior of systems. One conclusion which can be wide-angle tails (WATs), 1231+674 and 1433+553 to
reached is that the VTF results indicate a significant existing VLA data at 6 and 20 cm in order to study the
difference between the molecular motions in PC and variations of spectral index as a function of position.
PC-containing LiPF6. Another is that the WLF We apply the spectral tomography process that we
parameter, C1 is about 11 for low temperature data, introduced in our analysis of 3C 67, 3C 190, and 3C
referenced to the DSC glass transition temperature, Tg, 449 (Katz-Stone, 1995; Katz-Stone and Rudnick,
which shows that for PC and PC-based liquids the 1997). Both spectral tomography and polarization
value of all three dynamical quantities at Tg is about 11 maps indicate that there are two distinct extended
decades smaller than the value predicted for very high components in each source. As in the case of 3C 449,
temperatures. Finally, all data are found to be better fit we find that each source has a flat spectrum jet
by the BENSH equation. surrounded by a steeper spectrum sheath. The steep
components tend to more highly polarized than the flat
HUDDLE, James R., Associate Professor, untitled components. We discuss a number of possibilities for
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PHYSICS
the dynamics of the jet/sheath systems and the C., TANKERSLEY, L. L., Professor, McClelland, T.,
evolution of their relativistic electron populations. Howard, P. L., Reintjes, J., and Galie, T.,
Although the exact nature of these two coaxial “LASERNET FINES Optical Wear Debris Monitor: A
components is still uncertain, their existence requires Navy Shipboard Evaluation of a CBM Enabling
new models of jets in FR I sources and may also have Technology,” in Intelligent Shipboard Technologies
implications for the dichotomy between FR I and FR II for the 21st Century, Proceedings of the Intelligent
galaxies. Ships Symposium, American Society of Naval
Engineers, Philadelphia, PA (14-15 June 1999) pp.
Klotz, Matt; Meng, Hongzing; Salamo, Gregory J., 137 - 149.
Segev, Mordechai; and MONTGOMERY, Steven R.,
Associate Professor; “Fixing the Photorefractive Analysis of debris that is present in machinery
Soliton,” Optics Letters, 24 (1999), pp. 77-79. lubricating systems has long had the potential to
provide fault-specific information in a timely manner
We report the formation of permanent two- to support diagnostics and prognosis of machinery
dimensional 12-mm waveguides in a bulk strontium maintenance. This capability allows the avoidance of
barium niobate crystal. The waveguides are made by catastrophic failures and enables improved cost-
formation of a photorefractive spatial soliton in which effective asset-management philosophies, especially in
the space-charge field induces ferroelectric domains the area of timely maintenance and reduction of
that are permanently polarized opposite to the crystal maintenance induced failures. Essential to achieving
c axis. The fixed waveguide propagates light with these asset management and condition based
80% efficiency. These results make possible the maintenance goals, are technologies that can provide
permanent recording of intricate optical circuitry in the reliable early identification of fault or failure
volume of a bulk crystal. mechanisms and the degree of degradation of the
machine's performance capability. These technologies
SCHNEIDER, Carl S. Professor and ERTEL, John P., must also assess the effect of the performance
Associate Professor, “A Classroom Jumping Ring”, degradation with its impact on the machine's mission
American Journal of Physics, 66 (1998), pp. 686-692. requirements, the system that it supports in a
shipboard environment or the affected factory
We present the design of a compact alternating current environment. The LASERNET FINES instrument
jumping ring apparatus which can electromagnetically delivers a technology which has significant potential in
launch conducting rings across a classroom. Jump these areas. This instrument determines the type,
energy and height are calculated for core and ring severity and rate of progression of mechanical faults by
length, radius, thickness and material. The effects of measuring the size distributions, rate of production and
core saturation, permeability, hysteresis and the morphological analysis of debris particles in fluids.
demagnetizing field, ring shielding and convective Although the system algorithms and characterization
derivative are described. Even rings with small phase capabilities are still in the advanced development state
lag can pass by the magnetic pole of the primary in one in the S&T arena, significant information can be
quarter of a cycle. Large ring size relative to skin depth gained by in-situ shipboard evaluation of technology
delays the ring current close to the 180 degrees of and its current analysis capabilities in the areas of
Lenz’s law. Contactless jump height measurement suitability for shipboard operation and baselining of
enables ring resistivity determination. Demonstrating operational equipment to provide a basis for
the effects of voltage, frequency, conductivity, comparison for future fault detection and diagnosis.
permeability and geometry contributes to Within this context, the Amphibious SMARTSHIP
understanding electromagnetism in the classroom. community has supported the installation and use of
the first production LASERNET FINES instrument
Tucker, J. E., Schultz, A., Lu, C., Sebok, T., Holloway, aboard the USS RUSHMORE. The ship introduction,
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PHYSICS
test and demonstration process is described. In The need to develop an electrolytic membrane for an
addition, the performance of LASERNET FINES efficient, environmentally sound fuel cell has led to
optical oil debris monitor is described. Shipboard data intense interest in proton conducting polymers in
are still in the process of being acquired and analyzed. general and Nafion in particular. While it does not
However, concurrent analysis of two of accelerated appear very likely that Nafion itself will ultimately
gearbox failure tests are described to provide tangible prove to be the best choice of material, it may be
information and examples of how the technology may considered as a prototype membrane material. Initial
be employed to diagnose and prognose machinery interest focused on Nafion’s potential use in a
failures. hydrogen fuel cell, in which case its conductivity in the
presence of water is important, and so extensive
WHITING, Alan B., CDR, USNR, “Angular studies of the electrical properties of Nafion at various
Momentum in the Sculptor Group,” Astronomical levels of humidity were carried out. Two distinct
Journal, 117 (1999), pp. 202-205. regimes were identified, one at lower water contents
and the other at high water contents. The possible
The spins of the major galaxies in the nearby Sculptor conduction mechanisms associated with those regimes
Group agree with those calculated to be produced by will be discussed. In addition, studies carried out at
tidal interactions among themselves. The agreement high pressure yielded activation volumes which
is closer than would be expected from published provide further clues as to the conduction mechanism
uncertainties in distances, indicating either that these involved. More recently, interest in Nafion as a
uncertainties are smaller than calculated or that they membrane material in methanol fuel cells has
are correlated. Three pairs of galaxies (NGC 55 and prompted investigation of its electrical properties in
300, 247 and 253, and 45 and 7793) are in the presence of methanol alone and of methanol/water
approximate two-body orbits; the direction of orbital mixtures. It is clear that not only is Nafion an
angular momentum for the first two pairs is derived. excellent proton conductor but it also exhibits
significant methanol transport. This represents a
WHITING, Alan B., CDR, USNR, “Age and Mass of serious crossover problem for fuel cell applications and
the Local Group from Satellite Galaxy Dynamics,” in it is important to be able to characterize the
Whitelock, P. and Cannon, R. (eds.), The Stellar mechanisms involved.
Content of Local Group Galaxies, (Provo, UT:
Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999) pp. 420 - WINTERSGILL, Mary C., Professor and
426. FONTANELLA, J. J., Professor, “High Pressure
The present kinematics of an unrelaxed system such as Electrical Conductivity Studies of Acid Doped
the Local Group can be used to investigate its Polybenzimidazole,” Electrochimica Acta, 43 (1998),
dynamics on a cosmological time scale. In particular, pp. 1289-1294.
the classical timing argument of Kahn and Woltjer
may be extended to distant satellite galaxies of the Electrical conductivity studies of acid doped
Local Group whose distances and velocities are known polybenzimidazole (PBI) and 85% phosphoric acid
with some accuracy. Including a correction for the fact have been carried out. The PBI contained about 600
that the Local Group was not always isolated, I derive mol% of 85% phosphoric acid and the electrical
a mass for the Local Group of about 1.6×1012 solar conductivity was deduced from complex impedance
masses and an age of 1.0 to 1.2×1010 years. studies which were made at frequencies from 10 to 107
Hz. Measurements were made at pressures up to 0.25
WINTERSGILL, Mary C., Professor and GPa and temperatures of 25,50 and 75oC. Similar
FONTANELLA, J. J., Professor, “Complex Impedance measurements were also carried out on 85%
measurements on Nafion,” Electrochimica Acta, 43 phosphoric acid. At room temperature the electrical
(1998), pp. 1533-1538. conductivity decreases with increasing pressure for
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PHYSICS
both acid doped PBI and 85% phosphoric acid. This segmental motions of the polymer. On the other hand,
behavior is expected for normal liquids and for ions in the activation volume at room temperature for 85%
polymers where viscosity increases with pressure. The phosphoric acid is much smaller than for acid doped
resultant positive activation volume for acid doped PBI PBI. In addition, at 75oC the electrical conductivity
has a magnitude similar to that for polymer electrolytes increases with increasing pressure, which gives rise to
based on perfluorosulfonic acid containing relatively a negative activation volume. Consequently, there is
small amounts of water. Further, as temperature very little similarity between the electrical behavior of
increases, the activation volume becomes smaller. the 85% phosphoric acid and of acid doped PBI which
Consequently, the acid doped PBI behaves like a were studied in the present work.
polymer electrolyte where ion transport is mediated by
Presentations
ALBERT, C. Elise, Professor, "Research with the Similarities/Differences between United States and
International Space Station", International Club of Western Pacific Areas”, 1998 Western Pacific
Annapolis, MD, 12 May 1999. Geophysics Conference, Taipei, Taiwan, 21-24 July
1998.
EDMONDSON, Charles A., Assistant Professor,
"Effect of High Pressure on the Electrical Conductivity EDSALL, Douglas W., Professor, “Trace Element
of Ion-Exchange Membranes and Related Acids", Concentrations and Variability in Sulfides from
Gordon Research Conference on Ion Containing Middle Valley of Bent Hill Site, 1035, ODP Leg 169”,
Polymers, New London, NH, 22-27 June 1997. 1998 Western Pacific Geophysics Conference, Taipei,
Taiwan, 21-24 July 1998.
"Properties of Fuel Cell and Battery Materials", ONR ELDER, Samuel A., Professor, “Integrated sound
Electrochemistry Review, Ventura, CA, 15-16 January pressure as a tool for analyzing glottic source wave”,
1998. 136th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America,
Norfolk, VA, 14 October 1998.
"Electrical Conductivity of ‘Dry’ PEM's at Elevated ENGLE, Irene M., Professor, "On the Use of Euler
Temperatures", ONR/ARO/DARPA Workshop on Potentials to Model the Magnetosphere of Jupiter",
Advanced Fuel Cell Membranes, Las Vegas, NE, 28 Chapman Conference on Magnetospheric Current
April -1 May 1998. Systems, Kona, HI, 11-15 January 1999.
EDSALL, Douglas W., Professor, “Cenozoic ERTEL, John P., Associate Professor, “Introduction to
Development of the Southeast Georgia Embayment”, Interactive Physics III and Its Use in the
1998 Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of Undergraduate Classroom/Laboratory”, Summer
America, Toronto, Canada, 26 October 1998. Meeting of the American Association of Physics
Teachers, Lincoln, NB, 4 August 1998.
EDSALL, Douglas W., Professor, “Geoacoustical
Characterization of Selected Littoral Zones: ERTEL, John P., Associate Professor, “Intermediate
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and Advanced Interactive Physics III and Its Use in the October 1998.
Undergraduate Classroom/Laboratory”, Summer
Meeting of the American Association of Physics KATZ-STONE, Debora M., Assistant Professor,
Teachers, Lincoln, NB, 4 August 1998. “Using a Classroom Communication System that
Works!”, “Educating Our Nation’s Leaders”
ERTEL, John P., Associate Professor, “Introduction to Conference for Federal Service Academies, West
Interactive Physics III and Its Use in the Point, NY, 8-9 April 1999.
Undergraduate Classroom/Laboratory”, Winter
Meeting of the American Association of Physics KORMAN, Murray S., Professor, “Interaction of a
Teachers, Anaheim, CA, 10 January 1999. two-phase jet: Measurements of the enhanced
hydrodynamic near-field spectrum, part II”, 136th
ERTEL, John P., Associate Professor, “Intermediate Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Norfolk,
and Advanced Interactive Physics III and Its Use in the VA, 12-16 October 1998.
Undergraduate Classroom/Laboratory”, Winter
Meeting of the American Association of Physics KORMAN, Murray S., Professor, “From the speed of
Teachers, Anaheim, CA, 10 January 1999. light to the speed of sound to chaos: Demos for all
occasions” 136th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of
FONTANELLA, J. J., Professor, “High Pressure America, Norfolk, VA, 12-16 October 1998.
Electrical Conductivity and NMR Studies on Liquid
and Plasticized Polymer Electrolytes”, 9th NOVO-GRADAC, Anne-Marie, Assistant Professor,
International Meeting on Lithium Batteries, “Visible to Ultraviolet Upconversion in Nd3+:GdLiF4,”
Edinburgh, Scotland, 12-17 July 1998. Centennial Meeting of the American Physical Society,
Atlanta, GA, 21-26 March 1999.
HUDDLE, James R., Associate Professor,
“Experiments During a Total Solar Eclipse”, Northern NOVO-GRADAC, Anne-Marie, Assistant Professor,
Virginia Astronomy Club, Fairfax, VA, 15 July 1998. “Radiative Lifetimes for Nd3+:GdLiF4,” Centennial
Meeting of the American Physical Society, Atlanta,
HUDDLE, James R., Associate Professor, GA, 21-26 March 1999.
“Experiments During a Total Solar Eclipse”, Summer
Meeting of the American Association of Physics NOVO-GRADAC, Anne-Marie, Assistant Professor,
Teachers, Lincoln, NE, 3-8 August 1998. “Upconversion in Nd3+:GdLiF4,” Society of Physics
Students Conference on Undergraduate Research,
HUDDLE, James R., Associate Professor, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA, 10 April
“Experiments During a Total Solar Eclipse,” USNA 1999.
Physics Department Colloquium, Annapolis, MD, 28
April 1999. SCHNEIDER, Carl S., Professor, “ClassTalk, a
Classroom Communication System that Works!”,
KATZ-STONE, Debora M., Assistant Professor, “Educating Our Nation’s Leaders” Conference for
“Teaching the Introductory Physics at the U. S. Naval Federal Service Academies, West Point, NY, 9 April
Academy”, Teach Conservation Laws First 1999.
Conference, Cambridge, MA, 12-26 June 1998.
SHELBY, Robert N., Professor, “Andes: A Tutoring
KATZ-STONE, Debora M., Assistant Professor, System for Classical Physics”, Winter Meeting of the
“Extending Particle Acceleration Studies to Long American Association of Physics Teachers, Anaheim,
Wavelengths”, Space Based Radio Observations at CA, 11-14 January 1999.
Long Wavelengths Conference, Paris, France, 19-23
310
PHYSICS
SHELBY, Robert N., Professor, "Andes: A coached

problem solving system for basic physics", “Educating VANHOY, Jeffrey R., Associate Professor, “Low-
Our Nation’s Leaders” Conference for Federal Service Energy Excited Levels of Te-122 Through Gamma-
Academies, West Point, NY, 8-9 April 1999. Ray Spectroscopy Following Inelastic Neutron
Scattering”, Meeting of the Texas Academy of Science,
TANKERSLEY, Lawrence L., Professor, Texas Lutheran University, Sequin, TX, 4-6 March
“LASERNET FINES Optical Wear Debris Monitor: A 1999.
Navy Shipboard Evaluation of a CBM Enabling
Technology.”, Intelligent Ships Symposium WHITING, Alan B., CDR, USNR, “Age and Mass of
st
“Intelligent Shipboard Technologies for the 21 the Local Group”, International Astronomical Union
Century”, American Society of Naval Engineers, Symposium 192, The Stellar Content of Local Group
Philadelphia, PA, 14-15 June 1999. Galaxies, Capetown, South Africa, 10 September 1998.
VANHOY, Jeffrey R., Associate Professor, “An WHITING, Alan B., CDR, USNR, “Extension of the
Introduction to Radiation Health/Safety Concerns for Timing Argument Using Satellite Galaxies”,
Emergency Response Personnel”, Winterfest ‘99 EMS Astronomical Department, University of Washington,
Training, Tilghman Island, MD, 31 January 1999. Seattle, WA, 9 March 1999.
VANHOY, Jeffrey R., Associate Professor, WHITING, Alan B., CDR, USNR, “A New Local
“Development of Isotopic Analysis Techniques using Group Galaxy in Cetus”, Meeting of the American
the USNA Pelletron”, Meeting of the Society of Astronomical Society, Chicago, IL, 3 June 1999.
Physics Students, Region 4, Virginia Military Institute,
Lexington, VA, 24 April 1999. WINTERSGILL, Mary C., Professor, “High Pressure
Electrical Conductivity and NMR Studies on Liquid
VANHOY, Jeffrey R., Associate Professor, and Plasticized Polymer Electrolytes”, 9th
“Electromagnetic Transition Rates and Multiphonon International Meeting on Lithium Batteries,
Excitations Observed in the Cerium-140 Nucleus”, Edinburgh, Scotland, 12-17 July 1998.
Meeting of the Texas Academy of Science, Texas
Lutheran University, Sequin, TX, 4-6 March 1999.
311
Division of
Professional Development
CAPT Louis J. Geanuleas, USN

Director
312
DEPARTMENT OF
Leadership, Ethics and Law

CAPT (sel) Mark N. Clemente, USN
Chair
The faculty of the Department of Leadership, Ethics ethics, and human behavior play within the military
and Law made tremendous contributions in research, profession becomes increasingly apparent, the
publications, and presentations during the 1998 - 1999 importance of these contributions can’t be overstated.
academic year. Their superb talent and dedication is Department faculty members have demonstrated their
readily apparent in the significant scholarly commitment to advancing in relevant ways the
advancements and pursuits which have garnered knowledge base in these areas. Their works will have
recognition both inside and outside the Naval a lasting impact not only on future naval officers and
Academy. As the critical role that leadership, the Fleet, but among academic colleagues as well.
Sponsored Research
Nobility Ethics: Sacrifice and Supererogation
Researcher: Assistant Professor Shannon E. French

This paper opens with the argument that the Kantian actions. Therefore the suggestion is made that a more
and Utilitarian models of ethical reasoning do not intuitive account of supererogation is needed and may
adequately account for the moral status of be constructed on the foundations of Aristotelian
supererogatory behavior: that is, behavior that is character - or virtue-based ethics. This new account
morally praiseworthy but not morally required. This will incorporate the concept of nobility, defined as a
forces proponents of these theories to either subsume morally praiseworthy goal set by agents who
supererogatory acts into the category of duties or voluntarily pursue an excellence of character beyond
dismiss them as morally neutral, neither of which does that which is minimally required in order to avoid the
justice to the often heroic or even saintly nature of such charge of moral negligence.
313
LEADERSHIP, ETHICS AND LAW
Warrior Ethics

An outgrowth from “Military Ethics: The Code of the how they prioritize them; whether they believe in
Warrior” philosophy elective course, this research human rights or human dignity; how they conceive of
expands on the historical development of a code of retributive and distributive justice; their views on
ethics for the profession of arms through several sacrifice, supererogation, duty and obligation; and
warrior traditions, including those of the ancient event their theories concerning the ultimate purpose
Greeks, the Vikings, the Romans, the Celts, medieval and meaning of human existence. Our moral
knights, African Tribesmen, Native Americans, characters can be defined by what we are - and are not
Chinese warrior monks, Japanese samurai, and - prepared to kill and die for and how we are prepared
warriors of the 20th century. Complex ethical issues to judge ourselves and others when our moral
and philosophical questions concerning honor, shame, commitments are truly put to the test. War is a
nobility, justice, sacrifice, duty, loyalty, religious crucible in which pretense and rhetoric are seared
conviction and martial commitment have been away, exposing the best and worst of raw human
encountered in the development of this course. This nature. Every ethical decision is forced and final,
research will expand into these areas and explore in making for a superb setting to further the investigation
the context of each warrior culture four critical of moral psychology. This research will support a
questions: (1) Why do they fight? (2) How do they book on “Warrior Ethics,” recently put under contract.
fight? (3) What brings them honor? And (4) What
brings them shame? These questions reveal a wealth
of information about what their values really are and
The History of Moral Education at the United States Naval Academy
Researcher: Assistant Professor Aine Donovan
This research project will outline the history of moral education program at USNA, and Dr. Bogle’s research
education at the U.S. Naval Academy. The Naval on the history of moral education at West Point will
Academy’s Ethics Center has requested a proposal for take place. The projected date of completion for this
the project and has conditionally agreed to publication project is July 2000.
of the finished project. Additionally, a collaborative
analysis with Professor Lori Bogle into the moral
314
The Military Community as a Moral Force in Late-Adolescent Development
The historical appeal to military service has been the military community in character formation is still
character-shaping; taking boys and "making men out a vital component of military service. However, the
of them.” American society traditionally placed great danger arises as that group begins to identify
value on the public service of military duty; yet with themselves as morally superior to the civilian
the increasing targeted demographics of enlistee, the population which serves as their oversight.
moral gap between civilian and military segments of
society is widening at an alarming rate. The role of
Moral Education and Teacher's Self-Perceptions
An educational institution cannot avoid being involved role as a moral educator. One of the more significant
in the moral lives of students, and this involvement is findings of this year-long study was the fact that more
most commonly found in the person of the teacher. than half of the teachers held to a distinctly relativistic
This research project sought out a select group of first orientation and refused to acknowledge their role as a
and second-year teachers and through a year-long moral educator.
process of in-depth interviews assessed the teacher's
To Die For: Warriors and the Identification of Moral Value
Researchers: Assistant Professor Shannon E. French and Assistant Professor Susan Dwyer
Tensions that arise in the wake of increased “warrior ethics” refers to the values and principled
globalization and the rise of ethnic nationalism suggest commitments exemplified among the members of a
it is time to revisit a central theme of the philosophical socially or constitutionally sanctioned subset of a
debate about moral relativism - viz., the problem of culture which is dedicated to that culture’s protection.
how to identify the moral values of diverse cultures. We advance a number of reasons for believing that a
We proceed on the assumption that what is required is culture’s values are thrown into sharp relief by the
a diagnostic that will both (a) reveal the distinctive consideration of what members of its warrior class are
values of particular cultures, given the fact of intra- prepared to die for and we provide several historical
cultural diversity and (b) be applicable across the examples as illustrations.
widest range of known cultures. We argue that an
examination of warrior ethics will fit the bill, where
315
With Your Shield or On It: Challenging the Pacifist Mother Archetype
Motherhood is uniquely feminine experience, such that to just those roles traditionally sanctioned by the
if we validate the view that maternal commitments are patriarchy: that of the victim, the protester, and the
incompatible with support for martial endeavors, we go mourner. This research expands beyond these roles
a long way towards alienating women from the martial and explores alternative conceptions of what
realm altogether. If we adopt the position that the motherhood entails.
pacifist mother archetype is the only acceptable mother
archetype, then we limit the role of mothers in wartime
Publications
ANDERSEN, Gene R., Editor “Leadership: Theory MA, 1998.

and Application”, Simon and Schuster, Needham
Heights, MA, 1999. This comprehensive overview of ethics, with a
particular emphasis on military ethics, examines the
Leadership is the single vital quality in any effective moral life from a variety of perspectives. The book is
military unit or organization. It has been said that unique in its approach to ethics in that it presents an
every graduate of the Naval Academy receives a degree application to the theories through case analysis. The
in leadership. This book is intended to provide some cases are carefully selected to suit the needs of junior
scholarly basis for that claim. Naval Officers study military officers and their potential dilemmas.
topics from aircraft maintenance and amphibious
warfare tactics to underwater acoustics and radar DONOVAN, Aine, “Celestial Navigation with a Moral
performance theory in order to sustain a high level of Compass,” Journal for a Just and Caring Education,
operational excellence. They must also study Corwin Press, June 1999, pp. 285 - 297.
leadership, if they are to excel in that as well. This
book is built around the fact that experts in the many The moral education of military leaders in the service
academic disciplines that comprise the field of academies was seen, traditionally, as an integral aspect
leadership studies have something to say that leaders of military training. The method for transmitting that
can put to use. Each scholarly selection either moral education relied heavily up a Kantian notion of
provides a clear application for the junior naval officer principle-based reasoning. This abstract form of
or is accompanied by an application focused article reasoning has a place within the military structure but
from a military source. Each selection has been arguably, does not adequately address the needs of a
chosen to provide the reader with both a deeper mixed gender peace-keeping force. The model
understanding of the topic and set of leadership tools proposed withing this paper is one which relies upon
that can be used in the Fleet or Fleet Marine Force. the acceptance of duty and obedience (i.e., justice) as
well as the cultivation of reflective concern for
DONOVAN, Aine, JOHNSON, David E., LUCAS, individual choice and responsibility (i.e., caring).
George R., and ROUSH, Paul E. “Ethics for Military
Leaders,” Simon and Schuster, Needham Heights, DONOVAN, Aine, “The Case for Ethics Education”,
316
Shipmate, January 1999. exercise and development of moral competence, on the

one hand, and the exercise and development of
DONOVAN, Aine, Review of Introduction to linguistic competence on the other. The parallels
Philosophy/Ethics Database, Pearson Publishing, 1999. motivate pressing the so-called linguistic analogy well
beyond the epistemological use to which Rawls puts it
Dominy, N. L., Johnson, W. B. (Assistant Professor), and into substantive service as a psychological
& Koch, C. (2000). Perception of parental hypothesis. Facts about the abilities that comprise
acceptance-rejection and satisfaction with life in moral competence and the conditions in which those
women with binge eating disorder. The Journal of abilities develop strongly suggest that children come
Psychology, 134, 23-36. equipped with something akin to universal Moral
Grammar. Variability in moral codes tends to raise
This study contributed to the validating literature for doubts about the universality of moral principles.
Binge Eating Disorder (BED) by examining parental However, such variability occurs overwhelmingly at
perceptions and satisfaction with life among obese the level of particular moral judgments. Moreover,
women with and without BED. Subjects were female the recognition of a distinction between moral and
patients recruited through a private medical clinic. conventional domains, and the belief that moral
Subjects were assigned to groups on the basis of body considerations are imbued with special force and
mass index (BMI) and scores on the Questionnaire on authority appear to be universal features of human life.
Eating and Weight Patterns (QEWP, Spitzer et al., Thus, the argument is made for the utility of a further
1992). Groups consisted of (a) obese BED women appropriation from linguistics. Variability in human
(n=32), (b) obese noneating-disordered women (n=5 languages exists against the backdrop of deep
1), and (c) non-obese noneating-disordered women commonalities and is explained in terms of the notion
(n=30). All subjects completed the Parental of parameter-setting; a similar explanation might be
Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ, Rohner, available in the case of moral variability as well.
1986), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWL, Fischer &
Corcoran, 1994), and the Beck Depression Inventory DWYER, Susan, “Reconciliation for Realists,” Ethics
(BDI, Beck & Steer, 1987). Obese women with BED and International Affairs, 13 (April 1999), 81-98.
perceived their fathers as more rejecting than did
women in the other groups. Further, they perceived Reconciliation is being urged upon people who have
their fathers as significantly more rejecting than their been bitter and murderous enemies, upon victims and
mothers. The BED group indicated lower satisfaction perpetrators of terrible human rights abuses, and upon
with life and higher levels of depression than the groups of individuals whose very self-conceptions have
noneating-disordered groups. These findings further been structured in terms of historical and often state-
validate the diagnostic category of BED. Obese women sanctioned relations of dominance and submission.
with BED appear to be a distinct subgroup of the obese The rhetoric of reconciliation is particularly common
population. Results indicate a need for further in situations where traditional judicial responses to
assessment of the father-daughter relationship in past wrongdoing are unavailable because of corruption
connection to BED and other eating disorders. in the legal system, staggeringly large numbers of
offenders, or anxiety about the political consequences
DWYER, Susan, “Moral Competence,” Philosophy of trials and punishment. But what is reconciliation?
and Linguistics, edited by K. Murasugi and R. How is reconciliation to be achieved? And under what
Stainton. Westview Press, Boulder, CO, 1990, 169- conditions should it be sought? The notable lack of
190. answers to these questions prompts the worry that talk
of reconciliation is merely a ruse to disguise the fact
The argument is made that at a certain level of that a “purer” type of justice cannot be realized - that,
abstraction there are striking parallels between the in being asked to focus on reconciliation rather than on
317
punishment, victims of past wrongdoing are having to obtained by a review of military records alone, three
settle for the morally second best. Underlying our pre- variables differentiated the attempters and completers
theoretical understanding of reconciliation is a core from the comparison group, Lower Performance
concept of reconciliation as narrative incorporation. Evaluation, Younger Age, and a History of Military or
This conception of reconciliation suggests a way in Legal Problems. These variables correctly classified
which reconciliation might be pursued and grounds a 73% of the sample. Implications for suicide-risk
response to moral qualms provoked by the use of an assessment for individuals in the Marine Corps are
unanalyzed conception of reconciliation. provided.
DWYER, Susan, “Does Moral Philosophy Have a Houston, B., Bufford, R. K., & JOHNSON, W, Brad,
Future?,” Review of Fieldwork in Familiar Places, by Assistant Professor, Distinctive components and
Michele M. Moody-Adams, Ethics and International perceived sources of gain in Christian counseling.
Affairs 13 (April 1999), 269-271. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 18, 238-253.
DWYER, Susan, Review of Reclaiming the History of This article describes the results of two survey studies
Ethics, edited by Andrews Reath, Barbara Herman, designed to assess Christian practifioner's perspectives
and Christine M Korsgaard. Philosophy in Review, 18 regarding both the distinctive components and
(August 1998), 294-297. undergirding sources of gain in Christian counseling.
Both studies utilized members of the Christian
DWYER, Susan, Review of Sex, Preference, and the Association for Psychological Studies (CAPS). Study
Family, edited by David M. Estlund and Martha C. 1 employed a convenience sample of 17 CAPS
Nussbaum, Ethics, 109 (October 1998), 184-187. members, while study 2 obtained a sample of 161
CAPS psychologists. Results of the studies were
HOLMES, Elizabeth K., Mateczun, J.M., LALL, R., congruent and offered support for a multi-dimensional
and Wilcove, G.L., “Pilot Study of Suicide Risk model of Christian counseling. Respondents were most
Factors Among Personnel in the United States Marine likely to endorse God's active involvement in
Corps (Pacific Forces),” Psychological Reports, 1998, counseling and the counselor's faith as the most
83, 3-11. distinctive components of Christian counseling. The
most highly endorsed active ingredient leading to
Risk factors for suicide among active-duty members of change was the activity of God, Jesus Christ, or the
the United States Marine Corps were investigated. Holy Spirit.
Three groups were suicide attempters (n=172),
completers (n=22), and a non-psychiatric comparison JOHNSON, David E., Professor , "The Relation of
group (n=384). A series of multiple regression and Tradition to Judgment." in Scott Lee and Allen
discriminant analyses were conducted to assess Speight, Tradition d Innovation. New York: University
whether any of the 137 selected risk-factors Press of America, 1999.
differentiated the suicidal group from the comparison
group. The following factors differentiated suicide This paper discusses the introd~Iion of a c re ethics
attempters and completers from the comparison group course into the Naval Academy's curriculum. Part of
and were associated with increased suicide risk: the design included a c, ire text edited by those
History of Abuse, Neglect or Rejection, Lower teaching the course to provide a focus on professional
Performance Evaluation, Symptoms of Depression, No military et%hi. ' T e questions addressed include, how
History of Gambling Behavior, Younger Age, History and why did we design such a course, what problems
of Alcohol Abuse, and Hopelessness. A discriminant we' encountered, and what expectations did the
analysis using these seven variables resulted in a 77% Academy have for this course to contribute to the
accuracy rate. When evaluating variables that could be character development of those taking the course?
318
Since our faculty contains both civilian and military involve provision of both career and psychosocial
faculty we confronted the best mix of faculty in functions which prepare proteges for careers in the
presenting the course. profession. Although experienced and accomplished,
mentors often
JOHNSON, W. Brad, Assistant Professor, DiGiuseppe, fall prey to a range of irrational thinking which may
R., & Ulven, J. (1999). Albert Ellis as mentor: compromise their effectiveness in the mentor role. In
National survey results. Psychotherapy, 36, 305-312. this article we briefly define - mentoring, describe the
practices of effective mentors, highlight the irrational
As the founder of Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy beliefs which most often prove troubling to mentors
(REBT), Albert Ellis is among the most prolific and and outline several strategies for effectively coping
influential psychotherapists of all time. He has with these beliefs. We hypothesize that routine and
personally trained and supervised hundreds of overt disputation of mentor-related irrational beliefs
therapists at his Institute in New York and annually will enhance both the effect and enjoyment of
provides didactic instruction for thousands more. Ellis mentoring.
is often described as cold, aloof and abrasive
interpersonally. He generally has little time for JOHNSON, W. Brad, LALL, R., Bongar, B. and
relationships, devoting most of his time to writing, Nordlund, M., “The Role of Objective Personality
training and seeing clients. Inventories in Suicide Risk Assessment: An Evaluation
and Proposal,” Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior,
JOHNSON, David E., Professor, "Ethical Education in 29 (1999) 165-185.
the Military: Controlling the Institution of Violence."
In Deane Curtin and Robert Litke, eds, Institutional Objective personality assessment instruments offer a
Violence. Amsterdam: Editions Rodopi B.V., 1999. comparatively underutilized source of clinical data in
attempts to evaluate and predict risk for suicide. In
From the time of Plato's Republic the problem of contrast to focal suicide risk measures, global
institutionalized violence has been center stage. In a personality inventories may be useful in identification
metaphor of guard dogs Plato asks how can shepherds of long-standing styles which predispose persons to
raise dogs to protect their flocks without becoming like eventual suicidal behavior. This article reviews the
wolves. The Tailhook scandal heightened this issue empirical literature regarding the efficacy of
when some those trained and practiced in using established personality inventories in predicting
violence to contain Iraq in the Gulf War, turned their suicide. The authors offer several recommendations
violence to fellow citizens and officers. Plato concludes for future research with these measures and conclude
that the state would be safeguarded if the auxiliaries that such objective personality instruments offer only
have been finely educated. The article then addresses marginal utility as sources of clinical information in
what might constitute a good education for the comprehensive suicide risk evaluations. Personality
managers of violence. inventories may offer greatest utility in long-term
assessment of suicide risk.
JOHNSON, W. Brad, Assistant Professor, Huwe, J. M.,
& Lucas, J. L. (2000). Rational mentoring. Journal of JOHNSON, W. Brad and Nelson, N., “Mentor-Protege
Rational-Emotive and Cognifive-Behavior Thergpy, 18 Relationships in Graduate Training: Some Ethical
39-54. Concerns,” Ethics and Behavior, 9 (1999), 189-210.
Psychologists and other mental health professionals Theoretical and empirical writings from psychology
often serve as mentors to graduate students, interns and other fields characterize mentor-protege
and junior professionals. Mentor relationships are relationships as long-term, complex and multifaceted.
often long-term and emotionally complex and ideally Mentoring appears to share components in common
319
with academic advising and counseling, yet remains practitioner members of the Christian Association for
distinct from these roles. Mentor-protege relationships Psychological Studies (N=784) were mailed a copy of
offer graduate students both enhanced career the Self-help book Survey. Ninety-two percent of the
opportunity and personal/psychosocial benefits, and 243 respondents used self-help books with clients at
may become emotionally intimate and incorporate a least some of the time. There were differences between
wide range of shared activities and contexts. For these master’s and doctoral level respondents with respect to
reasons, mentoring relationships at the graduate level how self-help books were used and the criteria used in
appear unique in posing previously unexplored ethical selecting self-help books for clients. Most books
dilemmas. In this article, we consider several ethical recommended were explicitly Christian in nature.
concerns related to mentoring psychology graduate Those self-help books most frequently recommended
students including competence to mentor, describing are listed and may be useful to practitioners who
the nature of mentoring relationships, equal access to counsel Christian clients.
mentoring, exploitation in mentoring relationships and
multiple role demands related to mentoring. We JOHNSON, W. Brad and Nielsen, S. L., “Rational-
conclude with several salient recommendations for Emotive Assessment with Religious Clients.” Journal
graduate programs relative to preparing both faculty of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy,
and students for mentor-protege relationships. 16 (1998), 101-123.
JOHNSON, W. Brad and Corser, R., “Learning Ethics Rational emotive behavior therapy’s (REBT’s)
the Hard Way: Facing the Ethics Committee,” methods for fostering change are similar to the kinds
Teaching of Psychology, 25 (1998), 26-28. of activities one would expect to encounter in many
organized religions. REBT also bears a strong
This article describes an approach to enhancing the theoretical affinity with religion because of its
value of case study material in teaching professional preferred therapeutic goal of helping clients examine
ethics in psychology. The mock committee approach and change their beliefs. Furthermore, the formal
involves a series of hearings convened by students who religious traditions to which many clients adhere will
rotate membership on a class ethics committee. usually include doctrinal material in agreement with
Members of the class participate randomly as the cardinal tenets of REBT, material which can be
psychologists accused of various ethical violations. enlisted during REBT to help religious clients evaluate
While the class observes, formal complaint hearings and change their self-defeating, irrational beliefs. A
occur that result in official rulings and the setting of case integrating religious belief with REBT is
appropriate penalties and remedial requirements. The presented, future directions for research, and issues
larger class then joins in active feedback and exchange related to matching client with therapist beliefs are
with the committee to highlight and discuss salient briefly discussed.
ethical issues. We present and discuss student
evaluation data for this technique and comment on the JOHNSON, W. Brad, Assistant Professor, Ridley, C.
potential advantages of this teaching approach. R., & Nielsen, S. L. (2000). Religiously sensitive
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy: Elegant solutions
JOHNSON, W. Brad and Johnson, W. L., “Self-Help and ethical risks. Professional Psychology: Research
Books Used by Religious Practitioners,” Journal of and Practice, 31, 14-20.
Counseling and Development, 76 (1998), 459-466.
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) can be an
Self-help books are frequently utilized by mental elegant treatment modality for explicitly religious
health professionals as adjuncts to the counseling clients. This is true in spite of the traditional
process. This was the first study to assess self-help anti-religious stance of Albert Ellis. This article
utilization among explicitly religious practitioners. All summarizes the evolution of Ellis' views on religion
320
and mental health, considers potential ethical LALL, R., HOLMES Elizabeth K., Brinkmeyer, K. R.,
dilemmas caused by utilizing REBT with religious Johnson, W. B. And Yatko, B. R. “ Personality
clients, and recommends strategies for reducing Characteristics Among Future Military Leaders.”
violation of ethical and specialty guidelines in work Military Psychology, 1999.
with religious clients. We conclude by proposing a
general model for religiously-sensitive psychotherapy Relatively little is known about the personality
which may serve to undergird theorizing and research characteristics of military personnel, particularly those
on the application of REBT and other treatment who are most successful in military careers. This study
approaches to religious clients. evaluated the personality characteristics of 530 third
year Midshipmen at the United States Naval Academy.
JOHNSON, W. Brad, “Military Psychologist: Training Participants completed the Hogan Personality
and Practice.” In C. Cronin (Ed.), Military Inventory (HPI) and a demographic questionnaire.
Psychology” An Introduction, (pp. 201-218). New Class ranking data was also obtained as an indicator of
York: Simon & Schuster, 1998. success at the Naval Academy. Results indicated that
in comparison to national norms, midshipmen scored
This chapter describes the training and practice somewhat higher on scales of ambition, sociability,
opportunities for military psychologist. It describes the intellectance and school success and lower on scales of
structure and requirements of military internships, the adjustment, likability and prudence. Ambition,
unique training opportunities available to psychologists prudence, intellectance and school success were each
predoctorally and postdoctorally, and highlights the significantly positively correlated with class standing.
most significant stressors inherent in military practice. Implications of these findings for understanding
It describes the most common practice components and personality correlates of success in military leadership
range of duty assignments for military psychologists. are discussed.
It concludes with a discussion of the unique ethical and
practice quandaries presented by military contexts and LALL, R., HOLMES, E.K., Bongar, B., JOHNSON,
conflicts. W. B., Jain, V. K., and Mittauer, M. W. “Efficacy of
the MCMI-II in Discriminating Mental Health Patients
Roid, G and JOHNSON, W. Brad, “Computer Assisted With and Without Suicidal Ideation.” Military
Psychological Assessment,” in A.S. Bellack and M. Psychology, 11(1999).
Hersne (Eds.) Comprehensive Clinical Psychology (pp.
501-523). New York: Pergamon, 1998. Forty-two mental health clinic patients with suicidal
ideation and 89 patients without suicidal ideation were
A common dilemma for the clinical psychologist is the administered the Millon Clinical Multiaxial
tension between the need for diagnosis and the Inventory-Two (MCMI-II: Millon, 1987). All
complexities of the individual case. Time may be participants were active duty military personnel.
limited or client resources may be limited, making Fifteen MCMI-II scale elevations were significantly
extended assessment difficult to complete. In the different between the two groups. Two discriminant
midst of this dilemma, various methods of computer analyses, the first utilizing all 25 MCMI-II scales, and
assisted psychological assessment (CAPA) have the second with only the 13 MCMI-II personality
become prominent, especially with the advent of scales, produced correct classification rates of 80.92%
personal computers. This chapter surveys the and 75.57% respectively. Six of seven MCMI-II
definition, history, types of implementation, “suicide” items significantly differentiated suicidal
advantages and disadvantages, reliability and validity ideation and non-suicidal ideation groups. Results of
concerns, and issues of ethical and professional this study offer initial support for the utility of the
responsibility in the use of computers in assessment. MCMI-II as a potential screening device for suicidal
ideation.
321
LUCAS, George R. Jr., Associate Professor, “Charles NIELSEN, S. L., Johnson, W. B. (Assistant Professor),
Hartshorne: The Last or the First,” The Personalist & Ridley, C. R. (2000). Religiously sensitive Rational
Forum, 14/2 (Fall, 1998), 83 - 107. Emotive Behavior Therapy: Theory, techniques and
brief excerpts from a case. Professional Psychology:
Keynote address for the 100th Birthday celebration of Research and Practice, 31 21-28.
Professor Charles Hartshorne, University of Chicago
emeritus, and University of Texas - Austin. Recounts Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy's (REBT's)
the major intellectual achievements of America’s most methods for fostering change, such as disputation of
eminent philosopher of religion in the 20th century, and irrational beliefs, are similar to the kinds of activities
attempts to develop a historical context for estimating one might expect to encounter in many organized
Hartshorne’s work. religions. REBT also bears a strong theoretical affinity
with some religions because of its preferred therapeutic
LUCAS, George R. Jr., Associate Professor, “Morality goal of helping clients examine and change their
and Cross Cultural Traditions in the Philosophy of beliefs. Furthermore, the formal religious tenets and
Robert C. Neville,” in Frankenberry, et alia, eds, Re- traditions to which many clients adhere will usually
Thinking Neville (Albany, NY: State University of include doctrinal material which is highly congruent
New York Press, 1999). with REBT's theory of change. Such belief-oriented
material might be enlisted during REBT to help
Gives an account of the grounding of Neville’s moral religious clients evaluate and change their
theory in the traditions of Confucian and neo- self-defeating, irrational beliefs. A case integrating
Confucian philosophy, arguing that the American religious belief with REBT is presented. Finally, we
philosophical idiom from which Neville also draws, is conclude with a brief summary of preliminary outcome
equally sufficient to develop the communitarian research regarding the efficacy of this approach.
insights he advocates.
Presentations
DONOVAN, Aine, Assistant Professor. “Raising DWYER, Susan, Assistant Professor. “Moral
moral Children,” Annual Conference of Pace Motivation,” University of Maryland, Baltimore
University (NYC) Ethics Center, February 1999. County, December 1998.
DONOVAN, Aine, Assistant Professor. “The Military DWYER, Susan, Assistant Professor. “Moral
Community as a Force in Late-Adolescent Moral Motivation,” Johns Hopkins University, January 1999.
Development,” presentation at the Annual Conference
of the Association of Moral Education, November DWYER, Susan, Assistant Professor. “Evil and Moral
1998. Competence: What Psycopaths Can Teach Us,”
Conference on The Problem of Evil, Association for
DONOVAN, Aine, Assistant Professor. “Valuation the Advancement of Philosophy and Psychiatry,
and the Conditions Necessary for Inculcation,” Washington, DC, May 1999.
presentation at the World Congress of Philosophy,
August 1998. DWYER, Susan, Assistant Professor, “Reconciliation
322
______________________________________________________________________________
for Realists” Conference on the Dilemmas of JOHNSON, David E., Professor. “What is the Truth
Reconciliation, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, June 2-6, Worth? South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation
1999. Commission.” The Ethical Culture Society of
Baltimore, May 9, 1999.
HOLMES, Elizabeth B., Captain, USN and Professor,
“Gender Differences in Communication”, Pacific Fleet JOHNSON, W. Brad, (2000, April). Clinical
Admirals/Commanders Conference, 1 March 1999. Mlications of Rational Emotive Behavior TherVA.
Invited lecture presented to the Psychology and
HOLMES, Elizabeth B., Captain, USN and Professor, Psychiatry faculty at the National Naval Medical
“Eating Disorders and College Athletes,” American Center, Bethesda, MD.
College Health Association, San Diego, CA, 5 June
1998. JOHNSON, W. Brad, (2000, May). Brief and elegant
psychothewy for the 2 1' CeqW: A Rational Emotive
HOLMES, Elizabeth B., Captain USN and Professor, Behavior TherVy Primer. Invited Professional
“Emotional Intelligence,” Surgeon Generals Workshop to be presented at Pine Rest Medical Center,
Conference, Norfolk, VA, 23 September 1998. Grand Rapids, MI.
Huwe, J. M., Fallow, A., JOHNSON, W. Brad, Lall, JOHNSON, W. Brad, Assistant Professor. “Rational
R., & Holmes, E. K. (1999, August). Mentoring among Emotive Assessment with Religious Clients,” at
Flag officers: A Survey of Retired Admirals. Poster Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the
session presented at the annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy,
American Psychological Association, Boston. Washington, DC, November 1998.
JOHNSON, David E., "Gandhi and Tutu: two moral Clark, R. A., Harden, S. L., and JOHNSON, W. Brad,
pioneers in the 20" Century." A talk delivered to the Assistant Professor. “Mentor Relationships in Clinical
Annapolis Rotary Club, Annapolis, MD, January 20, Psychology Doctoral Training: A National Survey of
2000. Recent Graduates.” Symposium conducted at the
annual meeting of the American Psychological
JOHNSON, David E., "Truth, Justice and Association, San Francisco, CA, August 1998.
Conciliation," a paper delivered to Concerned
Philosophers for Peace, Radford, VA, 22 October JOHNSON, W. Brad, Assistant Professor, DiGiuseppe,
1999. R., and Ulven, J. “Albert Ellis as Mentor: Results of a
National Survey.” Symposium conducted at the
JOHNSON, David E., Professor. “Should the Military annual meeting of the American Psychological
Fight the War on Drugs?” Twentieth World Congress Association, San Francisco, CA, August 1998.
of Philosophy, Boston MA, 16 August 1998.
Thomas, J., Bufford, R. K., JOHNSON, W. Brad,
JOHNSON, David E., Professor. “Should the Military Assistant Professor, and Ecklund, K. “Effects of
Fight the War on Drugs?” 11th Annual Conference of Prtherapy Disclosure of Personal Values.” Poster
Concerned Philosophers for Peace, Washington, DC, session presented at the annual meeting of the
October 3, 1998 American Psychological Association, San Francisco,
CA, August1998.
JOHNSON, David E., Professor. “Don’t Learn War
Anymore.” Proceedings of the Truxal Seminars, 1998- JOHNSON, W. Brad, Assistant Professor, Carmichael,
1999, Arnold MD. K., Fallow, A., Fallow, G., Geca, M,. Huwe, J., Lucas,
J., and Zorich, L. “Mentor-Protege Relationships in
323
______________________________________________________________________________
the Seasons of a Psychology Career.” Symposium of an overall institutional strategy to combat crisis,
presented at the annual meeting of the Oregon recruit students, retain faculty, and restore a sense of
Psychological Association, Lincoln City, OR, April mission sufficient to complete and excel in a highly
1999. competitive academic market.
LUCAS, George R., Associate Professor, and LEE, J. Nielsen, S. L., JOHNSON, W. Brad, & Robb, H. B.
Scott. “Using General Education Reform for (1999, November). Rational Emotive Behavior
Institutional Improvement,” FIPSE Project Therapy for Religious Clients. Continuing Education
Directors’ Annual Meeting, Washington DC (OCT Workshop presented at the annual meeting of the
9, 1999). Association for the Advancement of Behavior
Therapy, Toronto, Ontario.
Presentation of preliminary results of the study of 65
higher education institutions nationwide drawn from
all four Carnegie categories. Case studies and
examples illustrate how gen ed reform is often part
324
Nimitz Library
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Director
Academic librarians are engaged primarily in publish works of scholarship, and make presentations
professional practice, in providing a variety of services at professional meetings.
that assist the research of students, faculty, and other
library users. In addition, they conduct research,
Publications
WERKING, Richard H., Professor, ed.,Change and Annapolis, MD (Washington, D.C., 1998).
Continuity in Librarianship: Approaching the Twenty-
First Century. Proceedings of the 40th Annual
Military Librarians Workshop, 20-22 November 1996,
Presentations
CREIGHTON, Alice S., Head, Special Collections and HENNESSY, Ruth M., Head, Electronic Resources
Archives, “Using the Academy to Teach the Research Program, “Developing Students’ Research Skills,” at
Paper,” at Educating our Nation’s Leaders: A Educating our Nation’s Leaders: A Conference for the
Conference for the Federal Service Academies. West Federal Service Academies, West Point, NY, 8-9 April
Point, NY, 8-9 April 1999. 1999.
325
INDEX OF CONTRIBUTORS
______________________________________________________________________________
A Bohman, Scott D., 99, 100

Bollt, Erik M., 250, 254
Abels, Richard P., 147, 156 Booher, Douglas B., 99
Akerley, Cara D., 130 Booth, Allyson, 126, 131, 140
Albert, C. Elise, 287, 300 Bordalo, A., 262
Alsina, Maria V., 70, 78 Bosshard, Marianne, 164, 170, 171, 174
Andersen, Gene R, 308 Boughey, Britt W., 72, 81
Anderson, David, 122 Bowen, Jeremy S., 99
Anthonsen, Aaron, 98 Bowen, Rebecca E., 293
Anzai, Shinobu, 169 Bowman, William R., 115, 123
Aparico, Peter T., 98 Brady, Taryn F., 99
Appleby, David F., 147, 156 Brannan, Kielly A., 139
Arbuthnot, Nancy, 131, 144 Brill, Donald W., 280
Arrasmith, William W., 99-101, 110 Brinkmeyer, K. R, 313
Artigiani, Robert, 146, 157, 160 Brooks, William B., 99
August, R., 62 Bruch, Jeremy J., 293
August, Robert A., Jr., 80, 88, 90 Brumann, David, 107
Aunapu, Nicole, 38, 41 Buchanan, James L., 236, 254
Avramov-Zamurovic, Svetlana, 92, 101, 102, 110 Buchmann, B., 81
Bufford, R. K, 310
B Bunchongchuitr, Sura, 99
Burfisher, Mary, 119, 120
Bagaria, Bill, 237 Burkhardt, John, 35, 36, 42, 57
Bagaria, William J., 2, 4, 5 Burkholder, 211
Baldwin, Matthew, 99 Burr, Daniel S., 99
Banks, E. M, 20 Buxton, Gary L., 98
Barton, Oscar, Jr., 28, 42, 57, 66, 73, 86, 90
Baumann, David, 95, 97, 107 C
Baylor, Bradford H., 99, 100
Bell, Glen, 95, 107 Callari, M.J., 43, 57
Bennett, William E., 16, 23 Campbell, Douglas T., 293
Berek, E.P., 87 Campbell, Mark L., 193, 215, 216, 225
Bergmann, Harriet F, 144 Cantwell, Patrick R., 75
Berman, Neil, 131 Carsten, J., 46
Bernhard, Matthew, 99 Cassata, James R, 90
Biniek, Brent R., 99 Castellanos, P. F., 288
Bishop, Bradley E., 93, 102, 103, 111, 331 Castro de Moux, Maria E., 164, 171, 174
Bleicher, Dan, 184 Cerza, Martin R., 61, 72
Bleidorn, John C., 261, 263 Chamberlain, Michael W., 235
Boden, Daryl G., 3, 4, 6, 9, 11 Cheek, Graham T., 194, 204, 205, 207, 216, 217,
326
CONTRIBUTORS
225 Dillner, Debra K., 194, 200, 210, 220

Cherepenin, Vladimir A., 82, 90 Ditzler, Brent A., 99, 101
Chesnut, Gregory T., 213 Doney, George, 77
Chesnut, Jeffrey H., 123 Doney, George D., 99
Chestnut, Jeffrey, 121 Doniger, Michael J., 99
Childs, Jennifer M., 284 Donovan, Aine, 306-308, 314
Cipperley, Benjamin J., 78 Drew, Anne Marie, 140, 144
Clark, Tony E., 99 Dunlap, Marissa, 39
Clarke, J. R, 83 Durant, Cory, 213
Clemente, A., 262 Dutkowsky, Donald, 118
Clemente, Mark N., 305 Dwan, Terrence E., 92, 108, 111
Cochran, Charles L., 178, 185, 188 Dwyer, Susan, 309, 310, 314
Coelho, F., 262 Dyer, George C., 100
Coffee, Stephen, 260, 264
Coleman, James E., 267 E
Coleman, James E., Jr., 264
Coleman, Robert T., 294 Edelbertg, Jason A., 99
Collins, David S., 79 Edmondson, Charles A., 281, 288, 296, 300, 301
Colson, Christopher M., 99 Edsall, Douglas W., 280, 297, 301
Comora, Christopher G., 98 Elder, Samuel A., 288, 301
Compton, James R., 98 Elert, Mark L., 195
Connors, Martin, 290 Ellenberger, Nancy W., 152
Copper, Christine L., 212, 217, 220, 225 Ellis, Anne M., 126, 132, 140, 144
Corredor, Eva L., 162, 164, 174, 175 Ellis, Brian J., 99
Correll, Francis D., 279, 297 Engle, Irene M., 289, 293, 298, 301
Cover, G., 46 Ertel, John P., 283, 290, 293, 297, 298, 301
Crawford, Carol, 244, 254 Esbenshade, Kent, 133
Creighton, Alice S, 316 Evans, Alicia N., 99
Croteau, Brien J., 99 Everitt, Bryan M., 184
Crouse, Joshua D., 99 Everson, Jason D., 71, 99
Cuba, Joseph A., 99
Culham, Phyllis, 148 F
Curtis, Willie, 179, 185, 186, 188
Fahey, Richard P., 3, 5
D Fanning, Matthew D., 100
Feher, Susan T., 265
Davidson, Jesse A., 99 Ferrante, Robert F., 195, 196, 225
Dawson, Thomas H., 61, 82, 89 Fetrow, Fred M., 127, 133
De Long, Hugh C., 204, 205 Field, Christopher T., 13, 22
Deaton, Travis G., 7 Fiorilo, Gabriela , 100
Decredico, Mary A., 148 Fitzgerald, Jeffrey P., 197
DeMoyer, Robert, 96 Flack, Karen A., 29, 38, 43, 57
Derleth, Jason, 284 Fleming, Bruce E., 127, 133, 134, 140, 141, 145
Devarajan, Shantayanan, 120 Fletcher, Cecil A., 100
Diaz, Josue M., 8 Fletcher, William H., 163, 175
Dickey, Joseph W., 290 Foerster, John W., 259, 262, 268, 269, 276, 297
327
CONTRIBUTORS
Fontanella, John J., 281, 288, 296, 297, 300, 301 Guarda, Sylvain, 167
Foran, Ray, 17 Guccione, Thomas A., 100
Forney, Fredric D., 99, 100 Guilfoyle, Kyle L., 100
Fowler, Elizabeth, 194 Guth, Peter L., 260, 269, 276
Fowler, Gary O., 237
Fox, Adam H., 100 H
Frankenthal, Robert P., 47
Franssen, Christopher T., 100 Hagans, Patrick, 204
Frantzich, Stephen E., 177, 179, 186, 188 Haire, Travis W., 76
Fredland, J. Eric, 114, 122 Hanna, C. C., 245
French, Shannon E., 305, 306, 308 Harding, David, 15
Fujimura, Clementine K., 165, 172, 175 Harff, Barbara, 180, 184, 186-188
Furco, Joseph J., 38 Harjer, Brandon J., 100
Harper, Mark J., 62, 63, 71, 80, 82, 88, 90
G Harris, Nancy, 25, 26
Harrison, Judith A., 197, 198, 218, 225, 226
Gaglione, Anthony M., 244, 254 Harrison, Patrick R., 228, 229, 233
Gallucci, John, 98 Hartin, Stephanie, 185
Gann, Steven, 80, 88, 90 Hartman, J. R., 199, 226
Gaquin, Audrey, 166, 175 Hartman, J.R., 214, 219
Garcia, Sonia, 237, 245 Hasson, Dennis F., 29, 38
Garcia, Sonia M., 5 Hayden, Matthew, 41
Garnett, Gregory P., 100 Heikes, Brian G., 202, 203
Garrett, P. E., 286 Hempeck, Craig W., 100
Gaudett, Michelle A., 29 Hendee, Edd, 140
Gebbie, Gregory J., 100 Hennessy, Ruth M., 316
Gensemer, Susan, 117 Herrmann, Robert A., 247, 248, 251
George, Christopher T., 100 Heuer, William B., 200, 219, 226
George, Kelly A., 7 Hicks, Sally F., 286
George, Kerry A., 100 Higgins, Jason B., 98
George, Vijay A., 98 Hiler, M. J., 41
Gerken, W., 81 Hill, John M., 128, 134, 142, 145
Getter, Darryl E, 122, 123 Hixenbaugh, Franklin D., 100
Gilliland, C. Herbert, 128, 134, 142 Hoff, Brad W., 294
Gilmore, Elsa M., 166, 172, 175 Hoffman, Michael E., 243, 255
Godfrey, Mary Lou, 78 Holmes, Elizabeth B, 314
Gomba, Frank J., 217 Holmes, Elizabeth K., 310, 313, 314
Gompert, David, 184 Hong, Wooyoung, 15
Goodman, Rae Jean B., 115, 116, 122, 123 Hoover, Fredrick A., 98-100
Goodwin, Kevin J., 99 Houston, B, 310
Gorman, Daniel L., 76 Houston, J., 6
Gould, Charles F., 266 Howland, Mary D., 135, 145
Graczyk, Jeremy J., 98 Huddle, James R., 281, 290, 298, 301
Graham, S.M., 44
Granger, Robert, 37 I
Grupe, C.E., 84
328
CONTRIBUTORS
Immel, Jeffrey J., 297 Kovalchik, Joseph G. , 228, 231

Islam, Mohammad Q., 220 Krapivin, Vladimir F., 82, 90
Kriebel, David L., 24, 25, 63, 64, 67, 70, 72, 78, 81,
J 87, 89
Kruger, Jerome, 47
Jackson, Jacqueline R., 100 Kulow, Keith S., 79
James, Jerin T., 100
Jason, Philip K., 128, 135, 143 L
Jayroe, Peter A., 100
Jenkins, Brian, 12, 17, 23 Lall, R, 310, 313, 314
Johnson, David E, 308, 311, 314 Langlois, Thomas L., 100, 101
Johnson, W, 310 Larabee, Mark D., 145
Johnson, W. Brad, 310-315 Lathan, C, 84, 86, 91
Johnston, Eileen Tess, 129, 139 Lauten, Fred, 39
Joyce, James A., 29, 43, 57 Lawler, Andrew J., 100
Lawrence, Douglas A., 108
K Lebidov, Catalin, 100
Lee, Hak Lul, 47
Kaikaris, Andrius, 100 Lee, Raymond L., Jr., 260, 264, 270
Kaltenbach, Travis W., 99 Lentz, Rick W., 100
Kao, Chihwa, 117 Lenz, David, 211
Kaplan, Harold M., 255 Lewis, Jeffrey, 121
Karpouzian, Gabriel N., 4, 7, 11, 28, 42, 66, 90 Lim, Tian S., 16, 23
Katz-Stone, Deborah M., 282, 284, 293, 298, 301, Lindler, Keith W., 61, 62, 72, 82
302 Lingler, Robert E., 100
Kazanas, D. M., 3 Link, Richard E., 30, 39, 43, 45, 58
Kendrick, James F., 12 Little, Roger D., 115, 123
Kendry, Adrian P, 124 Lockhart, Robert, 246, 255
Kenyon, K., 40 Lomax, Joseph F., 200, 207, 220
Kidwell, Mark E, 255 Love, Robert W., Jr., 149, 155, 156
Kim, Jonathan J., 71, 100 Lucas, George R., 308, 313, 315
Kinter, Christopher M., 200, 207 Lux, Alan, 291
Kirby, Robert A., 99
Kiriakidis, Kiriakos, 93, 98, 103, 104, 111 M
Kitcey, Kevin J., 294
Klaus, George H., 99 Mace, Nancy A., 129, 139, 145
Kline, Aaron R., 74 Mackney, Michael D. A., 7, 9, 10, 28, 42, 66, 90
Knafelc, M.E., 84 MacMannis, Andrew R., 283
Knutson, Elizabeth, 167, 168, 172, 173, 175 Madison, Robert D., 135, 136, 143-145
Kolp, John G., 148, 153, 154, 157 Mahar, T. J., 246
Konkowski, Deborah A., 238, 246, 251, 255 Maher, James M., 100
Korman, Murray S., 282, 295, 296, 302 Maidanik, Gideon, 290
Korzeniowski, Kelly A., 13, 18 Malek-Madani, R., 267, 268
Kosinski, Autumn J., 100 Malinowski, Matthew R., 99
Koubek, Edward, 220 Malone, Eloise F., 178, 182, 187, 189
Kovach, Ildiko, 210 Marr, W. J., 83, 91
329
CONTRIBUTORS
Martin, Ronald R., 99 Moore, D, 84, 86, 91

Masterson, Daniel M., 149 Moore, D. M., 292
Mateczun, J.M., 310 Moore, J. S., 91
Mattes, Denise A., 99, 100 Moore, Jason S., 77, 124
Mattox, Gale A., 184, 187, 189 Moran, Angela L., 30, 31, 39, 40, 46, 55, 56, 58
Mavriplis, Catherine, 5 Moran, Patrick J., 28, 40, 47, 48
Maxwell, Micah D., 73 Morgan, Christopher K., 6
Mayer, Robert H., 67, 83, 89, 91 Morrill, Scott M., 100
McBride, William M., 157, 158 Morrow, Michael G., 23
McClean, Roy E., 201, 202, 220, 221 Mosca, Eugene P., 283, 291
McCoskey, Suzanne, 77, 117, 118, 121, 123, 124 Mouring, Sarah, 28, 42, 65, 66, 68, 73, 84-86, 90, 91
McCoy, Peter A., 239, 252, 255 Myre, David D., 5-7
McCoy, Timothy J., 110
McDonald, David M, 226 N
McDowell, Jacqueline, 214
McElroy, Kenneth L., 99, 100 Nadeau, J., 88
McKernan, John F., 99, 100 Nakos, George , 239, 249, 255
McMahon, Kathryn M., 295 Nance, Lawrence D., 101
McNamara, John J., 100 Natishan, M., 84, 86, 91
McNichols, Jeffrey, 184 Needham, Donald M., 232, 234
Mead, P, 84, 86, 91 Nehrling, Bruce C., 60, 74, 75
Mechtel, Deborah M., 14, 18, 19 Nelson, Martin E., 62, 74, 76, 77, 80, 82, 88, 90
Mehay, Stephen L., 115 Nelson, Samuel, 152
Mehta, R., 69 Nelson, Samuel H., 149
Melles, Caroline Grant, 248, 255 Neslen, Clarence, 266
Mendenhall, Jason, 121 Newcomb, R. W., 20
Mendenhall, Jason A, 124 Nielsen, S. L., 313, 315
Menichelli, Richard, 99 Niewoehner, Robert J, 10, 11
Merkle, Kathleen M., 100 Nikolov, Ivajlo D., 77
Meyerson, Mark D, 252 Nikolov, Iyailo D., 124
Michael, T.S., 252, 255 Nolan, Charles J., Jr., 130, 145
Michalitsianos, A. G., 3 Norcross, Frank L., 99
Mikhailov, Yassen, 100 Novo-Gradac, Anne-Marie, 284, 291, 294, 302
Miller, M, 88 Nuckols, M. L., 66, 78, 83, 84, 91
Miller, Paul H., 64, 79
Millett, Marshall.G., 82 O
Miner, Steven, 31, 45, 58
Minukas, Mark G., 100 Ofner, Jason L., 101
Misra, M., 69 Ogunwole, Babatunde A., 99
Mitchell, E. Eugene, 96, 107 Oliver, Kate, 250
Mitchell, John, 204 Olmstead, Michael J., 74, 75
Moen, Courtney, 247 Osborne, Matthew, 39
Mokole, E. L., 239 Osborne, Matthew C., 30
Monterisi, Frank, 155 Osburn, Nicholas G., 98
Montgomery, Steven N., 264, 268 O’Brien, Richard T., Jr., 94, 97, 111
Montgomery, Steven R., 283, 298 O’Brien, Timothy D., 125, 136, 137, 144, 145
330
CONTRIBUTORS
O’Sullivan, Daniel W., 202, 203, 213, 221, 222, 226 Rex, Bryan D, 19
Rex, Bryan D., 16, 19
P Riel, Gordon K., 90
Rivera-La Scala, Gladys M., 169, 170
Paik, Chie M., 163, 168, 169, 173, 175 Robb, H. B., 315
Palmer, S.C., 48 Roberts, J. C., 88
Palmer, Sheila C., 31, 58 Roberts, William R., 152
Panagiotopoulos, D. A., 20 Robertson, Daniel H., 198
Parker, Michael P., 137, 138, 145 Robinson, Sherman, 116, 118-121
Parrella, Mark C., 8 Rogers, David F., 10, 11
Pautkin, Andrey Yu., 82 Rogers, Jeffrey G., 99
Pautkin, A. Yu., 90 Roush, Paul E, 308
Pearson, Wayne G, 226 Rozek, Andrew J., 101
Pearson, Wayne H., 214 Rutledge, S., 46
Pedersen, Eric D., 100
Peeler, David P., 154 S
Penn, Howard L, 255
Pertmer, G., 82 Saarlas, Maido, 8
Petersen, Deryk, 139 Sammaddar, S. N., 239
Phillips, Andrew T., 230 Sand, Mark W., 8
Phillips, Gary W., 80, 82, 90 Sanders, Damian A., 101
Pierce, Robert M., 99 Sanders, Thomas, 150, 152, 158
Piper, George E., 94, 95, 97, 106-108, 110-112 Sanders, Thomas J., 240
Poorman, Corey A., 40, 48 Santos, Rafael, 245
Portolano, Marlana, 145 Sarkady, Antal A., 13, 16, 19
Price, Geoffrey L., 240, 252 Sarlese, Justin A., 77, 294
Price, William D., 99 Saxton, P., 46
Pruitt, B., 43 Saylor, John, 29
Pruner, Ludmila, 175 Sbaiti, Fadi, 99
Purdon, Jacob L., 100 Scharpf, William, 291
Purkitt, Helen E., 180, 182, 183, 187, 189 Schmidt, L, 84, 86, 91
Puzinauskas, Paul V., 32, 41, 58 Schneider, Carl S., 284, 293, 298, 302
Schnorenberg, David G., 8
Q Schroeder, James, 39, 49
Schroeder, Maria J., 204, 214, 223, 226
Quartararo, Anne T., 150, 158, 160 Schulz, B., 40
Schulze, Kay G., 231, 233, 234, 287
R Seiber, J., 69
Sekelick, Leonard C., 176
Rachwald, Arthur, 181, 190 Self, Sarah, 40
Ratcliffe, Colin, 237 Sellami, Louiza, 20
Ratcliffe, Colin P., 2, 5, 32, 33, 41, 56-58 Severson, Matthew R., 99, 124
Rawe, Pamela, 39 Sewell, Tyler, 72
Ray, Daniel, 37 Shade, Joyce E., 208, 226
Rees, Elizabeth, 145 Shebatka, Eric D., 100
Reitan, Paula, 231, 232, 234 Shelby, Robert N., 285, 287, 302
331
CONTRIBUTORS
Shelton, S. V., 48 Turner, John C., 249

Shifler, David A., 47 Turner, Peter R., 241, 242, 256
Shulski, Aaron C., 100 Tutien, Alan B., 197, 198
Sikora, Todd D., 261, 263, 266, 270, 271, 277 Tuttle, Kenneth L., 66, 67, 69, 70, 87, 91
Simmons, D. Kevin, 73
Simmons, Elizabeth, 296 U
Singh, S. K., 20
Sklaney, B., 286 Urban, Joseph J., 209, 210, 225, 227
Smith, Billy R., 2 Uyboco, Jonathan D., 100
Smith, David R., 261, 264, 265, 268, 271-275, 277
Smith, Geoffrey, 29 V
Smith, John M., 101
Smith, Matthew R., 101 Vanhoy, Jeffrey R., 286, 292, 294, 302
Smith, Susan, 214 Vieira, Mario E. C., 262, 278
Sollitt, C., 81 Vincent, Steven F., 100, 101
Solomon, James, 156 Viniotis, John J., 99, 100
Spann, William E., 101 Volino, Ralph, 33, 38, 43, 58
Spinrad, Richard W., 264, 267, 268 von Tersch, Robert L., 209-211, 225
Stallworth, Phillip E., 281, 296 Voros, Sharon Dahlgren, 161, 170, 173, 176
Stanford, Theodore B., 256
Sterneckert, Brett, 214 W
Stilwell, Daniel J, 110, 112
Stratton, M. A., 41 Waite, Boyd A., 192
Stuart, Steven J., 197, 198 Walburn, M., 286
Stutts, Isaac R., 99 Wallace, Jacob B., 42
Suthiwart-Narueput, Sethaput, 120 Wallendorf, Louise, 25, 64
Sutto, Thomas E., 205 Ward, Edward F., 99
Symonds, Craig L., 151 Wardlaw, William P, 253, 256, 257
Warr, N., 286
T Waters, Jennifer K., 67, 69, 78, 87, 89, 92
Waterston, John, 16, 20
Tankersley, Lawrence L., 285, 299, 302 Watkins, Dennis, 154
Tarman, Daniel D., 79 Watkins, John M., 94, 95, 97, 105, 107, 110, 112
Taylor, Bradley D., 99, 101 Weaver, R. L., 42
Thierfelder, Karen, 116, 118-121, 123, 124 Weaver, Thomas J., Jr., 7
Thompson, Michael R., 154 Weeks, Christine, 212
Thorp, Owen G., 40 Welch, Thaddeus B., 15, 17, 21-23
Tobin, John V., 295 Weller, Micah M., 99
Toriello, Anthony J., 101 Werking, Richard H., 316
Traves, William N., 241, 249, 256 Wheat, Robert J., 214
Treacy, Donald J., 287 Whitaker, Craig, 206, 211, 227
Trulove, Paul C., 204, 205, 223, 224, 227 White, Carter T., 198
Tsang, F. Y, 90 White, Gregory J., 63, 68, 79, 88
Tsang, Francis Y., 82 Whitford, Dennis J., 258, 266, 275, 278
Tucker, Ernest, 153, 159, 160 Whiting, Alan B., 292, 299, 302
Turisco, JoAnn S., 242 Whitmer, David C., 101
332
Wick, Carl E., 95, 108, 109, 112 None Listed
Wilcove, G.L., 310
Williams, Robert M., 239, 241, 249 Y
Williams, Timothy A., 101
Williamson, Daniel, 212 Yu, Maochun, 151, 159
Wintersgill, Mary C., 281, 287, 288, 296, 297, 303
Withers, W. Douglas, 250 Z
Wood, Joshua T., 250
Wooten, Ellen C., 16, 23 Zaghloul, M. E. , 20
Wooten, John C., 138 Zak, Thomas A., 116
Wrage, Stephen D., 181, 184, 187, 190 Zivi, Edwin L., 95, 96, 110, 112
Wu, Chih, 34, 49-55, 58, 59 Zotti, Priscilla H. M., 183, 185, 188, 190
Zseleczky, John, 26, 27
X
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Foreword

W. C. MILLER REZA MALEK-MADANI

Researchers: Professor William J. Bagaria,

Space Mission Analysis and Design Space Technology Series

Researcher: Associate Professor Daryl G. Boden

Asymmetric Changes in the C IV Emission Profiles

Researcher: Professor William J. Bagaria

Researchers: Professor William J. Bagaria and Professor Gabriel N. Karpouzian

Analysis and Practical Applications of the Newly Discovered Mikkola-Innanen Orbits

Researcher: Professor William J. Bagaria

Research in Automating Space Mission Operations

Researcher: Associate Professor Daryl G. Boden

Rapid Extraction of a Pulsed Signal Buried in Noise

Researchers: Professor William J. Bagaria,

Flow Simulation of a Co-Flowing Laminar Diffusion Flame

Researcher: LCDR David D. Myre, USN

Analysis of Contour Smoothed Concentration Data

Researcher: LCDR David D. Myre, USN

Research Course Projects

Researcher: Midshipman 1/C Christopher K. Morgan, USN

Mechanical Properties of Silica Aerogels

Researcher: Midshipman 1/C Kelly A. George, USN

Evaluating Methods for Calculating Lift and Drag of Aircraft Fuselages

Researcher: Midshipman 1/C Josue M. Diaz, USN

Establishing the State-of-the-Art of Pusher Propellers

Researcher: Midshipman 1/C Mark C. Parrella, USN

Applicability of the XCASTLE Flight Simulation

Researcher: Midshipman 1/C Mark W. Sand, USN

variation in the effectiveness. Superstructure One-dimensional models consistently and

Simulation in High-Speed Fiber Optic Communication Systems

Researcher: Assistant Professor Brian Jenkins

A Distributed Sensor System with Wireless Communication Network

Researcher: Professor Antal A. Sarkady

Autonomous Path Planning and Scheduling

Researcher: Associate Professor Kelly A. Korzeniowski

Determining Oscillator Frequency in Space.

Researcher: Assistant Professor Christopher T. Field

Advanced Packaging Applications

Researcher: Assistant Professor Deborah M. Mechtel

JAVA Applet Tutorials and Quizzes

Researcher: Associate Professor David Harding

Bearing Ambiguity Solution By Nonlinear Array Beamforming

Researcher: Commander Wooyoung Hong, KN

Wireless System Innovation and Design

Researcher: Commander Thaddeus B. Welch, III, USN, Assistant Professor

Motor Speed Control Using DAC Techniques

Researcher: Professor Tian S. Lim

Research Course Projects

Non-Invasive Detection of CH-46 Aft Gearbox Faults

Researcher: Midshipman 1/C Bryan D. Rex, USN, Trident Scholar

Development and Implementation of an Adaptive Error Correction Coding Scheme

Researcher: Midshipman 1/C John Waterston, USN, Trident Scholar

Very Low Antenna Measurements

Researcher: Midshipman 2/C Ray Foran, USN

Denver, 1999. stationary illustrations of inherently dynamic concepts

• Characteristics of ocean wave groups (Sponsor: Office

• Resistance and seakeeping tests of a catamaran

Model Testing of a Mobile Offshore Base Module

Researchers: Prof. David L. Kriebel and Louise Wallendorf (Hydromechanics Laboratory)