TTC/ATC Computations and Ancillary Services

in the Indian context

by
Western Regional Load Despatch Centre, Mumbai

PSTI Bengaluru
27th April 2011
Outline
• Part A: TTC/ATC computations

• Transfer Capability - Definition

• Relevance of transfer capability in Indian electricity market
• Difference between Transfer capability and Transmission
Capacity
• Assessment of Transfer Capability
• Ratio of transfer capability to transmission capacity
• Congestion

• Part B: Ancillary services in the Indian context

 Part A

Total Transfer Capability (TTC)/

Available Transfer Capability (ATC)
computations
Transfer Capability -
Definitions
 North American Electric Reliability
Corporation’s (NERC) definition of TTC
• The amount of electric power that can be moved or
transferred reliably from one area to another area of the
interconnected transmission systems by way of all
transmission lines (or paths) between those areas under
specified system conditions……….16-Mar-2007(FERC)

• As per 1995 document of NERC, following conditions need to be

satisfied:
– all facility loadings in pre-contingency are within normal ratings and
all voltages are within normal limits

– systems stable and capable of absorbing the dynamic power swings

– before any post-contingency operator-initiated system adjustments

are implemented, all transmission facility loadings are within
emergency ratings and all voltages are within emergency limits”
5
European Network of Transmission System Operators’
definition of Total Transfer Capability (TTC)

• “TTC is that maximum exchange programme between

two areas compatible with operational security
standards’ applicable at each system if future network
conditions, generation and load patterns were perfectly
known in advance.”

• “TTC value may vary (i.e. increase or decrease) when

approaching the time of programme execution as a
result of a more accurate knowledge of generating unit
schedules, load pattern, network topology and tie-line
availability”

6
 Total Transfer Capability as defined in the
IEGC and Congestion charge Regulations

• “Total Transfer Capability (TTC)” means the

amount of electric power that can be transferred
reliably over the inter-control area transmission
system under a given set of operating conditions
considering the effect of occurrence of the worst
credible contingency.
Available Transfer Capability as defined in the
IEGC and Congestion charge regulations

• “Available Transfer Capability (ATC)” means the transfer

capability of the inter-control area transmission system
available for scheduling commercial transactions
(through long term access, medium term open access
and short term open access) in a specific direction,
taking into account the network security. Mathematically
ATC is the Total Transfer Capability less Transmission
Reliability Margin.
 Simultaneous TTC
Area A 2000 MW 4000 MW Area B

Area C
5000 MW

9
Relevance of Transfer Capability
in
Indian Electricity Market
Open Access in Inter-state Transmission
Regulations, 2008

• 3( 2) The short-term open access allowed after

long / medium term by virtue of-
– (a) inherent design margins;
– (b) margins available due to variation in power flows;
and
– (c) Margins available due to in-built spare
transmission capacity created to cater to future load
growth or generation addition.]
Tariff Policy Jan 2006
7.3 Other issues in transmission

(2) All available information should be shared with the

intending users by the CTU/STU and the load dispatch
centres, particularly information on available
transmission capacity and load flow studies.
 Open Access Theory & Practice
Forum of Regulators report, Nov-08
“For successful implementation of OA, the
assessment of available transfer capability
(ATC) is very important. A pessimistic
approach in assessing the ATC will lead to
under utilisation of the transmission system.
Similarly, over assessment of ATC will place
the grid security in danger.”

13
 Declaration of Security Limits
• “In order to prevent the violation of security
limits, System Operator SO must define the
limits on commercially available transfer capacity
between zones.” CIGRE_WG_5.04_TB_301

• “System Operators try to avoid such unforeseen

congestion by carefully assessing the
commercially available capacities and reliability
margins.” CIGRE_WG_5.04_TB_301

14
Reliability Margin
NERC definition of Reliability Margin (RM)
• Transmission Reliability Margin (TRM)
– The amount of transmission transfer capability necessary to provide
reasonable assurance that the interconnected transmission network will
be secure. TRM accounts for the inherent uncertainty in system
conditions and the need for operating flexibility to ensure reliable system
operation as system conditions change.

• Capacity Benefit Margin (CBM)

– The amount of firm transmission transfer capability preserved by the transmission
provider for Load-Serving Entities (LSEs), whose loads are located on that
Transmission Service Provider’s system, to enable access by the LSEs to
generation from interconnected systems to meet generation reliability
requirements. Preservation of CBM for an LSE allows that entity to reduce its
installed generating capacity below that which may otherwise have been
necessary without interconnections to meet its generation reliability requirements.
The transmission transfer capability preserved as CBM is intended to be used by
the LSE only in times of emergency generation deficiencies.
16
 Quote on Reliability Margin
from NERC document
• “The beneficiary of this margin is the “larger
community” with no single, identifiable group of
users as the beneficiary.”

• “The benefits of reliability margin extend over a

large geographical area.”

• “They are the result of uncertainties that cannot

reasonably be mitigated unilaterally by a single
Regional entity”

17
 ENTSOE definition of Reliability Margin

• “Transmission Reliability Margin TRM is a security

margin that copes with uncertainties on the computed
TTC values arising from

– Unintended deviations of physical flows during operation due to

physical functioning of load-frequency regulation
– Emergency exchanges between TSOs to cope with unexpected
unbalanced situations in real time
– Inaccuracies in data collections and measurements”

18
 Reliability margin as defined in Congestion
charge regulations

• “Transmission Reliability Margin (TRM)” means

the amount of margin kept in the total transfer
capability necessary to ensure that the
interconnected transmission network is secure
under a reasonable range of uncertainties in
system conditions;
Distinguishing features of Indian
grid
• Haulage of power over long distances
• Resource inadequacy leading to high uncertainty in adhering to
maintenance schedules
• Pressure to meet demand even in the face of acute shortages and
freedom to deviate from the drawal schedules.
• A statutorily permitted floating frequency band of 49.5 to 50.2 Hz
• Non-enforcement of mandated primary response, absence of
secondary response by design and inadequate tertiary response.
• No explicit ancillary services market
• Inadequate safety net and defense mechanism

20
 Reliability Margins- Inference
• Grid Operators’ perspective
– Reliability of the integrated system
– Cushion for dynamic changes in real time
– Operational flexibility

• Consumers’ perspective
– Continuity of supply
– Common transmission reserve to take care of contingencies
– Available for use by all the transmission users in real time

• Legitimacy of RMs well documented in literature

• Reliability Margins are non-negotiable

21
Difference between Transfer
Capability and Transmission
Capacity
 Transmission Capacity Vis-à-vis Transfer Capability
Transmission Capacity Transfer Capability
1 Declared by designer/ manufacturer Declared by the Grid Operator

2 Is a physical property in isolation Is a collective behaviour of a system

3 Depends on design only Depends on design, topology, system

conditions, accuracy of assumptions

4 Deterministic Probabilistic
5 Constant under a set of conditions Always varying
6 Time independent Time dependent
7 Non-directional (Scalar) Directional (Vector)
8 Determined directly by design Estimated indirectly using simulation
models

9 Independent of Parallel flow Dependent on flow on the parallel path

 Transfer Capability is less than transmission
capacity because
• Power flow is determined by location of injection, drawal
and the impedance between them
• Transfer Capability is dependent on
– Network topology
– Location of generator and its dispatch
– Pont if connection of the customer and the quantum of demand
– Other transactions through the area
– Parallel flow in the network
• Transmission Capacity independent on all of the above

• When electric power is transferred between two areas

the entire network responds to the transaction
 77% of electric power transfers
from
Area A to Area F
will flow on the transmission path
between Area A & Area C

Assume that in the initial

condition, the power flow from
Area A to Area C is 160 MW on
account of a generation dispatch
and the location of customer
demand on the modeled
network.

When a 500 MW transfer is

scheduled from Area A to Area
F,
an additional 385 MW (77% of
500 MW) flows on the
transmission path from
Area A to Area C, resulting in a
545 MW power flow from
Area A to Area C.
 Assessment of
Transfer Capability
 Transfer Capability Calculations must

• Give a reasonable and dependable indication of transfer

capabilities,
• Recognize time variant conditions, simultaneous transfers,
and parallel flows
• Recognize the dependence on points of injection/extraction
• Reflect regional coordination to include the interconnected
network.
• Conform to reliability criteria and guides.
• Accommodate reasonable uncertainties in system conditions
and provide flexibility.
Courtesy: Transmission Transfer Capability Task Force, "Available Transfer Capability Definitions
and Determination", North American Electric Reliability Council, Princeton, New Jersey, June 1996
NERC

27
 Europe
• Increase generation in one area and lower it in the other.
• A part of cross border capacity is withdrawn from the
market to account for
– Random threats to the security of the grid, such as loss of a
generating unit. This capacity is called as Transmission
Reliability Margin (TRM)
– TRM based on the size of the biggest unit in the synchronous
area and the domestic generation peak of a control area.

• Net Transfer Capacity = TTC – TRM

– published twice a year (winter and summer)
 United States
• The commercial capacity available for market
players is calculated by deducting Transmission
Reliability Margin (TRM) and Capacity Benefit
Margin (CBM) from Total Transfer Capability
– TRM is set aside to ensure secure operation of the
interconnected transmission network to accommodate
uncertainties in system operations while CBM is set
aside to ensure access to generation from
interconnected systems to meet generation reliability
requirements.
 Total Transfer Capability: TTC
Thermal Limit
Power
Flow
Voltage Limit

Stability Limit

Total Transfer Capability

Time
Total Transfer Capability is the minimum of the
Thermal Limit, Voltage Limit and the Stability Limit

30
 Intra-day STOA
Day-ahead STOA
Collective (PX) STOA
First Come First Served STOA
Advance Short Term Open Access (STOA) TTC ATC

Medium Term Open Access (MTOA)

Long Term Access (LTA)

Reliability Margin (RM) RM

Available Transfer Capability is

Total Transfer Capability less Reliability Margin
31
 Transfer Capability assessment
Trans. Planning Credible
Plan + Anticipated criteria contingencies
approv. Network topology +
S/D Capacity additions

LGBR Anticipated Total Transfer

Simulation Capability
Substation Load
Last
Analysis less
Year Anticipated
Reports Ex bus Reliability
Brainstorming
Thermal Generation Margin
Weather
Forecast equals

Last Available
Anticipated Ex bus Transfer
Year Hydro generation Operating Operator
limits experience Capability
pattern

Planning Criteria is strictly followed during simulations 32

32
 Ampacity
Ampacity
More than 10 years of age
65 degree conductor 75 degree conductor
Conductor Type 40o ambient 10o ambient 40o ambient 10o ambient
ACSR Bersimis 693 1476 945 1601
ACSR Moose 575 1240 799 1344
ACSR Zebra 527 1071 718 1161
For bundled conductors
ACSR Twin Moose 1150 2479 1598 2687
ACSR Quad Moose 2300 4958 3196 5374
ACSR Quad
Bersimis 2773 5905 3779 6403
ACSR Triple
Snowbird 1725 3719 2397 4031
 Thermal limit derived from ampacity
Thermal limit in MW at 0.975 pu voltage and unity
p.f.
More than 10 years of age
65 degree conductor 75 degree conductor

40o 40o
Conductor Type ambient 10o ambient ambient 10o ambient
400 kV ACSR Twin Moose 777 1675 1079 1815
400 kV ACSR Quad Moose 1554 3349 2159 3630
400 kV ACSR Quad
Bersimis 1873 3989 2553 4325
400 kV ACSR Triple
Snowbird 1165 2512 1619 2723
220 kV ACSR Zebra 196 398 267 431
Permissible Line Loading Limits
From Sec 4.1 of Transmission Planning Criteria
• SIL at certain voltage levels modified to account for

Shunt compensation
 k1 = sqrt (1- degree of shunt compensation)

Series compensation
 k2 = 1 / [sqrt (1-degree of series compensation)

Variation in line loadability with line length
 K3
From Sec 4.2 of Transmission Planning Criteria
• Thermal loading limits at conductor temperature of 75o
• Ambient 40o in summer and 10o in winter

35
1 Line length 386 in kilometer
2 From end shunt reactor in MVAr at 400 kV 72.56 80 MVAr 420 kV
3 To end shunt reactor in MVAr at 400 kV 72.56 80 MVAr 420 kV
4 Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) 515 in MW

Illustration of ACSR Twin

75o C design conductor
5 Conductor type temperature and age >10
calculation of Moose
years
6 operating limits Line reactance (X) 0.0002075 Per unit / kilometer / circuit
7 of transmission Line susceptance (B) 0.0055 Per unit / kilometer / circuit
line
8 Base MVA 100

Power transfer between adjacent buses at 5 % voltage

9 593 (in MW)
regulation and 30 deg angular separation = PB
10 Total shunt compensation for the line in MVAr 145 Sl. No. (2) + (3)
Line length X B x Base MVA =
11 Line charging MVAr 212
Sl. No. (1) x (7) x (8)
12 Degree of shunt compensation = Dsh 0.68 Sl No. (10)/ (11)
13 Degree of series compensation = Dse 0.35 35 % Fixed compensation
14 Multiplying factor-1 (shunt compensation) = k1 0.56 Sqrt(1-Dsh)
15 Multiplying factor-2 (series compensation) = k2 1.24 1/ Sqrt (1-Dse)
16 Multiplying factor-3 (St. Clair’s line loadability) = k3 1.15 PB / SIL
17 Permissible line loading PL 414 SIL x k1 x k2 x k3
18 Ampacity of the conductor in summer conditions 1598 at ambient temperature of 40o C

19 Thermal limit (MW) in summer = Pth_summer 1079 at 0.975 pu voltage and unity p.f.

20 Operating limit (in MW) in summer 414 36

Min of PL and Pth_summer
Steady State Voltage Limits

Voltage (kV rms)

Nominal Maximum Minimum

765 800 728

400 420 380

220 245 198

132 145 122

37
 Credible contingencies
• From Section 3.5 of IEGC
– Outage of a 132 kV D/C line or
– Outage of a 220 kV D/C line or
– Outage of a 400 kV S/C line or
– Outage of a single ICT or
– Outage of one pole of HVDC bi pole or
– Outage of 765 kV S/C line
without necessitating load shedding or rescheduling
of generation during steady state operation

38
 Input Data and Source
S No. Input Data Suggested Source

1 Planning Criteria Manual on Transmission Planning Criteria issued by CEA

2 Network Topology Existing network with full elements available
Planned outages during the entire assessment period
New transmission elements expected
3 Transmission line limits Minimum of thermal limit, stability limit and voltage limit

4 Thermal unit availability Load Generation Balance report, Maintenance schedule

Anticipated new generating units
5 Thermal despatch Ex bus after deducting the normative auxiliary consumption
Output could be further discounted by the performance index of
generating units of a particular size as compiled by CEA
6 Gas based thermal Past trend
despatch

7 Hydro despatch Peak and off peak actual hydro generation on median
consumption day of same month last year
The current inflow pattern to be duly accounted
8 Load Anticipated load
9 Credible contingencies Planning criteria + Operator experience

39
 Process for assessment
• Base case construction (The biggest
challenge)
– Anticipated network representation
– Anticipated load generation
– Anticipated trades
• Simulations
– Increase generation in exporting area with
corresponding decrease in importing area till
network constraint observed
40
 4
NORTHERN
REGION

2
NORTH-
EASTERN
REGION

WESTERN 8 16
REGION EASTERN
REGION

4
SOUTHERN
REGION
 WR Grid
NR NR

ER
ER
SR
Case 1 SR Case 2

Case4 NR
Case 3 NR

ER
ER

SR
SR
 WR Grid
NR NR

Case 5 ER ER
SR Case 6
SR
NR NR

Case 7 ER

Case 8
SR
 Possible scenarios for Western Regional Grid
Sl.NO. NR ER SR Work out from this case Remarks

1 Export Export Export Simultaneous export

capability of WR High probability
2 Import Export Export Import capability from NR Low probability
(Load crash in NR)

3 Import Import Export Export capability to SR Low probability

4 Import Import Import Simultaneous Import Low/medium

capability of WR probability
5 Export Import Import Export capability to NR High probability (
Poor monsoon in
NR)
6 Export Export Import Import capability from SR Low probability

7 Export Import Export Import capability from ER High probability

8 Import Export Import Export capability to ER Low probability

Based on above eight scenarios, TTCs on different corridors could be worked out
Real life vs reel life

N-1 criteria
“Element” in theory “Event” in
practice

45
(n-1)--Element or event ?
• Difference exists in n-1 criteria in planning and
operating horizon
– Tower collapse/lightning stroke on a D/C Tower.
– Two main one transfer scheme-Failure of opening of
400 kV Line breaker
• In practice-Results in multiple loss in elements
• As per planning criteria- not more than two elements should be
affected
– Coal fired station
• Fault in 132kV system- may result in loss of power supply to
CW system vis a vis tripping of multiple units

46
 (n-1)--Element or event ? … contd
• Non availability/Outage/Non operation of Bus bar protection
– Results in tripping of all lines from remote stations

• Weather disturbance or floods

– Might result in loss of substation/multiple lines in the same corridor

• Breaker and a half scheme

– Outage of combination of breakers may result in tripping of multiple
line for a fault in one line

47
Regulatory initiatives
• Modifications in Grid Code & other regulations
– Frequency band tightening
– Cap on UI volume, Additional UI charge
– Inclusion of new definitions (TTC, ATC, Congestion)
• Congestion Charge Regulation
– Congestion Charge Value, Geographical discrimination
– Procedure for Assessment of Transfer Capability
– Procedure for Implementation of Congestion Charge

48
 Suggestions for improving transfer capability-1
• installation of shunt capacitors in pockets prone to high reactive drawal
& low voltage

• strengthening of intra-state transmission and distribution system

• improving generation at load centre based generating stations by R&M

and better O & M practices

• avoiding prolonged outage of generation/transmission elements

• reduction in outage time of transmission system particularly those

owned by utilities where system availability norms are not available
 Suggestions for improving transfer capability-2

• minimising outage of existing transmission system for

facilitating construction of new lines

• expediting commissioning of transmission system-planned

but delayed execution

• enhance transmission system reliability by stregthening of

protection system

• strengthening the safety net- Under voltage load shedding

schemes, system protection schemes
 NR:
Central UP-Western UP
FLOWGATES
UP-Haryana/Punjab

WR:
Chandrapur-Padghe
Chandrapur-Parli
Bina-Gwalior
Soja-Zerda
SR:
Vijaywada-Nellore
Hossur-Selam
Cadappa-Kolar
Neyvelli-Sriperumbudur

ER:
Farakka-Malda
Malda-Purnea
Talcher-Rourkela
Jamshedpur-Rourkela
Farakka-Kahalgaon
Kolaghat-Baripada-Rengali
 Part B

Ancillary Services in the Indian context

Outline

• Definition of ancillary services

• Categories of ancillary services

• Ancillary services in the Indian context

Ancillary services……definitions
• Those services that are necessary to support the transmission of capacity and
energy from resources to loads while maintaining reliable operation of the
Transmission Service Provider's transmission system in accordance with good
utility practice. (From FERC order 888-A.)

• “Ancillary services are those functions performed to support the basic services
of generation, transmission, energy supply and power delivery. Ancillary
services are required for the reliable operation of the power system.”… Para
30, judgment in appeal no.202 dated 13th December 2006, The Appellate
Tribunal for Electricity[4]

• “Ancillary services are those functions performed by the equipment and people
that generate, control, transmit, and distribute electricity to support the basic
services of generating capacity, energy supply, and power delivery.”….Electric
Power Ancillary Service, Eric Hirst and Brendan Kirby[5]
 Ancillary services……definitions (2)
• “Ancillary Services” means in relation to power
system (or grid) operation, the services necessary
to support the power system (or grid) operation in
maintaining power quality, reliability and security of
the grid, eg. active power support for load following,
reactive power support, black start,
etc;………………….Indian Electricity Grid Code 2010

Approach Paper on Ancillary Services submitted to CERC in June 2010

by National Load Despatch Centre (NLDC)
Categories of ancillary services

• Frequency Control Services

• Network control Services

• System Restart Services

Frequency Control Services
Governing system Re-dispatch

AGC or LFC

Deployment times a key factor for categorizing

Frequency Control
Services (2)
Network control services

• Voltage Control services

– Primary…….(AVR)
– Secondary……..centralized automatic
– Tertiary………..Manual optimization
System restart services

• Black start capability of generating units

– Dead bus charging on request
– Ability to feed load
– Frequency control
– Voltage control
– Act on the directions of system operator
Drivers for Ancillary Services
• Reliability and Security
• Deregulated Power Systems
• Services to be obtained from Service Providers
• Decoupling with basic energy services
• Regulatory Directives:
– NLDC/RLDCs to identify ancillary services as per clause 11.1 of
the amended CERC UI Regulations, 2009
““ b. Providing ancillary services including but not limited to ‘load
generation balancing’ during low grid frequency as identified by the
Regional Load Despatch Centre, in accordance with the
procedure prepared by it, to ensure grid security and safety:”

61
POSOCO’s Approach Paper…..............(1)
• Approach paper on ‘Ancillary Services in Indian Context’
published by POSOCO in June’10
– Submitted to the Commission
– Comments sought from stakeholders

• Proposed services in the approach paper

– Load Generation Balancing Service (LGBS)
• Use of un-despatched surplus, peaking and pumping stations
– Network Control Ancillary Service (NCAS)
• Power Flow Control Ancillary Service (PFCAS)
• Voltage Control Ancillary Service (VCAS)
– use of synchronous condensers
– System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS)

62
POSOCO’s Approach Paper…………….(2)

• Comments received from various stakeholders

• Service identified for immediate implementation
– Frequency Support Ancillary Service (FSAS)
• LGBS renamed as FSAS
– Other services identified to be introduced
subsequently, as the market matures
• Petition to be filed by NLDC
– proposing roadmap and mechanism for introducing
FSAS

63
 Frequency Support Ancillary Service
(FSAS)
• Focus on utilizing idle generation
– High liquid fuel and diesel cost
– Fragmented need of load serving entities/buyers
– Concern with frequent start stop operation
• Utilization of un-despatched generation from
– Liquid fuel based
– Diesel based
– Merchant/ IPPs/ CPPs
• Quantum available under this service could be limited
– frequency may not always be contained in the operation band

64
Implementation of FSAS…….(1)

• Facilitation through Power Exchange

– Separate category of user group
– Bids to be invited after closure of DAM (morning and evening)
– Supplier, bid area, quantum, duration and price to be specified
– NLDC to compile bids as per bid price, area
• Despatch of bids under FSAS
– System Operator to despatch based on anticipated deficit and
frequency profile
– Threshold frequency: lower limit in the IEGC band
– Despatch certainty of at least 12 time blocks
– Merit order to be ensured: low cost bids despatched first

65
Implementation of FSAS…….(2)
• Despatch in case of congestion
– ATC limits to be honored
– Downstream bids despatched first
• Scheduling of bids under FSAS
– Directly incorporated in the schedule of sellers
– No matching one-to-one drawal schedule
– Attributed towards drawal of a fictitious entity i.e ‘POOL’
• buyer/ drawee entity to pay back in the form of UI
charges
• Consent from sellers before despatch
– To ascertain readiness for despatch
– Agreed quantum scheduled after 6 time blocks

66
Implementation of FSAS…….(3)

• Options for settlement

– ‘Pay-as-bid price’
– ‘Uniform Pricing’
– To be finalised by the Commission
• Ceiling price for despatch of bids
– CERC’s UI vector ceiling price
• Payment settlement through power exchange
• Settlement on post-facto basis
– On (n+1)th day or next working day
• Power exchanges to be paid facilitation charges

67
Ancillary Services Fund

• ‘Ancillary Services Fund’ account to be opened and

maintained by NLDC
• Procurement of Ancillary Services
– Funded from the PSDF via Ancillary Services Fund
– Clause 4 of CERC’s PSDF Regulation
– Clause 11 of CERC’s amended UI Regulations
– Estimated amount to be transferred from PSDF to Ancillary
Services Fund on a quarterly basis
• Weekly transfer from UI pool account
– Corresponding to quantum of power despatched
– To avoid frequent transfer from PSDF to Ancillary Services Fund

68
 Thank you

Discussion………