Biomedical Data Acquisition System

Biomedical Data Acquisition System 2015-2016
CHAPTER 1
ABOUT THE COMPANY
M.Tech, BMSPI, Department of E&IE, RVCE Page 1

CHAPTER 1
ABOUT THE COMPANY
1.1 ABOUT TMI SYSTEMS
TMI Systems is pioneer in the supply of Test and Measurement, Process Control,
Communication and Bio-Medical Instrumentation equipment’s and Engineering
Software, for Engineering Institutions, Medical Colleges, Industries, R&D Centers and
Defense Establishments in India and abroad. TMI Systems is a 20 year old organization.
The growth of the organization is due to their vision “We grow by providing
encouragement, mentoring and learning opportunities by communicating openly, and by
challenging ourselves to excel”[1]. The headquarters is located at Bangalore. Their
branch office is at Chennai. It has Supporting offices at Kolkata, Mumbai, Coimbatore,
Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam.
TMI System believes that Engineering is a practicing profession, a profession

devoted to harnessing and modifying the three fundamental resources that humankind has
available for the creation of all technology: energy, materials, and information. It is a
hands-on profession where doing is key. Instructional laboratories have been an essential
part of education. Hands on practicum can only be learned and practiced in the physical
laboratory. Clear learning objectives are essential in designing an efficient learning
system and also in applying an effective system of assessment. TMI Systems believes in
revolutionizing the laboratory education.
TMI Systems Manufacturing product lines include Function Generators, IC

Testers, Logic Analyzers, Biomedical Systems, Simulators, Sensors, Signal Conditioning
units and Data Acquisition Systems (DAQ). TMI Systems have a varied Clientele,
ranging from among the top Engineering Institutions in South and East India to
Government Defense and R&D Establishments, PSU's and the Corporate Sector. They
organize biomedical workshops in engineering colleges for the students. TMI Systems
well-equipped Service Centre, at Bangalore is capable of carrying out Service related
activities of both T&M, Biomedical equipment’s both At-bench and On-site.

TMI Systems started as a trading company 20 years back. Its major milestone
started from the year 2007-2008. TMI Systems started their manufacturing of products
from 2007-2008.
The overall organization structure flow goes in this manner:
Mr.Suresh Rangan
Proprietor
Mr.S.Kumar
Senior Manager
Mr. Dhanpal Ms.Lalitha

Mr.Balasubramanya
Manager Customer Support Admin
Manager - Production
Figure 1.1: Organizational Structure of Company
1.2 PRODUCT PROFILE OF THE COMPANY
The manufacturing product lines include Function Generators, IC Testers, Logic

Analyzers and Data Acquisition Systems (DAQ).
I. Test & Measuring equipment’s
A. T&M equipment’s
1. Oscilloscopes
a. Analog Oscilloscopes
b. Analog /Digital Oscilloscopes
c. Digital Storage Oscilloscopes

2. Signal Generators
a. Audio Signal Generators,

b. Function Generators,
c. AM/FM Function Generators,
d. Programmable / Synthesized Function Generators
e. Pulse Generators
3. IC Testers
a. Digital IC Tester
b. Analog IC Tester
c. Handheld IC Tester
4. Pattern Generator and Logical Analyzers (PGLA)
a. 32 channel PGLA
b. 16 channel PGLA
5. Power Supplies, Decade Boxes [DRB, DIB, DCB]
6. Multimeters
a. Analog & Digital

b. Hand-held
c. Table-top
B. Zealtech Electronic Workbench
The following labs can be performed with Zealtech Electronic Workbench
a. Basic electronics Lab

b. Circuits Lab
c. Digital Electronics Lab
d. Linear Integrated Circuits Lab
e. Microprocessor Lab

f. Microcontroller Lab
g. DSP Lab
h. Embedded Systems Lab
i. VLSI Lab
II. Biomedical Test Equipment’s
a. Systems
b. Simulators
c. Modules
d. Transducer Kits
e. Sensors
f. Softwares
a. Systems
1. ECG System 20. Nerve Stimulator

2. ECG System with 12 leads 21. Muscle Stimulator
3. EEG System 16 Channel 22. Multimode Muscle Stimulator
4. EMG System with NCV 23. Electrical Safety Analyzer
5. BP Calibration & Measurement System 24. Bio Telemetry
6. Heart Rate Variability System 25. Pacemaker
7. PCG System 26. Implantable Pacemaker
8. GSR System 27. Ultrasound Blood Flow Detector
9. EOG System 28. Defibrillator
10. Digital Body Temperature Monitoring 29. Respiration Monitor
System 30. Respiration Apnea Monitor
11. EPR System comprising of ECG, Pulse 31. Ultrasound Doppler (Fetal Monitor)
&Respiration 32. Plethysmography
12. 8/10 Amplifier System 33. Audiometer
13. PFT System 34. Pulse Oximeter
14. BERA System 35. pH Meter

15. Electrosurgical Diathermy 36. Conductivity Meter

16. Electrosurgical Diathermy Analyzer 37. X - ray Demo Type
17. Ultrasound Diathermy 38. Ultrasound Transducer with Display
18. Shortwave Diathermy Output
19. Bladder Stimulator 39. Instrumentation Amplifier
b. Simulators
1. ECG Simulator
2. EEG Simulator
3. EMG Simulator 12. Bio signal test Station
4. PCG Simulator 13. Respiration Apnea Simulator
5. Respiration Simulator 14. Pacemaker Simulator
6. Peripheral Pulse Simulator 15. Defibrillator Simulator
7. GSR Simulator 16. 12 lead ECG Simulator
8. EEG 16 channel Simulator with 17. Advanced EEG Simulator
spectrum 18. Advanced EMG Simulator
9. EMG Simulator with NCV 19. ECG System with Simulator
10. Multi parameter Synch patient 20. EEG System with Simulator
Simulator 21. EPR Simulator comprising of ECG,
11. Arrhythmia Simulator Pulse &Respiration
c. Modules
1. ECG Amplifier 52. Diff. I/P Single O/P

2. EEG Amplifier 53. Diff. I/P Diff. O/P
3. EMG Amplifier 54. Diff. I/P Comm. I/P Adaptor
4. EOG Amplifier 55. Level Indicator (Log)
5. PCG Amplifier 56. Level Indicator (Linear)
6. Respiration Amplifier 57. Monostable M/V
7. Peripheral Pulse Amplifier 58. Astable M/V

8. Mechanical Pulse Amplifier 59. Amplitude Control

9. Strain Gauge Amplifier 60. D.V.M
10. Tilt Amplifier 61. D.V.M. Selector
11. Current Amplifier 62. R to F Converter
12. Ultrasonic Distance Amplifier 63. Ultrasound Amplifier
13. Piezo Vibration Amplifier 64. Oscillator
14. Force Sensitive Resistor Amplifier 65. Pulse Width Modulator
15. Photo Distance Amplifier 66. Pulse Width Control
16. PIR Motion Detector Amplifier 67. Integrator
17. Hall Effect Amplifier 68. Paced Output
18. Infrared Proximity Amplifier 69. L – R Selector
19. Pressure Amplifier 70. ECG Simulator for Pacemaker
20. Pulse Amplifier (Digital) 71. Paced Pulse Simulator
21. Audio Amplifier 72. Simulated Output
22. General Amplifier 73. VT Reference
23. Temperature Amplifier 74. V Reference
24. ECG Amplifier for Pacemaker 75. Buffer
25. Band Pass Filter 76. R Network/Selector
26. Low Pass Filter 77. Wave Shaper
27. High Pass Filter 78. 12 Lead Adaptor
28. QRS Filter 79. Subtractor (A-B)
29. High Alarm 80. Controller
30. Low Alarm 81. Electronic Relay
31. FM Modulator 82. R L Adaptor
32. FM Demodulator 83. G.S.R. Calibrator
33. FM Transmitter 84. Wave Form Adder
34. FM Receiver 85. Adder
35. Refractive Generator 86. 'P' Wave Shaper
36. Sync Generator 87. 'QRS' Wave Shaper
37. 10KHz Sine Wave Generator 88. 'T' Wave Shaper

38. 50Hz Sine Wave Generator 89. 'P' Wave Astable M/V
39. Sine Wave Generator 2KHz 90. 'QRS' Wave Monostable M/V
40. H.V. Generator 91. 'T' Wave Monostable M/V
41. White Noise Generator 92. Charger
42. Pulse Detector 93. Battery
43. Respiration Detector 94. Speaker
44. Paced Pulse Detector 95. VT Detector
45. QRS Detector 96. HRV Module
46. Pressure Pulse Detector 97. F to V Converter (10KHz)
47. F to V Converter (1Hz) 98. F to V Converter (1KHz)
48. Timer 99. Sine Wave Generator 200Hz
49. OPTO Coupler 100. Current Indicator 100mA)
50. Audio Buzzer 101. Current Indicator (10mA)
51. RS Flip Flop 102. A / D Source
d. Modular Experimental Setups
1. GSR Modular Setup 10. ECG Heart Rate Alarm System with
2. Respiration Rate, Tachypnea, Apnea HRV Module
Monitor Modular Setup 11. Electronic Stethoscope Modular Setup
3. ECG Modular Setup 12. EMG Modular Setup
4. Bio-Telemetry Modular Setup 13. Pulse Rate Modular Setup
5. Audiometer Modular Setup 14. Instrumentation Amplifier Modular
6. Digital Blood Pressure Modular Setup Setup
7. Temperature Monitor System Modular 15. Blood Flow Monitor Modular Setup
Setup 16. Electrical Safety Modular Setup
8. EEG System Modular Setup 17. DC Amplifier Modular Setup
9. Pacemaker Modular Setup 18. EEG Modular Setup

e. Transducer Kits
1. Photoelectric Transducer Kit 7. Vibration Controller add on Kit

2. Piezo Electric Transducer Kit 8. Strain Gauge Transducer Kit
3. Temperature Transducer Kit 9. Ultrasound Transducer Kit
4. Multi-Point Electrode Transducer Kit 10. Capacitive Transducer Kit
5. Non Polarized Electrode Transducer Kit 11. Hall Effect Transducer Kit
6. Polarized Electrodes Transducer Kit 12. Thermoelectric Transducer Kit
f. Sensors
1. Peripheral Pulse Sensor 10. Tilt Sensor

2. Pressure Sensor 11. Current Sensor
3. PCG Sensor 12. Ultrasonic Distance Sensor
4. Respiration Sensor 13. Piezo Vibration Sensor
5. Temperature Sensor 14. Force Sensitive Resistor Sensor
6. Mechanical Pulse Sensor 15. Photo Distance Sensor
7. Strain Gauge Sensor 16. PIR Motion Detector Sensor
8. Ultrasound Sensor 2MHz 17. Hall Effect Sensor
9. Ultrasound Sensor 5/8MHz 18. Infrared Proximity Sensor
g. Electrodes & Accessories
1. Ring 9. PT100 (Temperature Sensor)

2. Cup 10. Jelly Bottle (Small)
3. Disk 11. Velcro Strap with 3 Electrode
4. Disposable Electrode 12. Velcro Strap with Single Electrode
5. Clamp Electrode with patient cable 13. DSO Probe
6. Temperature Sensor 14. Patch Cord (small banana – small
7. Patient Cable for Strap / Disposable banana)
8. Ultrasound Applicator Probe 15. 12345 Adaptor cable

16. Crocodile Cable
h. Data Acquisition System
1. XbioAqulyser 2. USB-DSO.DAQ
i. Biomedical Software’s:
1. Telemedicine and Telehealth
2. Gait, Kinetics, Kinematics, Biomechanics, Motion Analysis
3. Virtual Rehabilitation
4. Neurophysiology
5. Musculoskeletal modelling analysis
6. Human Ergonomics And Behavioral Analysis
7. Biomedical Systems, Simulators, Sensors
8. Modular Setups, Transducer Kits
9. Data Acquisition System & Software
j. Other Trainer Modules:

1. Microprocessor Trainer Kits
2. Microcontrollers Trainers
3. DSP Trainer Kits
4. Speech Processing Trainer
5. Communication & network Lab Trainers
6. Microwave Integrated Circuit Systems
7. Power Electronics and Control Systems Engineering Trainers
1.3 Departments in TMI System
1. Administration
Administration department is the backbone of TMI systems. An effective

administrator is an asset to an organization. They are the link between an organization's
various departments and ensures the smooth flow of information from one part to the
other. Thus without an effective administration, an organization would not run

professionally and smoothly.
The duty of an administrator depends on the company that the administrator

works for. The main job responsibility of an administrator is to ensure the efficient
performance of all departments in an organization. They act as a connecting link between
the senior management and the employees. They provide motivation to the work force
and make them realize the goals of the organization.
Office administration is one of the key elements associated with a high level of
workplace productivity and efficiency. It is very difficult to run an organization without a
good administration faculty. It is administrator, who makes the rules & regulations and
applies these rules in an organization.
2. Account Section
An accountant performs financial functions related to the collection, accuracy,

recording, analysis and presentation of a business, organization or company's financial
operations. The accountant usually has a variety of administrative roles within a
company's operations. In a smaller business, an accountant's role may consist of primarily
financial data collection, entry and report generation. Middle to larger sized companies
may utilize an accountant as an adviser and financial interpreter, who may present the
company's financial data to people within and outside of the business.
3. Research and Development:
A company's research and development department plays an integral role in the

life cycle of a product. While the department usually is separate from sales, production
and other divisions, the functions of these areas are related and often require
collaboration. A thorough understanding of the functions of the research and
development department allows us to maximize those duties at our small business, even if
they don't have a big department. The primary function of R&D is to develop new
products or discover and create new knowledge about scientific and technological topics
for the purpose of uncovering and enabling development of valuable new products,
processes, and services. New product design and development is more often than not a
crucial factor in the survival of a company.
4. Production/Manufacturing:
The production manager forms a very important and defining part of the organization
structure of an engineering company. The responsibilities of a production manager can be
summarized as follows.
1. Forecasting the requirements of the production in order to achieve the production

target.
2. Making most efficient utilization of the available sources for production.
3. Minimizing ‘throughput time’ and ‘work in process inventory’. This can be

achieved by systematic production planning and also by very efficient execution
of the plans.
4. One of the most important responsibility of a production manager deals with

reducing material handling cost, which generally is achieved by the use of
efficient material handling system and also by using plant layouts which must be
developed in a proper or correct way.
5. Testing and Quality Check:
Client requirements are becoming increasingly vertical focused, demanding

strong domain expertise to ensure quality test design and optimum coverage with
minimized risk to production. As an independent testing company, they bring strong
domain knowledge, technical and managerial independence through our proven
Functional Testing methodology driven by IP-based Functional Testing framework.
Functional Testing services consist of the test automation services including creation and
execution of a regression automation pack. They follow an integrated automation

approach that covers selection of an automated testing tool and definition of a Test
Automation framework, test planning and management, test scripting and defect
management.
6. Dispatch
It is one of the most important roles within their field service company. The
dispatcher is the first person to talk with customers, the one who schedules jobs, and the
one who provides techs with all of the information they will need out in the field.

CHAPTER 2
ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT

CHAPTER 2
ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT

2.1 Department in TMI Systems:
In TMI Systems, as an intern was introduced to Research and Development
Department. The primary function of Research and Development is to develop new
products. The main research work which is carried out in TMI Systems is on Data
acquisition system. The role given as an intern is to understand the basics of Data
Acquisition System and help in the technical support. The basic products manufactured
by the department are:
1. Oscilloscopes
2. Signal Generators
3. Spectrum Analyzers
4. Pattern Generators
5. Power Supplies
6. Multimeters
7. Communication
8. Bio-Medical.
2.2 The Products Manufactured in TMI Systems
Function Generator
They have Function Generator of different frequency ranges. For Ex: 2MHz,
3MHz and 5MHz Function Generators. Apart from this they also have 5MHz AM/FM
Function Generator. They are currently developing 20 MHz Function Generator.
Specification of Function Generator:
1. Frequency is selectable from 1 Hz-3 MHz

2. Sine, Square, or Triangle waveform output
3. Bright, easy-to-read LED display

4. It can attenuate output by up to -60 dB

5. Adjustable DC offset.
Figure 2.1: Function Generator
Power supply:
Figure 2.2: Power Supply
Specification of Power Supply:
1. DC Regulated Power supply

2. 0-30V, 2A (Dual)
3. 7 Segment LCD Display

Pattern Generator and Logic Analyzer:
Specification of Pattern Generator and Logic Analyzer:
1. It is 32 bit logic analyzer (independent)

2. It has 16 bit pattern generator
3. Built in I2C and SPI protocol analyzer
4. 50MHz external clock state analyzer
5. 256K samples high speed low voltage memory
6. It has sampling rate of 200Ms/s
7. Low power operation
8. Easy to use windows PC Software
Figure 2.3: Pattern Generator and Logic Analyzer
Analog IC Tester:
The key feature of the Analog IC tester is its ability to functionally test all
common analogue ICs in circuit. It is also capable of testing all types of analogue by
means of the well-known, power off V-I test technique. They are currently developing 40
pin ZIF [1].

Specification if Analog IC Tester:
1. It has LCD display

2. Average search time is less than 1sec
3. Power supply is from 200 to 240V and 50Hz AC
4. It has 24 pin ZIF.
Figure 2.4: IC Tester
Signal Generator:
Figure 2.5: Signal Generator
Specification of Signal Generator:
1. It is 5MHz signal generator

2. Waveforms: Sine wave, Square wave, Triangular wave, Pulse and TTL output
3. It has power consumption from 200V to 240V and AC 50Hz.
Signal conditioning unit:
Figure 2.6: Signal Conditioning Unit
Specification of Signal Conditioning Unit:
1. It is a 2 channel signal conditioner.

2. Input has a Sine or Triangular waveform only with 0 to 5Vpp
3. DC to 240 Hz Bandwidth
4. Gain ranges from 4 to 1000.
TV pattern generator:
Figure 2.7: TV Pattern Generator

Specification of TV Pattern Generator:
1. Internal signal – 1KHz Sine wave

2. Test signals -8 patterns
3. Power – 230V, 50Hz
AM/FM signal generator:
Figure 2.8: AM/FM Signal Generator
Specification of AM/FM Signal Generator:
1. It is 5MHz signal generator

2. Waveforms: Sine wave, Square wave, Triangular wave, Pulse and TTL output
3. It has power consumption from 200V to 240V and AC 50Hz.
Data Acquisition System
It is a versatile recording system designed for recording physiological data and it

comes with various amplifier modules. Data acquisition is the process of measuring an
electrical, physical phenomenon and biomedical signals such as voltage, current,
temperature, pressure, sound, ECG, EMG with a computer [1].
There are different kinds of DAQ based on their number of channels. 10 channel
USB-DAQ is mostly used in college for demonstration purposes. The portable Data

acquisition systems are developed by TMI systems. They have developed two channel
USB-DSO-DAQ and now currently developed an eight channel USB-DSO-DAQ system.
Figure 2.9: 10 Channel DAQ
Specification of 10 Channel DAQ:
1. It has 10 channel Data Acquisition System

2. It has 12 bit resolution analog to digital converter
3. Battery operation of recording- full electrical isolation and can withstand
3.5KVa without leakage to recording side
4. It is RISC microcontroller based
5. DC offset for all 10 channels
6. It has USB interface
7. USB Isolation for PC interface
8. Advanced filters
9. Delta voltage and Delta Time measurement through cursors.

Portable USB-DSO-DAQ:
Figure 2.10: USB-DSO.DAQ (2-channel)
Specification of USB-DSO-DAQ (2-channel):
1. It is a 2 channel DAQ
2. Its input range is from 0 to 5V
3. Sampling rate is less than 400 KHz
4. PC Interface is with USB
Figure 2.11: Portable USB-DSO-DAQ (8- Channel)
Specification of Portable USB-DSO-DAQ (8- Channel):
1. 8 Channel data acquisition system

2. 12 bit data acquisition
3. Battery operation of recording side with electrical isolation
4. Electrical isolation can withstand 3.5kv without leakage to recording side
5. Rechargeable battery-continuous operation
6. Adjustable gain controlled by software on the computer

This is the main research work carried out in TMI systems. This 8 channel DAQ is
working currently with ECG and EMG modules successfully. They are yet to do a
research on DAQ system to work with Spirometer, Voltage and Pressure and other
biomedical signals.
2.3 Other Product lines - TMI Systems
Digital Signal Oscilloscope:
Figure 2.12: Digital Signal Oscilloscope
Specification of Digital Signal Oscilloscope:
1. Bandwidth: 100MHz
2. Two analog channels
3. 5.7” TFT QVGA (320X240) with 64K colour LCD backlit display
4. Cursor measurements: Manual, Track, Auto measure modes.

Multimeter:
Figure 2.13: Multimeter
Specification of Multimeter:
1. Power Requirements: 100 or 115, 200 or 230 V AC (must be specified), 50 or 60

Hz.
2. Power Consumption: 20 VA max.

CHAPTER 3
TASK PERFORMED

CHAPTER 3
TASK PERFORMED
During the course of internship, was assigned to get the practical insights of
biomedical engineering, from basic design aspects, component identification and usage.
To study the application of sensors, test and measurement, biomedical instruments. Got
trained in signal acquisition and analysis technique. As an intern was working with the
data acquisition system for acquisition of biomedical signals.
3.1 Survey on Different Circuitry Elements and their Physical

Appearance
The basic components of electric circuit like resistor, capacitor, inductor, battery
were studied and introduced. Circuit analysis is the process by which voltage or current is
measured across the element. In a complete circuit there are two types of elements found
active elements and passive elements. The active elements generate energy. Batteries,
generators, operational amplifiers are active elements. The passive elements cannot
generate energy, they drop energy. Resistor, capacitor, inductor are passive elements
because they take energy from circuit.
3.1.1 Types of Resistors which are used in the manufacturing are:
An electric resistor is a two-terminal passive component specifically used to oppose and

limit current. These are the types of resistors studied during the course.
i. Linear Resistor: The voltage across such a resistor is proportional to the current
flowing through it.
ii. Non-linear Resistor: The current applied to the resistor is not directly
proportional to the potential difference applied to it.

Figure 3.1: Types of Resistors [2]
iii. Fixed resistor: Fixed value resistors are those types of resistors whose value is
fixed already while manufacturing and cannot be changed during its usage.
iv. Variable Resistors: Variable resistor are those resistors whose value can be
changed during its usage. They are potentiometer, trimmer and rheostat
v. Carbon composition Resistor: These resistors are cylindrical rods which are a
mixture of carbon granules and powdered ceramic. The resistor value depends on
the composition of the ceramic material. A higher quantity of ceramic content will
result in more resistance. Since the rod is coated with an insulated material, there
are chances of damage due to excessive heat caused by soldering. High current
and voltage can also damage the resistor [2].
vi. Wire wound resistor: Wire wound resistor are made by winding a metal wire
around a ceramic core. The metal wire is an alloy of various metals based on
the characteristics and resistance of the resistor required. These types of resistor
have high stability and can also withstand high powers but are usually bulkier
compared to other types of resistors [2].
vii. SMD (surface mount): SMD resistors are rectangular in shape. Chip resistors
have metallized areas at either end of the body and this enables them to make
contact with the printed circuit board through the solder [2].

viii. Thermistor: A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance is dependent on

temperature.
ix. Light dependent resistor (LDR): The resistance of a photo-resistor decreases
with increasing incident light intensity.
3.1.2 Types of Capacitors:
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores electric

energy in an electric field. The capacitor is constructed with two electrode plates
facing each other, but separated by an Insulator. The Insulator is called as Die
electric. Die electric material decides the type of capacitor [2].
Capacitor is used to store electricity or electrical energy. It also functions as filter,

passing AC and blocking DC. When DC voltage is applied to the capacitor, an
electric charge is stored on each electrode while the capacitor is charging up, current
flows. The current will stop flowing when the capacitor has fully charged. The value
of a capacitor is designated in units called Farad.
Figure 3.2: Construction of Capacitors [2]

Figure 3.3: Physical appearance of Capacitor[2]
Capacitors can be classified by different die electric materials used and there are called in
different generic names:
i. Non-Polarized Capacitor: A non-polarized capacitor is a type of capacitor that

has no implicit polarity, it can be connected either way in a circuit. They are
ceramic capacitor, Mylar capacitor, Mica capacitor and Paper capacitor.
ii. Polarized Capacitor: A polarized capacitor is a type of capacitor that have
implicit polarity, it can only be connected one way in a circuit. Polarized
capacitor are generally known as electrolytic capacitors. They are made up of
tantalum and aluminum.
The other circuitry components are:
Table 3.1: Basic Components of Circuits
Circuit Element Description Physical Appearance

Crystal Oscillator A crystal oscillator is an
electronic oscillator circuit that
uses the mechanical resonance
of a vibrating crystal of
piezoelectric material to create
an electrical signal with a

precise frequency.
Bridge Rectifier It is used for converting an
alternating current into a direct
current output.
Voltage Regulator Voltage regulator is designed

to automatically maintain a
constant voltage level.
Heat Sink A heat sink is an electronic

device that incorporates a fan
to keep a hot component such
as a processor cool.
Switch Switches are electro
mechanical device used in
circuits/instruments to switch
from one media to another.
Printed Circuit Board When assembling an

electronic circuit, a board is
needed on which the
components can be mounted.
This board is called Printed
Circuit Boards.

3.2 Operation of Test and Measuring Instruments:

There are a variety of test and measurement equipment’s for all our process needs.
The most commonly used are Cathode Ray Oscilloscope, Digital Signal Oscilloscope,
Power Supply and Function Generator.
3.2.1 Oscilloscope:
An oscilloscope is a laboratory instrument commonly used to display and analyze

the waveform of electronic signals. In effect, the device draws a graph of instantaneous
signal voltage as a function of time. The observed waveform can be analyzed for
properties such as amplitude, frequency, rise time, time interval, distortion and others.
Modern digital instruments may calculate and display these properties directly.
Oscilloscopes are used in the science, medicine, engineering, and telecommunications

industry. Oscilloscopes can be used for purposes as to display the waveform of the
heartbeat as an electrocardiogram.
There are two types of oscilloscopes cathode ray oscilloscope and digital signal
oscilloscope. Before the advent of digital electronics, oscilloscopes used cathode ray tube
as their display element and linear amplifiers for signal processing.
The cathode ray tube is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns, and
a phosphorescent screen used to view images. It has a means to accelerate and deflect the
electron beam onto the screen to create the images. In a cathode ray tube, the cathode is a
heated filament. The heated filament is in a vacuum created inside a glass tube. The ray is
a stream of electrons which are negative. The anode is positive, so it attracts the electrons
from the cathode. The beam of electrons hits the flat screen at the other end of the tube.
This screen is coated with phosphor, which glows when struck by the beam.

Figure 3.4: Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
CRO’s were later largely suppressed by digital storage oscilloscopes (DSOs)

with thin panel displays, fast analog to digital converters and digital signal processors.
DSOs without integrated displays are available at lower cost and use a general-
purpose digital computer to process and display waveforms. A digital storage
oscilloscope is an oscilloscope which stores and analyses the signal digitally rather than
using analogue techniques. It is now the most common type of oscilloscope in use
because of the advanced trigger, storage, display and measurement features which it
typically provides.
Figure 3.5: Digital Signal oscilloscope
DSO Specifications: (RIGOL DS1102E)

1. Bandwidth: 100MHz
2. Two analog channels

3. 5.7” TFT QVGA (320X240) with 64K colour LCD backlit display
4. Cursor measurements: Manual, Track, Auto measure modes
The difference between CRO and DSO according to type of display is Liquid Crystal
Display and Cathode Ray Oscilloscope has phosphor screen display. Cathode Ray
Oscilloscope is the oscilloscope utilizing Cathode ray tube.
According to mode of operation: Analog and Digital. Analog oscilloscopes process the
signal entirely in analog format while digital oscilloscopes convert the signal in digital
format, process it by means of digital circuit. In Analog oscilloscope, it is not possible to
store waveforms for comparing with each other or for study later on. With digital
oscilloscopes, the waveforms can be saved by using memory chips.
3.2.2 Power Supply:
A power supply is an electronic device that supplies electric energy to

an electrical load. A regulated power supply is an embedded circuit, it converts
unregulated AC into a constant DC. With the help of a rectifier it converts AC supply
into DC. Its function is to supply a stable voltage.
Figure 3.6: Regulated Power Supply
Specifications of Power Supply:
1. DC Regulated Power supply

2. 0-30V, 2A (Dual)
3. 7 Segment LED Display

3.2.3 Function Generator:
A function generator is electronic device that is used to generate different

electrical waveforms over a wide range of frequencies. Some of the most common
waveforms produced by the function generator are the sine, square, triangular and saw
tooth shapes.
Figure 3.7: Function Generator
Specifications of Function Generator:
1. Frequency is selectable from 1 Hz-3 MHz

2. Sine, square, or triangle waveform output
3. Bright, easy-to-read LED display
4. It can attenuate output by up to 40 dB
5. Adjustable DC offset
3.3 Operation of Biomedical Instrumentation:

3.3.1 Electrocardiogram (ECG):
Electrocardiography is the process of recording the electrical activity of the heart

over a period of time using electrodes placed on a patient's body. These electrodes detect
the tiny electrical changes on the skin that arise from the heart
muscle depolarizing during each heartbeat.
During each heartbeat, the electrical signal begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node,
located at the top of the right atrium. The SA node is sometimes called the heart's "natural
pacemaker." When an electrical impulse is released from this natural pacemaker, it
causes the atria to contract. The signal then passes through the atrioventricular (AV)

node. The AV node checks the signal and sends it into the bundle of His and into the
Purkinje fibers spreading down throughout the ventricles causing them to contract. This
orderly pattern of contraction of heart gives rise to the characteristic ECG tracing [3]. It
generates impulses at the normal rate of the heart, about 72 beats per minute at rest.
To the trained clinician, an ECG conveys a large amount of information about the
structure of the heart and the function of its electrical conduction system. ECG can be
used to measure the rate and rhythm of heartbeats, the size and position of the heart
chambers, the presence of any damage to the heart's muscle cells or conduction system,
the effects of cardiac drugs, and the function of implanted pacemakers.
Figure 3.8: Electrical Conduction of Heart and ECG waveform
Table 3.2: Characteristics of ECG waveform
Feature Description Duration
P-wave It represents Atrial <80ms

depolarization
ORS-complex It represents Atrial

repolarization and 80-100ms
ventricular depolarization

T-wave ventricular repolarization 160ms
Electrodes which are used to trace the voltage difference at any two sites due to
electrical activity of the heart is called lead. There are two types of leads Bipolar leads
and unipolar leads.
Bipolar Leads: In bipolar leads, ECG is recorded by using two electrodes such that the
potential difference between the electrodes gives the electrical potential existing between
them.
Lead I: Electrodes placed on Right arm and Left arm
Lead II: electrodes placed on Right arm and Left leg
Lead III: Electrodes placed on Left arm and Left leg
The reference lead taken is Right leg.
Figure 3.9: Bipolar limb leads [3]
During the Experiment the electrodes are attached to the skin under Lead-I
configuration to get the waveform which is displayed on the CRO. The observation is
that the amplitude of Lead II is greater than Lead I and Lead II
Battery ECG DSO

Amplifier
Leads
Figure 3.10: Block diagram of ECG

Figure 3.11: Output of ECG signal using Lead-I
During the experiment to get the ECG waveform, the electrodes used are button
electrodes and ring electrodes. Here silver-silver chloride electrodes are used. We use a
gel to get a better interface between the skin surface and the electrode.
Figure 3.12: Button electrodes and Ring Electrodes
3.3.2Electromyogram:
Electromyography is a diagnostic procedure to assess the health of muscles and

the nerve cells that control them. Motor neurons translate electrical signal that cause the
muscle to contract. An EMG translates these signals into graphs.
The contraction of the skeletal muscle results in the generation of action potentials
in the individual muscle fibres, a record of which is known as electromyogram. The
activity is similar to that observed in the cardiac muscle, but in the skeletal muscle,
repolarization takes place much more rapidly, the action potential lasting only a few
milliseconds. Since most EMG measurements are made to obtain an indication of the
amount of activity of a given muscle, or a group of muscles, rather than of an individual
muscle fibre, the EMG pattern is usually a summation of the individual action potentials
from the fibers constituting the muscle or muscles being studied [3]. The electrical

activity of the underlying muscle mass can be observed by means of surface electrodes on
the skin.
In the experiment, Silver-Silver Chloride electrodes (button electrodes) were

used. The two leads are attached on the biceps and the reference electrode is attached
below the elbow. When the muscles contract, the amplitude of the signal increases.
Battery EMG DSO

Amplifier
Leads
Figure 3.13: Block diagram of EMG
Figure 3.14: Output of EMG on CRO
3.3.3Electroencephalogram:
The brain generates rhythmical potentials which originate in the individual

neurons of the brain. These potentials get summated as millions of cell discharge
synchronously and appear as a surface waveform, the recording of which is known as the
electroencephalogram.
The EEG signal can be picked up with electrodes either from the scalp or directly
from the cerebral cortex. The peak-to-peak amplitude of the waves that can be picked up
from the scalp is normally 100 mV or less while that on the exposed brain, is about 1 mV.
The frequency varies greatly with different behavioral states. The normal EEG frequency
content ranges from 0.5 to 50 Hz. The nature of the wave varies over the different parts
of the scalp [3].
The variations in EEG signals both in terms of amplitude and frequency are of
diagnostic value. Frequency information is particularly significant since the basic
frequency of the EEG range is classified into the following five bands for purposes of

EEG analysis namely delta, beta, alpha, theta, gamma. In the Hospitals they use 10-20
lead EEG.
Battery EEG DSO

Amplifier
Leads
Figure 3.15: Block diagram of EEG
In this experiment, three electrodes are used placed on the forehead and delta wave can
be observed on CRO.
Figure 3.16: Output of EEG on CRO
3.3.4 Electrooculagram:
Electrooculagram is an electrophysiological monitoring method to record

electrical activity of the eye ball. It is a test to measure the electrical response of the light-
sensitive cells (rods and cones) and motor nerve components of the eye. This involves
placing of electrodes on the skin near the eye. Its main applications are in ophthalmology
and detection of eye disorders. The generation of a potential difference between the
electrodes in correspondence with the motion of the eye ball. These potentials are very
low magnitude bipolar signals, which are amplified by suitable bio potential amplifiers
after eliminating the shifting resting potential since these values vary continuously.
In this experiment, the electrodes are attached to the forehead. When the eye ball
moves up, the signal amplitude increases and if the eye ball moves down the signal
amplitude decreases.

Battery EOG DSO

Amplifier
Leads
Figure 3.17: Block diagram of EOG
Figure 3.18: Output of EOG on CRO
3.3.5 Peripheral Pulse-finger Plethysmograph (PPG):
The word plethysmograph is a combination of two ancient Greek words

‘plethysmos’ which means increase and ‘graph’ which is the word for write , and is an
instrument mainly used to determine and register the variations in blood volume or blood
flow in the body which occur with each heartbeat. It uses a probe which contains a light
source and a detector to detect cardio-vascular pulse wave that propagates through the
body.
The PPG signal reflects the blood movement in the vessel, which goes from the
heart to the fingertips and toes through the blood vessels in a wave-like motion .PPG is
used to measure the changes in volume of blood in the finger. The change in volume
caused by the pressure pulse is detected by illuminating the skin with the light from
a light-emitting diode and then measuring the amount of light either transmitted or
reflected to a photodiode. It uses a probe which contains a light source and a detector to
detect cardio-vascular pulse wave that propagates through the body. Each cardiac cycle
appears as a peak. In this experiment Heart Rate can be calculated.

Battery EOG DSO

Amplifier
PPG Sensor
Figure 3.19: Block Diagram of PPG
Figure 3.20: Output of PPG on CRO
3.4 Data Acquisition:

Data acquisition system is an electronic instrument where a group of
interconnected hardware elements are dedicated to the measurement and quantization of
analog signals for digital analysis and processing. Data acquisition system is the analog
interface to the digital world. The parameter to be measured is translated into analog
electrical domain and the DAQ performs translation to the digital electrical domain.
Data acquisition (DAQ) is the process of measuring an electrical or physical

phenomenon such as voltage, current, temperature, pressure, or sound with a computer. A
DAQ system consists of sensors, DAQ measurement hardware, and a computer with
programmable software. It samples signals that measure real world physical conditions
and converts the resulting samples into digital numeric values that can be manipulated by
a computer. There is a 10-channel USB DAQ and a portable DAQ.

A. 10 Channel USB DAQ:
Figure 3.21: 10 Channel USB-DAQ
Data acquisition unit:
1. RISC Microcontroller Based

2. 4024 Samples/ Second/Channel in single channel mode
3. 1024 Samples/ Second/ Channel in multi-channel mode
4. DC offset for all 10 channels
5. USB interface
6. USB isolation for PC interface
7. Battery powered
Software:
1. 10 channel capture and display

2. Acquire data through USB
3. Voltage and time measurement on templates
4. Data can be imported into MatLab/ Lab view/ Excel for further analysis
5. Single channel 60 sec waveform capture on a single page
6. Stop/ Freeze facility for all channels
7. Speed Adjustments Fast/Normal/Slow
8. Multiple channel capture facility from 1 channel to 10 channels in different
windows.

9. Support for 800*600 or any other higher resolution displays

B. Portable USB-DSO-DAQ (2-Channel):
Features of Portable USB-DSO-DAQ (2- Channel):
1. Input: 0-5V input (dual channel)

2. Sampling Rate: <400 KHz
3. PC Interface: USB
4. Power Supply: powered from PC through USB
5. Net weight: < 200 Grams (Appx)
C. Portable USB-DSO-DAQ (8-Channel):
It is a small, versatile recording system that is designed for physiological data. It is

suitable for human recording as it has full electrical isolation. The entire system can be
held in the palm of a hand and therefore can be used easily even in crowded Recording
area. It can be used with a desktop, laptop, netbook or similar computer system with
Microsoft windows. Despite its small size the sophisticated electronics ensures high
quality recording.

Base Station Hardware:
1. 8 Channel data acquisition system

2. 12 bit data acquisition
3. Battery operation of recording side with electrical isolation
4. Electrical isolation can withstand 3.5kv without leakage to recording side
5. Rechargeable battery-continuous operation
6. Adjustable gain controlled by software on the computer
Choice of several Plug-in Modules:
1. Up to 8 modules can be plugged into a single DAQ base station at a time

2. Modules available are: ECG, EMG, Force, Pressure, Spirometer, Pulse, Blood
Pressure
3. Any combination of these can be used with base station
ECG MODULE
1. Frequency response: 0.05Hz-100Hz

2. Sensitivity:±5mV,±2.5mV, ±1mV, ±500µV, ±250µV, ±100µV,±50µV, ±25µV
3. Preamplifier gain=300
4. Noise: less than 25µV at highest gain
EMG MODULE
1. Frequency Response: 15 Hz-400Hz

2. Sensitivity:±5mV,±2.5mV, ±1mV, ±500µV, ±250µV, ±100µV,±50µV, ±25µV
3. Noise: less than 25µV at highest gain
4. Bipolar electrodes
Software Recording:
1. Runs on computers with Microsoft Windows (XP, Vista, 7, Windows 8, Windows

8.1)

2. Selectable sampling rates of 250 Hz, 500Hz, 1000Hz, 4000Hz, 8000Hz

3. Real-time display of data during recording
4. Online adjustable digital filters-high pass, low pass and 50Hz notch
5. Can record for several hours-limited by disk space
6. 32 bit data storage
7. Event marker
8. Synchronous digital output with event marker
Playback/Review/Analyse:
1. Data scroll, condense and magnify options

2. Offline digital filtering, Multipass filtering
3. Data conversion to ASCII for use in other software
4. Scrolling Spectrum analysis(Short-Time Fourier Transform)
5. Moving Averaging
6. Spike detection and spike rate calculation( can be adapted for HRV analysis)
7. Data can be exported for use with other software
The components of data acquisition systems include:
1. Sensors- to convert physical parameters to electrical signals.

2. Signal conditioning circuitry- to convert sensor signals into a form that can be
converted to digital values.
3. Analog-to-digital converters-to convert conditioned sensor signals to digital
values

Analog Attenuator Low Pass Amplifier Analog-to-digital

Signal (i/p) Filter Converter
converter
Computer USB Isolator Sampling Buffer

(o/p) and USB
Figure 3.24: Block diagram of Data Acquisition System
1. Input: Data Acquisition system input begins with a physical phenomenon to be

measured is an analog signal, which is a sensor. Here sensor is a device which
acts as a transducer that converts physical property into an electrical signal. An
acquisition system measures different properties depending on sensors that are
suited to detect properties. The different inputs given to DAQ include
temperature, light intensity, Electrocardiogram, Electromyogram.
The data which was worked with DAQ is biomedical signals, mostly the ECG
signals. The electrodes were placed based on the Lead I configuration and
connected to the one of the DAQ channel and the output was interfaced with
computer using USB.
2. Attenuator: In this Data Acquisition System inputs are measured within the
voltage range of 0 to 5V. Voltages higher than this must be attenuated which
means that if the input signal is below 0V or above 5V the input is clipped by
using the clipper circuit. The main function of clipper circuit is to prevent the
output of a circuit from exceeding a predetermined voltage level without
distorting the remaining part of the applied waveform. The main function of
Attenuator is to make the input signal within the limit.
3. Low pass Filter: After the signal is acquired from the sensor, the high frequency
signals are filtered and only the low frequency signals are allowed. Low-pass
filters provide a smoother form of a signal, removing the short-term fluctuations.
The low pass filters used is Chebyshev filter. The cut-off frequency is 100Hz and
FFT is 1024 point FFT.

4. Amplifier: Amplifier is used to strengthen the signal by increasing the amplitude

of the input signal. DAQ uses Instrumentation Amplifier, they are used for
measuring low level signals in noisy environments without error and amplify
small signals. The gain of Instrumentation Amplifier is 300.
5. Analog to Digital Converter: An analog-to-digital converter is a device that
converts a continuous physical quantity to a digital number that represents the
amplitude. The conversion involves quantization of the input, so it necessarily
introduces a small amount of error. An ADC does the conversion periodically, by
sampling the input. Sampling is the reduction of a continuous signal to a discrete
signal. The result is a sequence of digital values that have been converted from a
continuous-time and continuous-amplitude analog signal to a discrete-time and
discrete-amplitude digital signal. An ADC may also provide an isolated
measurement such as an electronic device that converts an input analog voltage to
a digital number proportional to the magnitude of the voltage.
There are different types of ADC:
 Direct conversion or Flash ADC: It has a bank of comparators sampling
the input signal in parallel, each firing for their decoded voltage range.
The comparator bank feeds a logic circuit that generates a code for each
voltage range. Scaling to newer submicrometre technologies does not help
as the device mismatch is the dominant design limitation.
 Successive-Approximation: In successive-approximation ADC is used
which uses a comparator to successively narrow a range that contains the
input voltage. At each successive step, the converter compares the input
voltage to the output of an internal digital to analog converter which might
represent the midpoint of a selected voltage range. At each step in this
process, the approximation is stored in a successive approximation register
(SAR).
 Ramp-compare ADC: A ramp-compare ADC produces a saw-tooth
signal that ramps up or down then quickly returns to zero. When the ramp
starts, a timer starts counting. When the ramp voltage matches the input, a
comparator fires, and the timer's value is recorded. This has the

disadvantage that a slow comparator cannot be disturbed by fast input

changes.
 Wilkinson ADC: The Wilkinson ADC is based on the comparison of an

input voltage with that produced by a charging capacitor. The capacitor is
allowed to charge until its voltage is equal to the amplitude of the input
pulse. Then, the capacitor is allowed to discharge linearly, which produces
a ramp voltage. The charging of the capacitor could be monitored, rather
than the discharge.
 Integrating ADC: An integrating ADC applies the unknown input
voltage to the input of an integrator and allows the voltage to ramp for a
fixed time period. Then a known reference voltage of opposite polarity is
applied to the integrator and is allowed to ramp until the integrator output
returns to zero.
In this data acquisition we use successive approximation because it compares the

input signal with its limited range and repeats the process till proper output is obtained.
The microprocessor which is used to do sampling and quantization to convert in

digital form. PIC18F4550 is used for 10 DAQ system and PIC18F4553 is used for
portable DAQ system.
PIC18F4550:
It is a 10-bit microcontroller where analog-to digital conversion is programmed. It

is used in a 10 DAQ system. It incorporates a fully featured Universal Serial Bus
communications module that is compliant with the USB Specification Revision 2.0. It is
a 40 pin microcontroller.

Figure 3.25: Pin Diagram of PIC18F4550
Some pins of the I/O ports are multiplexed with an alternate function from the
peripheral features on the device. Each port has three registers for its operation. These
registers are:
i. TRIS register (data direction register)

ii. PORT register (reads the levels on the pins of the device)
iii. LAT register (output latch)
The features of microcontroller PIC18F4550 are:
 10-bit A/D converter

 Flash program memory is 32 Kbytes.
 13 A/D channels
 5 bidirectional ports I/O ports
 They have one standard CCP module and one ECCP module
 They have a Streaming Parallel Port
PIC18F4553:
It is a 40-pin microcontroller which is used in portable DAQ. It is a 12-Bit A/D

Converter. The A/D Converter incorporates programmable acquisition time. This allows
for a channel to be selected and a conversion to be initiated, without waiting for a
sampling period and thus, reducing code overhead.

Figure 3.26: Pin diagram of PIC18F4553
The features of microcontroller PIC18F4550 are:
 Flash program memory is 32 Kbytes.

 13 A/D channels
 5 bidirectional ports I/O ports
 They have one standard CCP module and one ECCP module
 They have a Streaming Parallel Port
6. Buffer: The ability of buffer is to record discrete events which is a requirement in

data acquisition system. The events are accompanied by opening and closing of a
switch that represents digital input. The output buffer acts as a data collector for
the DAQ. The buffer combines the data in the proper format for entry into the
recording system.
7. Sampling and USB: Sampler and the algorithm logic run the sampling rate and
interpolation algorithms to get the desired sampling range that computer software
requires.
8. Isolator: Data acquisition system inputs measure low level signals where
relatively high voltages are common. It eliminates source ground connections
without subjecting operator and equipment to high voltage. They provide a safe
interface between a patient and other electronic instruments and equipment.

Thereby it prevents backflow of current from the computer to the subject, to

ensure the subject is not harmed.
9. USB: The universal serial bus is a technology that allows the user to connect an
electronic device to a computer. It is a fast serial bus. USB and isolator circuit
provides USB human interface device, interface to computer along with 1KVa
isolation to USB.
A human interface device or HID is a type of computer device that
interacts directly with, and most often takes input from, humans and may
deliver output to humans. In the HID protocol, there are 2 entities: the "host" and
the "device". The device is the entity that directly interacts with a human, such as
a keyboard or mouse. The host communicates with the device and receives input
data from the device on actions performed by the human. Output data flows from
the host to the device and then to the human. Computer is the host.
10. Computer: DAQ device drivers are needed in order for the DAQ hardware to
work with PC. The device driver performs low level register writes and reads on
the hardware. The software used by the computer is Visual C++ and the controller
software is written in assembly. The output from the DAQ is displayed on the
computer.
The output from the data acquisition system is displayed on the computer by taking the
samples in excel sheet. These samples can be used for further processing in MATLAB
Software. Mostly Biomedical Signal, ECG was taken and displayed on the computer
screen. The figure is shown below.

Chart Title
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
12661
22789
1
845
1689
2533
3377
4221
5065
5909
6753
7597
8441
9285
10129
10973
11817
13505
14349
15193
16037
16881
17725
18569
19413
20257
21101
21945
23633
Figure 3.27: ECG Signal Acquired from DAQ
3.5 Results of signal Processing

The signal acquired from data acquisition system is processed using Matlab. The
ECG signal acquired consists of noise due to the motion artifacts. Hence this noise can be
removed by using Butterworth filter in Matlab coding. The output got from the
processing of the signal for noise removal is shown below.
1. To remove the noise from ECG Signal
(a) (b)
Figure 3.28: Illustration of noise removal from ECG:
(a) Original ECG Signal (b) Filtered ECG Signal

2. QRS Peak Detection
(a) (b)
Figure3.29: ORS Peak Detection
(a) Original ECG Signal (b) ORS Peak detection
3. Pulse detection
Figure 3.30: Pulse Detection

4. Power Spectrum of ECG:
Figure 3.31: Power Spectrum of ECG

CHAPTER 4
Reflection Notes

CHAPTER 4
REFLECTION NOTES
Internship play an important role which acts as a bridge between the knowledge
acquired in colleges and to learn the skills to develop how to apply the knowledge in
industries. Hence as this four month of internship given by the university, as an intern
was given a chance to be an Engineer in a real world and to gain profession experience
and apply knowledge and skills in the real world
This internship has given an opportunity to understand corporate world with

greater introduction to the company culture and to interact with other employees. The
roles tend to be in a faster paced corporate setting and involves various additional
technical training.
4.1Experience and assessment in the company:
During the course of internship, was assigned to get the practical insights of
biomedical engineering, from basic design aspects, component identification and usage.
To study the application of sensors, test and measurement, biomedical instruments. Got
trained in signal acquisition and analysis technique. As an intern was working with the
data acquisition system for acquisition of biomedical signals.
The company gave a chance to practically use their products to understand it

much better. They showed the inner hardware structure of some products. They provided
a warm atmosphere and their employees and seniors in the company were very friendly
and approachable. As an intern, was guided by S. Kumar, Manager-Biomedical
Application who helped in giving guidance during this course of internship.
4.2 Technical Outcomes of the Internship
1. Survey of different circuitry elements
There are different kinds of circuit elements like different kinds of resistors,
different kinds of capacitors, heat sink, voltage regulator, bridge rectifier, crystal

oscillator, relay etc. The physical appearance of these circuit elements is an important
aspect for a hardware design person. Therefore, with the theoretical basics, the physical
appearance of the circuitry components is also important which was taught during the
internship.
2. Soldering and Assembling
After the circuit is designed, it can be implemented after assembling all the
components on a single board by the method of soldering using Lead. A printed circuit
board (PCB) is the board base for physically supporting and wiring the surface-mounted
and socket components in most electronics.
Soldering is used to form a permanent connection between electronic components. The

metal to be soldered is heated with a soldering iron and then solder is melted into the
connection. Soldering is a process in which two or more metal items are joined together
by melting and then flowing a filler metal into the joint—the filler metal having a
relatively low melting point. Soldering is used to form a permanent connection between
electronic components
3. Study on Basic Electronics
Basic electronic concepts is required to understand the concepts of design of circuit.
4. Operation of Bio-medical Instrumentation
The biomedical signals like ECG, EEG, EMG, EOG and PPG are the signals acquired
from the biomedical instrumentation. These signals are bio-electric potentials associated
with heartbeat, muscle activity, brain activity, nerve activity, eye activity, pulse activity.
i. ECG: ECG amplifier module, silver–silver chloride electrode, and DSO is used to
display the ECG waveform. The electrodes are attached to the skin under Lead-I
configuration to get the waveform. Heart rate is calculated with the ECG
waveform.
ii. EEG: EEG amplifier module, silver–silver chloride lead, and DSO is used to
display the EEG waveform. EEG signal are picked up from the electrodes

attached to the forehead. Delta wave can be observed. The variations in EEG
signals both in terms of amplitude and frequency are of diagnostic value.
iii. EMG: EMG amplifier module, silver–silver chloride lead, and DSO is used to
display the EMG waveform. EMG signals are picked up from electrodes attached
on the biceps. The contraction of muscles can be observed in the waveform.
iv. EOG: EOG amplifier module, silver–silver chloride lead, and DSO is used to
display the EMG waveform. EOG signals are picked up from electrodes placed on
forehead. The waveform shows the eye activity.
v. PPG: PPG amplifier module, pulse sensor which consists of LDR which is placed
to the finger and DSO used to display the pulse waveform. The waveform helps to
calculate pulse rate
5. Survey on Data Acquisition System
i. Data acquisition system is used in acquisition of biomedical signals and display it

on computer.
ii. The block diagram of data acquisition system
iii. The different kind of signal conditioners to condition the signal and get a proper
waveform.
iv. Different kind of analog to digital converter and found that successive
approximation is appropriate ADC to be used.
v. The PIC18F4550 ADC and PIC18F4553 ADC microprocessor
vi. 10-channel data acquisition system
vii. Portable USB-DSO-DAQ (2-Channel) and portable USB-DSO-DAQ(8-channel)
6. Operation and Application of Data Acquisition System
i. The operation of Data acquisition system, for conditioning of signal- low pass
filter, instrumentation amplifier used to amplify the signal
ii. Analog to digital converter by sampling method using microprocessor
iii. Isolation of Data Acquisition system.

iv. The signal acquired from DAQ is displayed on computer and used for further
processing of signals.
7. MATLAB Software
This software is used for further processing of biomedical signal got from data
acquisition system. With the help of ECG signal, can detect peaks, calculate the heart rate
using this software
4.3 NON-TECHNICAL OUTCOMES
1. Applying knowledge to task: Through this internship, with the help of theoretical
knowledge the tasks assigned during internship was performed
2. Negotiating and arriving at a decision: In this internship was able to learn how to solve
a problem assigned and arrive at a particular decision while working with software.
3. Task Management: To plan and prepare the task, to provide and maintain standard and
then identifying a proper resource to complete task.
4. Improved Communication skills: It helped to improve the communication skills during

the course of internship.
5. Resource Management: With the equipment’s present in the company it helped to

increase the practical knowledge about the equipment.
6. Self-esteem: This internship helped to develop a positive attitude towards ourselves.
7. Sociability: It helped to develop various qualities like understanding, friendliness,

adaptability and politeness in the work field.
8. Work with diversity: this internship, helped to work with people from diverse
backgrounds

The aim of this 16 weeks university internship program was to develop

engineering skills and practice. The internship was aligned with aims of engineering
program and its area of specialization. As an intern, this program helped to apply existing
engineering knowledge in real world, improve technical capabilities and skills for
industrial application. Hence it was able to demonstrate functioning engineering
knowledge, both new and existing and identifying areas of further development for future
careers.

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Biomedical Data Acquisition System

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Biomedical Data Acquisition System 2015-2016

ABOUT THE COMPANY

M.Tech, BMSPI, Department of E&IE, RVCE Page 1

ABOUT THE COMPANY

1.1 ABOUT TMI SYSTEMS

TMI System believes that Engineering is a practicing profession, a profession

TMI Systems Manufacturing product lines include Function Generators, IC

M.Tech, BMSPI, Department of E&IE, RVCE Page 2

The overall organization structure flow goes in this manner:

Mr. Dhanpal Ms.Lalitha

Figure 1.1: Organizational Structure of Company

1.2 PRODUCT PROFILE OF THE COMPANY

The manufacturing product lines include Function Generators, IC Testers, Logic

I. Test & Measuring equipment’s

M.Tech, BMSPI, Department of E&IE, RVCE Page 3

a. Audio Signal Generators,

4. Pattern Generator and Logical Analyzers (PGLA)

5. Power Supplies, Decade Boxes [DRB, DIB, DCB]

a. Analog & Digital

B. Zealtech Electronic Workbench

The following labs can be performed with Zealtech Electronic Workbench

a. Basic electronics Lab

M.Tech, BMSPI, Department of E&IE, RVCE Page 4

II. Biomedical Test Equipment’s

1. ECG System 20. Nerve Stimulator

M.Tech, BMSPI, Department of E&IE, RVCE Page 5

15. Electrosurgical Diathermy 36. Conductivity Meter

1. ECG Amplifier 52. Diff. I/P Single O/P

M.Tech, BMSPI, Department of E&IE, RVCE Page 6

8. Mechanical Pulse Amplifier 59. Amplitude Control

M.Tech, BMSPI, Department of E&IE, RVCE Page 7

d. Modular Experimental Setups

M.Tech, BMSPI, Department of E&IE, RVCE Page 8

1. Photoelectric Transducer Kit 7. Vibration Controller add on Kit

1. Peripheral Pulse Sensor 10. Tilt Sensor

g. Electrodes & Accessories

1. Ring 9. PT100 (Temperature Sensor)

M.Tech, BMSPI, Department of E&IE, RVCE Page 9

16. Crocodile Cable

h. Data Acquisition System

j. Other Trainer Modules:

1.3 Departments in TMI System

Administration department is the backbone of TMI systems. An effective

other. Thus without an effective administration, an organization would not run

The duty of an administrator depends on the company that the administrator

An accountant performs financial functions related to the collection, accuracy,

3. Research and Development:

A company's research and development department plays an integral role in the

1. Forecasting the requirements of the production in order to achieve the production

2. Making most efficient utilization of the available sources for production.

3. Minimizing ‘throughput time’ and ‘work in process inventory’. This can be

4. One of the most important responsibility of a production manager deals with

5. Testing and Quality Check:

Client requirements are becoming increasingly vertical focused, demanding

M.Tech, BMSPI, Department of E&IE, RVCE Page 12

M.Tech, BMSPI, Department of E&IE, RVCE Page 13

M.Tech, BMSPI, Department of E&IE, RVCE Page 14

ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT

2.2 The Products Manufactured in TMI Systems