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    Ottoman Turkish-Transliteration

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    This document provides a comparison of different transcription systems for Ottoman Turkish, including how consonants and vowels are represented. It shows how the same letters have been transcribed differently over time and in different scholarly works. Notes are included to explain details like how suffixes and consonant doubling are indicated. The goal is to help readers understand how Ottoman Turkish text has been transcribed and translated under various scholarly standards over the past century.

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    Ottoman Turkish-Transliteration

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    tahaefendi
    381 views3 pages
    This document provides a comparison of different transcription systems for Ottoman Turkish, including how consonants and vowels are represented. It shows how the same letters have been transcribed differently over time and in different scholarly works. Notes are included to explain details like how suffixes and consonant doubling are indicated. The goal is to help readers understand how Ottoman Turkish text has been transcribed and translated under various scholarly standards over the past century.

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    Ottoman Turkish-transliteration

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    This document provides a comparison of different transcription systems for Ottoman Turkish, including how consonants and vowels are represented. It shows how the same letters have been transcribed differently over time and in different scholarly works. Notes are included to explain details like how suffixes and consonant doubling are indicated. The goal is to help readers understand how Ottoman Turkish text has been transcribed and translated under various scholarly standards over the past century.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    381 views3 pages

    Ottoman Turkish-Transliteration

    Uploaded by

    tahaefendi
    This document provides a comparison of different transcription systems for Ottoman Turkish, including how consonants and vowels are represented. It shows how the same letters have been transcribed differently over time and in different scholarly works. Notes are included to explain details like how suffixes and consonant doubling are indicated. The goal is to help readers understand how Ottoman Turkish text has been transcribed and translated under various scholarly standards over the past century.

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    Ottoman Turkish 1/3

    OTTOMAN TURKISH
    Arabic script(0.0)

    Modern Birnbaum WWS ALA-LC EI


    Turkish 1967 1996 1997 1960
    Consonants
    iso ini med fin

    ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ a – – – a, ā
    ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ b, p b b [b, p] b b
    ‫ﭖ‬ ‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﭙ‬ ‫ﭗ‬ p p p [p] p p
    ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ t t t [t] t t
    ‫ﺙ‬ ‫ﺛ‬ ‫ﺜ‬ ‫ﺚ‬ s s̱ s̱ [s] s̱ th
    ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﺞ‬ c, ç c c [dʒ, tʃ] c dj
    ‫ﭺ‬ ‫ﭼ‬ ‫ﭽ‬ ‫ﭻ‬ ç ç ç [tʃ] ç č
    ‫ﺡ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺢ‬ h ḥ ḥ [h] ḥ ḥ
    ‫ﺥ‬ ‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺦ‬ h ḫ ḫ [h] ḫ kh
    ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ d d d [d, t] d d
    ‫ﺫ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ z ẕ ẕ [z] ẕ dh
    ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ r r r [r] r r
    ‫ﺯ‬ ‫ﺰ‬ z z z [z] z z
    ‫ﮊ‬ ‫ﮋ‬ j j j [ʒ] j zh
    ‫ﺱ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ s s s [s] s s
    ‫ﺵ‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺶ‬ ş ş ş [ʃ] ş sh
    ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺻ‬ ‫ﺼ‬ ‫ﺺ‬ s ṣ ṣ [s] ṣ ṣ
    ‫ﺽ‬ ‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﺾ‬ z, d ż ż [z, d] ż ḍ
    ‫ﻁ‬ ‫ﻃ‬ ‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻂ‬ t, d ṭ ṭ [t, d] ṭ ṭ
    ‫ﻅ‬ ‫ﻇ‬ ‫ﻈ‬ ‫ﻆ‬ z ẓ ẓ [z] ẓ ẓ
    ‫ﻉ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ – ʿ ʿ [Ø, ɑ] ‘ ʿ
    ‫ﻍ‬ ‫ﻏ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻎ‬ ğ ġ ġ [ɣ, ɡ, k, h] ġ gh
    ‫ﻑ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻒ‬ f f f [f, p] f f
    ‫ﻕ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻖ‬ k ḳ ḳ [k] ḳ ḳ
    ‫ﻙ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻚ‬ k, y k, ẏ (2.1)
    k [k, j] k k
    ‫ﮒ‬ ‫ﮔ‬ ‫ﮕ‬ ‫( ﮓ‬0.1) g, k g g [ɡ, k] g g
    ‫ﯓ‬ ‫ﯕ‬ ‫ﯖ‬ ‫( ﯔ‬0.1) n ñ ñ [ɲ] ñ ñ
    ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ l l l [l] l l
    ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ m m m [m] m m
    ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ n n n [n] n n
    ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ v v v [v] v w
    ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻬ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ h h h [h, ɑ, i, e] h h
    ‫ﺓ‬ ‫ ﺔ‬ – e, a, t (2.2)
    h [t ]
    (3.1)

    ‫ﻯ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ y y y [j] y y

    ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ la lā la [lɑ] la lā


    ‫ﺀ‬ ◌  – (’) ʾ (2.3)
    ʾ [Ø] ’ ʾ

    omas T. Pedersen (ttpedersen@myrealbox.com) Rev. 1.3a, 2002-10-04


    Ottoman Turkish 2/3

    Modern Birnbaum WWS ALA-LC EI


    Turkish 1967 1996 1997 1960
    Vowels
    iso ini med fin
    ‫◌َ ﺍ‬, ‫آ‬, ‫◌َ ى‬, ٰ◌ ‐a, ‐â ‐ā – – ‐ā
    ‫◌ِ ﻯ‬, ّ‫◌ِ ﻯ‬, ‫◌ِ ﻴ‬ ‐i (‐î), ‐ı, ‐ī (2.4)
    – – ‐ī, ‐, ‐ē, ‐ā
    ‐e, ‐a (‐â)
    ‫◌ُ ﻭ‬ ‐o, ‐u (‐û), ‐ū – – ‐ū, ‐ō, ‐ü, ‐ö
    ‐ö, ‐ü

    ◌‫ﹶ‬ ‐a, ‐e ‐a, ‐e [ɑ, Ø; o, e(3.2)] – ‐a, ‐e


    ◌‫ﹺ‬ ‐i, ‐ı (1.1)
    ‐i, ‐ı [i, y, e, ej, – ‐i, ‐
    ɑ, u, ɯ]
    ◌‫ﹸ‬ ‐o, ‐u, ‐ü, ‐u; [Ø, u, ɯ, i, – ‐o, ‐u,
    ‐ö, ‐ü ‐ö, ‐o y, o, œ] ‐ö, ‐ü

    Vowel letters in Turkish words


    ‫ﺎ – آ آ‬ a a, ē(2.5)
    ‫أ‬, ‫أ ا‬, ‫ا‬ e e
    ‫◌ﹶ ﻪ‬, ‫◌ﹶ ه‬ e, a ĕ, ă(2.6)
    ‫◌ ﻪ‬, ‫◌ ه‬ e, a e, a(2.7)
    ‫ﺋﻪ ﺋﻪ‬ e e
    ‫◌ِ ﻰ ◌ِ ﻴ اﻳ ﻯ‬ i, ı i, ı, ė(2.8)
    ‫ﻮ ﻮ او او‬ ö, o; ü, u ö, o; ü, u
    ‫ﺋﻮ ﺋﻮ‬ ö, ü ö, ü
    ‫اﻳ‬, ‫◌ﹶ ﻰ ◌ﹶ ﻴ آﻳ‬ ey, ay ey, ay
    ‫◌ﹸ ﻮﻯ ◌ﹸ ﻮﻳ اوﻳ‬ öy, oy, üy, uy öy, oy, üy, uy

    ‫◌ِ ﻴﹼﻪ‬ ‐iye ‐īye


    ‫◌ِ ﻴﹼﺖ‬ ‐iyyet ‐īyet

    ◌‫ﹰ‬  ‐en ‐en, ‐an – – ‐en


    ◌‫ﹴ‬  ‐in ‐in, ‐ın – – ‐in
    ◌‫ﹲ‬  ‐on, ‐un ‐ün, ‐un – – ‐on, ‐un
    ◌‫ﹾ‬ Marks absence of vowel.
    ◌‫ﹼ‬  Marks doubling of consonant.

    ‫ال‬ ‫اﻟ‬ el-, ül- el-, ’l-, ül-(2.9) – – el-, ’l-, ül-

    Notes
    0.0. Character names in Birnbaum transliteration: . tā merbūt.a; . hemze; . tenvīn; . tedīd.
    0.1. Frequently written as ‫ ﻙ‬or ‫ک‬.

    1.1. Iżāfet is rendered in Modern Turkish as -i, -ı when the word ends in a consonant, and as -yi when
    the word ends in a vowel.

    omas T. Pedersen (ttpedersen@myrealbox.com) Rev. 1.3a, 2002-10-04


    Ottoman Turkish 3/3

    In Ottoman Turkish it is rendered as follows: -i, -ı: ‫ ﮔﻠﺸﻦ ﺧﻠﻔﺎ‬Gülşen-i ḫulefā.


    Aer ‫ا‬, ‫ ه‬or ‫ ى‬it is sometimes expressed by ‫ ء‬and is then transliterated -ʾi, -ʾı: ‫ ادارۀ ﺻﺤﺖ‬İdāre-ʾi
    Ṣıḥḥat.
    Aer ‫ ا‬or ‫ و‬it is sometimes expressed by ‫ى‬, resulting in -yı: ‫ روى زﻣﻴﻦ‬rū-yı zemīn.

    2.1. Soening of k is normally not indicated, but can occasionally be rendered by ẏ.


    2.2. Rendered as t at the end of the first element of an Arabic iżāfet construction, of which the second
    element begins with a vowel: ‫ ز ﺑﺪة اﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ‬Zübdet ül-ḥaḳāʾiḳ.
    2.3. When hemze rests on non-initial ‫ ا‬or on ‫ و‬or on undotted ‫ ﯨ‬as “bearer”, these “bearers” are not
    transliterated: ‫ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ‬, ‫ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ‬mesʾele, ‫ ﻣﺆﻣﻦ‬müʾmin, ‫ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ‬reʾīs.
    When hemze rests on initial ‫أ( ا‬, ‫) إ‬, it is not transliterated.
    2.4. In Turkish scholary transliterations i ̄ is used.
    2.5. Rarely transliterated as ē, examples include ‫ﻠﻤﺎدى‬ gelmēdi.
    2.6. Used medially to indicate the vowels e or a, especially in late 19th or 20th century orthography:
    ‫ ﺩﻩﻧﻴﻠﻴﺮ‬dĕnilir, ‫ آﻟﻪ ﺟﻖ‬alăcaḳ. Followed by a regular suffix e and a are used respectively.
    2.7. Final ‫ ◌ِ ﻪ‬is transliterated i: ‫ ﻛﻪ‬ki, ‫ ﭼﻮﻧﻜﻪ‬çūnki.
    2.8. In a limited number of historical spellings ė is used to indicate a closed e. Examples are: ‫دﻳﻤﻚ‬
    dėmek; ‫ اﻳﺘﻤﻚ‬ėtmek; ‫ و ﻳﺮﻣﻚ‬vėrmek.
    2.9. When followed by a “sun” letter (‫ )ن ل ظ ط ض ص ش س ز ر ذ د ث ت‬the ‫ ل‬of the article is assimilated with the
    first consonant of the word, e.g. ‫ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺎن‬et-tercümān.
    When immediately preceded by a long vowel, use ’l-: ‫ اﻧﺎ اﻟﺤﻖ‬enā ’l-Ḥaḳḳ; apply same procedure
    with “sun” letters: ‫ اﺑﻮ اﻟﺴﻌﻮد‬Ebū ’s-Suʿūd.
    When non-initial, transliterate ül-: ‫ اﺑﻦ اﻻﺛﻴﺮ‬İbn ül-Es̱īr; apply same procedure as above with “sun”
    letters: ‫ دار اﻟﺸﻔﺎ‬Dār üş-şifā.
    Names with ‫ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟ‬is always transliterated ʿAbdül‐, (except ‫ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﺎن‬which is ʿAbdürraḥmān); ‫اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬
    always ‐eddīn; ‫ اﻟﻠﻪ‬always ‐ullāh.

    3.1. Indicates the Arabic feminine form.


    3.2. Sometimes pronounced as [o] or [e].

    Sources
    • ALA-LC Romanization Tables: Transliteration Schemes for Non-Roman Scripts. Randal K. Berry (ed.). Library of Congress,
    1997.
    • Birnbaum, Eleazar: “e Transliteration of Ottoman Turkish for Library and General Purposes”, in Journal of the American
    Oriental Society, vol. 87 (issue 2), April 1967. (http://members.ams.chello.nl/olnon/transliteration/contents_2.htm).
    • e Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition. Leiden, 1960-.
    • Lagally, Klaus: ArabTeX – a System for Typesetting Arabic. User Manual Version 3.09. Institut für Informatik. Universität
    Stuttgart, 1999. (http://129.69.218.213/arabtex/doc/arabdoc.pdf).
    • e World’s Writing Systems. Peter T. Daniels & William Bright (eds.). New York, 1996.

    omas T. Pedersen (ttpedersen@myrealbox.com) Rev. 1.3a, 2002-10-04

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