Mfi 2-3-4-Ma

ACADEMIC TEXTS
MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS,
INFORMATICS
1
TEXT ONE
Pre-reading:
1 What do you know about distance education?
2 Are the latest methods in education always an improvement?
INTERNET DISTANCE EDUCATION

The World Wide Web (www) is beginning to see and to develop activity in this regard
and this activity is increasing dramatically every year. The Internet offers full university level
courses to all registered students, complete with real time seminars and exams and
professors’ visiting hours. The Web is extremely flexible and its distance presentations
and capabilities are always up to date. The students can get the text, audio and video of
whatever subject they wish to have.
The possibilities for education on the Web are amazing. Many college and
university classes presently create web pages for semester class projects. Research
papers on many different topics are also available. Even primary school pupils are using
the Web to access information and pass along news to others pupils. Exchange students can
communicate with their classmates long before they actually arrive at the new school.
There are resources on the Internet designed to help teachers become better
teachers – even when they cannot offer their students the benefits of an on-line community.
Teachers can use university or college computer systems or home computers and
individual Internet accounts to educate themselves and then bring the benefits of the
Internet to their students.
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I. Choose the right answer.
1. How do students know when the specific course starts?
a) They write a personal email to a professor.
b) The professor sends them a letter via post.
c) Registered students can find the information on the Internet
2. What is the advantage of studying on the web?
a) You don’t have to learn.
b) You don’t have to see the University staff.
c) You can study from any corner of the world.
3. Why do people need to register to the course?
a) to have access to the information
b) to see whether they want to continue
c) to meet interesting people
4. How can the Internet help teachers become better teachers?
a) Teachers can interact via social sites.
b) Teachers can gain access to lots of material and share with their students.
c) Teachers can miss real lessons and educate via Skype.
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II. Decide whether the sentences are true (T), false (F) or not given (N).
1 The possibilities for education on the Web are disastrous.___________
2 Primary school pupils are using the Web to access information.___________
3 Teachers can use various computer systems to educate themselves.___________
4 The Web is extremely inflexible and its distance capabilities are always out of
date._____________
5 Many teachers agree that the traditional education system is old-fashioned._________
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III. Match the words to their definitions.
1. dramatically
2. extremely
3. available
4. different
a. to a high degree or extent
b. suddenly and markedly (change)
c. not of the same kind
d able to be used or obtained
IV.Fill in the gaps with the given words
capabilities/full/resources/research papers/teachers
1. The Internet offers … university level courses to all registered students, complete with real time
seminars and exams and professors’ visiting hours.
2. The Web is extremely flexible and its distance presentations and … are always up to date.
3. … on many different topics are also available.
4. There are … on the Internet designed to help teachers become better teachers – even when they
cannot offer their students the benefits of an on-line community.
5… can use university or college computer systems or home computers and individual Internet
accounts to educate themselves and then bring the benefits of the Internet to their students by proxy.
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V. Translate into English.
1.Համակարգչի ներդրումը ուսուցչին նոր՝ ավանդականից տարբերվող հնարավորություններ

է ընձեռում ուսումնական գործընթացում առաջացած խնդիրների լուծման համար:
2 Համակարգչի և համացանցի ընձեռած հնարավորություններն օգտագործելով, հմուտ

ուսուցիչը լսարանում ստեղծում է բարենպաստ կրթական միջավայր:
3 Ինտերնետի ինտենսիվ կիրառությունը գերազանց շարժառիթ է գիտական

հետազոտություններ հնարավորինս հեշտացնելու՝ հրապուրիչ դարձնելու համար:
VI. Speaking
According to a survey of online learning conducted by the Sloan Consortium, enrolments in online
programs rose by almost one million compared to just a year earlier, representing the largest-ever year-
on-year increase. The fact that so many people are opting for online programs over regular classroom-
based education might suggest that there's some merit to this mode of learning. And for some students,
there's a great deal to be gained: Whether it's a much-wanted promotion at work or a career shift you're
looking for, distance learning programs can help you achieve your objectives without throwing your
current lifestyle off balance. But distance education is not for everyone.
1.What are the pros and cons of distance learning?
2. Does a person need to have some specific qualities to be able to take up distance learning courses?
Watch the video to support your answers.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3C0Nlmed_Q
Glossary
benefit (n) օգուտ, շահ
distance education (phr) հեռահար ուսուցում
dramatically (adv) կտրուկ
educate (v) կրթել, դաստիարակել
application(n) կիրառություն
classification (n) դասակարգում
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capability (n) 1.հնարավորություն, 2. կարողություն
flexible (adj) ճկուն
formation (n) ձևավորում
foster (v) խթանել
formulate (v) ձևակերպել
interrelation(s) (n) փոխհարաբերություն(ներ)
interrelationship (n) փոխկապակցվածություն
mainstream (n) հիմնական ուղղություն
scientific (adj) գիտական
transmit (v) փոխանցել
verifiable (adj) ստուգելի
resource (n) աբյուր
rote learning (phr) ավանդական ուսուցում
practical (adj) գործնական
presently(adv) ներկայումս
project (n) նախագիծ
theoretical (adj) տեսական
net generation (phr) ցանցային սերունդ
proxy (n) հավատարմատար
up to date (adj) ժամանակակի
Links
http://www.distancelearningportal.com/articles/174/is-the-online-degree-hype-real-5-pros-and-cons-
for-distance-learning.html
http://www.distancelearning.org/the-disadvantages-of-
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distance-education/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3C0Nlmed_Q
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Text 2
Pre-reading questions:
1. How can you define elementary particles?
2. What does the term elementary particles include ?
ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
In physics, particles that cannot be broken down into any other particles are called
elementary particles. The term elementary particles also is used more loosely to include some subatomic
particles that are composed of other particles. Particles that cannot be broken further are sometimes called
fundamental particles to avoid confusion. These fundamental particles provide the basic units that make
up all matter and energy in the universe.
Scientists and philosophers have sought to identify and study elementary particles since
ancient times. Aristotle and other ancient Greek philosophers believed that all things were
composed of four elementary materials: fire, water, air, and earth. People in other ancient
cultures developed similar notions of basic substances. As early scientists began collecting
and analyzing information about the world, they showed that these materials were not
fundamental but were made of other substances.
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In the 1800s British physicist John Dalton was so sure he had identified the most basic
objects that he called them atoms (Greek for “indivisible”). By the early 1900s scientists were able to
break apart these atoms into particles that they called the electron and the nucleus.
Electrons surround the dense nucleus of an atom. In the 1930s, researchers showed that the
nucleus consists of smaller particles, called the proton and the neutron. Today, scientists have evidence
that the proton and neutron are themselves made up of even smaller particles, called quarks. Scientists
now believe that quarks and three other types of particles—leptons, force carrying bosons, and the Higgs
boson-are truly fundamental and cannot be split into anything smaller. In the 1960s American physicists
Steven Weinberg and Sheldon Glashow and Pakistani physicist Abdus Salam developed a mathematical
description of the nature and behavior of elementary particles. Their theory, known as the standard model
of particle physics, has greatly advanced understanding of the fundamental particles and forces in the
universe. Yet some questions about particles remain unanswered by the standard model, and physicists
continue to work toward a theory that would explain even more about particles.
I.Choose the right answer.
1. What are elementary particles?

a)particles that can be broken down into any other particles
b) particles that cannot be broken down into any other particles
c)particles that must be broken onto any other particles
2. How long have elementary particles been studied for?
a) for decades
b) for a century
c) since ancient times
3. What did Greek philosophers believe?
a) that all things were composed of 4 elementary materials
b)that all things were composed of 5 elementary materials
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c)that all things were composed of 3 elementary materials
4. What did John Dalton identify in 1800s?
a)atoms
b)nucleus
c)electrons
5. Do scientists now fully understand particles?
a)yes, they do
b) only partially
c)no, they don’t
II. Decide whether the statements are true (T), false and not given (N)
1. ……………. Elementary particles are the smallest ones.
2. ……………. Elementary and fundamental particles are dramatically different.
3. ……………. All matter and energy are made up basing on fundamental particles.
4. ……………. Elementary particles have been studied for a very long time.
5. ……………. According to Aristotle and other Greek philosophers, every thing
consisted of only air.
6. ……………. People in other ancient cultures had different opinions about
fundamental particles.
7. ……………. Early scientists proved that the materials were fundamental after
they had collected and analyzed information about the world.
8. ……………. In Greek, ‘atom’ means ‘visible’.
9. ……………. Quarks may soon be broken down into smaller particles.
10. ……………. The ‘standard model’ theory contributed greatly to the understanding of
the universe.
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III.Match the words with their definitions.
1. Subatomic
2. Substance
3. Behavior
4. Nature
5. Electrons
a) the basic or inherent features, character, or qualities of something.
b) the real physical matter of which a person or thing consists and which has a tangible, solid presence.
c) a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms
d) the way in which works or a machine or natural phenomenon functions
e) smaller than or occurring within an atom.
IV. Fill in the gaps with the given words.
Dense/notions/particles/fundamental/bosons
1. As early scientists began collecting and analyzing information about the world, they showed that these
materials were not … .
2. Scientists now believe that quarks and three other types of particles— leptons, force carrying … , and
the Higgs boson -are truly fundamental and cannot be split into anything.
3.Electrons surround the … nucleus of an atom.
4.People in other ancient cultures developed … of basic substances.
5. Yet some questions about … remain unanswered.
1. Մասնիկները, որոնք չեն կարող այլևս տրոհվել երբեմն, շփոթմունքից խուսափելու համար,
անվանվում են հիմնական մասնիկներ.
2. Այս հիմնական մասնիկները ապահովում են սկզբնական միավորները, որոնցով կազմված

է ողջ տիեզերքի մատերիան և էներգիան:
3. Էլեկտրոնները շրջապատում են ատոմի ամուր միջուկը:
VI.Speaking
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Stars are the most widely recognized astronomical objects, and represent the most fundamental
building blocks of galaxies. The age, distribution, and composition of the stars in a galaxy trace
the history, dynamics, and evolution of that galaxy. Moreover, stars are responsible for the
manufacture and distribution of heavy elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, and their
characteristics are intimately tied to the characteristics of the planetary systems that may
coalesce about them. Consequently, the study of the birth, life, and death of stars is central to
the field of astronomy.
Stars are born within the clouds of dust and scattered throughout most galaxies.

Question: How are stars formed?
Watch the video to support your answers.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EnBBIx6XkM
Glossary
to assume: ենթադրել
to behave: վարվել
behavior (n): վարքագիծ
collaborator (n): համագործակից
to conduct: անցկացնել, իրականացնել
constituent (n): բաղադրիչ
destructively (adv): կործանարաբար
to develop: զարգացնել
distinct (adj): որոշակի, ակնհայտ
elementary particles (np.): տարրական մասնիկներ
energy (n): էներգիա
fundamental particles - հիմնական տարրեր
identical (adj): միանման, նույնական
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to identify: նույնացնել; ճանաչել
industriously (adv): ջանասիրաբար
to interfere: - միջամտել
to isolate: - մեկուսացնել, առանձնացնել
nature (n): բնություն
neutral (adj): չեզոք
notion (n): հասկացություն, գաղափար
particle (n): տարր, մասնիկ
respectively (adv): համապատասխանաբար
to split: մասնատել, ճեղքել
substance (n): նյութ
thermodynamics (n): թերմոդինամիկա
transfer (n): փոխանցում
http://practicalphysics.org/magnetic-earth.html
ANSWER KEY
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Answer Key
TEXT 1
I. 1)c 2)c 3)a 4)b
II.1)F, 2)T, 3)T 4)F 5)N
III.1)b, 2)a, 3)d, 4)c
IV.1) full, 2)capabilities, 3) research papers, 4)

resources, 5) teachers
V.1.The implementation of the computer grants the

teacher new opportunities different from the
traditional ones to solve problems in the educational
process.
2.An experienced teacher creates a positive

educational environment using the possibilities of the
computer and the web.
3. The intensive usage of the Internet is an excellent

motivation to make a scientific research easier and
more fascinating.
TEXT II
I.1)b, 2)c, 3)a, 4)a, 5)b
II.1)T, 2)F, 3)T, 4)T, 5)F, 6)F, 7)F, 8)F, 9)F, 10)T
III. 1)e, 2)b, 3)d, 4)a, 5)c
IV. 1)fundamental, 2) bosons, 3)dense, 4)notions, 5)particles
V. 1) Particles that cannot be broken further are sometimes called fundamental particles to avoid
confusion. 2) . These fundamental particles provide the basic units that make up all matter and
energy in the universe. 3) Electrons surround the dense nucleus of an atom.
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FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES
ACADEMIC ENGLISH FOR
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS AND
INFORMATICS
III YEAR
16
YEREVAN 2017
Text 1
Pre-reading questions:
1. What kind of systems of units do you know?

2. Are these units helpful in our daily life and how?
International System of Units
International system of unit is the name adopted by the Eleventh General Conference on
Weights and Measures, held in Paris in 1960, for a universal, unified, self-consistent system of
measurement units based on the MKS (meter-kilogram-second) system. The international system is
commonly referred to throughout the world as SI, after the initials of System International. The Metric
Conversion Act of 1975 commits the United States to the increasing use of, and voluntary conversion to,
the metric system of measurement, further defining metric system as the International System of Units as
interpreted or modified for the United States by the secretary of commerce.
At the 1960 conference, standards were defined for six base units and for two
supplementary units; a seventh base unit, the mole, was added in 1971. The names of these
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units are exactly the same in all languages.
In the metric system, the main unit of distance is the meter. Other units of distance are
always obtained by multiplying the meter by 10 or a multiply of 10. Thanks to our system of writing
numbers, this means that conversion of one unit to another within the metric system can be carried out by
shifts of a decimal point.
There are several standard units of length in use today such as meter, inch, foot, mile and
centimeter. The meter was originally defined in terms of the distance from the North Pole to the equator;
this distance is closed to 10,000 kilometers or 107 meters. The standard meter of the world is the distance
between two scratches on a platinum- alloy bar which is kept at the International Bureau of Weight and
Measures in France. However, there is a unit of length in Nature which is much more accurate than the
distance between two scratches on a piece of metal. This is wavelength of light from any sharp spectral
line. The standard meter in France has been calibrated in terms of the number of wavelengths of light of a
certain spectral line.
I.Choose the right answer.
1. What was the aim of the 11th General Conference on Weight and Measurement, held
in Paris in 1960?
a)standards were defined for a seventh base unit, the mole
b)standards were defined for six base units and two additional ones
c)standards were defined for six base units
2. How many units were defined at the conference in 1971?
a) six
b)seven
c)one
3. What was the seventh base unit?
a)the kilometer
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b) the mole
c) the centimeter
4.. What was the meter originally taken from?
a) the distance from the North Pole to the equator
b) the wavelength of light from any sharp spectral line
c) the number of wavelengths of light of a certain spectral line
5. How many standards are there to which the meter has been compared?
a)2
b)1
c)3
II. Decide whether the sentences are true (T), false (F) or not
given (N).
1. …………….There are more than one system of measurement in use.
2. …………….The US have changed completely to the SI since 1975.
3. …………….It was not until 1975 that the SI was internationally realized.
4. …………….Standards for seven fundamental units were defined at the 1965
conference.
5. …………….The symbols of units are written differently in different languages.
6. …………….In the metric system, the meter can be used to obtain other units.
7. …………….Our system of writing numbers makes conversion of one unit to another
within the metric system complicated.
8. …………….Meter, inch, foot, mile and centimeter are all units of the metric system.
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9. …………….There have been three standards for the meter.
10. …………….The standard meter of the world is tested every year.
III. Match the words with their definitions.
1. meter
2. inch
3. foot
4. centimeter
a. a unit of linear measure equal to one twelfth of a foot (2.54 cm).
b. the fundamental unit of length in the metric system, equal to 100 centimeters or approximately 39.37
inches.
c. a metric unit of length, equal to one hundredth of a meter.
d. a unit of measurement equal to 1/3 yard (0.3048 meter) or 12 inches
IV. Fill in the gaps with the given words.
Scratches/equator/meter/line/supplementary
1. The meter was originally defined in terms of the distance from the North Pole to the … .
2. At the 1960 conference, standards were defined for six base units and for two
… units.
3. In the metric system, the main unit of distance is the … .
4. The standard meter of the world is the distance between two … on a platinum alloy bar which is kept
at the International Bureau of Weight and Measures in France.
5. The standard meter in France has been calibrated in terms of the number of wavelengths of light of a
certain spectral … .
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1.Այնուամենայնիվ, բնության մեջ կա երկարության մի միավոր, որը շատ ավելի ճշգրիտ է,
քան մի կտոր մետաղի վրա արված երկու խծբծանքների միջև ընկած տարածությունը:
2.Այսօր գործածության մեջ կան երկարության մի քանի ստանդարդ (կայուն) միավորներ ,

դրանք են~ մետրը, դյույմը, Ֆուտը, մղոնը և սանտիմետրը:
3. Ի սկզբանե մետրը սահմանվում էր Հյուսիսային բևեռից մինչև հասարակած ընկած

տարածության հարաբերությամբ:
4. Միավորների Միջազգային համակարգը ընդունվել է չափերին և միավորներին նվիրված

XI գլխավոր կոնֆերանսը:
VI.Speaking activity.
For the majority of recorded human history, units like the weight of a grain or the length of a hand weren’t
exact and varied from place to place. Now, consistent measurements are such an integral part of our daily
lives that it’s hard to appreciate what a major accomplishment for humanity they’ve been. Matt Anticole
traces the wild history of the metric system.
Watch the video and answer the question.
1. What does the French Revolution have to do with the time NASA accidentally crashed a $200
million orbiter into the surface of Mars ?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7bUVjJWA6Vw
Glossary
to adopt: ընդունել
to calibrate: տրամաչափել, չափել
concentrated (adj): կենտրոնացած
consistent (adj): հետևոական; կայուն, հաստատուն
conversion (n): կոնվերսիա, փոխարկում
decimal point (n): տասնորդական միավոր
to derive: ծագել, սկիզբ առնել
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effect (n): ազդեցություն
electric current (n): էլեկտրական հոսանք
flux (n): արտահոսք
geodesy (n): գեոդեզիա, երկրաբաշխություն
interval (n): դադար; հեռավորություն, տարածություն
initial (n): սկզբնատառ
jet engine (n): ռեակտիվ շարժիչ
lapse (n): սխալ, վրիպակ
to liberate: ազատագրել; անջատել
to make judgment: դատողություն անել
multiply (n): բազմապատիկ թիվ; բաղադրյալ
precise (adj): ճշգրիտ
principal (adj): գլխավոր
to reckon: համարել, կարծել; հաշվել
scratch (n): խծբծանք
self-consistent (adj): ամբողջական
shift (n): փոփոխություն
standard (n): ստանդարտ, տիպական
supplementary (adj): հավելյալ, լրացուցիչ
transfer of energy (n): էներգիայի փոխանցում
weight (n): քաշ
unique (adj): եզակի
22
text 2
Pre-reading:
1.What do you think are the three most important or interesting scientific and
technological inventions since 1850?
2. How will science change the world in the next 100 years?
Science and fields of science
Science (Latin scientia, from scire, “to know”), is the term which is used, in its broadest
meaning to denote systematized knowledge in any field, but applied usually to the
organization of objectively verifiable sense experience. The pursuit of knowledge in this
context is known as pure science, to distinguish it from applied science, which is the search
for practical uses of scientific knowledge, and from technology, through which applications
23
are realized.
Knowledge of nature originally was largely an undifferentiated observation and
interrelation of experiences. The Pythagorean scholars distinguished only four sciences:
arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. By the time of Aristotle, however, other fields
could also be recognized: mechanics, optics, physics, meteorology, zoology, and botany.
Chemistry remained outside the mainstream of science until the time of Robert Boyle in the
17th century, and geology achieved the status of a science only in the 18th century. By that
time the study of heat, magnetism, and electricity had become part of physics. During the 19th
century scientists finally recognized that pure mathematics differs from the other sciences in
that it is a logic of relations and does not depend for its structure on the laws of nature. Its
applicability in the elaboration of scientific theories, however, has resulted in its continued
classification among the sciences.
The pure natural sciences are generally divided into two classes: the physical sciences
and the biological, or life, sciences. The principal branches among the former are physics,
astronomy, chemistry, and geology; the chief biological sciences are botany and zoology. The
physical sciences can be subdivided to identify such fields as mechanics, cosmology, physical
chemistry, and meteorology; physiology, embryology, anatomy, genetics, and ecology are
subdivisions of the biological sciences.
The applied sciences include such fields as aeronautics, electronics, engineering, and
metallurgy, which are applied physical sciences, and agronomy and medicine, which are
applied biological sciences. In this case also, overlapping branches must be recognized. The
cooperation, for example, between astrophysics (a branch of medical research based on
principles of physics) and bioengineering resulted in the development of the heart-lung
machine used in open-heart surgery and in the design of artificial organs such as heart
chambers and valves, kidneys, blood vessels, and inner-ear bones. Advances such as these are
generally the result of research by teams of specialists representing different sciences, both
24
pure and applied. This interrelationship between theory and practice is as important to the
growth of science today as it was at the time of Galileo.
(From http://encarta.com)
I.Choose the right answer:
1. What does the term ‘science’ denote in its broadest meaning?

a) research of specific kind
b) study of material
c) organized knowledge
2. What is applied science known as?

a) growth of science
b) the realization of science in life
c) scientific research
3. In what way does pure math differ from other sciences?

a) It is independent of natural laws.
b) It is correlated with other sciences.
c) It is logical.
4. What sciences are pure natural sciences generally classified into?

a) physical and life sciences
b) botany and zoology
c) physics and anatomy
II.Decide whether the sentences are true (T), false (F):
1. ………….The term Science is generally used to denote systematized knowledge in
any field.
2. ………….Pure science is different from applied one.
3. ………….The Pythagorean scholars were not as good as the later ones.
4. …………. It was not until the 17th century that chemistry was realized as a science.
5. ………….In the 18th century, physics dealt with the study of heat, magnetism, and
electricity.
25
6. ………….Mathematics is different from other sciences because it is the most
difficult one.
7. ………….Mathematics plays an important role in the development of scientific
theories.
8. ………….Both physical and biological sciences can be further divided into other
sciences.
9. ………….All classifications of the pure sciences are unchanged.
10. …………. Many sciences are closely related to one another.
III. Match the words with their definitions:
1) principal
2)applied
3) theoretical
4) scientific
a) relating or employing the methodology of science

b) first or highest importance
c) not practical
d) put into practice or a particular use
IV.Fill in the gaps with the given words:
observation/ pure/ interrelationship/principal/ applied
1. Knowledge of nature originally was largely an undifferentiated … and interrelation of

experiences.
2. The… branches among the former are physics, astronomy, chemistry, and geology; the chief
biological sciences are botany and zoology.
3. The … natural sciences are generally divided into two classes: the physical sciences and the
biological, or, life, sciences.
26
4. The … sciences include such fields as aeronautics, electronics, engineering, and metallurgy,
which are applied physical sciences, and agronomy and medicine, which are applied
biological sciences.
5. This … between theory and practice is as important to the growth of science as it was at the
time of Galileo.
V.Translate into English.
1. Բնական գիտությունները բաժանվում են երկու դասի՝ ֆիզիկական գիտություններ և

կենսաբանական գիտություններ:
2. Աստղագիտությունը երկնային մարմինների շարժումների և հատկությունների մասին

գիտություն, որը համարվում է բնական գիտությունների մեջ ամենահներից մեկը։
3.Որպես կարևոր գործոն մաթեմատիկան կիրառվում է բազմաթիվ ասպարեզներում,

ինչպիսիք են բնական գիտությունները, ճարտարագիտությունը, բժշկությունը, ֆինանսները
և հասարակագիտական գիտությունները:
VI. Speaking activity.
1. What does L. Pasteur want us to understand?
“Science knows no country, because knowledge belongs to humanity, and is the torch
which illuminates the world. Science is the highest personification of the nation because
that nation will remain the first which carries the furthest the works of thought and
intelligence.” – Louis Pasteur
2. Watch the video and name scientific inventions carried out by Armenians throughout
history.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4HnziuQE2Zo
27
Glossary
Aeronautics (n): օդագնացություն
Agronomy (n): ագրոնոմիա, հողագիտություն
Anatomy (n): անատոմիա
applicability (n): կիրառելիություն
application(n): կիրառություն
applied sciences (n): կիրառական գիտություններ
artificial organ (n): արհեստական մարմին
Astronomy (n): աստղագիտություն
Botany(n): բուսաբանություն
classification (n): դասակարգում
Cosmology (n): տիեզերաբանություն
celestial(adj): երկնային
Ecology (n): էկոլոգիա
elaboration (n): մշակում
28
Electronics (n): էլեկտրոնիկա
Embryology (n): էմբրիոլոգիա, սաղմնաբանություն
Engineering (n): ճարտարագիտություն
formation (n): ձևավորում
to foster (v)– խթանել
to formulate (v): ձևակերպել
Genetics (n): գենետիկա
Geology (n): երկրաբանություն
interrelation(s) (n): փոխհարաբերություն(ներ)
interrelationship (n) փոխկապակցվածություն
law of nature (n): բնության օրենք
mainstream (n): հիմնական ուղղություն
materialistic science (n): մատերիալիստական գիտություն
metallurgy (n): մետաղագործություն
observation (n): դիտարկում
philosopher (n): փիլիսոփա
Physiology (n): բնախոսություն
Scientific theories (n): գիտական տեսություններ
specialized sciences (n): մասնագիտացված գիտություններ
science (n) գիտություն
scientific (adj): գիտական
to transmit (v) : փոխանցել
verifiable (adj): ստուգելի
Zoology (n): կենդանաբանություն
29
TEXT III
PRE- READING QUESTIONS
1. In your opinion what topic might this text be about?

2. Have you read any other books about this topic?
3. What kind of information do you hope this text will include?
PULSARS
30
1. There is still much for astronomers to learn about pulsars. Based on what
is known, the term pulsar is used to describe the phenomenon of short, precisely timed radio
bursts that are emitted from somewhere in space. Though all is not known about pulsars, they are
now believed in reality to emanate from spinning neutron stars, highly reduced cores of
collapsed stars that are theorized to exist.
2. Pulsars were discovered in 1967, when Jocelyn Bell, a graduate student at
Cambridge University, noticed an unusual pattern on a chart from a radio telescope. What made
this pattern unusual was that, unlike other radio signals from celestial objects, this series of
pulses had a highly regular period of 1.33730119 seconds. Because day after day the pulses
came from the same place among the stars, Cambridge researchers came to the conclusion that
they could not have come from a local source such as an Earth satellite.
3. A name was needed for this newly discovered phenomenon. The
possibility that the signals were coming from a distant civilization was considered, and at that
point the idea of naming the phenomenon L.G.M. (short for Little Green Men) was raised.
However, after researchers had found three more regularly pulsing objects in other parts of the
sky over the next few weeks, the name pulsar was selected instead of L.G.M.
I. CHOOSE THE RIGHT ANSWER
1. The phrase emanate from in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

a) develop from
31
b) revolve around
c) wander away from
d) receive directions from
2 Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the highlighted
sentence in paragraph 2? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave
out essential information.
a) It was unusual for researchers to hear patterns from space.

b) It was unusual for celestial objects to emit radio signals.
c) It was unusual that the pattern of the pulsars was so regular
d) It was unusual that the period of pulses was only slightly more than a second in length.
3 The word they in paragraph 2 refers to
a) day after day

b) the pulses
c) the stars
d) Cambridge researchers
4 The word raised in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by
a) lifted
b) suggested
c) discovered
d) elevated
32
5 Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to
paragraph 3.
This name was selected because it indicates a regularly pulsing radio source.
Where would the sentence best fit?
II. LEARN THE GLOSSARY

WORD DEFINITION AND TRANSLATION
astronomer someone who studies astronomy, աստղագետ
pulsar A, very small dense ( heavy in relation to its size) star that sends out radio waves
precise exact and accurate, նեյտրոնային աստղ, պուլսար
burst to suddenly burn strongly, producing a lot of flames, պայթել
emit to send out a beam, noise, smell, or gas, արտադրել

emanate to express a quality or feeling through the way that you look and behave, բխել
collapse to fall down suddenly because of pressure or having no strength or support, փլուզում
celestial of or from the sky or outside this world, երկնային

satellite a device sent up into space to travel around the earth, used
for collecting information or communicating by radio, television, etc., արբանյակ
phenomenon something that exists and can be seen, felt, tasted, etc.,
especially something unusual or interesting, ֆենոմեն
III. RETELL THE TEXT

The following questions will be helpful
1. What is the text about?
2. What was the conclusion of Cambridge researchers?
33
3. When were pulsars discovered?
4. What is the meaning of L.G.M?
IV. FILL IN THE GAPS

(understood, pulsar, discovered, several hundred, most famous, electromagnetic radiation,
rotates, neutron star, visible, emits )
A (1)____________ is a rapidly spinning neutron star that has a mechanism to beam light, much
like a lighthouse. This mechanism is only partially (2)________________, but is connected with
very strong magnetic fields spinning with the star. If the beam of the pulsar sweeps over the
Earth as the neutron star rotates, the light from the pulsar appears to pulse on and off.
(3)_______________ pulsars are now known, with periods ranging from seconds down to sub-
milliseconds. The first pulsar (4) _____________ was found by Anthony Hewish and Jocelyn
Bell at the Cambridge radio astronomy observatory in 1967. The (5)______________ pulsar was
discovered shortly after that. It lies in the Crab Nebula (M1), which is about 7000 light years
away in the constellation Taurus. The Crab Pulsar (6)_________________about 30 times a
second, emitting a double pulse in each rotation in the RF through gamma-ray spectrum. The
adjacent image catches the Crab Pulsar (in the yellow region in the center) pulsing in X-rays. In
(7) ___________ light, the Crab Pulsar appears to be a magnitude 16 star near the center of the
nebula (see below), but stroboscopic techniques show it to be pulsing.
The Crab Nebula (adjacent image) is a strong source of (8) ______________ across the
spectrum, and most of the power for this emission is being derived from the spinning
(9)____________ and its strong fields lying at the center of the nebula. Although the Crab Pulsar
(10)___________ visible light (and X-rays and gamma-rays), most pulsars are detectable only by
their RF radiation.
V. TRANSLATE THE GIVEN SENTENCES INTO ENGLISH
1. Երկիր մոլորակից մոտ 27 հազար լուսային տարվա հեռավորության վրա
հետազոտողները ուսումնասիրել են մի պուլսար, որի հատկությունները
34
հակասում են նույնատիպ նեյտրոնային աստղերի մասին ժամանակակից
բոլոր պատկերացումներին:
2. Պուլսարը համարվում է էվոլյուցիայի վերջնական «արտադրանքներից մեկը և
օժտված է այնպիսի հատկանիշներով, ինչպիսիք են փոքր չափերը, բարձր

խտությունը և հսկայական զանգվածը: Դրանց նյութի մեկ թեյի գդալը կշռում է
ճիշտ այնքան, որքան Երկիր մոլորակի ամենաբարձր լեռը` Էվերեստը:
Այդպիսի աստղերը չափազանց արագ են պտտվում իրենց առանցքի
շուրջ`երբեմն մինչև 43 հազ. պտույտ մեկ րոպեում:
3. 2011 թվականի վերջին աստղագետները հայտնաբերել են անսպասելիորեն
դանդաղ պտտվող ռենտգենյան պուլսար։ Այն ստացել է SXP 1062 անվանումը և

գտնվում է մեզանից 180 հազար լուսատարի հեռավորությամբ՝ Տուկանի
համաստեղությունում։
4. Նեյտրոնային աստղը սեփական առանցքի շուրջ մեկ պտույտը կատարում էր
1062 վայրկյանում, երբ այս աստղերի համար տիպիկ արագություններ են մեկ

վայրկյանում մի քանի հարյուրից մինչև մի քանի հազար պտույտները:
5. Նեյտրոնային աստղերը գերխիտ՝ միջուկային նյութից բաղկացած աստղեր են,
որոնք սովորաբար ունեն մոտ 10-20 կմ տրամագիծ և 1-2 արեգակնային

զանգված:
USEFUL VOCABULARY
WORD TRANSLATION
հատկություն feature
պատկերացում Notion,concept
խտություն Density,consistence
զանգված Aggregation,mass
առանցքի շուրջ axis
35
համաստեղություն constellation
գերխիտ superdense
միջուկային nuclear
տրամագիծ diameter
VI. SPEAKING ACTIVITY
A case study is an account of an activity, event or problem that contains a real or

hypothetical situation and includes the complexities you would encounter in the workplace. Case
studies are used to help you see how the complexities of real life influence decisions.
Analyzing a case study requires you to practice applying your knowledge and your
thinking skills to a real situation.
Directions: Read the following case study, then answer the questions that follow.
Case:
Hitech PLC are a Korean company who produce high technology goods such as CD
players. Recently they opened a factory in the town of Marstairs in Thanet, Kent, an economic
development area. The factory is doing well with 69% of its sales coming from the British
market. However relations with the local population are poor.
The anticipated benefits to the town from the building of the factory haven't materialised,
as most of the workforce needed to be highly skilled and were brought in from other areas, thus
providing little local employment. These non-locals were highly paid and have pushed up prices
in the local shops and also house prices leading to resentment.
The chairman is aware of this resentment and wants to improve the situation. The directors have
agreed that up to £300,000 may be spent on a scheme to benefit the community and lift the
company's image in the community.
Three possible schemes have been put forward:
Scheme 1.
The local hospital wants to set up a new heart disease unit. A donation of £300,000 would make
this possible.
Scheme 2.
36
The Marstairs Arts Centre is a charity that runs a prestigious orchestra for young people as one
of its activities. The orchestra has been invited to tour Northern France next Summer. The
company could enter into a deed of covenant to pay the Arts Centre £100,000 for the next four
years.
Scheme 3.
The local football club Marstairs United are a Championship Division club sometimes seen on
TV. £250,000 would advertise the company in the ground and on the team's playing strips for
two years.
The views of the Chairman and Directors are as follows:
The Finance Director
The Finance Director's Calculations:
Scheme 1. No tax savings would accrue.
Scheme 2. Tax savings from this would be £25,000 p.a.
Scheme 3. A tax saving of £100,000 would accrue from this.
The Marketing Director feels:

Scheme 1 would scarcely increase sales at all. The unit would be small but the publicity would
be very positive.
Scheme 2 would give a moderate increase to sales in France. The company is shortly to launch a
marketing operation in France and though there would be no advertising, the company's
involvement would be publicised.
Scheme 3 would have a major impact on sales. Some problems are that cricket is as popular as
football in Kent and hooliganism has been a problem at the club.
The Chairman
The Chairman has said that he would like to see other benefits to the company as well as the
public relations boost.

Solution:
 The Chairman has asked you, as a promising young manager, to study the three proposals
and make a recommendation on which of the schemes the company should support and
why for consideration by the Board of Directors at its next meeting.
37
 Only one of the schemes can be supported.
 After examining all the information say which scheme the company should support and
give your reasons.
USEFUL LINKS:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gjLk_72V9Bw
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_3sHeUNn1k
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tx0OW740rDY
4. http://www.space.com/22935-strange-star-missing-link-pulsars.html
5. http://www.space.com/16734-how-gamma-ray-pulsars-are-detected-video.html
Text I
I.1)b, 2)c, 3)b, 4)a, 5)3
II. 1)T, 2)T, 3)T, 4)F, 5)F, 6)T, 7)F, 8)T, 9)F, 10)N
III. 1)b, 2)a), 3d), 4)c,
IV. 1) equator 2)supplementary, 3)meter, 4)scratches,

5)line
V. 1. However, there is a unit of length in nature which is

much more accurate than the distance between two
scratches on a piece of metal.
2. There are several standard units of length in use today

such as meter, inch, foot, mile and centimeter.
3. The meter was originally defined in terms of the
38
distance from the North Pole to the equator.
4. International system of unit is the name adopted by the Eleventh General Conference on
Weights and Measures.
TEXT II
I.1)c, 2)b 3)a, 4)a
II.1)T, 2)T, 3)F, 4)T, 5)T, 6)F, 7)T, 8)T, 9)F, 10)T
III.1)b, 2)d, 3)c, 4)a
IV. 1)observation, 2)principal, 3)pure, 4)applied, 5)interrelationship
V. 1. Natural sciences are divided into two classes: the physical sciences and the biological.
2 . Astronomy is a science about the movements and properties of celestial bodies and is considered
one of the oldest among natural sciences.
3. As an important factor mathematics is applied in many fields such as natural sciences,

engineering, medicine, finance and social sciences.
TEXT III
Pulsars
1.A, 2.C, 3.B,4.B,5.D
Fill in the gaps
pulsar, Understood, Several hundred, Discovered, most famous, rotates, visible, electromagnetic
radiation, neutron star, emits
39
INFORMATICS
4TH YEAR
40
YEREVAN 2017
TEXT 1

XEROGRAPHY
41
1. One more familiar use of electrochemistry that has made its way into the mainstream is
xerography, a process for replicating documents that is dependent on photoconductive
materials. A photoconductive material is an insulator in the dark but becomes a
conductor when exposed to bright light. When a photocopy is being made, an image of
a document is projected onto the surface of a rotating drum, and bright light causes the
photoconductive material on the surface of the drum to become conductive.
2. As a result of the conductivity, the drum loses its charge in the lighted areas, and
toner(small grains to which dry ink adheres) attaches itself only to the darker parts of
the image. The grains are then carried to a sheet of paper and fused with heat. When a
laser printer is used, the image is projected by means of a laser beam, which creates a
brighter light and a greater contrast between lighter and darker areas and therefore results
in sharper printed images.
3. How Xerography Works: The original document is moved automatically from the
document handler (1) to the platen (under the document handler), where it is projected by
a system of lamps, mirrors and lenses onto the photoreceptor belt . The belt carries a
charge of static electricity that is discharged in those areas receiving light from the
projected image. The charge remaining forms a latent, invisible image. Magnetic rollers
brush the belt with dry ink that is, itself, charged with static electricity of opposite
polarity. This charge makes the dry ink cling to the latent image on the photoreceptor,
making the image visible.
1. The word “a process” refers to

a) electrochemistry
b) xerography
c) documents
d) mainstream
2. The author begins the first paragraph with
42
“ One more familiar use of electrochemistry in order to
a) explain that xerography is one of the less familiar uses of electrochemistry
b) make it clear that electrochemistry requires photoconductive materials
c) show that xerography is the only known use for electrochemistry
d) indicate that other less familiar uses have already been discussed
3. Why does the author explain that “A photoconductive material is an insulator in the
dark but becomes a conductor when exposed to bright light”?
a) It gives an explanation of a property that is necessary for xerography.
b) It indicates that bright light is required for insulation to take place.
c) It gives one example of a successful xerographic process.
d) It explains the role of insulation in xerography
4. The author places the phrase “small grains to which dry ink adheres” in parentheses in
order to
a) provide information that contradicts the previous statement
b) provide another example of conductivity
c) provide further detail information about toner
d) provide an alternate explanation for the effectiveness of toner
5. Why is “ a laser printer” mentioned?

a) It is an alternative to xerography.
b) It is a way of duplicating without using electrochemistry.
c) It is a second example of xerography.
d) It is a less effective type of xerography than is a photocopier
43
WORD DEFINITION
photoconductive an optical and electrical phenomenon in which a material becomes

more electrically conductive due to the absorption of electromagnetic
radiation such as visible light, ultraviolet light, infrared light, լուսահաղորդիչ
replicating to make or do something again in exactly the same way, բազմացող
latent Present or potential but not evident or active, թաքնված
fuse A cord of readily combustible material that is lighted at one end to carry a flame al
ong its length to detonate anexplosive at the other end, ապահովիչ
beam A square off log or a large, oblong piece of timber
metal, or stone used especially as a horizontal support inconstruction, ճառագայթ
adheres 1. To remain devoted to or be in support of something: .
2. To carry out a plan, scheme, or operation without deviation
հավատարիմ

2. Describe the process of copying?
3. What do the magnetic rollers do?
4. What makes the images visible ?

(liquid, invented by, finally, activities, copies of , xerography, enormous, research, established,
officially )
44
(1)____________ is a technology that is now widely used in office printing for digital
multifunction machines and laser printers.Xerography was (2)__________ Chester F. Carlson
who was a patent attorney in the U.S. It was necessary for him to make (3)_____________
drawings and specifications to apply for patents. However, making copies involved (4)
__________ effort since transcription by hand or typewriter was the only method in those days.
Accordingly, Carlson started (5)____________ on the copying of prints and photos in spare
hours from his work. In addition, he personally undertook experiments by bringing chemicals,
flasks and slides into the kitchen of his apartment from around 1934.He invented xerography
through such research(6) ___________ and filed his first patent regarding xerography in person
as a patent attorney. He continued basic research and (7)__________succeeded in a copying
experiment using the xerographic method on October 22, 1938.
Carlson (8)_____________ the basic principles of xerography, although a great deal of research
and development was required to commercialize it practically. The Haloid Company (later Xerox
Corporation), which carried out the research and development (9), ___________announced
xerography technology on October 22, 1948, ten years to the day after Carlson succeeded in
creating the first xerographic copy. This technology was named "xerography" for the first time at
this time. This name came from the Greek radicals xeros (dry) and graphos (writing), because
there are no (10) __________chemicals involved in the process, unlike the conventional wet
copying system..
1. Քսերոգրաֆիան պատկերի լուսանկարչային վերարտադրության միջոց է, որը

հիմնված է ճառագայթային էներգիան էլեկտրականի փոխակերպման վրա:
2. Քսերոգրաֆիան համարվում է 20-րդ դարի ամենանշանակալից
տեխնոլոգիական նվաճումներից մեկը : Ամերիկացի ֆիզիկոս Հարոլդ Կլարկը
նրան կոչել է. «լուսանկարի հայտնվելուց հետո պատկերի ստացման ոլորտում
ամենահանճարեղ գաղափար»:
3. Xerox-ը ամերիկյան կորպորացիա է,որը հանդիսանում է տպագրության և
45
փաստաթղթերի կառավարման ոլորտում համաշխարհային առաջատարներից
մեկը: Այս ընկերությունը նաև պատճենահանող սարքերի մասսայական
արտադրության առաջամարտիկն է համարվում ողջ աշխարհում:
4. Printer-ը սարք է, որն օգտագործվում է համակարգչից տեքստը և պատկերները
թղթի կամ այլ կրիչի վրա փոխանցելու համար: Տպող սարքի աշխատանքի
համար կարևոր բնութագրիչներ են արագագործությունը, անաղմուկ
աշխատելը, տպագրման որակը:
5. Scaner-ը նախատեսված է մեծ ծավալի ինֆորմացիա համակարգիչ ներմուծելու
համար: Scaner-ի միջոցով են թվայնացնում փաստաթղթերը, գրքերը և այլ
անհրաժեշտ նյութեր:
USEFUL VOCABULARY
WORD TRANSLATION
պատկեր image
վերարտադրություն reproduction
արագագործություն speed
փոխակերպում transformation
ամենահանճարեղ The most genius
առաջամարտիկ pioneer
ճառագայթային radial
որակ quality
Քսերոգրաֆիա xerography

hypothetical situation and includes the complexities you would encounter in the workplace.
Case studies are used to help you see how the complexities of real life influence decisions.
46
Case:
In January, a student approached you to be his thesis advisor, and you agreed. During
the subsequent semester, you found that he was taking more of your time then you were really
able to give. He was not at a point where he could effectively contribute to any of the
calculations that you had in hand. He would frequently give you his own calculations for
comment and, because of other time constraints, you usually were not able to read them in a
timely way. While you would have preferred a student with more independence, you thought
that the situation might improve over time. In May, a senior colleague in your group left, and
his advanced graduate student opted to stay at your university rather than accompany your
colleague. You were pressured by your department to take this student. As the summer
progressed, it became clear that you could not effectively deal with both students and do all of
the research that was needed in order to present a good tenure profile. Your options seem to
be to cut the first student loose or to keep both students.
Questions:
1. What should you do?
2. What points would you consider in your decision making?
3. What questions might an outside observer have?
USFUL LINKS:
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUBXXYN6pBQ
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUBXXYN6pBQ
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPVQpMYOfoI
7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=soSdGT4Cno8
8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7dhHKBUioZU
47
TEXT 2
48

LIQUIDS AND GASES
1. The difference between a liquid and a gas is obvious under the conditions of
temperature and pressure commonly found at the surface of the Earth. A liquid can
be kept in an open container and fills it to the level of a free surface. A gas forms no
free surface but tends to diffuse throughout the space available; it must therefore be
kept in a closed container or held by a gravitation field, as in the case of a planet's
atmosphere. The distinction was a prominent feature of early theories describing the
phases of matter. In the nineteenth century, for example. one theory maintained that
a liquid could be "dissolved" in a vapor without losing its identity. and another
49
theory held that the two phases are made up of different kinds of molecules:
liquidons and gasons. The theories now prevailing take a quite different approach
by emphasizing what liquids and gases have in common. They are both forms of
matter that have no permanent structure, and they both flow readily. They are
fluids.
2. The fundamental similarity of liquids and gases becomes clearly apparent when the
temperature and pressure are raised somewhat. Suppose a closed container partially
filled with a liquid is heated. The liquid expands, or in other words becomes less
dense; some of it evaporates. In contrast, the vapor above the liquid surface
becomes denser as the evaporated molecules are added to it. The combination of
temperature and pressure at which the densities become equal is called the critical
point. Above the critical point the liquid and the gas can no longer be distinguished;
there is a single, undifferentiated fluid phase of uniform density.

1. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?
a) The Properties of Gases and Liquids
b) High Temperature Zones on the Earth
c) The Beginnings of Modern Physics
d) New Containers for Fluids
2. According to the passage, the difference between a liquid and a gas under normal conditions
on Earth is that the liquid
a) is affected by changes in pressure
b) has a permanent structure
c) forms a free surface
d) is considerably more common
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the gases of the Earth's atmosphere are contained by
a) a closed surface
b) the gravity of the planet
c) the field of space
50
d) its critical point
4. According to the passage, in the nineteenth century some scientists viewed liquidons and
gasons as
a) fluids
b) dissolving particles
c) heavy molecules
d) different types of molecules
5. According to the passage, what happens when the temperature is increased in a closed
container holding a liquid?
a) The liquid and gas phases become more similar.
b) The liquid and the gas become less dense.
c) The container expands.
d) The liquid evaporates out of the container.

liquid composed of molecules that move freely among themselves but do nottend to separate like
those of gases; neither gaseous nor solid, հեղուկ
pressure the exertion of force upon a surface by an object, fluid, etc., in contactwith it, ճնշում
fluid a substance, as a liquid or gas, that is capable of flowing and that changes its shape at a
steady rate when acted upon by a force tending to change its shape,
գազային
dense having the component parts closely compacted together; crowded or compact, խիտ
evaporate to change from a liquid or solid state into vapor; pass off in vapor, խտացնել
atmosphere the gaseous envelope surrounding the earth; the air, մթնոլորտ
particle a minute portion, piece, fragment, or amount; a tiny or very small bit,
մասնիկ
51
6. What are the differences between liquids and gases?
7. What do liquids and gases have in common?
8. Which is the definition of the critical point?

(to move, the four , liquid, fixed shape, atoms, compression, property, therefore, universe
,stars.)
______________ is one of the four primary states of matter, with the others

being solid, gas and plasma. A liquid is a fluid. Unlike a solid, the molecules in a liquid have a
much greater freedom _________________. The forces that bind the molecules together in a
solid are only temporary in a liquid, allowing a liquid to flow while a solid remains rigid.
A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but
retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure. As such, it is one
of _________________fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, gas, and plasma),
and is the only state with a definite volume but no _____________. A liquid is made up of tiny
vibrating particles of matter, such as _______________-, held together by intermolecular
bonds. Water is, by far, the most common liquid on Earth. Like a gas, a liquid is able to flow and
take the shape of a container. Most liquids resist ____________________, although others can
be compressed. Unlike a gas, a liquid does not disperse to fill every space of a container, and
maintains a fairly constant density. A distinctive __________________ of the liquid state
is surface tension, leading to wetting phenomena.
52
The density of a liquid is usually close to that of a solid, and much higher than in a gas.
_______________, liquid and solid are both termed condensed matter. On the other hand, as
liquids and gases share the ability to flow, they are both called fluids. Although liquid water is
abundant on Earth, this state of matter is actually the least common in the known universe,
because liquids require a relatively narrow temperature/pressure range to exist. Most known
matter in the _________________is in gaseous form (with traces of detectable solid matter) as
interstellar clouds or in plasma form within _____________________.
1. Այն ամենը, ինչ շրջապատում է մեզ կա՜մ գազ է, կա՜մ հեղուկ, կա՜մ պինդ
մարմին: Սրանք նյութի 3 վիճակներ են, որոնք, թվում է, միանգամայն տարբեր
են իրարից: Սակայն նյութերը մի վիճակից կարող են անցնել մյուսին, երբ
դրանք տաքանում կամ սառչում են:
2. Հեղուկը, նյութի երեք հիմնական ագրեգատային վիճակներից մեկն է։ Հեղուկը
պահպանում է ծավալը, սակայն հեշտությամբ փոխում է ձևը:
3. Հեղուկների խտությունը զգալիորեն գերազանցում է գազերի խտությունը։
Պատճառն այն է որ հեղուկների մոլեկուլները համեմատաբար շատ մոտ են,
որն էապես ազդում է մոլեկուլների շարժման վրա։ Քանի որ, հեղուկների
մոլեկուլները իրար շատ մոտ են, ապա դրանց ավելի մոտեցնելը հանգեցնում է
մոլեկուլների էլեկտրոնային թաղանթի վերադրման և հզոր վանողության
ուժերի ի հայտ գալուն:
4. Գազը նյութի չորս հիմնական վիճակներից մեկն է
(մյուսները՝ պինդ, հեղուկ և պլազմա):Մաքուր գազը կարող է կազմված լինել
առանձին ատոմներից (իներտ գազ կամ ատոմային գազ, ինչպես նեոնային),
53
միատիպ ատոմներից կազմված տարրական մոլեկուլներից
(օրինակ թթվածին), կամ զանազան ատոմներից
կազմված միացության մոլեկուլներից (օրինակ ածխածնի երկօքսիդ):
5. Գազի խառնուրդը պարունակում է զանազան մաքուր գազեր այնպես,
ինչպես օդը: Գազը տարբերվում է հեղուկից և պինդ մարմնից նրանով, որ նրա
առանձին մասնիկները ընդարձակորեն տարանջատված են։ Այդ
տարանջատումը գազը դարձնում է անգույն և անտեսանելի մարդու համար։
USEFUL VOCABULARY
WORD TRANSLATION
վիճակ condition
միանգամայն quite
ագրեգատային aggregate
խտություն density
թաղանթ membrane
վանող repellent
անգույն colorless
մասնիկ particle

54
Case:
As a graduate student, you have worked closely with a professor and her post-doc on a project
studying experimental techniques in microfluidics. The project is going very well and you’ve
even published some of your initial results. You will be graduating this spring with your master’s
degree. Your advisor is now writing a subsequent paper with a colleague who is developing a
theory that accounts for your results. You see a draft of the paper and notice that you are not
listed as one of the four authors of the paper, who are the professors and their senior post-
docs. However, the paper is directly based on the work that you did, and includes a new
experimental plot that you created in addition to the theoretical calculations.
Questions:
1. What is the case about?
2. What should you do?
3. Are there any other possible variants?
USEFUL LINKS:
1.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gez2rmeCpfE
2.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCcTSfa82yU
3.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qo5D-MIH_a0
4.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HCPXlLOPcso
5.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MP6MVLWuNZQ
TEXT 3

55
EARLY MATHEMATICS
1. Humanity's primal efforts to systematize the concepts of size, shapes, and

number are usually regarded as the earliest mathematics. However, the concept of
number and the counting process developed so long before the time of recorded history
(there is archaeological evidence that counting was employed by humans as far back as
50,000 years ago) that the manner of this development is largely conjectural. Imaging
how it probably came about is not difficult. The argument that humans, even in
prehistoric ,times, had some number sense, at least to the extent of recognizing the
concepts of more and less when some objects were added to or taken away from a small
group, seems fair, for studies have shown that some animal possess such a sense.
2. With the gradual evolution of society, simple counting became
imperative. A tribe had to know how many members it had and how many enemies, and
shepherd needed to know if the flock of sheep was decreasing in size. Probably the
56
earliest way of keeping a count was by some simple tally method, employing the
principle of one-to-one correspondence. In keeping a count of sheep, for example, one
finger per sheep could be turned under. Counts could also be maintained by making
scratches in the dirt or on a stone, by cutting notches in a piece of wood, or by tying knots
in a string.
3. Then, perhaps later, an assortment of vocal sounds was developed as a
word tally against the number of objects in a small group. And still later, with the
refinement of writing, a set of signs was devised to stand for these numbers. Such an
imagined development is supported by reports of anthropologists in their studies of
present-day societies that are thought to be similar to those of early humans.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

a) The efforts of early humans to care for herds of animals
b) The development of writing
c) The beginnings of mathematics
d) Similarities in number sense between humans and animals
2. The word "conjectural" in line 5 is closest in meaning to

a) complex
b) based on guessing
c) unbelievable
d) supported by careful research
3. Why does the author mention animals in line 9?

a) To support a theory about the behavior of early humans
b) To identify activities that are distinctly human
c) To illustrate the limits of a historical record of human development
d) To establish that early human kept domesticated animals
57
4. The word "it" in line 11 refers to
a) evolution
b) counting
c) tribe
d) shepherd
5. What is the basic principle of the tally method described in the second paragraph?
a) The count is recorded permanently.
b) Calculations provide the total count.
c) Large quantities are represented by symbols.
d) Each marker represents a singly object.
systematize : to make (s omething) into a system

: to organize (s omething) by using a sys tem
համակարգել
conjectural of the nature of or involving or based on conjecture վարկած
extent the range, distance, or s pace that is covered or affected by

something or included in something
: the point or limit to which something extends or reaches
չափ
gradual 1. 1: a book containing the choral parts of the Mas s

2. 2: a pair of vers es (as from the Ps alms ) proper after the
Epis tle in the M ass
աստիճանական
58
notch a s mall cut that is s haped like a V and that is made on an
edge or a surface
: a narrow pas sage betw een mountains
: a slightly higher or low er level in a series of levels that
meas ure something
Աստիճան,մակարդակ
refinement the act or process of removing unw anted substances from

something : the act or proces s of making something pure
: the act or proces s of improving something
: an improved vers ion of something
մաքրում
assortment a group or collection of different things or people տեսակավորում

10. Describe the theory of earliest mathematics?
11. Why did the simple counting became imperative?
12. In what way counting was maintained?

(age, mathematics, examples, in turn, led to, numeral, study of, the methods, theorem, texts)
The area of study known as the history of _______________ is primarily an

investigation into the origin of discoveries in mathematics and, to a lesser extent, an investigation
into the mathematical methods and notation of the past. Before the modern ____________- and
the worldwide spread of knowledge, written _____________ of new mathematical developments
have come to light only in a few locales. The most ancient mathematical ____________available
59
are Plimpton 322 (Babylonian c. 1900 BC), the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus(Egyptian c. 2000–
1800 BC) and the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus (Egyptian c. 1890 BC). All of these texts
concern the so-called Pythagorean _______________, which seems to be the most ancient and
widespread mathematical development after basic arithmetic and geometry.
The ________________ mathematics as a demonstrative discipline begins in the 6th
century BC with the Pythagoreans, who coined the term "mathematics" from the ancient
Greek μάθημα (mathema), meaning "subject of instruction". Greek mathematics greatly refined
_________________ (especially through the introduction of deductive reasoning
and mathematical rigor in proofs) and expanded the subject matter of mathematics Chinese
mathematics made early contributions, including a place value system. The Hindu–Arabic
________________system and the rules for the use of its operations, in use throughout the
world today, likely evolved over the course of the first millennium AD in India and were
transmitted to the west via Islamic mathematics through the work of Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-
Khwārizmī. Islamic mathematics, ______________, developed and expanded the mathematics
known to these civilizations. Many Greek and Arabic texts on mathematics were then translated
into Latin, which ______________ further development of mathematics in medieval Europe.

1. Մաթեմատիկայի հիմնական բնագավառներից են թվաբանությունը,
երկրաչափությունն ու հանրահաշիվը: Այսպես կոչված «մաքուր»

մաթեմատիկոսներին հետաքրքրում են ամենաբազմազան վերացական
խնդիրներ, օրինակ՝ տարբեր թվերի և պատկերների միջև եղած
հարաբերակցություններն ու ընդհանուր օրինաչափությունները:
2. Ամերիկացի մաթեմատիկոս Դանցիգը, մի անգամ ուշանալով դասերից,

կարծում է, որ գրատախտակին գրածը տնային հանձնարարություն է։ Այն
նրան թվում է բավականին բարդ, սակայն մի քանի օր անց, նրան հաջողվում է
60
այն լուծել։ Պարզվում է, որ նա լուծել է վիճակագրության երկու «անլուծելի»
խնդիրներ, որոնք փորձում էին լուծել շատ գիտնականներ:
3. 8 թիվը համարվում է կատարելության թիվ: Այն ասոցացվում է
անսահմանության հետ, իսկ հին եգիպտացիների մոտ այն համարվում էր

հավասարակշռության և տիեզերական խաղաղության թիվ:Ճապոնական և
չինական մշակույթներում այն համարվում է երջանիկ թիվ:
4. Մաթեմատիկան զարգացած է եղել նաև հին և միջնադարյան Հայաստանում,

որի տարածքում հայտնաբերված ամենահին աղբյուրները մ. թ. ա. IX–VII
դարերի սեպագիր արձանագրություններն են: Դրանք վկայում են, որ դեռևս
այն ժամանակ օգտագործվել է թվարկության որոշակի համակարգ. հատուկ
պայմանանշաններով գրվել են ամբողջ ու կոտորակային թվեր, կատարվել
գումարման ու հանման գործողություններ:
5. Հայաստանում մաթեմատիկական գիտելիքների զարգացման մասին են

վկայում հազարամյակներ առաջ կառուցված ամրոցներն ու պալատները,
տաճարներն ու եկեղեցիները, կամուրջներն ու ոռոգման համակարգերը: Հայոց
գրերի գյուտից հետո բացված դպրոցներում, ապա նաև համալսարաններում
դասավանդվել են նաև մաթեմատիկա և այլ բնական գիտություններ:
USEFUL VOCABULARY
WORD TRANSLATION
թվաբանություն arithmetic
երկրաչափություն geometry
հանրահաշիվ algebra
վիճակագրություն statistics
61
անսահմանություն immensity
հավասարակշռություն balance

Case:
A newly minted Ph.D. has taken up a position at a government laboratory. His early
work has been extremely successful, and on the suggestion of his group leader, he put together
a manuscript describing their joint work, and submitted it for publication in a high-impact
journal. The young scientist was the submitting author. Some weeks later his supervisor came
to him and told him to submit the same manuscript to a specialized journal where the time to
publication might be a lot shorter, and the potential refereeing gauntlet would likely be less of a
hassle. The supervisor suggested that they could withdraw their manuscript from the extra
journal if the other accepted it sooner.
Questions:
1. What should the young scientist do?
2. If the scientist follows his supervisor’s advice, what should the editors do?
USEFULL INKS:
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2Z0djuCDKA.
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cy-8lPVKLIo
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tvrOJzQyObM
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6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fSZxRh81Qjw
7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lt1FY6jlgmY
TEXT 1
Xerography
1.B, 2.D, 3.A., 4.C, 5.C
Fill in the gaps
Xerography, invented by, copies of , enormous , research, activities , finally, established,
Officially, liquid
TEXT 2
Liquids and gases
1.A,2.C,3.B,4.D,5.A
Fill in the gaps
Liquid, to move, the four, fixed shape, atoms, compression, property, Therefore, universe ,
63
stars.
TEXT 3
Early mathematics
1.C,2.B,3.A,4.C,5.D
Fill in the gaps
Mathematics, age, Examples, Texts, Theorem, study of, the methods, numeral, in turn, led to

INFORMATICS
64
MA FIRST
YEREVAN 2017
TEXT 1

65
THE MOON
1. The Moon has been worshipped by primitive peoples and has inspired humans to create
everything from lunar calendars to love sonnets, but what do we really know about it? The most
accepted theory about the origin of the Moon is that it was formed of the debris from a massive
collision with the young Earth about 4.6 billion years ago. A huge body, perhaps the size of
Mars, struck the Earth, throwing out an immense amount of debris that coalesced and cooled in
orbit around the Earth.
2. The development of Earth is inextricably linked to the moon; the Moon’s gravitational
influence upon the Earth is the primary cause of ocean tides. In fact, the Moon has more than
twice the effect upon the tides than does the Sun. The Moon makes one rotation and completes a
revolution around the Earth every 27 days, 7 hours, and 43 minutes. This synchronous rotation is
caused by an uneven distribution of mass in the Moon (essentially, it is heavier on one side than
66
the other) and has allowed the Earth’s gravity to keep one side of the Moon permanently facing
Earth. It is an average distance from Earth of 384,403 km.
3. The Moon has no atmosphere; without an atmosphere, the Moon has nothing to protect
it from meteorite impacts, and thus the surface of the Moon is covered with impact craters, both
large and small. The Moon also has no active tectonic or volcanic activity, so the erosive effects
of atmospheric weathering, tectonic shifts, and volcanic upheavals that tend to erase and reform
the Earth’s surface features are not at work on the Moon. In fact, even tiny surface features such
as the footprint left by an astronaut in the lunar soil are likely to last for millions of years, unless
obliterated by a chance meteorite strike. The surface gravity of the Moon is about one-sixth that
of the Earth’s. Therefore, a man weighing 82 kilograms on Earth would only weigh 14 kilograms
on the Moon.
4. The geographical features of the Earth most like that of the Moon are, in fact, places such as
the Hawaiian volcanic craters and the huge meteor crater in Arizona. The climate of the Moon is
very unlike either Hawaii or Arizona, however; in fact the temperature on the Moon ranges
between 123 degrees C. to –233 degrees C.
1. What is the passage primarily about?

a) the Moon’s effect upon the Earth
b) the origin of the Moon
c) what we know about the Moon and its differences to Earth
d) a comparison of the Moon and the Earth
2. The word “massive” in line 3 is closest in meaning to

a) unavoidable
b) dense
c) huge
d) impressive
3. The word “debris” in line 5 is closest in meaning to
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a) rubbish
b) satellites
c) moons
d) earth
4. According to the passage, the Moon is

a) older than the Earth
b) protected by a dense atmosphere
c) composed of a few active volcanoes
d) the primary cause of Earth’s ocean tides
5. The word “uneven “ in line 11 is closest in meaning to

a) Heavier
b) Equally distributed
c) Orderly
d) Not uniform

WORD DEFINITION AND TRASNALTION
collision 1.the act of colliding; a coming violently into contact; crash:
the collision of two airplanes.
2.a clash; conflict:
a collision of purposes.
3.Physics. the meeting of particles or of bodies in which each exerts a force upon the
other, causing the exchange of energy or momentum.
բախում
68
upheaval strong or violent change or disturbance, as in a society:
the upheaval of war.
2.an act of upheaving, especially of a part of the earth's crust.
հեղաշրջում
debris 1.the remains of anything broken down or destroyed; ruins; rubble:
the debris of buildings after an air raid.
2.Geology. an accumulation of loose fragments of rock.
բեկորներ
uneven 1.not level or flat; rough; rugged:
The wheels bumped and jolted over the uneven surface.
2.irregular; varying; not uniform:
The book is uneven in quality.
3.not equitable or fair; one-sided:
an uneven contest.
4.not equally balanced; not symmetrical or parallel.
անհավասար
coalesced 1.to grow together or into one body:
The two lakes coalesced into one.
2.to unite so as to form one mass, community, etc.:
The various groups coalesced into a crowd.
3.to blend or come together:
Their ideas coalesced into one theory.
սերտաճած
gravitation 1.Physics.the force of attraction between any two masses.
Compare law of gravitation.an act or process caused by this force.
2.a sinking or falling.
ձգողականություն
synchronous occurring at the same time; coinciding in time; contemporaneous; simultaneous.
համաժամանակյա
69
III. Retell the text
14. What are the accepted theories of the origin of The moon?
15. Which is the primary cause of ocean tides?
16. Does the moon have active tectonic or volcanic activity?

(goddess, the moon , paradise, encourage, admired, approve, result of , the dark , beautiful,
legends)
There are many _____________ about the moon, among which this one is the most
touching.
In the ancient Greek mythology, _____________ goddess Artemis, was the god of the
sun Apollo's sister. She was very _____________, and also was a very powerful archer who was
in charge of the hunting and drove a silver carriage in the sky every night. This carriage
represented everything in _____________ including cold, lonely, and the souls’ road. And she
was the patron saint of unmarried girls in the Greek gods - she was also unmarried, and about
this there was a sad story.
Poseidon's son, Orion, was very fond of archery. Moreover, he was a very good hunter,
and liked rushing on the sea every day. Once, he met with the Artemis, and as a _____________
their common hobby, they _____________ each other and fell in love quickly. So they often
hunted together in the jungle and flew above the sea. But the goddess's elder brother Apollo
hated Orion very much, and did not _____________ of his sister’s being with Orion, so he was
determined to kill Orion. One day, when Orion flew above the sea, Apollo fell the golden light
on Orion to hide him, so that no one could see Orion, and then went to _____________ his
sister, moon goddess, to take aim at the golden light. Goddess, of course, did not know this was
her brother's plot, shooting an arrow just at the head of Orion. When learning what she shot at
was her sweet heart, she plunged into despair, crying day and night.
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In order to treasure her love forever, she requested Zeus to raised Orion to the
_____________, wishing to see him when she was driving the silver carriage. Zeus accepted her
request. So Orion became the constellation - Orion. The _____________ swore that she would
not get married so that she could always accompany Orion in the night sky.

1. Լուսինը Երկրի հետ սինքրոն պտույտի մեջ է՝ մշտապես շրջված լինելով դեպի
մոլորակը միևնույն կողմով։ Այն Արեգակից հետո ամենապայծառ մարմինն է
երկնքում, չնայած այն հանգամանքին, որ նրա մակերևույթը իրականում շատ մուգ է
և արտացոլման գործակցով մոտ է ածխին:
2. Լուսինը ձևավորվել է մոտ 4,5 միլիարդ տարի առաջ՝ Երկրի ձևավորումից
անմիջապես հետո։ Չնայած նախկինում Լուսնի ձևավորման մի քանի վարկած կար,
ներկայումս ամենատարածված բացատրությունն այն է, որ Լուսինը ձևավորվել է
Երկրի և Մարսի փոխազդեցության պատճառով առաջացած մնացորդներից:
3. Լուսինը դիֆերենցված մարմին է, ունի երկրաքիմիական տեսանկյունից
տարբեր կեղև, մանտիա և միջուկ: Ներքին միջուկի ծածկույթը, որն ունի 240 կմ
շառավիղ, հարուստ է երկաթով, արտաքին հեղուկ միջուկը հիմնականում կազմված
է հեղուկ երկաթից և ունի մոտ 300-330 կմ շառավիղ:
4. Մուգ և համեմատաբար անարտահայտիչ լուսնային հարթավայրերը, որոնց
կարելի է պարզորեն տեսնել անզեն աչքով, կոչվում են Լուսնի ծովեր (լատ.՝ mare՝
ծով), քանի որ հնագույն ժամանակների աստղագետները կարծում էին, որ դրանք
լցված են ջրով: Դրանք այժմ հայտնի են որպես հնագույն բազալտե լավայի
քարացած, անծայրածիր ավազաններ։ Ի տարբերություն երկրային բազալտի՝
ծովային բազալտն ավելի շատ երկաթ է պարունակում և նրա մեջ լիովին
բացակայում են ջրի պատճառով փոխված միներալները:
71
5. Լուսինը գտնվում է սինքրոն պտույտի մեջ, այսինքն՝ այն պտտվում է իր առանցքի
շուրջ նույն ժամանակում, որքանում այն պտտվում է իր ուղեծրով Երկրի շուրջ։ Սա
հանգեցնում է նրան, որ այն գրեթե միշտ նույն կողմով է շրջված դեպի Երկիրը:
USEFUL VOCABULARY
WORD TRANSLATION
արտացոլում reflection
ուղեծիր orbit
ածուխ coal
վարկած hypothesis
դիֆերենցված differentiated
անծայրածիր boundless
բազալտ basalt
պտույտ twist
առանցք axis

Case:
Many universities have rules about uses of research funding, research involving live
subjects, and other areas with ethical content. In order to ensure that faculty are familiar with
72
these rules, they are required to complete a set of online tests. At a faculty meeting, one faculty
member complained about the time the certification took, and volunteered to give the test
answers to any other faculty member who had not already taken the certification exams.
Questions:
1. What should the meeting chair have done?
2. If you were a faculty member at this meeting, what would you have done?
3. Are online certification tests a good way to inform faculty about all of the research rules?
4. What is the difference between this faculty member’s behavior and an undergraduate who
gets the answers to a test in advance and provides them to his friends?
USEFUL LINKS:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YS_DkiyAYSo
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_2GVYOsmVk8
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2iSZMv64wuU
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6A72ufn3l4
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNOwPOwJr04
73
TEXT 2

THE SUN
74
1. The temperature of the Sun is over 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit at the surface but it
rises to perhaps more than 16 million degrees at the center. The Sun is so much
hotter than the Earth that matter can exist only as a gas, except at the core. In the
core of the Sun, the pressures are so great against the gases that, despite the high
temperature. there may be a small solid core. However, no one really knows,
since the center of the Sun can never be directly observed.
2. Solar astronomers do know that the Sun is divided into five layers or zones.
Starting at the outside and going down into the Sun, the zones are the corona,
chromosphere, photosphere, convection zone, and finally the core. The first three
zones are the regarded as the Sun's atmosphere. But since the Sun has no solid
surface, it is hard to tell where the atmosphere ends and the main body of the Sun
begins.
3. The Sun's outermost layer begins about 10,000 miles above the visible surface
and can be seen during an eclipse such as the one in February 1979. At any goes
outward for millions of miles. This is the only part of the Sun that other time, the
corona can be seen only when special instruments are used on cameras and
telescopes to shut out the glare of the Sun's rays.
75
4. The corona is a brilliant, pearly white, filmy light about as bright as the full
Moon. Its beautiful rays are a sensational sight during an eclipse. The corona's
rays flash out in a brilliant fan that has wispy spike-like rays near the Sun’s north
and south poles. The corona is thickest at the sun's equator.
5. The corona rays are made up of gases streaming outward at tremendous speeds
and reaching a temperature of more than 2 million degrees Fahrenheit. The rays
of gas thin out as they reach the space around the planets. By the time the Sun's
corona rays reach the Earth, they are weak and invisible.
1. Matter on the Sun can exist only in the form of gas because of the Sun' S
a) size
b) age
c) location
d) temperature
2. With what topic is the second paragraph mainly concerned?

a) How the Sun evolved
b) The structure of the Sun
c) Why scientists study the Sun
d) The distance of the Sun from the planets
3. All of the following are parts of the Sun's atmosphere EXCEPT the
a) corona
b) chromospheres
c) photosphere
d) core
4. According to the passage as the corona rays reach the planets, they become
a) hotter
b) clearer
c) thinner
76
d) stronger
5. The paragraphs following the passage most likely discuss which of the following?
a) The remaining layers of the Sun
b) The evolution of the Sun to its present form
c) The eclipse of February 1979
d) The scientists who study astronomy
surface 1.the outer face, outside, or exterior boundary of a thing; outermost or uppermost
layer or area.
2.any face of a body or thing:
մակերեւույթ
pressure 1.the exertion of force upon a surface by an object, fluid, etc., in contact with it:
the pressure of earth against a wall.
2.Physics. force per unit area. Symbol: P.
Compare stress (def 6).
ճնշում
solid 1.having three dimensions (length, breadth, and thickness), as a geometrical body
or figure.
2.of or relating to bodies or figures of three dimensions.
պինդ
core 1.the central part of a fleshy fruit, containing the seeds.

2.the central, innermost, or most essential part of anything.
միջուկ
corona a white or colored circle or set of concentric circles of light seen around a
luminous body, especially around the sun or moon.
77
պսակ
ray a narrow beam of light. ճառագայթ

18. Can the center of the sun be directly observe?
19. What is a corona?
20. Which are the first three zones of the Sun?

(life, centuries, Helios, personification , golden chariot , horses, identified , a different god,
connected , the sun)
For ______________, humans have attempted to explain the Sun in terms of their own
worldviews. The Sun can be a god, a demon, a mischievous spirit, an omnipotent creator or a
ruthless taker of ______________. Whatever role it plays, most cultures have recognized the
significance of the Sun as prime controller of all life on Earth. Helios was the ______________
of the Sun in Greek mythology. He is the son of the Titan Hyperion and the
Titaness Theia (according to Hesiod), also known as Euryphaessa and brother of the
goddesses Selene, the moon, and Eos, the dawn. ______________was described as a
handsome titan crowned with the shining aureole of the Sun, who drove the chariot of
______________ across the sky each day to earth-circling Oceanus and through the world-ocean
returned to the East at night. In the Homeric hymn to Helios, Helios is said to drive a
______________drawn by steeds ; and Pindar speaks of Helios's "fire-darting steeds" (Olympian
Ode 7.71). Still later, the ______________ were given fiery names: Pyrois, Aeos, Aethon,
and Phlegon.
78
Helios is sometimes ______________ with Apollo: "Different names may refer to the same
being," Walter Burkert observes, "or else they may be consciously equated, as in the case of
Apollo and Helios."[6]
In Homeric literature, Apollo is clearly identified as ______________, a plague-dealer with a
silver (not golden) bow and no solar features. By Hellenistic times Apollo had become closely
______________with the Sun in cult. His epithet Phoebus, Phoibos "shining", drawn from
Helios, was later also applied by Latin poets to the sun-god Sol.
1. Արեգակը կազմավորվել է 4.6 միլիարդ տարի առաջ՝ հսկայական մոլեկուլային

ամպի գրավիտացիոն փլուզման հետևանքով։ Արևային լուսակը պարունակում
է իոնացված և չեզոք մետաղների և նաև իոնացված ջրածինի գծեր:
2. Արեգակը գազի շիկացած հսկայական գունդ է, որը Երկրից հեռու է 150

մլն կմ:Թեև այն ընդամենը սովորական աստղ է, ինչպիսիք գիշերային երկնքում
դիտվող հազարավոր ուրիշ աստղերն են, սակայն առանց Արեգակի կյանքը
Երկրի վրա անհնարին կլիներ:
3. Արեգակի շուրջը, բոլոր ուղղություններով, տարածվում է արեգակնային

մթնոլորտը, որը նույնպես հիմնականում կազմված է ջրածնից և հելիումից:
Արեգակի լրիվ խավարումների ժամանակ, երբ Լուսինը մեզանից ամբողջապես
ծածկում է Արեգակը, նրա շուրջը մի քանի րոպեով բռնկում է
արևապսակը՝ երկար ելուստներով մարգարտաարծաթափայլ լուսապսակը,
որտեղ ելուստներն արեգակնային մթնոլորտի ամենահեռավոր ծայրամասերն
են:
4. Արեգակի անընդհատ դեպի տիեզերական տարածություն արտանետած նյութի

բազմաթիվ մանրագույն մասնիկները՝ պրոտոնները, էլեկտրոնները և այլն,
79
առաջացնում են այսպես կոչված արեգակնային քամի, որը ներթափանցում է
ամբողջ Արեգակնային համակարգ:
5. Երբեմն Արեգակի մթնոլորտում տեղի են ունենում շատ ուժեղ պայթյուններ՝

արեգակնային բռնկումներ, երբ Արեգակի որոշակի տեղամասերից դուրս են
նետվում շատ արագ շարժվող մեծաթիվ մասնիկներ: Բաց Տիեզերքում կամ
Լուսնի վրա գտնվող տիեզերագնացների համար այդ բռնկումները կարող են
վտանգավոր լինել: Գիտնականները մշակում են արեգակնային բռնկումները
կանխատեսելու ու դրանցից պաշտպանվելու եղանակներ:
USEFUL VOCABULARY
WORD TRANSLATION
կազմավորել form
մոլեկուլային molecular
չեզոք neutral
մթնոլորտ atmosphere
ջրածին hydrogen
ելուստ protrusion
բռնկում ignition
ծայրամաս outskirts

80
Case:
Diane Pretty (15 November 1958 - 11 May 2002) was a British woman from Luton who
became notable after being the focus of a debate about the laws of euthanasia in the United
Kingdom during the early part of the 21st century. She had attempted to change British law so
she could end her own life because of the pains and problems that she endured because of the
terminal illness motor neurone disease, which she suffered from. She stated "I want to have a
quick death without suffering, at home surrounded by my family".
Pretty had been diagnosed with motor neurone disease several years before. Over time,
the disease worsened and made it impossible for her to move or communicate easily even though
her mental faculties remained normal. The illness resulted in her having to be looked after round
the clock by her husband and nurses, meaning that she could not commit suicide, which she had
said she would do if she was able to. She stated a wish that her husband should be able to assist
her in ending her life, but this is classed as assisted suicide, which is a criminal offence in
England and Wales under the Suicide Act 1961. Because suicide is a lawful option for those
capable of committing it; it could be argued that refusing the option to those disabled could be
considered discrimination, which is unlawful under both UK and European law. In return,
assisting someone in committing suicide who cannot themselves is not considered a 'service' in
which can be deprived. Neither of these were argued in the courts.
Pretty took her case to court using the Human Rights Act 1998 to argue that the Director
of Public Prosecutions should make a commitment not to prosecute anybody involved in helping
her to die. She focused on Articles 3 and 8 in her argument. British courts did not accept Pretty's
arguments, with the House of Lords, Britain's highest court at the time, eventually turning her
case down. The European Court of Human Rights refused to acknowledge that the European
Convention on Human Rights provided a right to die, and her appeal to that court also failed.
[6]
She stated "I feel I have no rights," after her appeal to the House of Lords was rejected. Diane
81
Pretty died aged 43 on 11 May 2002, as her health had deteriorated over the last several months
due to a series of lung and chest problems.
Questions:
1. What euthanasia is?
2. Who she was?
3. What her illness was?
4. How did she die?
5. Do you think she should have been allowed to die how she wanted?
6. Could she have done anything else to help herself rather than dying? (e.g. painkilling
drugs etc.)
USEFUL LINKS:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0WW1HN0iG0M
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ncphh8FWUUE
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2U3ucaVzRqQ
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZQcLJjpdrI
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FcZqGQ8Ra5U
82
TEXT 3

SHOEMAKER- LEVY 9
83
1. In July of 1994, an astounding series of events took place. The world anxiously watched
as, every few hours, a hurtling chunk of comet plunged into the atmosphere of Jupiter.
All of the twenty-odd fragments, collectively called comet Shoemaker- Levy 9 after its
discoverers, were once part of the same object, now dismembered and strung out along
the same orbit. This cometary train, glistening like a string of pearls, had been first
glimpsed only a few months before its fateful impact with Jupiter, and rather quickly
scientists had predicted that the fragments were on a collision course with the giant
planet. The impact caused an explosion clearly visible from Earth, a bright flaming fire
that quickly expanded as each icy mass incinerated itself. When each fragment slammed
at 60 kilometers per second into the dense atmosphere, its immense kinetic energy was
transformed into heat, producing a superheated fireball that was ejected back through the
tunnel the fragment had made a few seconds earlier. The residues from these explosions
left huge black marks on the face of Jupiter, some of which have stretched out to form
dark ribbons.
2. Although this impact event was of considerable scientific import, it especially piqued
public curiosity and interest. Photographs of each collision made the evening television
newscast and were posted on the Internet. This was possibly the most open scientific
84
endeavor in history. The face of the largest planet in the solar system was changed before
our very eyes. And for the very first time, most of humanity came to fully appreciate the
fact that we ourselves live on a similar target, a world subject to catastrophe by random
assaults from celestial bodies. That realization was a surprise to many, but it should not
have been. One of the great truths revealed by the last few decades of planetary
exploration is that collisions between bodies of all sizes are relatively common place, at
least in geologic terms, and were even more frequent in the early solar system.
1. The passage mentions which of the following with respect to the fragments of comet
Shoemaker-Levy 9?
a) They were once combine in a larger body.
b) Some of them burned up before entering the atmosphere of Jupiter.
c) Some of them are still orbiting Jupiter.
d) They have an unusual orbit.
2. The word "collectively" in line 3 is closest in meaning to

a) respectively
b) popularly
c) also
d) together
3. The author compares the fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 to all of the following
EXCEPT
a) a dismembered body
b) a train
c) a pearl necklace
d) a giant planet
85
4. Before comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 hit Jupiter in July 1994, scientists
a) had been unaware of its existence
b) had been tracking it for only a few months
c) had observed its breakup into twenty-odd fragments
d) had decided it would not collide with the planet
5. Before the comet fragments entered the atmosphere of Jupiter, they were most likely
a) invisible
b) black
c) frozen
d) exploding

incinerate to burn or reduce to ashes; cremate.այրել
astounding capable of overwhelming with amazement; stunningly

surprising.ապշեցուցիչ
collision the act of colliding; a coming violently into contact; բախում
anxious full of mental distress or uneasiness because of fear of danger or misfortune;

greatly worried; solicitous: մտահոգ
glisten to reflect a sparkling light or a faint intermittent glow; shine lustrously.
առկայծել
glimpse 1. a very brief, passing look, sight, or view.
2.a momentary or slight appearance.
շող
explosion an act or instance of exploding; a violent expansion or bursting with noise, as
of gunpowder or a boiler (opposed to implosion). պայթյուն
86
invisible not visible; not perceptible by the eye: անտեսանելի

22. What did Shoemaker- Levy 9 dicover?
23. What events took place in 1994?
24. Was the largest planet changed?

(extraterrestrial, approach, inner , sky, discovery, photograph, comet, astronomers , telescope,
visible)
Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 (formally designated D/1993 F2) was
a ______________ that broke apart in July 1992 and collided with Jupiter in July 1994,
providing the first direct observation of an ______________ collision of Solar
System objects. This generated a large amount of coverage in the popular media, and the comet
was closely observed by ______________ worldwide. The collision provided new information
about Jupiter and highlighted its role in reducing space debris in the ______________ Solar
System.
The comet was discovered by astronomers Carolyn and Eugene M. Shoemaker and David
Levy. Shoemaker–Levy 9 had been captured by Jupiter and was orbiting the planet at the time. It
was located on the night of March 24, 1993 in a ______________ taken with the 40 cm
(16 in) Schmidt ______________ at the Palomar Observatory in California. It was the first
comet observed to be orbiting a planet, and had probably been captured by Jupiter around 20–30
years earlier.
Calculations showed that its unusual fragmented form was due to a previous closer
______________ to Jupiter in July 1992. At that time, the orbit of Shoemaker–Levy 9 passed
87
within Jupiter's Roche limit, and Jupiter's tidal forces had acted to pull apart the comet. The
comet was later observed as a series of fragments ranging up to 2 km (1.2 mi) in diameter. These
fragments collided with Jupiter's southern hemisphere between July 16 and July 22, 1994 at a
speed of approximately 60 km/s (37 mi/s) or 216,000 km/h (134,000 mph). The prominent scars
from the impacts were more easily ______________ than the Great Red Spot and persisted for
many months.
Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 was the ninth periodic comet (a comet whose orbital period is 200
years or less) discovered by the Shoemakers and Levy, hence its name. It was their eleventh
comet discovery overall including their discovery of two non-periodic comets, which use a
different nomenclature. The discovery was announced in IAU Circular 5725 on March 27, 1993.
The ______________ image gave the first hint that comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 was an unusual
comet, as it appeared to show multiple nuclei in an elongated region about 50 arcseconds long
and 10 arcseconds wide. Brian G. Marsden of the Central Bureau for Astronomical
Telegrams noted that the comet lay only about 4 degrees from Jupiter as seen from Earth, and
that although this could of course be a line of sight effect, its apparent motion in the
______________ suggested that it was physically close to it. Because of this, he suggested that
the Shoemakers and David Levy had discovered the fragments of a comet that had been
disrupted by Jupiter's gravity.

1. Յուպիտերը (լատ.՝ Jupiter)կամ Լուսնթագը, Արեգակից հեռավորությամբ
հինգերորդ և արեգակնային համակարգի ամենամեծ մոլորակն է: Յուպիտերի
զանգվածը կազմում է Արեգակի զանգվածի ընդամենը մեկ հազարերորդը
(0,1%), միևնույն ժամանակ այն երկուսուկես անգամ մեծ է արեգակնային
համակարգի բոլոր մնացած մոլորակների ընդհանուր զանգվածից։
2. 1994 թվականին Շումեյկեր-Լևիի գիսաստղը բախվեց Յուպիտերի հետ:
Հետևանքը 6000 գիգատոննա ուժգնությամբ պայթյունն էր, որը մոլորակի վրա
88
թողեց մոտ 12 000 կիլոմետր լայնությամբ (գրեթե Երկիր մոլորակի չափ) սև
հետք:
3. Յուպիտերը անվանում են Արեգակնային համակարգի փոշեկուլ, իր
հսկայական հզորության ձգողության դաշտի և արտաքին Արեգակնային
համակարգի սահմանին տեղաբաշխման պատճառով:
4. Մինչ այժմ, միակ տիեզերական սարքը, որը մուտք է գործել Յուպիտերի
ուղեծիր, Գալիլեո միջմոլորակային կայանն է։ Այն մուտք գործեց Յուպիտերի
ուղեծիր 1995 թվականի դեկտեմբերի 7-ին։ Կայանը մնաց Յուպիտերի ուղեծրում
շուրջ յոթ տարի, կատարելով բազմաթիվ անցումներ Գալիլեյան արբանյակների
և Ամալթեայի մոտով։
5. Այժմ ընթացքում է ՆԱՍԱ-ի կողմից իրականացվող Ջունո առաքելությունը, որի
շրջանակներում միջմոլորակային կայանը մուտք կգործի մոլորակի բևեռային
ուղեծիր: Տիեզերական սարքը արձակվել է 2011 թվականի օգոստոսին, և
կհասնի մոլորակին 2016 թվականի վերջում:
USEFUL VOCABULARY
WORD TRANSLATION
զանգված mass
արեգակնային solar
փոշեկուլ vacuum cleaner
միջմոլորակային interplanetary
ձգողություն gravity
արբանյակ satellite
89

Case:
A stroke in 2005 left Tony Nicklinson with 'locked-in syndrome' – mentally sound but paralysed
from the neck down and unable to speak.
In 2012, Tony Nicklinson who is physically unable to commit suicide took his 'right-to-die' case
to the High Court. At the High Court in London, he described his existence as 'dull, miserable,
demeaning, undignified and intolerable' as he began his landmark case that challenges the law on
murder. He wanted the three judges to rule that if, and when, he decides he wants to die, a
doctor will be immune from prosecution if they help him.
Mr Nicklinson, 58, who communicates by blinking or with limited head movement, described
having no 'privacy or dignity left' and said his right to choose life or death had been taken away.
In an email sent to his solicitor last week, that his barrister read to the court, Mr Nicklinson said:
'All this current activity making documentaries and writing articles has reminded me of how
much I want my life to end. I know you said this hearing is all about the legal arguments but is it
possible for you to tell/remind the judges a few things? I have wanted my life to end since 2007,
so it's not a passing whim. I know consent makes no difference but the doctor has it anyway.
Legal arguments are fine but they should not forget that a life is affected by the decision they
come to – a decision that goes against me condemns me to a "life" of increasing misery.
I'm sure the judges have heard it all before but I simply wanted to get it off my chest.'
Mr Nicklinson added: 'It is misery created by the accumulation of lots of things which are minor
in themselves but, taken together, ruin what’s left of my life. I can’t tell you how significant it
would be in my life, or how much peace of mind I would have, just knowing that I can determine
90
my own life instead of the state telling me what to do - staying alive regardless of my wishes or
how much suffering I have to tolerate until I die of natural causes. I cannot scratch if I itch, I
cannot pick my nose if it is blocked and I can only eat if I am fed like a baby - only I won’t grow
out of it, unlike the baby. I am washed, dressed and put to bed by careers who are, after all, still
strangers. You try defecating to order while suspended in a sling over a commode and see how
you get on.'
His daughter said: 'He is living a life he does not wish to live. This is pure torture for him.'
He is condemned to an existence he does not wish to live in a state of suffering and indignity that
no-one should be forced to endure.
Questions:
1. How did he die?
2. Do you think he should have been allowed to die how he wanted?
3. Could he have done anything else to help himself rather than dying? (e.g. painkilling
drugs etc)
USEFUL LINKS:
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zNuT4dbdjU
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BllzEsH4SAc
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBAQG0Pimlc
7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TsHFzny6Zig
8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KMiUrzILdEo
91
TEXT 4

ENTITIES IN THE UNIVERSE
92
1. Stars may be spheres, but not every celestial object is spherical. Objects in the
universe show a variety of shapes: round planets (some with rings), tailed comets,
wispy cosmic gas and dust clouds, ringed nebulae, pinwheel-shaped spiral galaxies,
and so on. But none of the shapes on this list describes the largest single entities in the
universe. These are the double radio sources, galaxies with huge clouds of radio
emission that dwarf the visible galaxies, sometimes by a factor of a hundred or more.
Stretching over distances greater than a million light-years, these radio-emitting regions
resemble twin turbulent gas clouds, typically forming dumbbell-like shapes with the
visible galaxy (when it is visible) in the center.
2. These double radio sources present astronomers with a puzzle. Their radio emission
arises from the synchrotron process, in which electrons accelerated to nearly the speed
of light move through magnetic fields. However, in view of the rate at which the radio
sources emit energy, they should disappear in a few million years as their electrons
slow down and cease producing radiation. Somehow new electrons must be continually
accelerated to nearly the speed of light, otherwise, by now almost none of the double
radio sources would be observed.
3. With the advent of high-resolution radio interferometers during the late 1970's, part of
the answer became clear: the electrons are produced in jets that are shot out in opposite
directions from the center of galaxy. Remarkably narrow and highly directional the
jets move outward at speeds close to the speed of light. When the jets strike the highly
93
rarefied gas that percales intergalactic space, the fast-moving electrons lose their highly
directional motion and form vast clouds of radio-emitting gas.
4. Cosmic jets have ranked among the hottest topics of astronomical research in recent
years as astronomers strive to understand where they come from. Why should a galaxy
eject matter at such tremendous speeds in two narrow jets? And why are such jets not
seen in the Milky Way?
1. The word "celestial" in line 1 could best be replaced by

a) visible
b) astronomical
c) glowing
d) scientific
2. The word "entities" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

a) factors
b) processes
c) objects
d) puzzles
3. In the first paragraph, the author describes objects in the universe in terms of their
a) color
b) origin
c) location
d) shape
4. The word "their" in line 22 refers to

a) speeds
b) directions
c) electrons
94
d) clouds
5. According to the passage, scientists do not fully understand why double radio sources
a) have not eventually disappeared
b) cannot be observed with a telescope
c) are beginning to slow down
d) are not as big as some planets and stars
WORD DEFINITION
spherical 1.having the form of a sphere; globular.

2.formed in or on a sphere, as a figure.
գնդաձեւ
resemble to be like or similar to. նման լինել
disappear to cease to be seen; vanish from sight. անհետանալ
synchrotron a type of cyclotron consisting of magnetic sections alternately spaced with

sections in which particles are electrostatically accelerated. սինքրոտրոնային
dumbbell a gymnastic apparatus consisting of two wooden or metal balls connected by a

short bar serving as a handle, used as a weight for exercising.
մարզաքար
visible that can be seen; perceptible to the eye տեսանելի
95
2. Do objects in the universe show a variety of shapes?
3. What are the double radio sources?
4. How does the fast-moving electrons lose their highly directional motion?

(star, astronomers, names, including , factor, heavier , allows, sky, helium, environment)
A ________________ is a luminous sphere of plasma held together by its own gravity.
The nearest star to Earth is the Sun. Many other stars are visible to the naked eye from Earth
during the night, appearing as a multitude of fixed luminous points in the ________________
due to their immense distance from Earth. Historically, the most prominent stars were grouped
into constellations and asterisms, the brightest of which gained proper ________________ .
Astronomers have assembled star catalogues that identify the known stars and provide
standardized stellar designations. However, most of the stars in the Universe,
________________ all stars outside our galaxy, the Milky Way, are invisible to the naked eye
from Earth. Indeed, most are invisible from Earth even through the most powerful telescopes.
For at least a portion of its life, a star shines due to thermonuclear
fusion of hydrogen into ________________ in its core, releasing energy that traverses the star's
interior and then radiates into outer space. Almost all naturally occurring elements
________________ than helium are created by stellar nucleosynthesis during the star's lifetime,
and for some stars by supernova nucleosynthesis when it explodes. Near the end of its life, a star
can also contain degenerate matter. ________________ can determine the mass,
age, metallicity (chemical composition), and many other properties of a star by observing its
motion through space, its luminosity, and spectrum respectively. The total mass of a star is the
main ________________ that determines its evolution and eventual fate. Other characteristics
96
of a star, including diameter and temperature, change over its life, while the star's
________________ affects its rotation and movement. A plot of the temperature of many stars
against their luminosities produces a plot known as a Hertzsprung–Russell diagram (H–R
diagram). Plotting a particular star on that diagram ________________ the age and
evolutionary state of that star to be determined.
A star's life begins with the gravitational collapse of a gaseous nebula of material
composed primarily of hydrogen, along with helium and trace amounts of heavier elements.
When the stellar core is sufficiently dense, hydrogen becomes steadily converted into helium
through nuclear fusion, releasing energy in the process.

1. Աստղերը իրենցից ներկայացնում են մեծ
լուսարձակող գազային միացություններ (գնդեր), որոնք առաջանում են
հիմնականում գազափոշային միացություններից (հիմնականում ջրածնից և
հելիումից) գրավիտացիոն սեղմումների հետևանքով։
2. Երկրագնդին ամենամոտ գտնվող աստղը Կենտավրոսի Պրոքսիման է, որը

գտնվում է Երկիր մոլորակից 4,2 լուսային տարի հեռավորության վրա:
3. Խավարուն-կրկնակի աստղերը աստղազույգեր են, որոնց աստղերն իրենց

ուղեծրերով շարժվելիս պարբերաբար ծածկում են մեկը մյուսին և տեղի է
ունենում կրկնակի աստղի գումարային պայծառության նվազում։ Խավարուն-
կրկնակի աստղի դասական օրինակ է Ալգոլը՝
Պերսևս համաստեղության երկրորդ աստղը (β Per).
4. Ամենաջերմ աստղերը սպիտակ են կամ երկնագույն: Նրանց մակերևույթի

ջերմաստիճանը 10–100հզ.օC է: Որոշ աստղեր կարմրավուն են: Դրանք
համեմատաբար սառն աստղեր են, որոնց մակերևույթի ջերմաստիճանը չի
գերազանցում 2–3հզ. օC:
97
5. Աստղերը հավերժ չեն: Ի վերջո, դրանց միջուկում ջրածնային պաշարը
սպառվում է: Այդ ժամանակ աստղի չափերը փոխվում են, և այն
աստիճանաբար մահանում է: Հին աստղերը փքվում են՝ փոխարկվելով
Կարմիր հսկաների, որոնք իրենց շիկացած գազի մի մասը ցրում են
տարածության մեջ՝ հսկա, մշուշե օղակների տեսքով, և աստիճանաբար
սառչում
USEFUL VOCABULARY
WORD TRANSLATION
պարբերաբար regularly
միացություն conjuncture
նվազում reduction
մակերևույթ surface
Փքվել inflate

Your task:
• Design a school within a budget of
98
$5, 000. You must prioritize the materials you need to run the school and keep you
children safe and healthy.
You have 15 minutes. You must provide reasons why you have included the materials you have.
Each school will be judged by your peers and ranked from most effective to least.
Deep Sea Background Details:

• The Deep Sea community has no access to clean water.
• The school we are building will be between 5 and 7 miles away from Deep Sea.
• Not all pupils have access to sufficient amounts of food at home.
• Education is one method of getting out of poverty.
• Internet access is not available in this area.
• Your school is a 2 classroom building which needs to cater for 85 pupils.
• Pupils must be supervised at all time by at least 1 adult.
Questions:
1. What was the hardest decision you had to make about your school? Why?
2. How was poverty affected these pupils rights?
3. Are there any materials you think are missing from your option list? What are they?
4. In order to build a school which you feel is 100% functional, how much money would
you need? Create a budget and an explanation justifying your costs.
USEFUL LINKS:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UCMYmYpuANk
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBErjl1z3Mw
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0IAAzaWcgw
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ta0zpaLelXA
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HpPmPYWN8aw
ANSWER KEY
99
MA
ANSWER KEY
TEXT 1
The Moon
1.C,2. C,3.A,4.D,5. D
Fill in the gaps
Legends, the moon , beautiful, the dark, result of, admired, approve, encourage, paradise,
goddess
TEXT 2
The Sun
1.D,2.B,3.D,4.C,5.A
Fill in the gaps
centuries, life,personification Helios , the sun, golden chariot, horses, identified, a different
god, connected
TEXT 3
Shoemaker- Levy 9
100
1.A,2.D,3.D,4.B ,5.C
Fill in the gaps
comet, Extraterrestrial, astronomers , Inner, Photograph, Telescope, Approach, Visible,
Discovery, Sky
TEXT 4
Entities in the Universe
1.B,2.D ,3.4.D,5.C,6.A
Fill in the gaps
Star, Sky, Names, Including, helium, Heavier, Astronomers, Factor, Environment, allows
101

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ACADEMIC TEXTS

1 What do you know about distance education?

2 Are the latest methods in education always an improvement?

INTERNET DISTANCE EDUCATION

1. How do students know when the specific course starts?

a) They write a personal email to a professor.

b) The professor sends them a letter via post.

c) Registered students can find the information on the Internet

2. What is the advantage of studying on the web?

a) You don’t have to learn.

b) You don’t have to see the University staff.

c) You can study from any corner of the world.

3. Why do people need to register to the course?

a) to have access to the information

b) to see whether they want to continue

c) to meet interesting people

4. How can the Internet help teachers become better teachers?

a) Teachers can interact via social sites.

c) Teachers can miss real lessons and educate via Skype.

1 The possibilities for education on the Web are disastrous.___________

2 Primary school pupils are using the Web to access information.___________

3 Teachers can use various computer systems to educate themselves.___________

5 Many teachers agree that the traditional education system is old-fashioned._________

a. to a high degree or extent

b. suddenly and markedly (change)

c. not of the same kind

d able to be used or obtained

IV.Fill in the gaps with the given words

3. … on many different topics are also available.

1.Համակարգչի ներդրումը ուսուցչին նոր՝ ավանդականից տարբերվող հնարավորություններ

2 Համակարգչի և համացանցի ընձեռած հնարավորություններն օգտագործելով, հմուտ

3 Ինտերնետի ինտենսիվ կիրառությունը գերազանց շարժառիթ է գիտական

1.What are the pros and cons of distance learning?

Watch the video to support your answers.

distance education (phr) հեռահար ուսուցում

dramatically (adv) կտրուկ

educate (v) կրթել, դաստիարակել

classification (n) դասակարգում

flexible (adj) ճկուն

formation (n) ձևավորում

foster (v) խթանել

formulate (v) ձևակերպել

interrelation(s) (n) փոխհարաբերություն(ներ)

interrelationship (n) փոխկապակցվածություն

mainstream (n) հիմնական ուղղություն

scientific (adj) գիտական

transmit (v) փոխանցել

verifiable (adj) ստուգելի

resource (n) աբյուր

rote learning (phr) ավանդական ուսուցում

practical (adj) գործնական

project (n) նախագիծ

theoretical (adj) տեսական

net generation (phr) ցանցային սերունդ

proxy (n) հավատարմատար

up to date (adj) ժամանակակի

1. How can you define elementary particles?

2. What does the term elementary particles include ?

fundamental but were made of other substances.