One important thing that candidates should keep in mind is that since the time between the Main

Exam and the

declaration of result of the Preliminary Exam is very less, it is advisable to begin preparations of the Main Exam
along with the Preliminary Exam.

The General Studies paper covers the following areas:

General Science; Current events of national and international importance; History of India; World Geography;
Indian Polity and Economy; Indian National Movement; General Mental Ability.

For this section, it is important to be updated in all fields. For History, Economy, Polity, etc, it is advisable to read
Class 11 and 12 books published by the NCERT. Some books on the freedom struggle are published by the National
Book Trust. For general knowledge and objective-type questions, refer to General Knowledge Refresher by O.P.
Khanna. For General Mental Ability and current affairs, it is advisable to read The Competition Master regularly.

One question that is often asked by students is about the subjects that they should take up. Since some subjects
are scoring, students wish to opt for them. But one thing that must be kept in mind is one's aptitude. If one has
studied a subject since school and one is comfortable in it, chances of doing well in it are greater rather than taking
up an unrelated subject which one may never have studied. Generally speaking, do not choose an entirely new
subject in which you will have to work very hard. If the optional is prepared well for the preliminary and the same
subject is also planned to be opted as one of the optionals, it is very useful and saves a lot of labour.

Once you have decided to appear in the Civil Services Exam, preparations should start early. A look at past papers
helps get an idea about the kind of questions that are asked. Over the years, The Competition Master has
published solved papers which can be referred to. It may be advisable to join a coaching institute so that one
keeps in touch with other students and discuss issues with them. It is important, however, to select a good
institute. However, one can be successful by self-study also.

Prepare Well

Before initiating the preparations, a few things must be noted by the candidates. The choice of optional subject for
Paper-II has to be done very carefully. The candidates must plan ahead of time with eyes on the main examination
and choose the optional which he/she intends taking up in the Mains. The preparations done for the preliminaries
would assist the candidates in getting good grasp of the subject and the effort put in would not go waste after the
prelims. Secondly, optional subject carries more number of maximum marks as compared to the General Studies
Paper. Hence, its importance cannot be undermined. A candidate doing well in the optional paper is expected to
fare well in the examination. Moreover, the optional subject for Paper-II should usually be the subject in which the
candidate has either attained proficiency/higher academic qualification or in which the candidate feels at home.
Another consideration is the performance of candidates in the said subject in the recent past. There are
several20subjects like History, Psychology, Sociology, Public Administration etc in which even the candidates not
having special or additional educational qualifications have been doing reasonably well, while the subjects like
Mathematics, Physics, and Engineering are considered to offer tougher questions and the candidates with
exceptionally good preparation only may expect to do well. But this observation may not be taken as the universal
truth. Moreover, the aptitude and proficiency of a particular candidate in a given subject also plays an important
role in arriving at a decision.

Availability and access to good and prescribed books is yet another consideration and often the candidates are also
guided by this factor, particularly in smaller towns. Books for preliminary examination are available in plenty in
common subjects but in case of specialised optionals like Mathematics, Engineering, Agriculture etc, one has to
look carefully for good books which cover all parts of the syllabus.

Preparations for Paper-II also need specific planning. It would be wrong to confine the studies only to the multiple
choice objective type questions. Unless a detailed study of the subject is carried out, it would be difficult to answer
the questions on the subject properly. The aim, must, therefore, be to clearly understand the basics of the subject
by covering each and every aspect of the syllabus. This provides a candidate with adequate self-confidence and
knowledge to answer the questions correctly. It is better to consult various books on different aspects, as it is very
rare that one single book covers the entire syllabus with total efficiency. After going through all parts of the
syllabus in detail and getting hold of the basic concepts, it is desirable to have sufficient practice in solving multiple
choice objective type questions. A good book on objective type multiple choice questions or a good question bank
on the subject concerned may assist the candidates a great deal. Such practice, on the one hand, would perfect the
art of answering the questions correctly and rapidly, and on the other would enable the candidates in
understanding the questions asked in various forms. It is normally observed that at times even simple questions
are asked in such a complex manner that it becomes difficult to understand the question correctly.

It is not difficult to find out a candidate who had, during the past couple of years, appeared in the prelims with the
same subject. It is always better to discuss the subject, its intricacies, pattern of questions and the books to be
studied. In addition, it is also not difficult to identify the candidate offering the same optional subject for Paper-II
within the same town/city. It is always fruitful to have detailed discussions on various parts of the syllabus, books
to be consulted for the basics, multiple choice question books or question banks and other related issues. Finally,
the practice of correctly marking the answer sheet by using minimum possible time will go a long way in helping
you succeed

General Studies

While the Optional (Paper-I) subject is very important, the candidates also need to do well in Paper-I. This paper
has a maximum of 150 marks but in a competition like this where even a single mark matters a lot, these marks
play a decisive role. Most candidates do well in Paper II since the subject chosen is of their interest and knowledge.
As such the importance of Paper I is immense. Paper-I determines the top honours and a candidate doing well in
this paper as well, can hope to find his/her name in the list of candidates qualifying for the main examination. As
there is no choice of subject for Paper-I and all the candidates are required to solve the same questions, this paper
assumes enormous importance as anyone spoiling this paper cannot have any chance of qualifying the
examination.

General Studies paper consists of questions on Indian Polity and Economy, History of India including Indian
National Movement, Indian and World Geography, Current Affairs of National and International Importance,
General and day-to-day Science, Mental Ability and Basics of Statistics etc. Questions on planning, budgeting,
developmental programmes, latest issues of political and constitutional importance, panchayati raj, electoral
reforms, natural resources, culture, growth of nationalism, Committees, Commission etc can be expected almost
every year. Emphasis normally are placed on the general aspects of the subject which every educated person
aspiring to join the Civil Services as an officer, is expected to know.

The fact that this paper needs special and thorough preparations need not be over-emphasised. The aspiring
candidates are expected to have keen interest in the General Studies and are supposed to have a good amount of
interest in current affairs. All the preparation starting from a scratch cannot be completed in the short period of 4
to 5 months and the candidates must begin preparations early. Regular and detailed reading of a good national
newspaper, a standard competition magazine and a basic book on general knowledge is the essential pre-requisite.
Those readers who still have two to three years of time left for becoming eligible to go in for Civil Services
Examination must begin preparations now. The candidates who do not have enough background in20the General
Studies may have to put in harder effort to catch up with the others.

"General Knowledge Refresher" by O.P. Khanna and "The Competition Master" make a unique combination for this
purpose. In addition, a good and basic book on Indian Constitution, latest plan document and budget/economic
survey, basic books like NCERT books on Indian History and National Movement, World and Indian Geography and
General Science are certain other books which can fruitfully supplement the efforts. A good backgrounder on major
national and international events assists the fresh starters to understand the background of any social, economic or
political event, enabling them to understand the details and developments in a better way. In addition, the
candidates who have recently taken the examination may also be consulted.
The candidates must bear one thing in mind. Exhaustive study of each and every aspect of the General Studies is
essential. It would be wrong to presume that any single book would suffice. Every book has its strong and weak
parts. It is, therefore, left to the candidate to consult as many books as possible, so that every aspect is studied in
the required detail. Another important point is efficient time planning. The time available with the candidates for
preparations is limited and it has to be intelligently utilised. The candidates must not waste the time unnecessarily
by going into lengthy details of one particular aspect, leaving other important aspects untouched. Moreover, it is
better to draw up a formal time table so that no aspects of both the papers is left unprepared.

To conclude, proper selection of optional subject, availability and selection of proper books and magazines,
meticulous time management, proper planning, hard work and will to succeed are some of the attributes which
play vital role in making a candidate successful. One thing good about this examination is that the preparations
made do not go waste and are properly utilised for the main examination. Hard work invariably is rewarded with
the sweet taste of success.

Success Plan for Mains

Preparations for the Civil Services Mains Exam should start along with those of Preliminary exam. This is because
there is much common ground for study, and there is little time for the mains exam if one waits for the results of
the Preliminaries. It is a long haul and preparations should be done with persistence, over nine months to an year.

Choice of subjects
One of the first questions that has to be answered is the choice of subjects. Here the choice should not only be with
regard to your interests but also with regard to the study material available. It has been found that even science
and engineering students take up subjects like history, sociology, anthropology, grography, political science,
psychology and public administration because there is a huge amount of study material available, which covers the
entire syllabus. Even if your branch of study is different, it is advisable to keep in touch with one of these subjects
which will help you when you start preparations. Start collecting books and readings once you have made your
choice.

The next step is to make a time-bound study plan, which would include not only studying the subject but
improvement of writing expression. This is done by writing down the answers to the questions asked in previous
years' papers. Show these answers to someone you know, like a teacher in your college or university, parents or
friends. The study should be done according to the syllabus and also in the same chronological order as given in
the syllabus.

The following topics need coverage for General Studies:

i) Current AffairsNational and International

ii) Indian Polity
iii) Indian Economy
iv) Geography of India
v) Science and Technology
vi) History of India and Freedom Movement
vii) Study of thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru and Rabindranath Tagore
viii) Statistics and General Mathematics Ability

To study current affairs, it is essential to read one national newspaper and The Competition Master. When you are
studying the round up of national and international affairs, efforts should not be merely taking up the information
but also to understand the issues involved. Go into the background of events. For example, the recent Lok Sabha
elections threw up many issues. Get to know these issues and be clear about them so that you can answer
questions on them.

Reading List
With regard to other topics, the books published by the NCERT are the best source of study. Take up the text-
books for classes IX, X, XI and XII. However, just reading these books will not serve the purpose. What is essential
is that the person taking up self-study must pick up past question papers and write down the answers to questions
asked therein. A practice in writing is what is required to attempt the paper. Many students make the mistake of
studying for hours but have no practice in writing down the answers, which costs heavily during the exam. The skill
required is that of organising the arguments and making a coherent answer from the diverse material. One more
thing that must be kept in mind is that the answers must be a little different from others and must have some
extra bit that is missed out by others. This is not difficult if one has understood the issue in depth.

One important aspect of the Civil Services Mains Exam is that the questions do not ask for mere information as a
reply, but seek analysis backed with arguments from the candidates. Usually, one gets the impression that one
knows everything but thoughts do not flow out naturally as one puts pen to paper. Hence, writing down the
answers is an important aspect of the preparation. Another thing is that the candidate must carefully read the
questions in order to make out what the examiner is asking. Having done that, it is important to organise one's
thoughts before writing and the sequence of the answer should be from the most important/potent aspect to less
important aspects.

If you do not have someone to show your answers, keep them away and after a gap of some time, read them
again. You will discover many mistakes, which earlier you could not. Analyse the answers in order to improve
them. This exercise of re-analysis of answers improves the ability to be precise. One of the important requirements
of the Mains exam is that the answers should be crisp and to-the-point.

Optional subjects
While studying for the optional subjects, keep in mind that there is no scope for selective studies in the Civil
Services Examination. The whole syllabus must be completely and thoroughly covered. Invariably, some candidates
organise their studies in a manner that they study one subject thoroughly, with reduced emphasis on their second
subject. It is imperative that equal stress be given to both the subjects you have chosen.

It is also important to remember that the level of questions asked is of the Masters level examination. The
questions have an added spin in order to bring out the grasp of the candidate with regard to the basic concepts of
the subject. Hence, if you choose subjects in which you do not have a basic grounding, it would be advisable to
start from simple books. After getting the grasp of the basic concepts, start with higher level study material. Here
again, reflections on basic concepts and their application in real life is important. For best preparation and a
success plan, it is suggested that the candidate make a habit of beginning his study by writing answers to three
questions each day, one each from General Studies and two from optional subjects. Questions should be chosen
from previous years' papers and the answer writing should be preceded by study on the subject.

Most candidates do not have problems with regard to English and Hindi examinations and are able to qualify in
them easily. However, it is important to have a good working knowledge of the two languages. In order to improve
this skill, pick up a General Studies book and translate it into the language in which you are weak. For instance, if
you are weak in Hindi, try translating important essays on current affairs into Hindi which will not only improve
fluency but also the general knowledge. Another way is to write letters to friends in the language that one is weak
in.

Studying for General Studies

Giving a detailed description of the optional subjects is not feasible here but we give here some suggested readings
for the General Studies paper. Students should remember that this list is not exhaustive and they should choose
the books themselves based on recommendations of previous successful students, teachers and guides, etc. We
are giving a list as a general requirement. NCERT, IGNOU booklets and National Book Trust (NBT) publications are
quite helpful. For the Preliminary paper, study the following books:

History: NCERT books of class XI and XII, Freedom Struggle (published by National Book Trust)
Geography: Class XII books of Geography (NCERT), a good atlas.
Indian Polity: Introduction to the Indian Constitution.
Indian Economy: NCERT and other books on Evolution of the Indian Economy.
General Science: NCERT books on science, a science magazine or newspaper supplements on science.
Current Events: A national newspaper, The Competition Master, newsmagazines.
General Mental Ability: Do the Quantitative Aptitude published in The Competition Master, past test papers.
For the main examination, the study should be done in more detail. In addition to the above readings, the following
are suggested as well:

History: India's Struggle for Independence, IGNOU publications on Modern India.

Indian Culture: Art and culture portions of history books, India Yearbook (culture chapter), Encyclopaedia on
Indian Culture, Gazetteer of India, books on culture published by Publications Division and National Book Trust.
Current Affairs: A national newspaper, The Competition Master, current affairs programmes on Doordarshan,
newsmagazines.
Statistics: Class XI NCERT book on Statistics.
Indian Polity: Introduction to the Constitution, Parliament.
Indian Geography: NCERT books on Indian Geography.
Indian Economy: NCERT and other books on Indian Economy, financial newspapers, The Competition Master carries
regular analysis of the Indian Economy.
Science: A science magazine, supplements in newspapers.

Interview
The final stage is that of interview. There are cases where students clear the preliminary and the mains but fail at
the last stage. The secret is to start for preparations for the interview along with the written test. Develop the habit
of debating and discussing issues with friends or parents. Listen to the current affairs programmes and learn to
organise thoughts the way the participants do. Develop interests and hobbies so that you are able to answer
convincingly. Understand the current affairs and the issues behind the events. Remember that the interview is not
a cross examination but a natural but purposeful conversation. It is an opportunity to reveal the mental qualities of
a candidate.

The interview is not a test of specialised knowledge, as that has already been tested in written examination. The
idea is to see the social traits of a person and his personality as suited to a career in the Civil Services. If a person
gives the impression of being a bookworm, the chances of his selection are reduced. The candidate must exhibit an
intelligent interest in events happening around him so that he appears to be a complete personality.

Finally, there is a very frequently asked question about whether a candidate should join a coaching centre and if
so, which one. Coaching centres are helpful in the sense that they develop a discipline of attending regular classes.
An instructor may be available who can give an opinion about the answers written by a candidate. At the same
time, the candidate will meet like-minded people with whom he can develop the habit of debating and discussion.
However, the coaching centre must be chosen with care: the instructor must be erudite enough to be able to guide
students. If he is not well read, the chances of guiding others would be diminished.

It must also be remembered that preparation for the optional subjects must be done on one's own, as it is unlikely
that any coaching centre would be able to do justice to all the subjects.