Questions

Q1.
 
This apparatus can be used in a method to find the volume of sulfuric acid required to neutralise a
solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH).

(a)  What name is given to this method?

(1)
Titration

(b)  Which piece of apparatus should be used to measure the 25.0 cm3 of KOH?
(1)
   A    beaker
   B    measuring cylinder
   C    pipette
   D    syringe

(c)  State the colours that are seen if methyl orange is used as the indicator.
(2)
colour before adding the acid

Yellow

colour after KOH is neutralised

Orange

(d)  A student carries out the experiment. His burette readings are shown in the diagram.
 Use the diagram to complete the table. Give the readings to the nearest 0.05 cm3.
(3)

23.6

2.85

20.75

(e)  A second student did the experiment four times, using a different solution of potassium hydroxide.
The table shows her results.

Concordant results are those within 0.20 cm3 of one another.

(i)  Place ticks in the table to indicate which results are concordant with one another.
(1)
(ii)  Use your ticked results to calculate the average (mean) volume of acid added.
(2)
22.60 + 22.45 + 22.55

3
22.53
average (mean) volume of acid = ........................................................... cm3

 
(Total for question = 10 marks)
 

Q2.
 
This question is about hydrochloric acid.

(a)  Dilute hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq), reacts with many metals.

A student observes the reaction of dilute hydrochloric acid with four metals, P, Q, R and S.

She uses the same amount of metal in each case.

The table shows her observations.

(i)  Use the information in the table to place the four metals in order of reactivity.
Place the most reactive first.
(2)

Q R S P
(ii)  Give the names of the two products formed when magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid.
(2)
Product 1 Magnesium Chloride
Product 2 Hydrogen
(b)  Describe a test to show that dilute hydrochloric acid contains chloride ions.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

 
(Total for question = 6 marks)
 
Q3.
 
A student investigated the neutralisation of acids by measuring the temperature changes when alkalis
were added to acids of known concentrations.

He used this apparatus to add different volumes of sodium hydroxide solution to a fixed volume of dilute
nitric acid.

He used this method.

· measure the temperature of 25.0 cm3 of the acid in the polystyrene cup
· add the sodium hydroxide solution in 5.0 cm3 portions until a total of 30.0 cm3 has been added
(a)  State two properties of the sodium hydroxide solution that should be kept constant for each 5.0 cm3
portion.
(2)

1 Concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution

2 Temperature of the sodium hydroxide solution

(b)  The diagram shows the thermometer readings in one experiment.

Write down the thermometer readings and calculate the temperature change.
(3)
temperature after adding alkali 19.4°C

temperature before adding alkali 16.9°C

temperature change 2.5°C

(c)  The student carried out the experiment three times.

The table shows his results.

The teacher said that only the results for experiment 3 showed the expected increase and decrease in
temperature.

(i)  Why was there no temperature decrease in experiment 1?

(1)

   A    The alkali was added too quickly

   B    The starting temperature of the acid was too high

   C    The acid concentration was half what it should have been

   D    The volume of acid used was 50.0 cm3 instead of 25.0 cm3

(ii)  Why were the temperature increases in experiment 2 much greater than expected?
(1)

   A    The starting temperature of the acid was too high

   B    The acid concentration was double what it should have been

   C    The volume of acid used was 50.0 cm3 instead of 25.0 cm3

   D    The alkali was added in 10.0 cm3 portions but were recorded as 5.0 cm3 portions

(d)  Plot the results of experiment 3 on the grid.

Draw a straight line of best fit through the first four points, and another straight line of best fit through the
last three points. Make sure that the two lines cross.
(4)
(e)  The point where the lines cross indicates the volume of alkali added to exactly neutralise the acid and
also the maximum temperature reached.

Record these values.

(2)
volume of alkali 18.75 cm3

maximum temperature 23.75°C

(f)  Another student used sulfuric acid instead of nitric acid in her experiments. She started with 25.0 cm3
of sulfuric acid of concentration 0.650 mol/dm3.

She added 0.500 mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide solution until the acid was completely neutralised.

The equation for this reaction is

2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

(i)  Calculate the amount, in moles, of sulfuric acid used.

n = c x v/1000 (2)

= 0.650 x 25/1000
 amount = 0.1625 mol

(ii)  Calculate the amount, in moles, of sodium hydroxide needed to neutralise this amount of sulfuric acid.
(1)
0.01625 x 2

amount = 0.325 mol

(iii)  Calculate the volume, in cm3, of sodium hydroxide solution needed to neutralise this amount of
sulfuric acid.
(2)
v/1000 = n/c

= 0.0325/0.500

volume = 65 cm3
 
(Total for Question = 18 marks)
Q4.
 
A student uses this apparatus to find the increase in temperature of water when methanol, CH3OH, is
burned.

(a)  There are several reasons why the increase in temperature is less than expected.
(i)  One reason is the incomplete combustion of methanol to form only carbon monoxide and water.
Write the chemical equation for this incomplete combustion.
(2)
CH3OH + O2 = CO + 2H20
(ii)  State another reason why the increase in temperature is less than expected.
(1)
Some is released as heat to surroundings

(b)  The student records these results.

(i)  Calculate the heat energy change (Q), in joules, in this experiment using the expression
Q = m × 4.2 × ΔT
where m is the mass of water in grams and ΔT represents the increase in temperature.
(2)
Q = 125 x 4.2 x -36
 Q = -18900 J
(ii)  The relative molecular mass of methanol is 32
Use this information and your value for Q to calculate the molar enthalpy change, ΔH, for the
combustion of methanol.
Give your answer in kJ/mol.
(4)
1.5/32 = 0.046875

18.9/0.046875

ΔH = -403.2 kJ/mol

(iii)  The student draws an energy level diagram for the complete combustion of methanol.

Identify the two mistakes in his diagram.

(2)
1 The oxygen is missing on the reactant line.

2 The energy level of CO2 is higher than that of the methanol.

(c)  The student is given this table of average (mean) bond energies.

The equation for the complete combustion of methanol is

 Use this equation and the information in the table to calculate another value for the molar enthalpy
change, ΔH, for the combustion of methanol.
(4)
(3 x 412) + 360 + 463 + (1.5 x 496) = (2 x 743) + (4 x 463)

2803 = -3338

ΔH = -535 kJ/mol

 
(Total for question = 15 marks)
 
Q5.
 
A student does some experiments to find the heat energy released when natural gas burns.

She uses this apparatus.

(a)  The diagram shows the thermometer readings in one of her experiments.

Use these readings to complete the table, entering all values to the nearest 0.1 °C.
(3)

18.7

27.2
(b)  The student repeats the experiment three times.
The table shows her results.

(i)  Calculate the amount, in moles, at room temperature and pressure, of methane burned in
experiment 1.
Assume that natural gas contains only methane.
(The volume of 1 mol of a gas at room temperature and pressure is 24 000 cm3)
(2)

1450/24000

amount = 0.0604 mol

(ii)  The quantity of heat energy released in experiment 1 is 29 200 J.

Calculate the molar enthalpy change, in kJ/mol, for the combustion of methane.
(2)
29.2/0.0604

molar enthalpy change = -483.3 kJ/mol

(iii)  The temperature rise in experiment 2 is 41.2 °C.

Calculate the heat energy change in experiment 2 using the expression
heat energy change = volume of water × 4.2 × temperature change
(in J)           (in cm3)           (in °C)
 (2)
Q = 200 x 4.2 x 41.2

heat energy change = 34608 J

(iv)  The student uses the results from experiment 3 to calculate the molar enthalpy change, in kJ/mol,
for the combustion of methane.
She compares her value with the value in a data book.

Which is the best explanation for the large difference between these two values?
(1)
   A    natural gas contains other gases that release heat energy when burned
   B    not all of the heat energy is transferred to the water
   C    some of the water evaporates during the experiment
   D    the student measures the gas by volume instead of by mass

(c)  The student uses a table of average bond energies to calculate another value for the molar enthalpy
of combustion of methane.

The equation for the combustion can be shown using displayed formulae.

(i)  Use values from the table to calculate the energy taken in when the bonds in the reactants are
broken.
(2)
4 x 412 = 1648

2 x 496 = 992
 energy taken in = 2640 kJ

(ii)  Use values from the table to calculate the energy given out when the bonds in the products are
formed.
(2)
2 x 743 = 1486

4 x 463 = 1852

energy given out = -3338 kJ

(iii)  Use your answers to (i) and (ii) to calculate the molar enthalpy change for the combustion of
methane.
(1)

2640 -3338

molar enthalpy change = -698 kJ/mol

 
(Total for question = 15 marks)
Q6.
 
(a)  A student made a solution of sodium hydroxide by dissolving 10.0 g of solid sodium hydroxide in
distilled water to make 250 cm3 of solution.

(i)  Calculate the amount, in moles, of NaOH in 10.0 g of sodium hydroxide.

(3)
10/40

amount = 0.25 mol

(ii)  Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of this solution of sodium hydroxide.

(2)

0.25 x 1000/250

concentration = 1 mol/dm3

(b)  (i)  The student uses the sodium hydroxide solution to find the concentration of a solution of
hydrochloric acid.
He uses this method

· use a pipette to put 25.0 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution into a conical flask
· add a few drops of methyl orange indicator to the solution
· gradually add the hydrochloric acid from a burette until the solution in the flask just changes colour

The diagram shows his burette readings.

 Complete the table, giving all values to the nearest 0.05 cm3.
(3)

25.2

1.65

23.55

(ii)  State the colour of the methyl orange at the start and at the end of the experiment.
(2)
colour at start

Yellow

colour at end

Orange

(iii)  Why is a burette used instead of a pipette for adding the acid?
(1)
So that the acid can be added drop-wise.

(c)  Sodium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide.

The equation for this reaction is
2NaOH + CO2 → Na2CO3 + H2O
A solution of sodium hydroxide of concentration 2.00 mol/dm3 is used.
(i)  Calculate the amount, in moles, of sodium hydroxide in 200 cm3 of this solution.
(2)

n = 2 x 200/1000
 amount of sodium hydroxide = 0.4 mol

(ii)  Deduce the maximum mass, in grams, of carbon dioxide that can react with this solution of sodium
hydroxide.
(2)

mass of carbon dioxide = ........................................................... g

 
(Total for question = 15 marks)
Q7.
 
A student is provided with a solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, and a solution of 0.0200 mol/dm3
phosphoric(V) acid, H3PO4

She does a titration to find the volume of the phosphoric(V) acid that reacts with 25.0 cm3 of the sodium
hydroxide.

This is the student's method.

· add phosphoric(V) acid to a clean burette until it is nearly full

· record the burette reading
· use a measuring cylinder to add 25.0 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide to a clean conical flask
· add a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator to the flask
· place the flask on a white tile
· add phosphoric(V) acid from the burette until the indicator changes colour
· record the burette reading
· wash the flask using distilled water and then dry the flask
· repeat the titration 

(a)  (i)  Name a piece of apparatus that would give a more precise measurement of the volume of sodium
hydroxide.
(1)
Pipette
(ii)  Suggest why the student places the flask on a white tile.
(1)
So that when the colour changes, it is more clear to see
(iii)  Give the colour change of the phenolphthalein indicator during the titration.
(2)
at start Pink

at end Colourless
(iv)  The student dries the flask after washing it with distilled water.
Suggest why it is not necessary to dry the flask before repeating the titration.
(1)

Water will not affect the

result at the end
(b)  The diagram shows the student's burette readings for her titration, before and after adding the acid.

Use the readings to complete the table, giving all values to the nearest 0.05 cm3.
(2)

1.45

21.35

(c)  Another student does the experiment four times.

The table shows his results.

Concordant results are those within 0.20 cm3 of each other.

(i)  Place ticks in the table to show which results are concordant.
(1)
(ii)  Use the concordant results to calculate the average (mean) volume of acid added.
(2)
21.50 + 21.35 + 21.40/3

average volume = 21.42 cm3

(d)  The titration is repeated many times.

The average result from all these titrations shows that 25.0 cm3 sodium hydroxide reacts with 21.30
cm3 of 0.0200 mol/dm3 phosphoric(V) acid.
The equation for the reaction is
H3PO4 + 3NaOH → Na3PO4 + 3H2O
Calculate the concentration, in mol/dm3, of the sodium hydroxide solution.
(3)
c of NaOH= n/25/1000

n of H3PO4 = 0.000426

n of NaOH = 0.000426 x 3 = 1.278 x 10^-3

 concentration of sodium hydroxide solution = 0.051. mol/dm3

 
(Total for question = 13 marks)
 

Q8.
 
A student is provided with a solution of dilute sulfuric acid and a solution of sodium hydroxide.

The student does a titration using 25.0 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution.

She adds the acid from a burette.

(a)  Which type of reaction occurs between dilute sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide?
(1)
   A    displacement
   B    neutralisation
   C    precipitation
   D    redox

(b)  The diagram shows the student's burette readings for the titration.

(i)  Use the readings to complete the table, giving all values to the nearest 0.05 cm3.
(3)

26.3
1.75

24.55
(ii)  Explain why the student needs to repeat the titration in order to obtain a reliable value for the
volume of acid required to react exactly with 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution.
(2)
 To identify and exclude the anomalous result and record an average.

 
(Total for question = 6 marks)