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Zirconium Technical Handbook 2015 TOC PDF

This document provides an overview of zirconium, zircon and zirconia. It discusses their mineralogy and deposits, mining and processing methods, as well as current global production, reserves and market dynamics. It also examines the material properties of zirconium and its compounds, and reviews their state-of-the-art and emerging applications in areas such as ceramics, coatings, refractories, nuclear energy, catalysis, biomedical technology and more.

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127 views4 pages

Zirconium Technical Handbook 2015 TOC PDF

This document provides an overview of zirconium, zircon and zirconia. It discusses their mineralogy and deposits, mining and processing methods, as well as current global production, reserves and market dynamics. It also examines the material properties of zirconium and its compounds, and reviews their state-of-the-art and emerging applications in areas such as ceramics, coatings, refractories, nuclear energy, catalysis, biomedical technology and more.

Uploaded by

Latitude Dell
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1 Zirconium, zircon and zirconia definition 7

1.2 Mineralogy and deposits 8

1.3 Mining and processing 10


1.3.1 Zircon sands mining and concentrate production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.2 Zirconia and zirconium metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.4 World production, reserves and market 16


1.4.1 Current production and reserves by country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.4.2 Market behaviour and dynamic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

1.5 Industry structure and consumption patterns 17

2 Material Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1 Zirconium 24
2.1.1 Physical and Mechanical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.1.2 Nuclear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

2.2 Zirconium Compounds 27


2.2.1 Silicates - Zircon Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2.2 Oxides - Zirconia Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.2.3 Borides, Carbides, Silicides and Nitrides - Physical Properties . . . . . . . . 28
2.2.4 Halides - Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

3 State-of-the-art applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1 Foundry sands and coatings 33

3.2 Refractories 35

3.3 Ceramics 36
3.3.1 Traditional ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.3.2 Advanced ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.3.3 Electro-ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

3.4 Glass 41

3.5 Major industrial zirconia and zirconium chemical applications 42


3.5.1 Gemstones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.5.2 Nuclear industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.5.3 TiO2 coatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.5.4 Cosmetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.5.5 Paper and printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.5.6 Paints and inks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.5.7 Catalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

3.6 Minor chemical applications 47


3.6.1 Ammunition and explosives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.6.2 Gas purification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

4 Emerging R&D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.1 Advanced coatings and functional materials 49
4.1.1 Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.1.2 Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.1.3 Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.1.4 Fabrics and textiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.1.5 Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.1.6 Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.1.7 Gems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.1.8 Ceramic surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.1.9 Smart coatings with enhanced properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.1.10 Coating technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

4.2 Advanced ceramics 52


4.2.1 Ceramics with tunable properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.2.2 Ultra-High temperature and high-wear applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.2.3 Dental implants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.2.4 Composite and alloy fabrication technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

4.3 Casting and moulding 53


4.3.1 Enhanced modulus refractories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.3.2 Injection moulding ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.3.3 3D printing consumables and photo-polymerisable ceramics . . . . . . 54

4.4 Grinding media and grinding technologies 54

4.5 Biomedical applications 55


4.5.1 Implants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.5.2 Dental parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.5.3 Biocompatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.5.4 Bioconjugation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.5.5 Drug delivery and pharmaceutical formulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.5.6 Bioimaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

4.6 Catalysis 58
4.6.1 Inorganic catalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.6.2 Gas catalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.6.3 Organic catalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

4.7 Fuel cells 62


4.7.1 Proton Exchange Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.7.2 Ion transport and conductivity in zirconia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.7.3 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

4.8 Adsorption and immobilisation 63


4.8.1 Water, food and biological applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.8.2 Remediation applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.8.3 Radioactive applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.8.4 Gas storage and adsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.8.5 Sorption for catalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.8.6 Sorption of zirconium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

4.9 Sensing 65
4.9.1 High temperature and pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.9.2 Gas sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.9.3 Biosensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

4.10 Nanomaterials, nanorods, nanostructures and nanofabrication 66


4.10.1 Nanotubes and ordered arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.10.2 Foils and thin films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.10.3 Surface modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.10.4 Nanofibres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.10.5 Self assemblies, organic templates, and hybrid materials . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.10.6 Nanofluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.10.7 Nanoparticles, nanopowders, nanocrystals and composites . . . . . . . 68

4.11 Optical materials 69


4.11.1 Waveguides, fibres and optical substrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.11.2 Nanostructured colour and dyeing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.11.3 Luminescence and emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

4.12 Electronics and solid state devices 70


4.12.1 Memory devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.12.2 Electrical gates and transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.12.3 Superionic conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

4.13 Research trends 70


4.13.1 Number of citations per research topic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.13.2 Relation to high-level research trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.13.3 Classification according to applications maturity level . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

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