ASSIGNMENT

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
(MODEL QUESTION PAPER)

Submitted To Submitted By
Mrs. Rohini mam Gopika Pradeep
Professor 1st Year MBA
BRIM BRIM
1.Explain prototyping and its significance.

A prototype is an early sample, model, or release

of a product built to test a concept or process. It is a
term used in a variety of contexts, including semantics,
design, electronics, and software programming.
 Better understanding of the design intent
 Early feedback
 Early changes save time and cost
 Validation before development

2.Discuss any 3 networking topologies and their pros &cons

(1) Star topology

In a star topology each device in network is

connected to central device is called hub. If one
device wants to send the data to hub and then hub
transmit data to designated device.

pros:
 Less expensive, because each device only one
port and needs to be connected with hub with
one link.
 Easier to install.
  Less amount of cables required because each
device needs to connect with hub only.
 Easy fault detection because link can be easily
identified.

Cons:
• If hub goes down everything goes down none
of the device can work without hub.
 Hub requires more resources and regular
maintenance because it is central system.

(2) Bus topology

Since all data is transmitted over the main cable,
there is a limit of droplines and the distance a main cable.

Pros:
 Easy to connect a computer or peripheral
to a linear bus
 It requires less cable length than a star
topology.
 Entire network shuts down if there is a
break in the main cable.

Cons:
 Difficulty in fault detection
  Not scalable as there is limit of how many
mode you can connect with back one cable
 Additional devices slow the network down

(3)Ring Topology
In a ring topology each device is connected with the
two devices on either side of it.
Pros:
 Easy to install
 Managing is easier as to add remove a device from
topology only two links are required to be changed.

Cons:
 Data traffic issues
 A link failure the entire network as the signal will not
forward due to failure

3. Explain DBMS and RDBMS and their applications.

DBMS
Database Management System (DBMS) is a software for
storing and retrieving users' data while considering
appropriate security measures. It consists of a group of
programs which manipulate the database. The DBMS accepts
the request for data from an application and instructs the
operating system to provide the specific distance
APPLICATIONS:
Banking : For customer information, deposits,
Telecommunication :It helps to keep call records,
monthly bills, maintaining balances, etc.
Finance :For storing information about stock,
sales, and purchases of financial instruments like stocks
HR Management For information about employees,
salaries, payroll, deduction, generation of pay checks , etc.

RDBMS
A relational database is a type of database. It uses a
structure that allows us to identify and access data in relation
to another piece of data in the database. Often, data in a
relational database is organized into tables.
Applications :
* Inventory, Supply chain management, Hospitals, Schools,
Library there are scores of places where data and historical
data are important.
* if banking, education, social, music streaming, video
hosting, live webcast, website, anything you name it SQL and
RDBMS is there.

4.How is managers information requirements related to

their hierarchy.
Top level management
Top management teams are also often industry experts,
having a close association with the long term trajectory of
the businesses they operate in. They often benefit from being
charismatic, powerful communicators with a strong sense of
accountability, confidence, integrity, and a comfort with risk.
Responsibilities:
The primary role of the executive team, or the top-level
managers, is to look at the organization as a whole and
derive broad strategic plans. Company policies, substantial
financial investments, strategic alliances, discussions with the
board, stakeholder management, and other top-level
managerial tasks are often high-risk high return decision-
making initiatives in nature.
Middle management
It is the intermediate leadership level of a
hierarchical organization, being subordinate to the senior
management but above the lowest levels of operational staff.
Lower level management
The organizational tier for supervisors positioned
directly above non-managerial employees. Lower
management in a business generally oversees the
performance of employees working on line tasks in
managerial positions such as foreman, line boss, shift boss,
section chief.
 They requires the functions of these level of management
for managers in success in organization.

5.what is DFD? Prepare a DFD for an online transaction.

A data-flow diagram (DFD) is a way of representing a flow

of a data of a process or a system (usually an information
system). The DFD also provides information about the
outputs and inputs of each entity and the process itself.

Part B

6. Explain (a) KBS (b) TPS (c) ES (d) MIS

1.KBS (Knowledge Based System)
A knowledge-based system (KBS) is a form of artificial
intelligence (AI) that aims to capture the knowledge of
human experts to support decision-making. Examples of
knowledge-based systems include expert systems, which are
so called because of their reliance on human expertise.
2. A transaction process system (TPS)
TPS is an information processing system for
business transactions involving the collection, modification
and retrieval of all transaction data. Characteristics of a TPS
include performance, reliability and consistency. TPS is also
known as transaction processing or real-time processing.

3. Enterprise system (ES)

Enterprise software, also known as enterprise
application software, is computer software used to satisfy the
needs of an organization rather than individual users. Such
organizations include businesses, schools, interest-based user
groups, clubs, charities, and governments.

4. Management Information System (MIS)

MIS is a system designed to manage information
within a company or organization. This includes employees,
departments, projects, clients, finances, and other types of
data. At its most general level, an MIS may include non-
computer based elements, such as the structural hierarchy of
an organization. However, in the computing world, an MIS
typically refers to the hardware and software used to
manage information.

7. Discuss the concept and growing significance of BI

BI(Business Intelligence) is a set of processes,

architectures, and technologies that convert raw data into
meaningful information that drives profitable business
actions. It is a suite of software and services to transform
data into actionable intelligence and knowledge.
 Customer Satisfaction
Business intelligence can help boost your company’s ability
to analyse consumer trends. With the help of business
intelligence tools, it is easy to identify the demand and supply
trends amongst your target audience, and specifically in your
industry.
 Reduce & Manage Risks
BI enables a business to get access to
details insights and analytics about the business. This
data helps them identify risks and elements that set
them back or are not efficient in growing the business.
Once you are able to identify the risks to your business
and the things they are associated with, it becomes
easy for the management to eliminate and effectively
manage these risks.
  Gaining Competitive Edge
Apart from being an important contributor
in the decision-making process, BI also helps you gain a
competitive edge over competitors in your market by
keeping you constantly updated on the current market
trends. By knowing the trends that are prevalent in
your industry, your business and make informed
decisions that will ensure that you stay on top and
ahead of your competitors.

Business intelligence enables organizations to

manage vital business information in a smart way. After going
through this article you must have known the benefits of
business intelligence. This clearly reflects why business
intelligence is needed.

8. List out the characteristics of ERP. Explain applications of

ERP in any 2 areas
Enterprise resource planning
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is defined
as the ability to deliver an integrated suite of business
applications. ERP tools share a common process and data
model, covering broad and deep operational end-to-end
processes, such as those found in finance, HR, distribution,
manufacturing, service and the supply chain.
Characteristics:
1.Integration
Integration refers to the connections between business
processes as well as the connections between hierarchical
levels. Integration and implementation of an ERP system can
be broken into three aspects:

*Technical – which refers to the interconnectivity of IT from

hardware and software perspectives.
*Inter-organisational which refers to the linking between two
or more independent organisations
*Co-ordination and co-operation between project teams and
other business processes.

2. Flexibility
The flexibility of an organisation refers to its ability to
respond positively and quickly to changing conditions in its
environment using its current resources as well as its ability
to absorb the introduction of new products and technology.

3. Transversality
The process concept is of primary importance to
transversality. It is basically defined as processes linked in an
ordered manner which transform inputs into outputs
repeatedly. Emphasis is laid on value-adding actions, ease of
repetition and customer focus.
Applications :
1.Finance, Accounting, Payables and Receivables
Virtually every organization that invests in an ERP
system does so in order to gain greater control over their
financial operation. All financial activity within your
organization can benefit from an integrated ERP system. It
enables your organization to successfully manage financials
with a modern, integrated interface geared to higher levels
of productivity and transparency.
2. Supply Chain Management
supply chain management function is the holy grail for
manufacturing companies that deal with materials,
inventory, assembly and line personnel. ERP software can
help you streamline your manufacturing processes
domestically and internationally.

9. Bring out and discuss the criteria for selection and

implementation of IS projects

1. Business and industry expertise

Enterprise IT projects can impact the entire business. Your
system integrator or implementation consultant (aka "the
firm") should bring more to the table than IT skills and
subject matter expertise.
2. Market knowledge
Understanding your business and IT needs is a given. To be
most effective, they must also know about the software
market, to help you arrive at a solid "short list" of vendors.
3. Program/project management capabilities
*Can the firm help you navigate the entire systems
lifecycle if needed?
*Have they demonstrated the ability to manage large,
complex efforts?
*Do they possess the skills to clearly define and manage
the project scope, schedule and budget?
4. Methodology
A good methodology and clearly defined deliverables can
keep the effort on track, while the lack of a clearly stated
methodology raises a red flag.
5. Independence and objectivity
Enterprise software initiatives can span months or years, so it
is important to find a firm that has your best interests in
mind. This is where independence and objectivity play an
important role.

10.Explain ; LAN,WAN, Intranet ,Extranet

1.LAN (Local Area Network)

 A local area network is a computer network that
interconnects computers within a limited area such as a
residence, school, laboratory, university campus or office
building. By contrast, a wide area network not only covers a
larger geographic distance, but also generally involves leased
telecommunication circuits.
A local-area network (LAN) connects the computer
hardware in a localized area such as an office or home.
Typically, LANs use wired connections to link the computers
to each other and to a variety of peripheral devices such as
printers.
2. WAN
A wide area network (WAN) is a telecommunications
network that extends over a large geographical area for the
primary purpose of computer networking. Wide area
network are often established with leased
telecommunication circuits.
Wide Area Networks (WANs) A wide area network
(WAN) is a data network, usually used for connecting
computers, that spans a wide geographical area. WANs can
be used to connect cities, states, or even countries.
3. Intranet
An intranet is a computer network for sharing
information, collaboration tools, operational systems, and
other computing services only within an organization, and to
the exclusion of access by outsiders to the organization.
4.. Extranet
An extranet is a controlled private network that allows
access to partners, vendors and suppliers or an authorized
set of customers – normally to a subset of the information
accessible from an organization's intranet.

Part c
11. Discuss ,in detail, the various stages in SDLC

Software Development Life Cycle

Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a process
used by the software industry to design, develop and test
high quality software. The SDLC aims to produce a high-
quality software that meets or exceeds customer
expectations, reaches completion within times and cost
estimates.

Models:

(1) Prototyping

Prototyping is a draft version of a product that allows

you to explore your ideas and show the intention behind a
feature or the overall design concept to users before
investing time and money in to development. A Prototype
can be anything from paper drawings to something that
allows click through of a few pieces of content to a fully
functioning site.
(2) Spiral model
Spiral model is a risk driven software development
process model. Based on the unique risk patterns of a
given project , the spiral model guides a team to adopt
elements of one or more process models, such as
incremental ,waterfall ,or evolutionary prototyping
(3) RAD ( Rapid Application Development)

RAD is form of agile software development

methodology that prioritizes rapid prototype releases and
iterations. unlike the waterfall method, RAD emphasizes the
use of software and user feedback over strict planning and
requirements recording.
STAGES :
Stage 1: Planning and Requirement Analysis
Requirement analysis is the most important and fundamental
stage in SDLC. It is performed by the senior members of the
team with inputs from the customer, the sales department,
market surveys and domain experts in the industry. This
information is then used to plan the basic project approach
and to conduct product feasibility study in the economical,
operational and technical areas.
Planning for the quality assurance requirements and
identification of the risks associated with the project is also
done in the planning stage. The outcome of the technical
feasibility study is to define the various technical approaches
that can be followed to implement the project successfully
with minimum risks.

Stage 2: Defining Requirements

Once the requirement analysis is done the next step is
to clearly define and document the product requirements
and get them approved from the customer or the market
analysts. This is done through an SRS (Software Requirement
Specification) document which consists of all the product
requirements to be designed and developed during the
project life cycle.
Stage 3: Designing the Product Architecture
SRS is the reference for product architects to come out
with the best architecture for the product to be developed.
Based on the requirements specified in SRS, usually more
than one design approach for the product architecture is
proposed and documented in a DDS - Design Document
Specification.
Stage 4: Building or Developing the Product
In this stage of SDLC the actual development starts and the
product is built. The programming code is generated as per
DDS during this stage. If the design is performed in a detailed
and organized manner, code generation can be accomplished
without much hassle.
Stage 5: Testing the Product
This stage is usually a subset of all the stages as in the
modern SDLC models, the testing activities are mostly
involved in all the stages of SDLC. However, this stage refers
to the testing only stage of the product where product
defects are reported, tracked, fixed and retested, until the
product reaches the quality standards defined in the SRS.
Stage 6: Deployment in the Market and Maintenance
Once the product is tested and ready to be deployed it
is released formally in the appropriate market. Sometimes
product deployment happens in stages as per the business
strategy of that organization. The product may first be
released in a limited segment and tested in the real business
environment .
12. Describe the impact of IT on changing business
environment .Bring out an emerging trend in IT
Information technology is a powerful tool for meeting
environmental objectives and promoting sustainable
development. This collection of papers by leaders in
industry , government, and academia explores how
information technology can improve environmental
performance by individual firms, collaborations among firms,
governmental agencies and academia.
Information systems can also be used by non-profit
organizations and the government to inform the public about
broad environmental issues and environmental conditions in
their neighbourhoods.

Information technologies are unique not just

because of their growing use in decision making and
knowledge management system , important as that is. Their
use has also yielded significant improvements in the
efficiency of energy and material use. This has contributed to
economic expansion without the increases in environmental
issues that would have resulted had the efficiency
improvements not occurred. Advances in information
technology are likely to continue to provide opportunities for
the development of improved and new products and
services.
Emerging Trends :
 Artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence holds significant potential for
businesses. While we have yet to achieve the full spectrum of
capabilities .AI is poised as a tool of choice for businesses and
solution providers. As is often seen with social media, AI,
combined with machine learning, can be a powerful
combination. Businesses can use AI to achieve cost-saving
benefits, streamline workflows, enable more efficient
communications, improve customer satisfaction.
 Block chain
The blockchain is an information system that holds
promise for supply chain management, enabling
transparency into the origin and journey of materials from
origin to product. Blockchain technology will also allow for
better record management, providing a snapshot of any
record from its origination.
 Cybersecurity as Critical Business Function
Cybersecurity will no longer operate as an
addendum in the world of information technology. As
companies leverage emerging trends and move more
toward cloud computing, cybersecurity will become a
critical business functionality and will be an integral
business process.

 IoT
As the world becomes more and more digitized,
informed business is the key to success and internet of
things provides greater clarity into consumer behaviour.
The Internet of Things is increasingly offering business
opportunities in the form of data collection and analysis.
In fact, IoT is the most widely adopted technology in
CompTIA’s emerging tech track.

 Quantum Computing
Quantum computing offers unique
opportunities for predictive analysis that extend
beyond the capacity of conventional computing.
Quantum computers leverage the principles of
superposition and entanglement to process
information on an exponential scale.
  3D Printing
The business applications for 3D printing are
endless. The ability to customize a product according to
personalized specifications will allow businesses to
provide nearly limitless possibilities. In recent years,
providing this kind of customization required either
significant reprogramming or manual intervention.
 5G
The speeds accomplished with 5G greatly outpace
those seen with previous networks. 5G offers the supporting
foundation that businesses can leverage to embrace
emerging technologies. When unencumbered by latency
issues, businesses can provide greater capabilities and
service. Reaching consumer bases via mobile devices and
smartphones will soar to new heights as the IT infrastructure
for 5G expands and becomes more pervasive.

They are the emerging trends in INFORMATION SYSTEM