Power Electronics: Semester 7 Electronics Engineering: What Is Power Electronics and Explain Its Block Diagram?

Power Electronics: Semester 7 Electronics Engineering
Introduction to Power Electronics
What is power electronics and explain its block diagram?
Power Electronics embraces the studies of:-

(a) Power:-
It deals with both rotating and static equipment for the generation, transmission, distribution
and utilisation of vast quantities of electrical power.
(b) Electronics:-
It deals with the study of semiconductor devices and circuits for the processing of
information at lower power levels.
(c) Control:-
In deals with the stability and response characteristics of closed loop system.
Power Electronics deals with the use of electronics for control and conversion of large
amount of electrical power.
Representation of Power Electronic System:-
The Block diagram of Power Electronics System is given below.
 The main power source may be either AC or DC based on the application

 The output of the power electronic circuit may be variable ac or dc, or it may be
variable voltage and frequency based on the requirement. It is also known as power
electronics conversion circuit. It can be described as a group of electrical and
electronic components arranged to form an electric power from one form to
another.
 The feedback component measures a parameter of the load(say for example speed)
and compares it with the command signal
 The difference between these two signals, through the digital circuit controls the
instant of turn on of the semiconductor device.
 The load circuit can be controlled over a wide range with the adjustment of the
command signal.
 In between Power Electronic circuit to load, the Filter is added in most of the
applications.
 A filter is necessary to prevent any harmonics generated by the converter from
being feedback to the mains or from being radiated into space.
Shah & Anchor Kutchhi Engineering College, Mumbai Page 1

Advantages of Power Electronics System:-
 High efficiency due to low loss in power semiconductor devices.

 High reliability of power electronic converter system.
 Long life and less maintenance due to absence of any moving parts.
 Flexibility in operation
 Fast dynamic response compared to electromechanical converter system.
 Small size and less weight, thus low installation cost.
Disadvantages of Power Electronics System:-
 Circuits in power electronics system have a tendency to generate harmonics in the

supply system as well as the load circuit.
 AC to DC and AC to AC converter operate at low input power factor under certain
operating condition.
 Regeneration of power is difficult in power electronic converter system.
 Power Electronic controllers have low overhead capacity
Power Electronics Applications:

Typical power electronics applications include electronic ballasts, high voltage DC
transmission systems (HVDC systems), power conditioners, UPS systems, power supplies,
motor drives, power factor correction, rectifier, electric vehicles etc. With computer systems,
telecom products and electronic consumer appliances which require many power electronic
sub-systems, the power electronics industry has become an important topic in the electronics
industry and the information technology area.

What do you mean by linear circuit elements?

Linear circuit elements refer to the components in an electrical circuit that exhibit a linear
relationship between the current input and the voltage output. Examples of elements with
linear circuits include −
 Resistors
 Capacitors
 Inductors
 Transformers
To get a better understanding of linear circuit elements, an analysis of resistor elements is
necessary.
Resistors
A resistor is a device in which the flow of an electric current is restricted resulting in an
energy conversion. For example, when electricity flows through a light bulb, the electricity
is converted into a different form of energy such as heat and/or light. The resistance of an
element is measured in ohms ΩΩ.
The measure of resistance in a given circuit is given by −
Where R − resistance; ρ − resistivity; L − length of wire; and A − cross-sectional area of

wire
Symbol of Various Resistors
Resistor
A variable resistor

A potentiometer
Capacitors
A capacitor refers to an electrical device that has two conducting materials also known as
plates separated by an insulator known as a dielectric. It uses electric field to store electric
energy. The electric field is developed when the capacitor is connected to a battery, thus
making positive electric charges accumulate on one plate and negative electric charges on
the other plate.
When energy is stored in the electrical field of a capacitor, the process is called charging,
and when energy is removed, the process is called discharging. The level of electrical energy
stored in a capacitor is called capacitance and is measured in farads FF. One farad is the
same as one coulomb per unit volt given by 1 C/V.
The difference between a capacitor and a battery is that a capacitor stores electrical energy
while a battery stores chemical energy and releases the energy at a slow rate.
Symbol of Various Capacitors

The various symbols of a capacitor are given in the table below.
Fixed Capacitor
Variable Capacitor
Polarized Capacitor
Inductors
Inductors are electronic devices that use magnetic field to store electric energy. The simplest
form of an inductor is a coil or a wire in loop form where the inductance is directly
proportional to the number of loops in the wire. In addition, the inductance depends on the
type of material in the wire and the radius of the loop.

Given a certain number of turns and radius size, only the air core can result in the least
inductance. The dielectric materials, which serve the same purpose as air include wood,
glass, and plastic. These materials help in the process of winding the inductor. The shape of
the windings is donut shaped as well as ferromagnetic substances, for example, iron increase
the total inductance.
The amount of energy that an inductor can store is known as inductance. It is measured in
Henry H.
Symbol of Various Inductors
Fixed inductor
Variable inductor
Transformers
This refers to a device that alters energy from one level to another through a process known
as electromagnetic induction. It is usually used to raise or lower AC voltages in applications
utilizing electric power.
When the current on the primary side of the transformer is varied, a varied magnetic flux is
created on its core, which spreads out to the secondary windings of the transformer in form
of magnetic fields.
The operation principle of a transformer relies on Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction. The law states that the rate of change of the flux linking with respect to time is
directly related to the EMF induced in a conductor.
A transformer has three main parts −
 Primary winding
 Magnetic core
 Secondary winding

Symbol of a Transformer
Additional Devices
Electromagnetic Devices
The concept of electromagnetism is widely used in technology and it is applied in motors,
generators and electric bells. For example, in a doorbell, the electromagnetic component
attracts a clapper that hits the bell and causes it to ring.
Controllers
Controllers are devices that receive electronic signals transferred from a measured variable
in a process and compare the value obtained with a set point of control. It utilizes digital
algorithms to correlate and compare functions.
Sensors
Sensors are used to determine current, which constantly varies to provide feedback for
purposes of control. Sensing current makes it possible to achieve a smooth and accurate
converter function. Current sensors are critical in converters such that the information in
parallel or multiphase converters is easily shared.
Filters
Electronic filters are also used to carry out processing of signals to remove undesired
frequencies. They are analog circuits and exist in either active or passive state.

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Power Electronics: Semester 7 Electronics Engineering

Introduction to Power Electronics

What is power electronics and explain its block diagram?

Power Electronics embraces the studies of:-

The Block diagram of Power Electronics System is given below.

 The main power source may be either AC or DC based on the application

Shah & Anchor Kutchhi Engineering College, Mumbai Page 1

Advantages of Power Electronics System:-

 High efficiency due to low loss in power semiconductor devices.

Disadvantages of Power Electronics System:-

 Circuits in power electronics system have a tendency to generate harmonics in the

Power Electronics Applications:

Shah & Anchor Kutchhi Engineering College, Mumbai Page 2

What do you mean by linear circuit elements?

Where R − resistance; ρ − resistivity; L − length of wire; and A − cross-sectional area of

Symbol of Various Resistors

Shah & Anchor Kutchhi Engineering College, Mumbai Page 3

Symbol of Various Capacitors

Shah & Anchor Kutchhi Engineering College, Mumbai Page 4

Symbol of Various Inductors

Shah & Anchor Kutchhi Engineering College, Mumbai Page 5

Shah & Anchor Kutchhi Engineering College, Mumbai Page 6

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