Proposed Three-Storey School Building Literature Review 5

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Codes are established documents that set standards and specification for

materials, measurement, methods and procedure in designing a structure. These codes are

set for the designer of the structure for them to execute the codes to ensure the

functionality and compatibility of the building.

This chapter enumerates the important local codes and standards that will serves

as a guide and supporting details for this study.

DepEd order no. 64, s. 2017

As stated in DepEd order no. 64, s. 2017, “The Department of Education issues

this DepEd order on establishing the Minimum Performance Standards and Specifications

(MPSS) for DepEd School Buildings to guide the Department and other stakeholders in

the preparation of plans – architectural, structural, electrical, fire protection and sanitary –

to ensure the comfort and safety of the would-be occupants of the school buildings.” This

DepEd order, school building design of DepEd, is whether to be implemented by co-

partners in government like DPWH or by non-government agencies as stated in the scope

of policy under the DepEd order no. 64, s. 2017.

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Under the Rationale of the DepEd order no. 64, s. 2017, it was stated that “ This

order specifically aims to establish the acceptable Minimum Performance Standards and

Specifications (MPSS) in the design of DepEd school buildings, whether single-storey,

medium-rise or high-rise to be constructed in the various school sited across the country.”

The MPSS will serve as the basic instrument towards the standardization of school

building wherever schools are located. The department also believes that the quality of

the school buildings contribute to the attainment of education goals.

Under the Policy Statement of the DepEd order no. 64, s. 2017, it was stated there

that a well-designed school building which considers ergonomics, anthropometries,

thermal comfort, illumination, ventilation, acoustics, colors and compliance with laws

contributes to improved student performance which clearly states that we should give

more attention in developing our school building.

Under the architectural design standards of the DepEd order no. 64, s. 2017,

Standard sizes are provided for designing a school building. The following must be

followed as for the uniformity and standardizing of the school building:

 Classroom. Standard classroom size must be 7.0 meters width x 9.0 meters in

length or 9.0 meters in width x 7.0 meters in length that is measured from the

center of the walls.

 For windows. The windows must be transparent or translucent (operable louver

type) that can allow the entry of daylight even if it is closed. The total area of the

window openings must be at least 10.0 square meters that provides natural

ventilation and illumination. The window sill must not be lower than 0.90 meter
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for multi-storey buildings from the finished floor line. The minimum height of the

fixed louver or transom window above the operable windows is 0.30 meter.

 For doors. There shall be two (2) doors for every classroom. The swing-out of the

doors should be 180 degrees. The doors must be 0.90 meters clear width and 2.10

meters in clear height. The door must withstand normal wear and tear and shall be

provided with keyed lever-type locksets.

 For ceiling. The ceiling must be a drop type ceiling. The clear height of rooms

from finished floor line to the finished ceiling line must be at least 2.70 meters.

Materials to be used in the ceiling must be thermal comfort inside the classroom.

 For roofing. The roofing material must be adequately protected from rust, acid

rain, salt air and other sources and forms that of corrosion. If made of metal, the

roofing sheets shall be 0.40 mm base metal thickness. For multi-storey school

buildings, the roof must be provided with concrete gutter and eaves which shall be

at least 1.10 meters from the corridors.

 For partitions. The partitions must be from floor to ceiling.

 For corridors. For multi-storey school buildings the corridors must not be less

than 2.50 meters and should be provided with steel railings at a height not less

than 1.50 meters.

 For stairways. For the multi-storey school buildings, concrete stairs must have a

width of not less than 1.50 meters. Number of stairways per school building shall

comply with the requirements stipulated in the National Building Code of the

Philippines (NBCP). Handrails with steel railings must be provided.

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 For Fire Protection. All school buildings shall comply with RA no. 9514, also

known as Fire Code of the Philippines and its IRR. The requirements shall include

a fire alarm system, pressure and gravity tanks, hose boxes, extinguishers and

other firefighting equipment, including the sprinkler system. In addition, 3-storey

and 4-storey school buildings should be compliant with NFPA 25. Fire escapes

must be provided for multi-storey school buildings following the requirements of

the Fire Code of the Philippines.

 For chalkboard. The classroom must be provided with a built-in curved

chalkboard measuring 4.88 meters wide by 1.22 meters tall.

 For ventilation. Natural ventilation must be primarily supplied by the windows

and vents. Artificial ventilation inside each classroom shall be supplied by two (2)

units of oscillating ceiling fans.

 For illumination. Illumination falling at desk or arm rest should be taken with

combined artificial and natural lighting. Illumination at all staircases and fire exit

stairs shall comply with RA no. 9514 and its IRR

National Structural Code of the Philippines

Under the structural design standards of DepEd order no. 64, s. 2017, the structural

design must be in accordance with the National Structural Code of the Philippines

(NSCP). The following must be considered:

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 Classification of Structure. In accordance with the NSCP, buildings under the

project shall be designed in accordance to the classifications, based on the nature

of occupancy of “Essential Facilities.”

 Wind Load. The roofing and walls shall be designed to withstand a minimum

BASIC wind speed (as defined in section 207 of the NSCP) of 250 kilometer per

hour. A Wind Importance Factor (WIF) of 1.15, based in the NSCP, shall be used.

 Seismic Load. The structure shall be designed to withstand earthquakes for

seismic zone 4 with a corresponding seismic zone factor of 0.4, or as otherwise

specified in the NSCP. A Seismic Importance Factor (SIF) of 1.5 shall be used.

 Live loads. The minimum occupancy or live loads shall be used in the design.

Structure Part Live Load

Classroom 1.9 kPa

Corridor / Stairs 4.8 kPa

Roof 1.0 kPa

 Design Life. The school building and its structure shall have a design life of at

least 25 years.

 Building Foundation. The foundation shall be designed for a net allowable soil

bearing pressure of 96 kPa (2,000 pfs)

 Wall Vibration. Walls must not unduly vibrate due to impact caused by any part

of an adult human body and must neither be dented nor punctured by deliberate

punches and kicks by adult humans.

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 Section 204.2, Weight of Materials and Construction. All materials to be used in

construction shall conform to Table 204-1 and Table 204-2 in determining the

dead loads of the materials.

 Section 204.3, Partition Loads. Partitions subjected to floor, in addition to all

other loads, a uniformly distributed dead load equal to 1.0 kPa.

Philippine Electrical Code

Under the electrical design standard of DepEd order no. 64, s. 2017, it was stated

that the electrical design must be in accordance with Philippine Electrical Code (PEC). It

must be provided with basic electrical power and layout, general notes and every layout

related with electrical. The following must be guided based provided by the PEC:

 Lighting and Fixtures. Each classroom of dimension 7m x 9m or 9m x 7m must

be provided with at least 6 units of double T-5 36 watts fluorescent lamp with

reflector or a minimum of 104 Lumens per watts (LPW).

 Wire and Wiring Devices. Service Entrance wires for a standard 7m x 9m or 9m x

7m described above must have a size of 8.0 sq.mm minimum and properly

protected by a circuit breaker protection.

 Roughing-ins. The service entrance shall be at 1.60 meters above the natural

grade line or 0.30 meter above the established high flood level, whichever is

higher.

 Three-Way and Four-Way Switches. Three-way and four-way switches shall be

wired so that all switching is done only in the ungrounded circuit conductor.
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Where in metal raceways or metal armored cables, wiring between switches and

outlets shall be in accordance with 3.0.1.20(a).

 Grounded Conductors. Switches or circuit breakers shall not disconnect the

grounded conductor of a circuit.

 All switchboards, panel boards, and distribution boards installed for the control of

light and power circuits.

 Switches, circuit breakers, and overcurrent devices used on switchboards, panel

boards, and distribution boards, and their enclosures shall comply with this article

and also with the requirements of Articles 2.40, 2.50, 3.12, 3.14, 4.4, and other

articles that apply. Switchboards and panel boards in hazardous (classified)

locations shall comply with the requirements of Articles 5.0 through 5.17.

National Plumbing Code of the Philippines

Under the sanitary and plumbing design standards of DepEd order no. 64, s. 2017,

it was stated there that the sanitary and toilets facilities must in accordance with the

Plumbing code and sanitary Code of the Philippines and the following must be followed:

 Drainage system. The storm drainage system must be sized in consideration of the

rainfall intensities, slope, and roof areas of the school building. Provision shall be

made for the furniture installation of rainwater collection system in compliance

with R.A no. 6716 (An act providing for the construction of water wells,

rainwater collectors, development of springs and rehabilitation of existing water

wells in all barangays in the Philippines)

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 Septic Vault. All concrete septic tanks, if used as the sanitation solution, shall be

protected from corrosion by coating with approved bituminous coat or by other

acceptable means.

 Connections to Plumbing System Required

 Section 304 of NPCP, all plumbing fixtures, drains, appurtenances and appliances

used to receive or discharge liquid wastes or sewage, shall be connected properly

to the drainage systems of the building and premises, in accordance with the

requirements of this Code.

 Sec. 306.2 Roofs, inner courts, vent shafts, light wells or similar areas having

rainwater drains shall discharge outside of the building or to the gutter, and shall

not be connected to the soil and waste pipe systems.

 Sec 308.1 Except as otherwise provided in this Code, no excreta plumbing

system, storm drainage system, building drain, building sewer, private sewage

disposal system or parts thereof, shall be located in any lot other than the lot

where the site of the building, structure or premises are served by such facilities.

 Sec. 311.3 No waste connection shall be made to a closet bend or stub of a water

closet or similar fixtures.

 Sec. 311.5 No fitting, fixture and piping connections, appliance, device or method

of installation which obstructs or retards the flow of water, sewage or air in the

excreta and storm drainage and venting systems in an amount greater than the

normal frictional resistance to flow, shall be used unless it is indicated as

acceptable in this Code or approved by the Administrative Authority as having the

desirable and acceptable function and of ultimate benefit to the proper and
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continuous functioning of the plumbing system. The enlargement of a 76-mm

closet bend or stub to 1 02-mm diameter shall not be considered as an obstruction.

 Sec. 311.7 All valves, pipes and fittings shall be installed in correct relationship to

the direction of flow.

 Hanger and Support

 Sec. 315.1 Vertical Piping. Vertical piping shall be secured at sufficiently close

intervals to keep the pipes in alignment and to carry its weight and contents.

Stacks shall be supported at their base as follows:

 Sec. 315.1.1 Cast Iron Soil Pipe - Bell & Spigot and Hubless pipe shall be

supported at every storey or closer.

 Sec. 315.1.2 Screwed Pipe -· Iron Pipe Size (IPS) shall be supported at not less

than every other storey height.

 Sec. 315.1.3 Copper Tubing - shall be supported at each storey or at maximum

intervals of 3 meters on center.

 Sec. 315.1.4 Lead Pipe- shall be supported at intervals not exceeding 1.20 meters

at centers with a rigid vertical back-up.

 Sec. 315.1.5. Plastic Pipe- shall be supported at every one- ( 1) meter interval.

 Horizontal Piping

 Sec.315.2.1 Supports -horizontal pipes shall be supported at sufficiently close

intervals to keep them in alignment and prevent sagging.

 Sec. 315.2.3 Screwed Pipe- IPS except as provided in other Sections of this Code,

shall be supported at approximately 3.0 meters intervals for piping 19 .mm

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diameter and smaller and 3.6 meters intervals for piping 25 mm and larger in

diameter.

 Sec. 315.2.4 Copper Tubing - shall be supported at approximately 1.8 meter

intervals for piping 38 mm diameter and smaller and 3.0 meters interval for

pipings 51 mm and larger in diameter.

Proposed Three-Storey School Building Literature Review
 Sec. 315.2.5 Lead Pipe - shall be supported by stiff metal or wooden backing for

its entire length with hangers properly spaced.

 Sec. 315.2.6 In Ground - piping buried in the ground shall be laid on a firm bed

for its entire length, except where concrete cradle support is provided, which is

adequate and approved by the Administrative Authority.

 Sec. 315. 2. 7 Plastic Tube - shall be supported by stiff metal or wood backing

with hangers in its entire length for small-size tubings up to 38 mm diameter and

without backings but with spaced metal hangers at approved spacing for larger-

size tubings.

 Section 401 of NPCP, Quality of Fixtures - plumbing fixtures shall be

manufactured of dense, durable, non-absorbent materials and must have smooth

impervious surfaces, free from unnecessary concealed fouling surfaces. Except as

permitted elsewhere in this Code. All fixtures shall conform in quality and design

to nationally recognized applicable standards or to other approved standards

acceptable to the Administrative Authority. All porcelain enamel surfaces on

plumbi.ng fixtures shall be acid resistant (for the convenience of users of this

Code, a list of generally accepted Plumbing Fixtures is included in Table 14-4

Plumbing Material Referenced Standards.) • Water closet bowls for public use
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shall be the elongated bowl types equipped with open-front seats. Water closet

seats shall be of smooth non-absorbent material and properly sized for the water

closet bowl used.

National Building Code of the Philippines

This code is provided to be the guidelines for a good management and control

during construction. It also set minimum standards and requirements in building

structures, design quality of materials, use and maintenance of the building.

 Section 401, Types of Construction. This proposed three storey school building is

classified as Type IV building for it would be concrete construction.

 Section 701, Occupancy Classified. This proposed three storey school building is

classified as Group C for it will be used for educational purposes.

 Section 707, Maximum Height of the Building. The height shall be measured

from the highest adjoining sidewalk or ground surface: Provided that the height

measured from the lowest adjoining surface shall not exceed such maximum

height by more than 3.00 meters.

 Section 808, Ceiling Heights. Buildings of more than one-storey , the minimum

ceiling height of the first storey shall be 2.70 meters and that for the second storey

is 2.40 meters.

 Section 807, Air Space Requirements in Determining the Size of Rooms.

Minimum space shall be provided for School Rooms. 3.0 cubic meters with 1.0

square meter of floor area per person.

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 Section 808, Window Openings. Windows with total area of openings equal to at

least 10 percent of the floor area of the room.

 Section 1207, Stairs, Exits and Occupants Loads.

 Every building shall have at least one exit.

 Exit door shall swing in the direction of the exit travel.

 Exit door shall be openable from the inside without the use of a

key.

 Exit doorway shall be a size of not less than 900 millimeters in

width and not less than 2.00 meters in height.

 Stairways serving an occupancy load of more than 50 shall not be

less than 1.10 meters in width.

 The rise of every step in a stairway shall not exceed 200

millimeters and the run shall not less than 250 millimeters.

 Every landing shall have a dimension measured in the direction of

travel equal to the width of the stairway.

 Stairways shall have handrails on each side and every stairway

required to be more than 3.0 meters in width shall be provided with

not less than one intermediate handrail for each 3.0 meters of

required width.
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Sanitary Code of the Philippines

Code on Sanitation of the Philippines (PD 856) must be implemented to all public

and private school or any other similar institution that is covered by this code.

 Section 6, Sanitary Facilities Requirements

Section 6.1 Toilet Facilities

 Toilet facilities for male and female shall be provided.

 Lavatories shall be provided within or adjacent to the toilet

 Toilet facilities shall be provided in all floors of the buildings.

 The toilet shall be accessible for person with disability.

 Maximum height of toilet ceiling is 2.50 meters

 Students shall be provided with toilets rooms separate for each sex.

 For every 50-100 number of male students shall have 2 toilet

bowls, 1 urinal and 2 lavatories for male toilet.

 For every 30-100 number of female students shall have 2 toilet

bowls and 2 lavatories for female toilet.

Section 6.2 Hand-Washing Facilities

 Lavatories shall be installed inside the toilet room shall provide be

provided with water and soap.

Section 6.5 Sewage Disposal and Drainage

 Sewage from the school plumbing system shall be connected to a

public sewage system

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 Rain water shall be discharge to a storm sewer system .

 Section 8, Specific Requirements for other School Facilities

Section 8.1 Laboratories

 The laboratory shall be provided with satisfactory lighting and

ventilation.

 The air shall be discharge to a clear area.

 The laboratory shall be provided with lavatories, emergency

shower and waste disposal facilities.

Fire Code of the Philippines

This code is provided to ensure the safety of the occupants of the building in case

of fire breakdown.

 Section 10.2.9.2 Exit Details

 Every room with a capacity of 50 or more persons shall have at

least 2 doorways that access to separate exits through corridors.

 Doors which swing into an exit access corridor. Any doors shall

open 180 degrees to stop against the wall.

 Exit shall be arranged that at least two separate exits will be

available from every floor area

 Section 10.2.9.5 Protection

 Fire Alarm System. Approved fire alarm facilities capable of

being manually operated

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 Every portion of Educational building must be protected with

complete automatic sprinkler protection.