 Causative verbs is a verb used to indicate that some person or thing makes or help to make

something happen.
Examples of causative verbs include ( make,cause,allow, help,have,eneble,keep,hold,let,force,and
require), which can also be referred to as causal verbs or simply causative.
A causative verb, which can be in any tense,is generraly followed by an object and another verb
form, often an infinitive or a pa vvrticple and are used to describe something that happens because
of a person,place,or thing whose actions bring about change in another entity.

Examples for your comparison.

a. my hair was cut. (passive)
b. I had my hair cut (causative)

Causative verbs are used to indicate that one person causes a second person to do something for
the first person. The causative are ; have,get,make.
 HAVE/GET the pattern have action ( S + HAVE + COMPLIMENT + VERB IN SIMPLE FORM)
Example : marry has john wash the car
 MAKE the pattern have action ( S + MAKE/ MAKES/MADE) + OBJECT + ACTION VERB “ V-3
 Examples : the teacher made all the students rewrite their papers, because the first drafts
were not acceptable.
 Subjuction verbs is relating to,or constituting a verb form or set of verb forms that represents a
denoted act or state not as fact but as contingent or possible or viewed emotionally ( as possible or
viewed emotionally (as with doubt or desire). Subjuntive is a form of express needs, suggestions,
expections that are different from reality.
The subjuctive is typically used after two structures ;
a) The verbs : ask, command, demand,insist,propose,recommend,request,suggest+ THAT.
b) The expressions : it is desirable,essential,important,neccessry,vital+ THAT.
That in these structures the subjunctive is always the same. It does not metter whether the
sentence is past or present. Look at these examples.
 PRESENT : the president request that they stop in occupation.
 PAST : the president requested that they stop the occupation.
 PRESENT : it is essential that they she be present.
 PAST : it was essential that she be present.

3. A Present modals perfect tense begins with ant present tense modal (wiil,may,shall,must) followed
by have plus the past tense of the action verbs ( regular verbs ending with ‘ed’ and many irraguler verbs
ending with ‘ en’ .

Modals verbs, sometimes called modals,are auxiliary verbs ( helping vebrs) they express such thing as
possibily,proballity,permission,and obligation.

Modal are different from normal verbs ;

 Modal verbs do not take ‘s’ in the third person.

 You use ‘not’ to make modals verbs negative,even in simple present and simple past
 Many modals verbs cannot be used in the past tenses or perfect tense.
MODAL PRESENT : ( S+ modal(will,shall,may,can,must)+ infinitive “ without ‘to’ “
MODAL PAST : (S + modalpast ( could,might,should,had to,would).
MODAL PERFECT : (S+ modal+ have+V3+Object.

4. GERUND is a noun formed from verbs that ends with an ing- word. It is easy to detect gerund
because all we need to do is pay attention to verb+ing which functions as a noun. In the gerund
sentence is placed in several positions for example as the subject,object is placed after certain verbs
and others.
Pettern of Gerund ( S+ verb + gerund)
 Example : fishing is my uncle’s hobby.
He called me before going to the airport.
PRESENT CONTINUOS TENSE is narrates an action which is being continued or going to be
continued in the near future. It uses am/is/are and ing added with the verb. The present
continuos also called present progressive is a verb tense which is used to show that on going
action is happening now,either at the moment of speech or now inva large sense.

Pattern of present continuous tense;

VERBAL SENTENCE ( S+ be (is,am,are)+ ving + 0/c)

NOMINAL SENTENCE ( S+ BE( is,am,are)

AFFRIMATIVE ( S+ to be +ving) example : he is an e-mail now.

NEGATIVE ( S+ to be + not + ving). Example : he is not reading an email now.

INTROGATIVE ( to be + s + ving ).example : is he reading an email now?

5. INFINITIVES an infinitive is a verb form that acts as others parts of speech in sentence there are two
kinds of invinitives : ( infinitive to and infinitive without to).

Infinitive to ; basic verbs that start with the word to which functions as a verb noun which is ussualy
followed by an object. For example ; to see,to hear,to look,to go.

Infinitive without to ; basic words that don’t begin with the word to,and also original basic verbs. For
example : see,hear,look,go.

6. WORD ORDER is means the word. In this case what is meat is meant is how the word will be arranger
in a standar sentence.

In English grammar word order is used as a method of arranging words into correct sentences and
avoiding ambiguity in the meaning of word or in sentences that are arranged. In this word order there
are two elements that are very important and should be of concern to all of us,namely the order of
arguments and sentence constituens.

Pattern of word order : ( S +verbs + object) here are some examples of words put into the correct an
incorrect order: I HAVE 2 BROTHERS AND 2 SISTERS AT HOME(CORRECRT) and 2 brothers and 2 sisters
have I at home( INCORRECT).
7. CLAUSA OF CONCENSSION an adverbial clause may express concession . a concessive clause is usually
introducted by a subordinate congjungtion,thougt,althougt or even. It admits( or concedes) some fact or
supportion in spite of which the in the main clause made.

8. DERIVATION is the information of a new word or inflectable stem from another word or stem. It
typically accurs by the addition of affix. The derived word is often a differencent word class from the
original.

In contrast to inflection,derivation : is not obligatory, typically produces a greater change of meaning

from which has a somewhat idiosyncratic meaning, often changes the grammatical category of root.

9. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE : AKTIF : S + DO/DOES + V1 ( STUDENTS SPEAK ENGLISH)

PASIF : S + TO BE( is,am,are) + v3+ by+ o. ( English is spoken by students.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE : AKTIF : S + TO BE( am,are,is)+ being + v3+ o ( Student is speaking English)

PASIF: s + to be( am,are,is) + being + v3+ by+o. ( English is being spoken

by students)

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE : AKTIF : S+HAVE/HAS + BEEN + VING+O. (students have spoken English)

PASIF : S+ HAVE/HAS+ BEEN+V3+BY+O ( English has been spoken by student)

PRESENT CONTINUOS TENSE : AKTIF : S+HAVE/HAS+ BEEN+VING+O ( students have been speaking
English.

PASIF : S+ HAVE/HAS+ BEEN+BEING+V3+BY+O (English has been neing

spoken by student.

SIMPLE PAST TENSE : AKTIF : S + V2+O ( students spoke English)

PASIF: S+ TO BE( WAS/WERE) + V3+BY+O ( ENGLISH was spoken by students.

PAST CONTINUOS TENSE ; AKTIF : S +TO BE( WAS/WERE) + VING+O ( STUDENT were speaking English)

PASIF : S+TO BE (WAS/WERE) + BEING +V3+BY+O (English was being spoken

by students.

PAST PERFECT TENSE : AKTIF : S+ HAD NOT+ V3+O (Students had spoken English)

PASIF : S+ HAD+BEEN+V3+BY+O (English had been spoken by students)

10. THE STUCTURE of academic texts.an important feature of academic texts is that yhey are organized
in a specific way, they have a clear structure .this structure makes it easier for your reader to negative
your taxt and understand the material better.it also makes it easier for you organize your materials.