1.

TOOLS IN CARPENTRY
Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary work performed
having accurate right angles. It is not
is the cutting, shaping and installation of building materials during the
plausible for a
. construction of buildings, ships, timber bridges, concrete formwork, etc.

Tool Belt
A Tool belt is a must for any professional as
well as non professional seeking to perform carpenter to build a prototype every time he works
carpentry operations. A tool belt is a well with such shapes. Hence Steel
arranged kit containing all your necessary tools, which square or simply square makes
allows you to work efficiently and makes it much easier life of a carpenter much easier.
for you to walk or climb ladders for your work more Hammer
safely. A specialized tool in the form of a handle which is
Hand Drills fixed with a head at the top is known as a Hammer. It
Hand drills are an important tool that you is generally used for a variety of operations like
will require in your work space and are a blowing an object in order to break it, driving a nail
must to make and boring holes in your or a spike into another or to forge out the intended
woodcrafts. In case of lack of power, hand drills are really shape out of the building
useful especially for outdoor projects. It is very handy to material. 
have a variety of drill bits on the stock. Drills also come in
varying shapes and types. It can be broadly divided into Hand Saw
three types- Traditional drills, Impact driver, Hammer It is known as Handsaw, which comes in varying
drills. shapes and sizes. They are also known as Panel Saws
used for cutting or carving wooden blocks into
Measuring Tape varying shapes and sizes. It basically consists of two
The measuring tape is one of the most edges where one edge is flat and the other is a sharp
useful tools in woodworking and is edge used for cutting wooden pieces. 
widely available in many commercial hardware facilities.
Normally a carpenter measures twice before cutting the Chisels and Screwdrivers
wood. Every woodworker has a retractable lockable
A tool with a shaped cutting edge on
measuring tape in their arsenal of tools. The idea is to get
the blade at its end is known as a
one that uses marking systems, standard and metrics.
chisel. This tool finds its utility in
cutting of hard materials such as a metal piece,
Squares
stone or wooden blocks by hand. The tool can use
A Carpenter’s major job is also to lay
mechanical power or can be struck with a mallet. In
structures that are generally in shapes
order to use a chisel, forcefully insert the blade into
 the desired material to cut it. The force applied can because it is used for tearing the wood surrounding
be via hammer or hand. the nailhead.
Workbench
While working on building material, Sandpaper
holding of material usually wood tightly A coated abrasive consisting sheets of abrasive
and with great precision is a challenge cloth or abrasive paper is known
without the use of Workbench. It consists of a tight fitted as Sandpaper or Glasspaper.
table used for holding work pieces with precision. In order These layers or sheets are glued
to hold the workpieces tightly a workbench must be rigid together at one face. Materials
as well as heavy. A worker can adjust the width or height made of aluminium oxide or silicon carbide
at which the workpiece is to be held at the Workbench.  products. Sandpaper is found in variety of grit sizes.
The main purpose of the Sandpaper is to remove
Nail Set excess material from the surface. It is also used for
An icepick shaped metal piece which is smoothening of surfaces, especially used prior to
used to drive finished nails is called a painting or wood finishing. It is in fact also used to
Nail Set. A Nail Set finds its relevance make the surface rough at times while preparing it
and a lot of importance in field of carpentry because of for gluing purposes.
various benefits such as a nail set while driving finished Level
nails at or below the building material will not cause Many artisans including
damage to the finished surface. A nail set is so compact carpenters, bricklayers,
that it can fit the narrower spots as well. It can be surveyors, millwrights or
complemented with the use of a hammer as well. Thus a other building trade
nail set will work wonders without harming the arms, workers require a specialised instrument called
hands or wrists. Also the best part is it is very easily spirit Level or simply a Level to check the
accessible an economical to purchase. surface of building material they are working on.
Level forms another essential tool majorly for
Nail Puller carpenters and allows them to get horizontally or
A Nail puller is kind of a standard tool in vertically perfect cuts.
carpentry. It is also referred to as cat’s
paw or cat’s claw. It generally consists of a
bar which is hexagonal or can be round, consisting a
pointed or a cup-shaped tip. This bar is curved at the end.
This tool has its main utility in holding on or gripping the
nail heads. Demolition work forms most of its utility
 2. TOOLS IN PLUMBING
, system of pipes and fixtures installed in aWrenches are the
building for used to
distribution and use hold, turn, remove,
of potable (drinkable) water and the removal or fit
ofplumbing
waterbornepipes and fixtures.
wastes. It is usually
distinguished from water and sewage systems that serve a group of buildings or
a city.

Measuring Tape
The measuring tape is one of the most
useful tools in woodworking and is
Tube or Pipe Cutters
widely available in many commercial
hardware facilities. Normally a carpenter measures twice This is a wrench-and-blade setting used to cut

before cutting the wood. Every woodworker has a metallic or plastic (PEX or PVC) tubes and pipes.

retractable lockable measuring tape in their arsenal of The head of this tool is generally adjustable

tools. The idea is to get one that uses marking systems, according to the width of the tube or pipe.

standard and metrics.

Teflon Tape

Various Screwdrivers This is a type of tape, generally

The screwdrivers are used to white in color, used to secure the
screw or unscrew various connections. The tape is wound on the threads of
connections with the help of pipes, valves, faucets, showerheads, and other
screws, nails, and nuts. A vast variety of screwdrivers are plumbing systems to make the connections tight
available with various point sizes and shapes. The most and leak-proof.
common screwdrivers are the star- and plus-shaped
screwdrivers. Plungers
These are the vacuum creating
Wrenches tools used to unclog drains, sinks,
This tool has fixed or adjustable, toilets, and bathtubs. These have a rubber cup
toothed or smooth jaws at one end of a attached to a wooden or metallic rod (handle).
long handle. A variety of wrenches are The rubber cup creates a vacuum and sucks out
available in the market depending on their jaw head size, the clogging debris and materials.
handle size, jaw head shape, the purpose of use, etc. Some
of the commonly used wrenches are the adjustable wrench,
open end wrench, basin wrench, pipe wrench, etc.
 Faucet Wrenches Auger
The major function of these wrenches is to Augers are capable of removing
hold the faucets firmly and turn them in the hair and other gunk from your
clock or anti-clockwise direction. These drains very easily. If you are
wrenches have one fixed and one adjustable jaw to hold having some serious problems with your drain, a
faucets of different sizes. professional plumber would be very likely to
bring an auger in to remedy the problem. You can
Washers also choose to buy your own auger so that you
These are simple round, flat, disks can take care of the task by yourself. There are
with a hole at the center that sits very powerful augers that will cost a fair bit of
inside the faucets and money, but this one here is actually quite
showerheads. The rubber, plastic, affordable.
or metallic washers are used to control the intense flow of
water through the faucets and showerheads.
Pliers

Drill and Hole-Making Tool Pliers are used by just about any

This is an electric equipment attached with an type of handyman when something

auger or a hole-saw that creates holes for needs to be held into place. These are versatile

differently sized plumbing pipes and systems. tools that can be used for many different
purposes. Plumbers will always keep a few

Pipe Saw different types of pliers in their tool belts so that

You can buy saws that are specifically they can use them when the need arises. This set

meant for cutting through pipes. These here is a very convenient purchase because it

saws are often used by professional includes several different styles of pliers.

plumbers when they need to remove certain pipes or saw

through the wood to get to particular plumbing features.
The saw being shown here is very strong and can cut right
through PVC, ABS, CPVC, wood, and even drywall. This
will be really good to have around when you need to make
some cuts to finish a job properly.
 safest types of testers because they can detect electricity
just by being near an outlet slot or wire.
3. TOOLS IN ELECTRICAL
This is a tool every DIYer needs in the
Electrical systems in these buildings begin at atoolbox.
step-down transformer
It will be provided
used forby
the utility company and located within or virtually
very close to the
every homebuilding. The
electrical repair
transformer reduces the standard line potentialproject.
to two dual voltage systems, which
then pass through master switches and electric meters to record the subscriber’s
usage.

Flashlight
Electrical repair and improvement work
involves a lot of dark places, from attics
and basements, to wall and ceiling Wire Strippers
cavities, to the insides of electrical boxes. A flashlight is Another essential electrical
needed as much for safety as it is for convenience. A specialty tool for homeowners is a good pair of
couple of hand flashlights and a headlamp are good wire strippers. Wire strippers are used to cut and
additions to an DIY electrician's toolbox. strip insulation from electrical wires. A wire
stripper tool has a row of gauged holes for
stripping wires of different sizes, and it usually
Utility Knife includes cutting jaws for trimming the wire ends.
A utility knife, or box cutter, is handy for Some types are combination tools that can also be
cutting sheathing from non- used to crimp wires and to strip the vinyl jacket
metallic (Romex) cable, to cut off off NM cable.
electrical tape, and to open cardboard boxes. Along with a voltage tester, this is perhaps the
most important specialty electrical tool you can
Non-Contact Voltage Tester own. It makes sense to invest in a good set of
Perhaps the most important specialty wire strippers, as it will serve many functions.
electrical tool you can own is a voltage tester.
A voltage tester is used for a quick safety Volt Meter
check to make sure there's no voltage in an electrical wire A voltmeter is used to check voltages
or device before you start working on it. Non-contact and verify that circuits are indeed
voltage testers, powered by batteries, are the simplest and “live”. There are many
manufacturers of these testers with various
 options available. Choose the voltmeter thatdifferent lengths of Phillips screwdrivers, as well as #1, #2,
serves your needs. and #3 tip sizes.
Screwdrivers with insulating rubber jackets covering the
handles are designed for better safety when doing electrical
work.

Hammer
A hammer is used to secure
electrical boxes equipped with Electrical Tape
nail- on brackets to wall studs and Electrical
other framing members in a home. You’ll also need one to tape (or insulating tape) is a type of pressure-
drive wire staples when anchoring new electrical cable to sensitive tape used to insulate electrical
framing members. wires and other materials that
conduct electricity. It can be made of
many plastics, but vinyl is most popular, as it
Torpedo Level stretches well and gives an effective and long
A small level, such as a torpedo level, fits lasting insulation. Electrical tape for class
easily in a tool pouch and is used to make H insulation is made of fiberglass cloth.
sure your work is level and plumb. A great
installation starts with level boxes and straight switch
and outlet covers.
A torpedo level should be part of every homeowner's
standard toolkit; it will have plenty of uses beyond
electrical work.

Phillips Screwdrivers
Electricians keep screwdrivers with them
at all times, for removing and installing
cover plates, outlets, switches, and many
other devices. It's best to have a few
 Wheel
Barrow
This tool is
used to
4. TOOLS IN CONCRETE/MASONRY
transport
cement mortar or any
Concrete masonry construction (or as it is more commonly called, concrete blockwork)
materials. Sometimes it also
is based on thousands of years experience in building structures of stone, mud and clay
be used to measure the
bricks. Blockwork masonry units are hollow and are filled with concrete and allow for
quantities of materials for site
the integration of reinforcing steel, a feature essential for earthquake resistant design.
level concrete mixing.

Hoe
This tool is used to digging and to place
concrete, cement mortar in head pan.

Concrete Mixer
Head Pan
This tool is used to thoroughly mix the concrete
This one is used to transport materials. at site.

Masonry Trowel
Plate Vibrator
This tool is used to place cement This tool is used to vibrate the concrete in a thin
mortar. section like slab while pouring. For workability
purpose, we all add water to concrete. To avoid
that we are using vibrators.

Plumb Bob
Rubber Boots
This tool is used to check
This one is used to prevent skin from chemical
the vertical alignment of civil
contact.
works.
 This tool is used to make pilot holes, replacing
jumper (special type of drill should be used while
drilling concrete.
Gloves
This is used to avoid direct contact with
dangerous tools, machines or to avoid any Ladder
direct chemical material contact. A ladder is a vertical or inclined set of
rungs or steps, either portable or fixed,
for vertical movement.
Sand Screening Machine
This tool is used to sieve sand at site.
Putty Knife
This tool is used in putty
finishing to limit the thickness of the putty.
Safety Glass

Used for safety purpose while drilling,

hacking/roughening, grinding. Digging Bar
This tool is used to
breakup and loosen the
Bump Cutter/Screed compacted/hard surface
This tool is used to level fresh area.
concrete surface especially in slab
concrete.

Wooden Float/wooden rendering

float
This tool is used to give a smooth
finish to the plastered area.

Cordless Drill
 Soldering Iron
Tin shapes are usually soldered
together. Historically, a solder
containing lead was used for its
melting properties, but tin items meant to be used for
food require a lead-free solder. Older tinware was often
soldered using a firepot. The soldering iron was heated
in coals held in the pot, then used to melt the solder.

5. TOOLS IN TINSMITHING
Newer soldering irons are
heated by electricity or, more
Tinsmith, sometimes known as a tinner, tinker, tinman, or tinplate worker is a person
rarely, by gas.
who makes and repairs things made of tin or other light metals. By extension it can also
refer to the person who deals in tin ware, or tin plate. Tinsmith was a common
occupation in pre-industrial times.

Snips
Sheet metal snips were used so often for
tinsmithing, that many people still call Mandrel
them "tinsnips" even though very few A mandrel is a long metal
people still work with tin. For the home tinworker, shaft used to shape tin. Most
aircraft aviation snips make tin cutting very easy, but are made from solid steel. The tin is placed
any set of strong, sharp hand snips is effective. around the mandrel and hammered into the
desired shape. The best mandrels have sharp
Hammer edges and flat surfaces, and are not greasy or
A hammer can be used to flatten the tin rusty. Nearly any object of the right shape can be
or to strike tin punches. Ball peen used as a mandrel. They can also be purchased
hammers may be used to create from tool suppliers and jewelry supply shops.
decorative patterns on tin during the
punching process. Any hammer that will be in direct
contact with the surface of the tin should be wrapped in Punches
rawhide. This cushions the hammer blow and prevents While a tin punch
damage to the tin. Rawhide hammers can be obtained project could be
from leather-working supply companies and many tool made using a nail or
suppliers. other sharp object, dedicated tin punches provide
more control and make more interesting patterns.
 Suppliers provide an assortment of shapes, welded prefabricated joined grid consisting of a series
including round basic punches, elongated of parallel longitudinal wires with accurate spacing
lampmaker's chisels, sharp-pointed tools, and welded to cross wires at the required spacing.
curved chisels for making rounded shapes. Machines are used to produce the mesh with precise
Specialty punches such as stars, crosses, dimensional control.
"pineapple" and "wheat" patterns are also
available. Punches are easy to use; the tinsmith
simply puts the end of the punch against the
metal and strikes the handle with a hammer,
leaving an indentation.

Gutter Steel Frames

A rain gutter, eavestrough or Steel frame is a building technique
surface water collection channel is a with a "skeleton frame" of
component of water discharge vertical steel columns and
system for a building. Water from a pitched roof flows horizontal I-beams, constructed in
down into a valley gutter, a parapet gutter or an eaves a rectangular grid to support the
gutter. floors, roof and walls of a building which are all
attached to the frame.

Chimney Cap Hacksaw

A chimney cap is a covering for the A hacksaw is a fine-toothed saw,
top of your chimney, and it usually originally and mainly made for
includes wire mesh. It makes a great cutting metal. The equivalent saw
deal of sense to install a chimney cap, when you look for cutting wood is usually called
at the benefits. There are, however, some problems bow saw. Most hacksaws are hand saws with a C-
which can occur because of a chimney topper, shaped frame that holds a blade under tension.
particularly involving wire mesh.
Pipe Crimper
Wire Fabric Pipe and tube crimpers are
Welded wire mesh, or press tools and accessories
welded wire fabric, or "weld that crimp copper and PEX
mesh" is an electric fusion pipes and tubing with press
connections to form watertight seals. They are
commonly used for domestic and industrial Bristle brush
plumbing application and in the heating and to clear loose material from
cooling industries. masonry

Broad putty knife

to fill in and smooth patching compounds
in plaster andwallboard

Glazing compound
to replace cracked, broken, or missing panes
6. TOOLS IN PAINTING of glass
There are many purposes for using paint in building construction. These includes
increase the visual appeal of building surface, protect surface against weathering
impact, make the surface water proof, protect surface from termite attack and increase
the surface durability. In building, you will find four types of places to paint on.

Step ladders
to help you reach elevated areas. Spackling paste
to fill nail holes and small
imperfections in walls

Paint scraper
to remove loose or peeling paint from
Caulking gun
wood, plaster, andother surfaces.
to apply caulk to cracks in
walls, gaps, and seams in
woodwork, and the junction of different surfaces
Triangular-load scraper
to remove paint in small or tight
areas.
Paint guide
to protect carpets and walls when
painting baseboards and other trim
Steel wool
to remove corrosion from metal
surfaces
 Roller tray and grid This tool is a necessity when your soil is rocky or
to load rollers with paint full of tree roots. Use the broad hoelike blade to
pulverize small rocks and soil clods.

Rake
Paint pail
to mix paint and carry it to the worksite You’ll probably want one of
each type—a steel garden
rake (pictured) and a steel or
bamboo leaf rake. Garden rakes make short
Drop cloths to protect furniture, work of leveling out ground and creating raised
floors, and shrubbery from paint beds, and leaf rakes are good for spreading
lightweight mulches and smoothing the finely
prepared soil on top of a seedbed.
7. TOOLS IN SOIL
Working The Soil. The majority of soil breaking actions are carried out to produce a seedbed
and establish a crop, although activities such as subsoiling, soil aeration and mole ploughing
are carried out as remedial actions primarily for compacted soils.

Broad Fork

Sometimes called a U-bar

digger, this tool has anywhere Shovel
from four to eight 10-inch-long
A must-have soil-care
tines attached to a U-shaped bar. The tines loosen the
tool with a rounded edge. Handy for scooping
soil as you push the tool into the earth and pull it out.
compost, cutting into hard ground, and digging
Hoes soil out of planting holes.

Hoes come in dozens of shapes Spade

and sizes and serve many
A squared-off blade makes
functions, from preparing and
cutting through sod a snap.
furrowing soil to weeding and
Also useful for digging new
cultivating it. Choose from the oscillating
beds or borders and for edging.
hoe, the warren hoe, or the collinear hoe,
just to name a few. Spading Fork

Pickaxe
 Though specifically designed to cut into the soil Bridges.
with its four flat or slightly rounded tines, the Canals.
spading fork can mix materials into the soil and Cooling towers and chimneys.
harvest root crops as well. Dams.
Railways.
Tiller
Roads.
Rotary tillers are unsurpassed for breaking new Retaining walls.
ground, breaking up large soil clumps, digging Tunnels.
furrows, and mixing in soil amendments, Coastal defences.
compost, and cover crops. Form:
 One-dimensional: Ropes, cables,
struts, columns, beams, arches.
8. DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRUCTURE
 Two-dimensional: Membranes,
plates, slabs, shells, vaults, domes, synclastic, 
Within the context of the built environment, the term anticlastic.
‘structure’ refers to anything that is constructed or built  Three-dimensional: Solid masses.
from interrelated parts with a fixed location on the ground.  Composite. A combination of the above.
This includes buildings, but can refer to any body that is Material:
designed to bear loads, even if it is not intended to be Timber.
occupied by people (engineers sometimes refer to these as Concrete.
'non-building' structures – such as bridges, tunnels, and so Metal: Steel, aluminium and so on.
on). Masonry: Brick, block, stone and so on.
Structures can be classified in a number of ways: Glass.
Type: Adobe.
Solid. Membrane. Composite
Frame. Composite. Element:
Shell. Substructure.
Structural system: Superstructure.
Tensile. Bending. Foundation.
Compressive. Composite. Roof.
Shear. Shell and core.
Application: Structural frame.
Building. Floor.
Aqueducts and viaducts.
Wall: loadbearing walls, compartment
walls, external walls, retaining walls.
Overall building form:
Low-rise. Mega tall.
Multi-storey. Super-slender
Mid-rise. Mega structure.
High rise. Anticlastic.
Ground scraper. Super tall.
Skyscraper. Synclastic.
Hyperbolic paraboloid.
Tower.
Conoid.
Dome.