Actividad de aprendizaje 10

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 UNITED
NATIONS TD
United Nations Distr. GENERAL

Conference TD/B/COM.1/79*
2 February 2006 Original:
on Trade and
Development ENGLISH

TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT BOARD

Commission on Trade in Goods and Services, and Commodities
Tenth session
Geneva, 6–10 February 2006
Item 6 of the provisional agenda

TRADE, ENVIRONMENT AND

DEVELOPMENT

Background note by the UNCTAD secretariat*

This note focuses on selected trade and environment issues that have received considerable
attention in recent international policy discourse, and related UNCTAD activities. The analysis of
environmental goods and services builds on recent work carried out with a view to assisting
developing countries in dealing with the implications of the mandate provided for in paragraph
31 (iii) of the Doha Ministerial Declaration as well as UNCTAD's contribution. The note also
analyses the results of studies and policy dialogues concerning environmental requirements and
market access for developing countries carried out under UNCTAD’s capacity building
programme and the Consultative Task Force on Environmental Requirements and Market Access
for Developing Countries, and ongoing and future work on standards and related issues in the field
of organic agriculture. The note also discusses trade and investment opportunities for developing
countries emerging from the Kyoto Protocol and the Convention on Biological Diversity, and
reports on UNCTAD's activities under the Biotrade Initiative, and the new BioFuels Initiative.
Finally, it raises a number of issues that the Commission may wish to address.
 I. ENVIRONMENTAL Meeting ERs in export markets has not
REQUIREMENTS AND only a market access aspect, but also a
MARKET ACCESS catalytic function for sustainable
development. There are many ERs whose
A. Environmental requirements implementation can enhance material
and market access for and energy efficiency, overcome serious
developing countries national or transboundary environmental
problems or improve public health in
exporting developing countries. But
Although the theme – environmental meeting such ERs often leads to
requirements and market access for competition for scarce resources and
developing countries – is not part of the capacities at national level, in particular in
current WTO negotiations, it is an least developed and small island
important part of the Doha work developing countries. ERs may also pose
programme (paragraph 32(i)) and partly a serious development challenge to small
included in NTB-related NAMA (non- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
agricultural market access) negotiations. To achieve win (for trade) – win (for
Furthermore, issues of market access are development) – win (for environment)
part of developing country concerns in the outcomes in meeting ERs in export
negotiations on implementation and markets, a more holistic (development-
S&DT related to the TBT (technical oriented) and proactive (anticipatory)
barrie rs to trade) and SPS (sanitary and approach needs to be pursued, based on a
phytosanitary) Agreements. They are also "shared responsibility" between
an area in which UNCTAD has been developed (ER- setting) and developing
particularly active through all three pillars countries.
of its work.

Least developed countries (LDCs) are

In recent years, environmental particularly hard hit by new
requirements (ERs) – comprising environmental and related health
governmental regulations as well as requirements (ERHRs). Such measures
voluntary private -sector or NGO-created prevent them from taking full advantage
standards and their associated conformity of preferential market access to many
assessment systems – have become more developed country markets. Their
stringent, complex and multi- resource-based industries in particular,
dimensional in many sectors. Discussions such as timber, but also agriculture as
in the CTE, UNCTAD and the OECD well as the textiles and clothing sectors,
have highlighted the fact that ERs should are faced with a wide spectrum of
be developed and applied in such a mandatory and voluntary ERs. Because
manner as to minimize possible adverse of the lack of institutional, technical and
effects on market access for developing managerial capacity, adjustment costs for
countries, while achieving the objectives new ERs in export markets are higher
of environmental policies. Although only than in other developing countries.
a few international standards on ERs However, the overall share of exports
exist, many mandatory and voluntary ERs exposed to ERs in export markets is lower
in key export markets are becoming than in other developing countries, and
“transnationalized” through supply much lower than in rapidly industrializing
chains, thus imposing requirements that countries.
were created with little or no regard to
developing country environmental
situations, developmental priorit ies and
trade concerns.
 VOCABULARIO

TRADE COMERCIO
DEVELOPMENT DESARROLLO
ENVIRONMENT MEDIO AMBIENTE
BOARD TABLERO
REQUIREMENTS REQUISITOS
MANAGERIAL GERENCIAL
COMPLEX COMPLEJO
MARKET MERCADO
MEETING REUNIÓN
ENHANCE MEJORAR
SPECTRUM ESPECTRO
ACHIEVING LOGRANDO
ASSESSMENT EVALUACIÓN
INDUSTRIALIZING INDUSTRIALIZAR
WHILE MIENTRAS
MEASURES MEDIDAS
MANDATORY OBLIGATORIO
OUTCOMES RESULTADOS
LOWER INFERIOR
STRINGENT RIGUROSO
IMPOSING IMPONENTE
FURTHERMORE ADEMÁS
HIGHLIGHTED DESTACADO
PILLARS PILARES
PROACTIVE PROACTIVO
LACK AUSENCIA
RAPIDLY RÁPIDAMENTE
SPECTRUM ESPECTRO
APPROACH ACERCARSE
OVERALL EN GENERAL
LOWER INFERIOR
EXPORT EXPORTAR

IDEA PRINCIPAL

Es un texto extraido de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo

(UNCTAD) que trata del comercio internacional y el medio ambiente, en este se expresa que los
Estados miembros de esta Conferencia deben seguir ofreciendo apoyo a los países en desarrollo
en las cuestiones en que existe interacción entre el comercio y el medio ambiente, tales como el
acceso a los mercados, la agricultura, los conocimientos tradicionales, la transferencia de
tecnologías ecológicamente racionales, los bienes y servicios ambientales, los productos
ambientalmente preferibles y las cuestiones relacionadas con esto, igualmente se habla de la
interacción entre el comercio y el medio ambiente en especial por los hechos de actualidad de
atención pública así como hechos politicos y de los mercados a raíz de los desastres naturales,
los aumentos de los precios de la energía, el precio del petróleo y las alertas alimentarias debido
a estos eventos.
También trata de la reafirmación de la necesidad de proteger el medio ambiente expresada en la
Cumbre Mundial de las Naciones Unidas. En los mercados internacionales, las exigencias
ambientales y los correspondientes requisitos sanitarios son cada vez mas estrictos y complejos
se han convertido en muchos sectores en parte integral de la calidad del producto ya que muchos
gobiernos están utilizando las exigencias ambientales para estimular la adopción de modalidades
de producción y consumo sostenibles. A su vez, muchos países en desarrollo cada vez integran
mas las cuestiones ambientales en sus políticas económicas y sociales.

MAIN IDEA

It is a text taken from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
that deals with international trade and the environment, it states that the member states of this
Conference should continue to offer support to developing countries in the issues where trade
and environment interact, such as market access, agriculture, traditional knowledge, the transfer
of environmentally sound technologies, environmental goods and services, environmentally
preferable products and the issues related to this, it also talks about the interaction between trade
and the environment, especially due to current events of public attention as well as facts Market
and political events in the wake of natural disasters, energy price increases, oil prices and food
alerts due to these events.

It also deals with the reaffirmation of the need to protect the environment expressed at the United
Nations World Summit. In international markets, environmental requirements and the
corresponding sanitary requirements are increasingly strict and complex, and in many sectors
they have become an integral part of product quality as many governments are using
environmental requirements to stimulate the adoption of methods of sustainable production and
consumption. In turn, many developing countries are increasingly integrating environmental
issues into their economic and social policies.

REFERENCES: https://unctad.org/en/Pages/publications.aspx