UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES

Academic Unit 2
Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Science & Engineering)
Biology For Engineers 20SZ148

GENETIC INFORMATION
DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER
By Dr. Ashish Kumar Chowdhary
 SYLLABUS-
BIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS (20SZT148)

Basic Cell Biology

 Living Organisms, Cells and Cell theory, Cell Structure

and Function, Genetic information

UNIT-I  Protein Synthesis and Protein Structure, Cell Growth,

Cell Division and Differentiation

 Aging, Apoptosis, Stem Cell Biology and Tissue

Engineering

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COURSE OBJECTIVE
 This subject is designed to impart
fundamental knowledge on basic and
emerging fields of biology like
bioinformatics.

 It is designed to impart knowledge that

how to apply basics of biology in
engineering.
https://www.technologynetworks.com/informatics/blog/how-automation-can-give-
bioengineering-a-boost-335758

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COURSE OUTCOME
CO Title Level
Number

CO1 To apply knowledge of cell biology to identify, Remember

formulate, and solve problems.
CO2 To excel in career as researcher in both Understand
traditional and emerging fields of science.
CO3 To apply knowledge of molecular biology, Understand
biosensors and immunology to excel in areas
such as entrepreneurship, medicine, Will be covered in this
government, and education.
lecture
CO4 To think critically and creatively, especially Understand
about the use knowledge about biology of
cancer and new areas of biology to address
local and global problems. https://specials-images.forbesimg.com/imageserve/1034901762/960x0.jpg?fit=scale
 GENES

 A gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that encodes the synthesis of a gene
product, either RNA or protein.

 During gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA. The RNA can be directly
functional or be the intermediate template for a protein that performs a function.

 The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance

of phenotypic trait. These genes make up different DNA sequences called genotypes.

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Term Meaning
Single-stranded nucleic acid that carries out
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
the instructions coded in DNA
The process by which the information in
Central dogma of biology genes flows into proteins: DNA → RNA →
protein
Polypeptide A chain of amino acids
A sequence of three nucleotides that
Codon corresponds with a specific amino acid or
start/stop signal during translation
Process during which a DNA sequence of a
Transcription
gene is copied to make an RNA molecule
Process during which an mRNA molecule is
Translation used to assemble amino acids into
polypeptide chains
Mutation A change in a genetic sequence

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https://www2.le.ac.uk/projects/vgec/diagrams 7
/36%20chromosome%20unravel.jpg/view
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-rna-
and-protein-synthesis/a/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis-review?modal=1
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https://geneticshbdanieldelprete.weebly.com/structure-of-dna.html https://www.accessscience.com/content/nucleic-acid/460600

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 GENETIC INFORMATION

Genetic Information
 The genetic information of an organism is stored in DNA molecules.
 There are only four bases found in DNA: G, A, C, and T.
 The sequence of these four bases can provide all the instructions needed to build any
living organism.
 The human genome (all the DNA of an organism) consists of around three
billion nucleotides divided up between 23 paired DNA molecules, or chromosomes.

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 CENTRAL DOGMA OF BIOLOGY
 The central dogma illustrates the flow of genetic information in cells, the DNA replication, and
coding for the RNA through the transcription process and further RNA codes for the proteins by
translation.

 A gene that encodes a polypeptide is expressed in two steps. In this process, information flows
from DNA → RNA → protein, a directional relationship known as the central dogma of
molecular biology.

https://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/central-dogma_med.jpeg 11
 In transcription, a DNA sequence is rewritten, or transcribed, into a similar RNA "alphabet."
In eukaryotes, the RNA molecule must undergo processing to become a mature messenger
RNA (mRNA).

 In translation, the sequence of the mRNA is decoded to specify the amino acid sequence of a
polypeptide. The name translation reflects that the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA
sequence must be translated into the completely different "language" of amino acids.

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 GENETIC CODE

.
 Genetic code contains the information of the protein manufactured from RNA.
 There are basically three nucleotides and four nitrogenous bases, which collectively form a
triplet codon that codes for one amino acid.
 The number of possible amino acids range to 4 x 4 x 4 = 64 amino acids. There are 20
naturally existing amino acids.
 Out of the 64 codons, 3 are stop codons which stop the process of transcription and one of
the codons is an initiator codon i.e. AUG coding for Methionine.

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The four bases of RNA form a language with just four nucleotide bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C),
guanine (G), and uracil (U). The genetic code is read in three-base words called codons. Each codon
corresponds to a single amino acid (or signals the starting and stopping points of a sequence).

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs- 14
rna-and-protein-synthesis/a/hs-rna-and-protein-synthesis-review?modal=1
https://slideplayer.com/slide/4652629/

https://www.wpclipart.com/medical/microscopic/genetic_code_RNA.png.html

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF GENETIC CODE
 Comma less: Genetic code is comma less. This means that the arrangement of triplet codons on m-
RNA is one after other without a gap.

 Non-ambiguous nature: Each codon specifies a particular amino acid. The only exception is AUG
which codes for methionine and GUG codes for valine. But in the absence of AUG, GUG can also
code methionine.

 Degenerate nature: There are 61 codons for 20 amino acids. But some amino acids are coded by
more than one codon. Hence it is said to be degenerated. e.g. GGG, GGA, GGC and GGU all code
for glycine.

 Polarity: Genetic code could be read only in 5'-3'direction on m-RNA. This polarity is the important
aspect of the genetic code. It also has start and stop signals. Start or initiation codon is AUG while
UAG, UAA, UGA are the stop or termination codes.

 Universality: Genetic code is universal for all the organisms from simple bacteria to complex
organisms.
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 CONCLUSION

 The central dogma illustrates the flow of genetic information in cells

 A gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that encodes the synthesis of
a gene product, either RNA or protein.
 The central dogma takes place in two different steps:
Transcription
Translation

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YouTube Video Links:

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gG7uCskUOrA

2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=llzh1-q6zuA

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 HOME WORK

Q.1. Discuss about the Genetic Information.

Q.2 What is Central Dogma of Information ?

Q3.Discuss in detail different steps of Genetic information.

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 APPLICATIONS

•The study of Genetic Information will pave way for advance studies in the

heredity.

•It will give thorough knowledge of the central Dogma to enable students to

disseminate knowledge in pursuing excellence in academic areas.

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 REFERENCES
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology
2. https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_Introductory_Biology
_(CK-
12)/04%3A_Molecular_Biology/4.01%3A_Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biology#:~:text=The%20central
%20dogma%20of%20molecular%20biology%20states%20that%20DNA%20contains,DNA%20to%20RNA
%20to%20Protein.
3. https://wellnessadvocate.com/?dgl=70872
4. C.B.Powar.2010.Cell Biology VOL I. Himalaya Publishing House.
5. Robert Weaver. 2012 “Molecular Biology,” 5th Edition, MCGraw-Hill.

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 THANK YOU

For queries
Email: ashish.e9796@cumail.in