GS PDF

PHASE - I
Table of Contents
 Basic Concepts ..................................................................................................................... 3
 Solved Examples .................................................................................................................. 12
 Exercise - 1 : Summative Exercise ....................................................................................... 20
 Exercise - 2 : Subjective Questions ..................................................................................... 21
 Exercise - 3 : Basic Objective Questions ............................................................................. 22
 Answer Key .......................................................................................................................... 26

DR12 STATES OF MATTER 3
BASIC CONCEPTS
INTRODUCTION
Any substance that has mass and occupies space is called
Matter. Matter is composed of atoms or molecules. The
arrangement of these building blocks gives matter various
states, physical and chemical properties. The force of
interaction between these particles give matter its physical
properties based on which matter can be classified into solid,
liquid or gases. The force of interaction between atoms/ Ion-dipole attractions between Na+ and H2O
molecules is highest in solids and least in liquids. molecules and Cl– ion and H2O molecules
In this unit, we will learn more about these three physical 1.3 Ion-Induced dipole Interactions
states of matter particularly liquid and gaseous states.
A non-polar molecule may be polarized by the presence of
1. INTERMOLECULAR FORCES an ion near it, i.e., it becomes an induced dipole. The
interactions between them are called ion-induced dipole
The forces of attraction existing among the molecules of a
interactions.
substance (gaseous, liquid or solid) are called intermolecular
forces.
Dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole and dispersion forces
are collectively called as van der Waals forces, Ion-dipole Ion-induced dipole attractions
and ion-induced dipole forces ion-dipole and ion-induced between NO3 ion and I2 molecule
dipole forces are not van der Waals forces. Further, hydrogen
bonding is only a special type of dipole-dipole attraction For example, in the presence of nitrate ion (NO3 ) , iodine
shown only by limited number of elements.  

molecule (I2), which is non-polar, gets polarized as ( I  I)
The different types of intermolecular forces are :
as shown in fig.
1.1 Dipole-Dipole Interactions
1.4 Dipole-Induced dipole Interactions
These forces of attraction occur among the polar molecules.
A non-polar molecule may be polarized by the presence of a
Polar molecules have parmanent dipoles. The positive ple
polar molecule (dipole) near it, thereby making it an induced
of one molecule is thus attracted by the negative pole of the
dipole. The interactions between them are then called dipole-
other molecule.
induced dipole interactions.
HCl in which chlorine being more electronegative acquires
a slight negative charge whereas the hydrogen end becomes
slightly positively charged. The dipole-dipole interactions
then take place among the HCl molecules :
Dipole-induced dipole attractions
For example, noble gases get polarized in the presence of
polar molecules.
1.5 London forces or Dispersion forces
At any instant of time, the electron cloud of the molecule

1.2 Ion-Dipole Interactions may be distorted so that an instantaneous dipole or
This is the attraction between an ion (cation or anion) and a momentary dipole (i.e., a dipole for a short while) is produced
polar molecule. For example, when NaCl is dissolved in water, in which one part of the molecule. These are then attracted
to each other. The forces of attraction between the induced
the polar water molecules are attracted towards Na+ ion as
momentary dipoles are called London dispersion forces.
well as towards Cl– ion.
4 STATES OF MATTER DR12
Forces of attraction between momentary dipoles and induced

dipoles (London forces) in helium atoms
2. INTERMOLECULAR FORCES VERSUS There are majorly three variables for a given sample of a gas,
THERMAL ENERGY i.e. Pressure, Volume and Temperature (P, V and T). When
the values of these three parameters are fixed for a gas, we say
Whether a substance will exist as a solid or a liquid or a gas it to be in a fixed state.
is the result of competition between :
(i) intermolecular forces, i.e., the forces of interaction 4.1 Pressure
between the molecules of that substance which try to
bring the molecules closer, and A force is exerted on the walls of the container due to the
collisions of the atoms/molecules. This force averaged per
(ii) thermal energy possessed by the molecules due to unit area is called the pressure. There are various units used
temperature which results into the movement of the to measure pressure an account of which is given on the
molecules and hence tries to keep them apart. first page.
4.1.1 Measurement of pressure of a gas
The most common instrument used to measure the pressure

of a gas is called a barometer. Another instruments used to
measure pressure is manometer.
3. IDEAL GAS
4.2 Volume
An ideal gas is a hypothetical concept of matter and is treated
as a standard of comparison while studying the various In case of rigid containers, the volume of the gas is same as
states of matter. There are various assumptions associated the volume of the container it is kept in. However, for containers
with an ideal gas. The most notable of these assumptions which can expand (e.g. balloon), the volume of the gas is
are: determined by the other two state functions and moles of the
gas taken.
 Volume of the molecules are infinitely small and the force of
interaction between the molecules is zero 4.3 Temperature
 The molecules of the gas undergo random motion colliding Temperature is a measure of the amount of heat contained
with each other and the walls of the container in the gas. When the temperature of the gas equals the
 Laws of classical mechanics are applicable on the molecules. surrounding temperature, no heat flows in or out of the gas
and the gas is said to be in a state of Thermal Equilibrium.
4. STATE OF A GAS AND STATE VARIABLES
4.3.1 Measurement of Temperature
“State” of a gas means the physical condition of the system.
The instrument used to measure the temperature of a gas is
Certain variables are used to represent physical condition
called a thermometer. There are three units used in measuring
of the gas which are termed as state variables.
temperature viz. oC, oF and K.
Pressure relations Temperature relations Volume relations
1 atm = 1.0132 × 105 Pa 1.8 T (0C) = T (0F) – 32 1 L = 1000 mL

1 bar = 10 Pa
5
T (K) = T ( C) + 273.15
0
1 m3 = 1000 L
76 cm Hg = 1 atm =760 mm Hg 1 mL = 1 cc
1 torr = 1 mm Hg 1 dm3 = 1 L
1 kPa = 1000 Pa
5. IDEAL GAS LAW

There are four laws which relate the state variables of a gas
in two states. These foud laws are :
5.1 Boyle’s Law (Pressure – Volume Relationship)
It states that at constant temperature, the pressure of a fixed

amount (i.e. number of moles n) of gas varies inversely with
its volume. This is known as Boyle’s law Mathematically
1
p  (at constant T and n)
V
PV = constant
 p1V1 = p2V2
Each line of the volume vs temperature graph is called isobar.
5.3 Gay Lussac’s Law (Pressure-Temperature Relationship)
It states that at constant volume, pressure of a fixed amount

of a gas varies directly with the temperature. Mathematically,
pT
P
  constant
T
Each line of pressure is temperature graph is called isochore.
Graph of pressure, p vs. Volume, V of

a gas at different temperature
Each curve corresponds to a different constant temperature
and is known as an isotherm.
5.2 Charles’s Law (Temperature - Volume Relationship)
It states the pressure remaining constant, the volume of a

fixed mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature.
5.4 Avogadro Law (Volume - Amount Relationship) 7. VARIATION OF THE IDEAL GAS EQUATION
It states that equal volumes of all gases under the same Ideal gas equation can be rearranged as follows :
conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal
number of molecules. n p

Mathematically V RT
V  n where n is the number of moles of the gas. m

Replacing n by , we get
M
6. IDEAL GAS EQUATION
m p
The above laws can be combined together in a single 
MV RT
equation which is known as ideal gas equation.
d p
1  (where d is the density)
At constant T and n; V  Boyle’s Law M RT
p
 pM  dRT
At constant p and n; V  T Charles’s Law
At constant p and T; V  n Avogadro Law 8. DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES

Thus, It states that the total pressure exerted by the mixture of
non-reactive gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures
nT
V of individual gases i.e., the pressures which these gases
p
would exert if they were enclosed separately in the same
volume and under the same conditions of temperature. In a
nT
 VR mixture of gases, the pressure exerted by the individual gas
p
is called partial pressure. Mathematically,
where R is proportionality constant. On rearranging the pTotal = p1 + p2 + p3 + ..... (at constant T, V)
equation we obtain
where pTotal is the total pressure exerted by the mixture of
pV = n RT
gases and p1, p2, p3 etc. are partial pressures of gases.
This equation is called ideal gas equation.
Partial pressure in terms of mole fraction
pV Suppose at the temperature T, three gases, enclosed in the
 R
nT volume V, exert partial pressure p1, p2 and p3 respectively.
then,
R is called gas constant. It is same for all gases. Therefore it
is also called universal gas constant. n1RT
p1 
Values of R : V
(i) R = 8.314 J K–1 mol–1, (ii) R = 0.0821 L at M K–1 mol–1.
n 2 RT
If temperature, volume and pressure o a fixed amount of gas p2 
V
vary from T1, V1 and p1 to T2, V2 and p2 then we can write
n 3 RT
p1V1 p V p3 
 nR and 2 2  nR V
T1 T2
where n1 n2 and n3 are number of moles of these gases.
p1V1 p 2 V2 Thus expression for total pressure will be
 
T1 T2 pTotal = p1 + p2 + p3
This equation is alos known as combined gas law. RT RT RT

 n1  n2  n3
V V V
of molecules and heavier the molecules, slower are their

RT
 (n1  n 2  n 3 ) movement.
V
Rate of diffusion  P (partial pressure)
On dividing p1 by ptotal we get
Also,  1/ M
p1  n1  RTV
  Therefore we can write:
p total  n1  n 2  n 3  RTV
Rate, r  P/ M
n1 n Rate of diffusion may be defined in various ways. It may be
  1  x1
n1  n 2  n 3 n number of moles transferred per unit time, Volume
transferred per unit time, distance travelled per unit time
where n = n1 + n2 + n3
and even pressure drop per unit time. While comparing the
x1 is called mole fraction of first gas. rates of two gases, we should take similar definitions of
rate, it may be n/t, V/t or d/t.
Thus, p1 = x1 ptotal
Similarly for other two gases we can write r2 P2 M1

p2 = x2 ptotal and p3 = x3 ptotal r1 P1 M2
Thus a general equation can be written as
Graham’s Law can be applied to diffusion and effusion both.
pi = xi ptotal
10. KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
9. GRAHAM’S LAW OF DIFFUSION Assumptions or postulates of the kinetic-molecular theory
of gases are given below. These postulates are related to
Diffusion is a process of intermixing of gases. This is a
atoms and molecules which cannot be seen, hence it is said
natural tendency of any gas to occupy the whole volume
to provide a microscopic model of gases.
available to it. So even without pressure difference gases
mix with each other. If the pressure difference is increased (i) Gases consist of large number of identical particles
the diffusion process becomes faster. (atoms or molecules) that are so small and so far apart
on the average that the actual volume of the molecules
Effusion is flow of a gas through small openings due to
pressure difference that is it is a case of fast diffusion. is negligible in comparison to the empty space between
them.
(ii) There is no force of attraction between the particles
of a gas at ordinary temperature and pressure.
(iii) Particles of a gas are always is constant and random
motion.
(iv) Particles of a gas move in all possible directions in
straight lines. During their random motion, they collide
with each other and with the walls of the container.
Pressure is exerted by the gas as a result of collision of
the particles with the walls of the container.
(a) Diffusion is mixing of gas molecules by random motion
(v) Collisons of gas molecules are perfectly elastic. This
under conditions where molecular collisions occur.
means that total energy of molecules before and after
(b) Effusion is the escape of a gas through a pinhole the collision remains same.
without molecular collisions. (vi) At any particular time, different particular in the gas
According to Graham’s Law the rate of diffusion depends have different speeds and hence different kinetic
on pressure and molecular weight of a gas. Rate of Diffusion energies.
is directly proportional to Partial Pressure of the gas and
It is possible to show that though the individual speeds
inversely proportional to the square root of molar mass of
are changing, the distribution of speeds remains
the gas. That is, greater the pressure faster is the movement
constant at a particular temperature.
If a molecule has variable speed, then it must have a

12. REAL GASES
variable kinetic energy. Under these circumstances, we
can talk only about average kinetic energy. In kinetic In case of real gases two of assumption taken for ideal gases
theory it is assumed that average kinetic energy of the become invalid or restricted only to some particular
gas molecules is directly proportional to the absolute conditions.
temperature.
(i) We assumed that there are no interactions between
The important mathematical results from this Theory are ; molecules of an ideal gas.
K.E. per mole = 3/2 nRT (ii) We assumed that volume of the molecules of a gas is
K.E. per molecule = 3/2 kT negligible as compare to entire volume of gases.
where R = 8.314 and k = R/NA = 1.38 × 10–23 J/K In case of real gases, be cannot ignore the molecular
interactions any more.
11. Molecular Distribution of speeds
There are two types of forces of interaction:
(Max well Boltzmann Distribution)
Long Ranged attractive forces. &
The Maxwell Boltzmann Distribution is a plot of fraction of
Short Ranged repulsive forces.
molecules in the gas sample vs. the speed of the gas
molecules. The distribution is shown below followed by When the molecules of a real gas are far apart, the interactive
the salient features of the graph. forces are negligible. When the molecules are brought closer
to each other attractive forces start to develop and when the
molecules are too close they start repelling each other. The
following curve represents the variation of potential energy
of a system of two molecules of a real gas with distance
between them.
The graph shows that :
 The fraction of molecules having very low or very high

speeds is very less.
Separation
0
 Most of the molecules have a speed somewhere in the middle,
this is called the most probable speed. (MP) Attractions
dominant
 The area covered between any two velocities is the number
of molecules in that velocity range.
 The total area covered by the graph gives the total number 13. COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR
of molecules in the sample and is constant.
The deviation from ideal behaviour can be measured in terms
 There are two more molecular speeds defined for a sample of compressibility factor (Z).
called average speed (uAVG) and root mean square speed
Z = Vm(real)/Vm(ideal)
(uRMS)
 At very low pressures, there are no interactions between
3RT 2RT 8RT the molecules of the real gas and Z = 1.
uRMS  uMP  uAVG 
M M M
 At low or moderate pressure, there are attractive forces
NB : Always remember to take molecular mass in kg in the dominant due to which a real gas is compressed to a greater
above volume than expected, therefore Z < 1.
It’s useful to remember the ratio of uMP : uAVG: uRMS =
1:1.128:1.224 for a given gas at the same temperature.
 At high pressures, repulsions dominate and it is tough to (iii) b  Relates to the volume occupied by the gas molecules
compress the real gas so it is compressed to smaller volume and takes into account the fact that the space actually
than expected thus Z > 1. occupied by the molecules themselves is unavailable
for the molecules to move in and is given by :
Z is always 1 for ideal gases.
b = 4 × volume of 1 mol of gas molecules.
For real gases Z = PV/nRT.
(iv) For a given gas Van der Waal’s constant ‘a’ is always
13.1 Variation of Z with P and T greater than ‘b’.
(v) The gas having higher values of ‘a’ can be liquefied
The graph of compressibility factor, Z, with pressure for an
easily.
ideal gas is a straight line. However, for real gases the value
of Z is <1 for low pressures and then Z becomes >1 as 14.1 Applicability of Vanderwaal’s Equation
pressure increases and keeps on increasing. On increasing
the temperature the graph tends more towards Z=1 i.e. ideal Under the conditions of high temperature and low/moderate
gas. pressure and also under very low pressure Z = 1 and the
above equation becomes PVm = RT.
14.2 At low/moderate Pressure
The volume correction factor can be ignored and Z<1 where

the attractive forces dominate. The equation becomes:
 a 
Z  1  
 Vm RT 
14.3 At high Pressure

It can be concluded from the above graphs that an real gas
The volume correction factor cannot be ignored but the
follows ideal behavior at low pressure and high temperature.
pressure correction factor can be ignored. Z > 1 and the
This does not mean that if you keep on increasing the
equation is:
temperature a real gas will convert to ideal gas. There is a
characteristic temperature at which a gas follows ideal P (Vm – b) = RT
behavior most closely; this is called Boyle’s temperature.
 Pb 
 Z  1  
14. VANDERWALL’S EQUATION  RT 
This equation was formulated taking into account correction 15. LIQUEFICATION OF GASES
factors for pressure and volume into the ideal gas equation.
When the molecules of a gas are brought closer to each
 P  an V   V  nb   nRT
2
2
other, due to increase in the attractive forces, a stage may
be reached when the gas changes its phase to liquid. This
phenomenon is called Liquefaction of gases.
Constants a and b are called vander waals constants and
their value depends on the characteristic of a gas. 15.1 Critical Temperature, TC
Note :
The characteristic temperature of a real gas above which it
L2 atm L cannot be liquefied.
(i) Unit of a  2
;b
mol mol TC = 8a/27Rb
(ii) a  Relates to the forces interacting between the gas
15.2 Critical Pressure, PC
molecules and modifies the pressure term.
(‘a’ is high if the gas molecules have more attractive It is the minimum pressure required for liquefaction to take
forces) place at critical temperature
PC = a/27b2
When the external pressure is equal to 1 bar, the boiling

15.3 Critical Volume, VC
point is called standard boiling point of the liquid.
It is the volume occupied by one mole of a gas under critical Some Applications of Effect of External Pressure on Boiling
temperature and pressure. point.
VC = 3b
(i) Obviously, if the external pressure is higher, more heat will
NB: The compressibility factor at critical point is constant
be required to make the vapour pressure equal to the external
for all gases and has a value of 0.375.
pressure and hence higher will be the boiling point. That is
For liquefication of real gases, we can do either of the why in hospitals, surgical instrumnts are sterilized in
following :
autoclaves in which boiling point of water is raised by using
(1) Increase the pressure on the gas a weight to cover the vent.
(2) Decrease the temperature of gas but temperature is the (ii) Similarly, if the external pressure is decreased, the boiling
dominant factor and pressure assumes a secondary role.
point is lowered. This is the reason that a liquid boils at a
16. LIQUID STATE lower temperature on the top of a mountain (where pressure
is low) than on the sea shore. That is why at hills, use of
Intermolecular forces as stronger in liquid state than in pressure cooker is essential for cooking food.
gaseous state.
5. Surface tension is a characteristic property of liquids which
1. Properties of liquids : Molecules in liquids are so close that arises due to the fact that the molecules of the liquid at the
there is very little empty space between them and under
surface are in different situation than those in the interior of
normal conditions liquids are denser than gases.
the liquid.
2. Molecules of liquids are held together by attractive
Surface tension of a liquid is defined as the force acting at
intermolecular forces. Liquids have definite volume because
molecules do not separate from each other. right angles to the surface along one centimetre length of
the surface. Thus, the units of surface tension are dynes
3. Molecules of liquids can move past one another freely,
therefore, liquids can flow, can be poured and can assume per cm (or Newtons per metre, i.e., N m–1 in the S.I. system.
the shape of the container in which these are stored. Some important Results
4. Vapour pressure of a liquid at any temperature may be (i) Spherical shape of drops the lowest energy state of a
defined as the pressure exerted by the vapour present above
liquid will be when the surface area is minimum. Surface
the liquid in equilibrium with the liquid at that temperature.
tension tries to decrease the surface area of the liquid
Factors affecting vapour pressure to the minimum. The drops of a liquid (or the bubbles of
a gas) are spherical because for a given volume, a sphere
Two important factors on which the vapour pressure of a
has minimum surface area.
liquids depends are :
(ii) Fire polishing of glass. Sharp glass edges are heated
(a) Nature of the liquid : If the intermolecular forces of attraction
to make them smooth. This is because on heating, the
in the liquid are weak, the molecules can easily leave the
liquid and come into the vapour phase and hence the vapour glass melts and takes up rounded shape at the edges
pressure is higher. which has minimum surface area.
(b) Effect of temperature : As the temperature of a liquid is (iii) Rise of a liquid in a capillary tube. This rise is obviously
increased, the vapour pressure of the liquid increases. due to the inward pull of surface tension acting on the
Boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at surface which pushes the liquid into the capillary tube.
which the vapour pressure of the liquid becomes equal to (iv) Effect of nature of the liquid on surface tension. Surface
the external pressure (i.e., the atmospheric pressure).
tension is a property that arises due to the intermolecular
When the external pressure is normal atmospheric pressure forces of attraction among the molecules of the liquid.
(i.e., 760 mm), be boiling point is called the normal boiling Greater are the intermolecular forces of attraction, higher
point. is the surface tension of that liquid.
(v) Effect of temperature on surface tension. The surface

du du
tension of liquids generally decreases with increase of F (where, is velocity gradient; the change in
dz dz
temperature and becomes zero at the critical temperature
velocity with distance)
(where the meniscus between the liquid and the vapour
disappears). The decrease in surface tension with
du
increase of temperature is obviously due to the fact F  A.
dz
that with increase of temperature, the kinetic energy of
the molecules (and hence the speeds of molecules)
du
increases and, therefore, the intermolecular attraction  F  A
dz
decreases.
6. Viscosity is one of the characteristic properties of liquids. ‘  ’ is proportional constant and is called coefficient of
Viscosity is a measure of resistance to flow which arises viscosity. Viscosity coefficient is the force when velocity
due to the internal friction between layers of fluid as they gradient is unity and the area of contact is unit area. Thus
slip past one another while liquid flows. ‘  ’ is measure of viscosity. SI unit of viscosity coefficient
The type of flow in which there is a regular gradation of is 1 newton second per square metre (N s m–2) = pascal
velocity in passing from one layer to the next is called laminar second (Pa s = 1kg m–1s–1). In cgs system the unit of
flow. coefficient of viscosity is poise.
If the velocity of the layer at a distance dz is changed by a 1 poise = 1 g cm–1s–1 = 10–1kg m–1s–1
du
.
 Greater the viscosity, the more slowly the liquid flows.
value du then velocity gradient is given by the amount
dz Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces are strong
A force is required to maintain the flow of layers. This force enough to cause high viscosity. Glass is an extremely
is proportional to the area of contact of layers and velocity viscous liquid.
gradient i.e.
 Viscosity of liquids decreases as the temperature rises
F  A (A is the area of contact) because at high temperature molecules have high kinetic
energy and can overcome the intermolecular forces to slip
past one another between the layers.
SOLVED EXAMPLE
Example - 1 Example - 3
A gas occupies 200 mL at a pressure of 0.820 bar at On a ship sailing in a pacific ocean where temperature is
20ºC. How much volume will it occupy when it is 23.4ºC, a ballon is filled with 2L air. What will be the
subjected to external pressure of 1.025 bar at the same volume of the ballon when the ship reaches Indian ocean,
temperature ? where temperature is 26.1ºC ?
Sol. p1 = 0.820 bar p2 = 1.025 bar Sol. According to Charles’ law
V1 = 200 ml V2 = ?
V1 V2

Since temperature is constant, therefore, by applying Boyle’s T1 T2
law,
V1 = 2L V2 = ?
p1V1
p 1 V1 = p 2 V2 or V2  T1 = 273 + 23.4 = 296.4 K T2 = 273 + 26.1 = 299.1
p2
V1T2
 V2 
(0.820bar)  (200 mL) T1
V2   160 ml
1.025 bar
2L  299.1K
  2.018 L
Example - 2 296.4 K
A ballon is filled with hydrogen at room temperature. It
will burst if pressure exceeds 0.2 bar. If at 1 bar pressure Example - 4
the gas occupies 2.27 L volume, upto what volume can the A chamber of constant volume contains hydrogen gas.
balloon be expanded ? When the chamber is immersed in a bath of melting ice
(0ºC), the pressure of the gas is 1.07 × 102 kPa. What
Sol. According to Boyle’s law, at constant temperature,
pressure will be indicated when the chamber is brought
p 1 V 1 = p 2 V2 to 100ºC ?
If p1 = 1 bar then V1 = 2.27 L

Sol. T1 = 273 + 0 = 273 K p1 = 1.07 × 102 kPa
if p2 = 0.2 bar, then = 107 kPa
T2 = 273 + 100 = 373 K p2 = ?

p1V1
V2 
p2 Since volume remains constant, therefore, according to Gay
Lussac’s law.
1 bar  2.27 L
 p1 p 2 p1T2
0.2 bar  or
T1 T2 p2
= 11.35 L
(107 kPa)  (373 K)
Since ballon bursts at 0.2 bar pressure, the volume of the 
(273 K)
ballon should be less than 11.35 L.
= 1.462 × 102 kPa.

A sample of nitrogen occupies a volume of 1.0 L at a 2.9 g of a gas at 95ºC occupied the same volume as 0.184
pressure of 0.5 bar at 40ºC. Calculate the pressure if the g of hydrogen at 17ºC at the same pressure. What is the
molar mass of the gas ?
gas is compressed to 0.225 ml at –6ºC.
Sol. Let molar mass of gas is M.
Sol. p1 = 0.5 bar p2 = ?
2.9
V1 = 1.0 L V2 = 0.225 mL Moles of gas = , T = 273 + 95 = 368 K
M
= 0.225 × 10–3 L
nRT
T1 = 273 + 40 = 313 K Volume of gas, V
p
T2 = 273 – 6 = 267 K
2.9  R  368
According to gas equation, 
Mp
p1V1 p2 V2
 0.184
T1 T2 Moles of dihydrogen =  0.092,
2
T = 273 + 17 = 290 K
p1V1T2
p2 
V2T1 0.092  R  290
Volume of dihydrogen =
p
0.5 bar 1.0L  267K
 = 1895.6 bar.. Volume of gas = Volume of dihydrogen at same pressure, p
0.225  103 L  313 K
2.9  R  368
Example - 6 = 0.092 × R × 290
M
Calculate the volume occupied by 4.045 × 1023 molecules
2.9  368
of oxygen at 27ºC and having a pressure of 0.935 bar.  M = 40
0.092  290
Sol. Here, number of molecules = 4.045 × 1023
Example - 8
p = 0.933 bar
The density of a gas at 27ºC and 1 bar presssure is
T = 27 + 273 = 300 K
2.56 g L–1. Calculate the molar mass.
R = 0.083 bar dm3 mol–1 K–1
Sol. We are given
Let us first calculate the number of moles, n. We know that
p = 1.0 bar, T = 27 + 273 = 300 K,
number of moles,
d = 2.56 g L–1 or 2.56 g dm–3
No. of molecules 4.045  1023 We know that
n   0.672 mol
6.022  1023 6.022  1023
dRT
M
Now, according to general gas equation, p
nRT where R = 0.083 bar dm3 mol–1 K–1

pV = nRT or V 
p
2.56g dm 3  0.083 bar dm3 mol1K 1  300 K
M
1 bar
0.672 mol  0.083 bar dm3 K 1mol1  300 K
V 
0.993 bar. = 63.74 g mol–1
Molar mass of gas = 63.74
3
= 17.93 dm (or L)
Example - 9 2  0.083  300

p(H2) =
At 273 K, the density of a gaseous oxide at 2 bar is same 1
as that of nitrogen at 5 bar. Calculate the molecular mass = 49.8 bar
of oxide.
Total pressure = p(O2 )  p(H2 )
pM
Sol. d  = 6.225 + 49.8 = 56.025 bar.
RT
Example - 11
For nitrogen gas at 5 bar pressure and 273 K temperature
A 10 dm3 flask at 298 K contains a gaseous mixture of
5bar  28g mol1 CO and CO2 at a total pressure of 2.0 bar. If 0.20 mole of
d(N 2 )  CO is present, find its partial pressure and also that of
R  273 K
CO2.
For gaseous oxide at 2 bar pressure and 273 K temperature
Sol. According to Dalton’s law of partial pressure
2 bar  M g mol1
d(oxide)  ptotal = p(CO)  p(CO2 )  2.0 bar
R  273K
Now d (N2) = d (oxide) n(CO) RT

Partial pressure of CO, p(CO) =
V
5 bar  28 g mol 1 2 bar  M g mol1

R  273 K R  273
(0.2 mol)  (0.083 bar dm3K 1mol1 )  (298 K)

10 dm3
5  28
 M = 70 g mol–1
2 = 0.495 bar.
Example - 10
Partial pressure of CO2, p(CO2 )
Calculate the total pressure in a mixture of 8g of oxygen
and 4g of hydrogen confined in a vessel of 1 dm3 at 27ºC
 p total  p(CO)
(R = 0.083 bar dm3 K–1 mol–1).
= 2.0 – 0.495 = 1.505 bar.
Sol. Partial pressure of oxygen gas,
Example - 12
nRT
p Calculate the kinetic energy of 2g of oxygen at –23ºC.
V
Sol. Kinetic energy is given as
8
n mol, V = 1 dm3, T = 300 K
32 3
Ek  nRT
2
8  0.083  300
p(O2 ) 
32 1
2 1
n  mol,
= 6.225 bar 32 16
Partial pressure of hydrogen gas R = 8.314 JK–1 mol–1, T = 273 – 23 = 250 K
nRT
p 3 1
V E k    8.314  250 = 194.86 J
2 16
4
n  2 mol
2
Calculate the root mean square speed of methane For oxygen gas, the Van der Waals, constant is
molecules at 27ºC. 0.0318 L mol–1. Calculate the diameter of oxygen
molecule.
Sol. Root mean square speed,
Sol. Van der Waals’ constant,
3RT
u r.m.s.  b = 4 × Volume occupied by molecules in 1 mole of gas
M
4
T = 27 + 273 = 300 K, M = 16, R = 8.314 × 107  4  r 3  6.023 1023
3
3  8.314  107  300 b = 0.0318 L mol–1 = 0.0318 × 103 cm3 mol–1
u r.m.s. 
16
4 3 23
= 683.9 × 102 cm s–1 0.0318 × 103 =  4   3.14  r  6.023  10
3
= 683.9 m s–1
Example - 14 0.0318  103  3
or r3 
One mole of CO2 occupies 1.5 L at 25ºC. Calculate the 16  3.14  6.023 1023
pressure exerted by the gas using
1/ 3
(i) ideal gas equation  0.0318  103  3 
r   23 

(ii) Van der Waals’ gas equation with a = 3.6 L2 bar  16  3.14  6.023  10 
mol–2 and b = 0.04 L mol–1.
= 1.47 × 10–8 cm
Sol. (i) According to ideal gas equation,
Diameter of oxygen molecule = 2 × 1.47 × 10–8
nRT = 2.94 × 10–8 cm.
pV  nRT or p
V
n = 1 mol, T = 273 + 25 = 298 K, V = 1.5 L, R = 0.083 atm L bar Example - 16
K–1 mol–1 A vessel of 25 L capacity contains 10 mol of steam under
50 bar pressure. Calculate the temperature of steam
1 mol  0.083 L bar mol1K 1  298 K using Van der Waals’ equation if for water :
p 
1.5 L
a = 5.46 bar L2 mol–2 and b = 0.031 L mol–1.
= 16.49 bar
Sol. Van der Waals’ equation is
(ii) According to van der Waals’ gas equation,
 an 2 
 an 2   p  2  (V  nb)  nRT
 p  2  (V  nb)  nRT  V 
 V 
 an 2 
nRT  an 2   p  2  (V  nb)
p   2  V 
T
or (V  nb)  V  or
nR
1 mol  0.083 L bar mol1 K 1  298 K n = 10 mol, V = 25 L, p = 50 bar

p
(1.5  1 0.04) L a = 5.46 bar L2 mol–2, b = 0.031 L mol–1
3.6 L2 bar mol 2  (1 mol2 )  5.46  100 

  50   (25  0.031)
(1.5 L) 2   (25) 2 
T
10  0.082
= 16.94 – 1.60 = 15.34 bar
= 1531.7 K.
1 mole of sulphur dioxide occupies a volume of 350 ml at Which type of intermolecular forces exist among the
27ºC and 5 × 10 6 Pa pressure. Calculate the following molecules ?
compressibility factor of the gas. Is it less or more
(i) H2S molecules (ii) H2O molecules
compressible than an ideal gas ?
(iii) Cl2 and CCl4 molecules
Sol. Compressibility factor,
(iv) SiH4 molecules (v) Helium atoms
pV
Z (vi) He atoms and HCl molecules
nRT
n = 1 mol, p = 5 × 106 Pa, V = 350 mL = 0.350 × 10–3 m3 Sol. (i) Dipole-dipole interactions (because H2S is polar).
R = 8.314 Nm K–1 mol–1, T = 27 + 273 = 300 K (ii) Hydrogen bonding.
(iii) London dispersion force (because both are non-polar).
5 106  0.350  103
Z  = 0.702
1.0  8.314  300 (iv) London dispersion forces (because SiH4 is non-polar).
SO2 is more compressible than an ideal gas (which has Z=1). (v) London dispersion forces (because He atoms have
symmetrical electron clouds).
Example - 18
(vi) Dipole-induced dipole forces (because HCl is polar while
Calculate the critical temperature of a Van der Waals
He atom has symmetrical electron cloud).
gas for which pc is 100 atm and b is 0.050 dm3 mol–1.
Example - 21
8a
Sol. Tc = How is the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture related
27Rb
to the total pressure of the gaseous mixture ?
But a = 3pc Vc2 2
 3pc  (3b)  27 pc b 2
Sol. Partial pressure of a gas = Mole fraction of that gas × Total

8 (27pc b 2 ) 8pc b pressure.
 Tc  
27Rb R
Example - 22
pc = 100 atm, b = 0.050 dm3 mol–1
Out of N2 and NH3, which one will have greater value for
8  (100 atm)  (0.050 dm3mol1 ) van der Waals constant ‘a’ and which one will have greater
 Tc 
0.082 dm3atm mol1 K 1 value for van der Waals constant ‘b’ ?
= 487.2 K. Sol. (i) As NH3 is more easily liquefiable (due to hydrogen

bonding), intermolecular forces of attraction are stronger
Example - 19
than in N2. Hence, NH3 will have greater value for ‘a’.
A mixture of dihydrogen and dioxygen at one bar pressure
contains 20% by weight of dihydrogen. Calculate the (ii) As NH3 molecule is larger in size than N2, hence NH3 will
partial pressure of dihydrogen. have greater value for ‘b’.
(For NH3, a = 4.17 L2 atm mol–2, b = 0.0371 L mol–1

Sol. Mass of H2 = 20g, Mass of O2 = 80 g
For N2, a = 1.39 L2 atm mol–2, b = 0.0319 L mol–1)
20 80
Moles of H2 = = 10 mol, Moles of O2 = Example - 23
2 32
Why liquids have a difinite volume but no definite shape ?
= 2.5 mol
Sol. This is because the intermolecular forces are strong enough
10
Mole fraction of H2 =  0.8 to hold the molecules together but not so strong as to fix
10  2.5
them into definite positions (as in solids). Instead, they
Partial pressure = 0.8 × p = 0.8 × 1 bar = 0.8 bar
possess fluidity and hence no definite shape.
Example - 24
MB P 2
or  2 A  2  4
Why vegetables are cooked with difficulty at a hill station ? MA PB 1
Sol. The atmospheric pressure is less and so the boiling point is

or MB = 4 MA.
lowered.
Example - 29
Example - 25
What will be the pressure of the gas mixture when 0.5 L
Why falling liquid drops are spherical ?
of H2 at 0.8 bar and 2.0 L of oxygen at 0.7 bar are introduced
Sol. This is due to property of surface tension possessed by the in a 1 L vessel at 27ºC ?
liquids. This makes the surface area minimum. For a given
Sol. Calculation of partial pressure of H2 in 1L vessel
volume, sphere has the minimum surface area.
P1 = 0.8 bar, V1 = 0.5 L
Example - 26
What is the difference between vapour and gas ? P2 = ? V2 = 1.0 L
As temperature remains constant, P1V1 = P2V2

Sol. A substance which is in gaseous state at room temprature is
called a gas. However, if a substance is not in gaseous state (0.8 bar) (0.5 L) = P2 (1.0 L)
at room temperature but changes into gaseous state on
or P2 = 0.40 bar, i.e., pH2 = 0.40 bar
heating, then the gaseous state obtained is called vapour or
when a gas is below its critical temperature, it is called vapour.
Calculation of partial pressure of O2 in 1L vessel
Example - 27
P1 V1  P2 V2
What is the difference between normal boiling pint and
standard boiling point ? (0.7 bar) (2.0 L) = P2 (1 L) or P2 = 1.4 bar, i.e., pO2 = 1.4 bar
Sol. When the external pressure is equal to one atmosphere

pressure, the boiling point is called normal boiling point.  Total pressure = p H2  pO2 = 1.4 bar + 1.4 bar = 1.8 bar
When the external pressure is 1 bar, it is called standard Example - 30
boiling point.
34.05 mL of phosphorus vapour weigh 0.0625 g at
Example - 28 546ºC and 1.0 bar pressure. What is the molar mass of
Pressure of 1g of an ideal gas A at 27ºC is found to be 2 phosphorus ?
bar. When 2g of another ideal gas B is introduced in the
same flask at same temperature, the pressure becomes 3 Sol. Step1. Calculation of volume at 0ºC and 1 bar pressure
bar. Find the relationship between their molecular masses. P1V1 P2V2 1 34.05 1 V2
 , i.e., 
T1 T2 546  273 273 or V2 = 11.35 mL
Sol. Suppose molecular masses of A and B are MA and MB
respectively. Then their number of moles will be 11.35 mL of vapour at 0ºC and 1 bar pressure weigh = 0.0625g
 22700 mL of vapour at 0ºC and 1 bar pressure will weight
1 2
nA  , nB 
MA MB 0.0625
  22700  125 g
11.35
PA = 2 bar, PA + PB = 3 bar, i.e., PB = 1 bar
 Molar mass = 125 g mol–1
Applying the relation, PV = nRT Alternatively, using
PAV = nART, PBV = nBRT R = 0.083 bar dm3 K–1 mol–1
PA n A 1/ M A MB 3 3
   PV 1.0 bar  (34.05  10 dm )
 PV = nRT, i.e., n  
PB n B 2 / M B 2 M A RT 0.083 bar dm3 K 1  819K
= 5 × 10–4 mol
Now partial pressure of a gas = mole

0.0625
 Mass of 1 mole = g = 125 g
5  104 fraction × total pressure
 Partial pressure of oxygen = 0.21 × (25 bar) = 5.25 bar

 Molar mass = 125 g mol–1
Partial pressure of neon = 0.79 × (25 bar) = 19.75 bar.
Example - 31
Example - 35
Critical temperature for CO2 and CH4 are 31.1ºC and –
81.9ºC respectively. Which of these has stronger A gaseous mixture containing 50 g of nitrogen and 10g
intermolecular forces and why ? of oxygen were enclosed in a vessel of 10L capacity at
27ºC. Calculate
Sol. Higher the critical temperature, more easily the gas can be
(a) the number of moles of each gas.
liquefied, i.e., greater are the intermolecular forces of
(b) the partial pressure of each gas.
attraction. Hence, CO2 has stronger intermolecular forces
than CH4. (c) the total pressure of gaseous mixture.
Example - 32 Sol. Volume of vessel = 10 L

Explain the significance of van der Waals parameters ? Temperature = 27 + 273 = 300 K
Step I. To calculate the moles of each gas.
Sol. ‘a’ is a measure of the magnitude of the intermolecular forces
of attraction while b is a measure of the effective size of the Weight of nitrogen = 50g
gas molecules. Molar mass of nitrogen = 28
Example - 33 50
Moles of nitrogen = = 1.79
What is SI unit of coefficient of viscosity ? How is it 28
related to poise ? Weight of oxygen = 10 g
Sol. SI unit = kg m–1 s–1 Molar mass of oxygen = 32
Poise = 1 g cm–1 s–1 10

Moles of oxygen = = 0.31
32
1
 1 poise = 10–1 kg m–1 s–1 = th of SI unit. Step II. To calculate the partial pressure of each gas.
10
According to general gas equation
Example - 34
A neon-dioxane mixture contains 70.6g of dioxygen and nRT
PV = nRT or p
167.5 g of neon. If pressure of the mixture of gases in the V
cylinder is 25 bar, what is the partial pressure of dioxygen
 Partial pressure of nitrogen,
and neon in the mixture.
1.79  0.082  300
p N2  = 4.40 atm.
70.6 10
Sol. No. of moles of dioxygen = = 2.21 mol
32
Partial pressure of oxygen,
167.5 0.31 0.082  300

No. of moles of neon = = 8.375 mol p O2  = 0.76 atm.
20 10
Step III. To calculate the total pressure

2.21
Mole fraction of dioxygen, x O2 = According the Dalton’s law of partial pressures, the total
2.21  8.375
pressure of the gaseous mixture :
8.375 p  p N 2  p O2
Mole fraction of neon, xNe = = 0.79
2.29  8.375
= 4.40 + 0.76 = 5.16 atm.
Example - 36 V 2V

–3
Density of a gas is found to be 5.46 g dm at 27ºC and 2 273 T2
bar pressure. What will be its density at STP ?
2V  273
T2   546 K
Sol. We know that V
pV = nRT Changing the temperature to centigrade scale,
Temperature = 546 – 273 = 273ºC.
m RT dRT
or p   Example - 38
V M M
What is the increase in volume when the temperature of
pM 800 mL of air increases from 27ºC to 47ºC under
 d constant pressure of 1 bar ?
RT
Sol. Since the amount of gas and the pressure remains constant,
P Charles’ law is applicable. i.e.
or d  (R and M constant for a given gas)
T
V1 V
 2
T1 T2
d1 p1 T2
or  
d 2 p 2 T1 V1 = 800 mL V2 = ?
T1 = 273 + 27 = 300 K T2 = 273 + 47 = 320 K
d p T
or d2  1 2 1 800 mL V2
p1  T2 
300 K 320 K
d1 = 5.46 g dm–3, p1 = 2 bar
(800 mL)
T1 = 273 + 27 = 300 K or V2   (320 K)
(300 K)
d2 = ? p2 = 1 bar T2 = 273 K
= 853.3 mL
 Increase in volume of air = 853.3 – 800 = 53.3 mL
5.46g dm 3  1 bar  300 K
 d2  2 bar  273 K Example - 39
A gas occupies volume of 250 mL at 745 mm Hg and
= 3.0 g dm –3 25ºC. What additional pressure is required to reduce the
gas volume to 200 mL at the same temperature ?
Example - 37
Sol. p1 = 745 mm Hg p2 = ?
At what centigrade temperature will a given volume of a
gas at 0ºC become double its volume, pressure remaining V1 = 250 mL V2 = 200 mL
constant ? Since temperature remains constant, therefore, by applying
Boyle’s law,
Sol. Let the volume of the gas at 0ºC be V.
p1 V1 = p2V2
V1 = V
p1V1 (745 mm Hg)  (250 mL)
T1 = 273 + 0 = 273 K or p2 = V  (200 mL)
2
V2 = 2V = 931.25 mm Hg
T2 = ? The additional pressure required = 931.25 – 745
Since pressure remains constant, therefore, by applying = 186.25 mm.
Charles’ law,
V1 V2

T1 T2
EXERCISE - 1 : SUMMATIVE EXERCISE
Questions 1 to 4 (1 Marks) Questions 11 to 15 (3 Marks)

1. What is Boyle temperature ? 13. Define Boyle’s law. How is it represented mathematically ?
Draw the curve of P vs V at constant temperature.
2. How is the pressure of a gas related to its density at a
particular temperature ? 14. A mixture of dihydrogen and dioxygen at one bar pressure
contains 20% by weight of dihydrogen. Calculate the partial
3. What is SI unit of coefficient of viscosity ? How is it related pressure of dihydrogen.
to poise ?
15. A gaseous mixture containing 50 g of nitrogen and 10g of
4. What is the equation of state for real gases ? oxygen were enclosed in a vessel of 10L capacity at 27ºC.
5. Why falling liquid drops are spherical ? Calculate
6. Why liquids have a difinite volume but no definite shape ? (a) the number of moles of each gas.
Questions 5 to 10 (2 Marks) (b) the partial pressure of each gas.
(c) the total pressure of gaseous mixture.

7. What will be the minimum pressure required to compress
500 dm3 of air at 1 bar to 200 dm3 at 30º ? 16. A gas occupies volume of 250 mL at 745 mm Hg and 25ºC.
What additional pressure is required to reduce the gas
8. Using the equation of state, pV = nRT, show that at a
volume to 200 mL at the same temperature ?
given temperature, density of a gas is proportional to the
gas pressure, p. 17. At 273 K, the density of a gaseous oxide at 2 bar is same as
that of nitrogen at 5 bar. Calculate the molecular mass of
9. Calculate the temperature of 4.0 moles of a gas occupying
oxide.
5 dm3 at 3.32 bar (R = 0.083 bar dm3 K–1 mol–1)
Questions 16 to 21 (5 Marks)
10. Calculate the volume occupied by 8.8 g of CO2 at 31.1ºC
and 1 bar pressure (R = 0.083 bar L K–1 mol–1) 18. What is ideal gas equation ? How can it be derived ? Also
express it in terms of density of the gas.
11. In terms of Charles’ law explain why – 273ºC is the lowest
temperature. 19. (i) State Dalton’s law of partial pressures.
12. Explain the significance of the van der Waals parameters ? (ii) List the postulates of kinetic-molecular theory of gases.
EXERCISE - 2 : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. A gas occupies 300 mL at 27ºC and 730 mm pressure. 11. Equal weights of CH4 and O2 are mixed in an empty
What would be its volume at STP ? container of one litre at 27ºC. Calculate the :
2. A gas at 0ºC and 1 atm pressure occupies 2.5 litre. What (a) fraction of total pressure exerted by O2.
change in temperature would be necessary if the
pressure is to be adjusted to 1.5 atm and the gas has (b) total pressure if the weights of gases are 32g each.
been transferred to a 2.0 litre container ?
12. 20 dm3 of SO2 diffuses through a porous partition in 60
3. A Student forgot to add the reaction mixture to the second. What volume be O2 will diffuse under similar
round bottomed flask at 27ºC but put it on the flame. conditions in 30 second ?
After a lapse of time, he realised his mistake. Using a
13. The rates of diffusion of two gases A and B are in the
pyrometer he found that the temperature of the flask
ratio 1 : 4. If the ratio of their masses present in the
was 477ºC. What fraction of air would have expelled
mixture is 2 : 3, calculate the ratio of their mole fraction.
out ?
14. A straight glass tube has two inlets X and Y at the two
4. Calculate the volume occupied by 7g N2 at 27ºC and
ends of 200 cm long tube. HCl gas through inlet X and
750 mm of Hg.
NH3 gas through inlet Y are allowed to enter in the
5. Calculate the weight of CH4 in a 9 litre cylinder at 16 tube at the same time and same pressure. White first
atm 27ºC. (R = 0.08 L atm K–1) appears at a point P inside the tube. Calculate distance
of P from X.
6. 3.7g of a gas at 25ºC occupy the same volume as 0.184g
H2 at 17ºC at same pressure. What is molecular weight 15. The average speed of an ideal gas molecule at 27ºC is
of gas ? 0.3 m sec–1. Calculate average speed at 927ºC.
7. What should be the percentage increase in pressure 16. The average velocity of gas molecules is 400 m/sec.
for a 5% decrease in volume of gas at constant Calculate its rms velocity at the same temperature.
temperature ?
17. Calculat e the vol ume cor rectio n and pressure
8. The pressure exerted by 12 g of an ideal gas at correction for 4.4 g CO2 kept in 1 litre flask. Given
temperature tºC in a vessel of volume V litre is one atm. a = 3.6 atm L2 mol–1 and b = 0.04 L mol–1 for CO 2.
When the temperature is increased by 10 degree at the
18. Calculate molecular diameter of He From its van der
same volume, the pressure increases by 10%. Calculate
the temperature t and volume V. (Molecular weight of Waals’ constant b = 24 mL mol–1.
the gas = 120) 19. Atomic and molecular sizes are of the order of a few
9. A gas occupies 0.418 litre at 740 mm of Hg and 27ºC. Angstrom (1Å = 10–10m). Assuming that N2 molecule
Calculate : is spherical in shape with radius 2 × 10 –10m. calculate.
(a) its volume at STP (i) the volume of single N2 molecule.
(b) molecular weight if gas weighs 3.0 g (ii) the percentage of empty space in one mole of N2
gas at STP.
(c) ne pressure of gas if the weight of gas is increased
to 7.5 g and temperature becomes 280 K 20. Calculate the pressure exerted by 5 moles of CO2 in
(d) the volume of vessel at 300 K. one litre vessel at 47ºC using van der Waals’ equation.
Also report the pressure of gas if it behaves ideally in
10. Calculate the total pressure in a 10 litre cylinder which nature. Given that a = 3.592 atm litre2 mol–2, b = 0.0427
contains 0.4 g of helium, 1.6 g of oxygen and 1.4 g of litre mol–1.
nitrogen at 27ºC. Also calculate the partial pressure of
helium gas in the cylinder. Assume ideal behaviour of
gases. Given, R = 0.082 litre-atm K–1 mol–1.
21. A steel tank contains air at a pressure of 15 bar at 20ºC. 24. 20 mol of chlorine gas occupies a volume of 800 ml at
The tank is provided with a safety value which can 300 K and 5 × 10 6 Pa pressure calculate the
wi thstand a pressure of 35 bar. Calculat e the compressibility factor of the gas. (R = 0.083 L bar K–1
temperature to which the tank can be safely heated. mol–1). Comment, whether the gas is more compressible
22. A sample of nitrogen gas occupies a volume of or less compressible under these conditions.
320 cm3 at S.T.P. Calculate its volume at 66ºC and 0.825 25. What will be the pressure exerted by a mixture of 3.2g
bar pressure. of methane and 4.4g of carbon dioxide contained in a
23. The density of cetain gaseous oxide at 1.5 bar pressure 9 dm3 flask at 27ºC ?
at 10ºC is same as that dioxygen at 20ºC and 4.5 bar 26. What will be the pressure of the gas mixture when
pressure. Calculate the molar mass of gaseous oxide.
0.5 L of H2 at 0.8 bar and 2.0 L of oxygen at 0.7 bar are
introduced in a 1L vessel at 27ºC ?
EXERCISE - 3 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. “One gram molecule of a gas at N.T.P. occupies 22.4 6. Absolute zero is defined as the temperature
litres.” This fact was derived from (a) at which all molecular motion ceases
(a) Dalton’s theory (b) Avogadro’s hypothesis
(b) at which liquid helium boils
(c) Berzelius hypothesis (d) Law of gaseous volume
(c) at which ether boils
2. Rate of diffusion of a gas is :
(d) all of the above
(a) directly proportional to its density
(b) directly proportional to its molecular mass 7. A gas is said to behave like an ideal gas when the
relation PV/T = constant. When do you expect a real
(c) directly proportional to the square root of its
molecular mass gas to behave like an ideal gas ?
(d) inversely proportional to the square root of its (a) When the temperature is low
molecular mass
(b) When both the temperature and pressure are low
3. A bottle of ammonia and a bottle of dry hydrogen
chloride connected through a long tube are opened (c) When both the temperature and pressure are high
simultaneously at both ends, the white ammonium (d) When the temperature is high and pressure is low
chloride ring first formed will be
8. Correct gas equation is :
(a) at the centre of the tube
(b) near the hydrogen chloride bottle V1T2 V2 T1 P1V1 T1
(c) near the ammonia bottle (a) P  P (b) P V  T
1 2 2 2 2
(d) throughout the length of the tube

4. If P, V, M, T and R are pressure, volume, molar mass, P1T2 P2 V2 V1V2
temperature and gas constant respectively, then for an (c) V  T (d) T T  P1P2
1 2 1 2
ideal gas, the density is given by
RT P 9. In a closed flask of 5 litres, 1.0 g of H2 is heated from

(a) (b)
PM RT 300 to 600 K. Which statements is not correct ?
M PM (a) pressure of the gas increases

(c) (d)
V RT (b) The rate of collision increases
5. Root mean square velocity of a gas molecule is (c) The number of moles of gas increases
proportional to
(d) The energy of gaseous molecules increases
(a) M1/2 (b) M0
(c) M–1/2 (d) M
10. At constant temperature, in a given mass of an ideal 16. At STP, 0.50 mol H2 gas and 1.0 mol He gas
gas (a) have equal average kinetic energies
(a) The ratio of pressure and volume always remains (b) have equal molecular speeds
constant
(c) occupy equal volumes
(b) Volume always remains constant
(d) have equal effusion rates
(c) Pressure always remains constant
17. Under what conditions will a pure sample of an ideal
(d) The product of pressure and volume always remains gas not only exhibit a pressure of 1 atm but also a
constant concentration of 1 mole litre –1 ?
11. Which is not true in case of an ideal gas ? (R = 0.082 litre atm mol–1 deg–1)
(a) It cannot be converted into a liquid (a) At STP
(b) There is no interaction between the molecules (b) When V = 22.4 litres
(c) All molecules of the gas move with same speed (c) When T = 12 K
(d) At a given temperature, PV is proportional to the (d) Impossible under any conditions
amount of the gas
18. The ratio among most probable velocity, mean velocity
12. Any gas shows maximum deviation from ideal gas at and root mean square velocity is given by
(a) 0ºC and 1 atmospheric pressure
(b) 100ºC and 2 atmospheric pressure (a) 1 : 2 : 3 (b) 1: 2 : 3
(c) –100ºC and 5 atmospheric pressure
(c) 2 : 3 : 8/  (d) 2. 8/  : 3
(d) 500ºC and 1 atmospheric pressure
19. The root mean square speeds at STP for the gases H2,
13. Van der Waal’s equation of state is obeyed by real
N2, O2 and HBr are in the order :
gases. For n moles of a real gas, the expression will be
(a) H2 < N2 < O2 < HBr (b) HBr < O2 < N2 < H2
 P na  V 
(a)   2    RT (c) H2 < N2 = O2 < HBr (d) HBr < O2 < H2 < N2.
 n V  n  b 
20. Van der Waal’s constants ‘a’ and ‘b’ are related with.....
respectively.
 a 
(b)  p  2  (V  b)  nRT (a) Attractive force and bond energy of molecules
 V 
(b) Volume and repulsive force of molecules
 na  (c) Shape and repulsive forces of molecules
(c)  p  2  (nV  b)  nRT
 V  (d) Attractive force and volume of the molecules
21. Two separate bulbs contain ideal gases A and B. The
 n 2a  density of gas A is twice that of gas B. The molecular
(d)  p  2  (V  nb)  nRT
 V  mass of A is half that of gas B. The two gases are at the
same temperature. The ratio of the pressure of A to
14. An ideal gas can’t be liquefied because
that of gas B is
(a) its critical temperature is always above 0ºC (a) 2 (b) 1/2
(b) its molecules are relatively smaller in size (c) 4 (d) 1/4
(c) it solidifies before becoming a liquid 22. The temperature of the gas is raised from 27ºC to 927ºC,
(d) forces operative between its molecules are negligible the root mean square velocity is
15. Which of the following gas will have highest rate of (a) 927 / 27 times the earlier value
diffusion ?
(b) same as before
(a) NH3 (b) N2
(c) halved
(c) CO2 (d) O2
(d) doubled
23. If three unreactive gases having partial pressures P A, 31. A gas of volume 100 cc. is kept in a vassel at pressure
P B and P C and their moles are 1, 2, and 3 respectively 10 4 Pa maintained at temperature 24ºC if now the
then their total pressure will be : pressure is increased to 105 Pa, keeping the temperature
constant, then the volume of the gas becomes
PA  PB  PC (a) 10 cc (b) 100 cc
(a) P = PA + PB + PC (b) P 
6 (c) 1 cc (d) 1000 cc
32. Pure hydrogen sulphide is stored in a tank of 100 litre
P  PB  PC capacity at 20ºC and 2 atm pressure. The mass of the
(c) P  A (d) none.
3 gas will be
24. Dimensions of pressure are the same as that of : (a) 34 g (b) 340 g
(c) 282.68 g (d) 28.24 g
(a) Energy (b) Force
33. 3.2 g of oxygen (At. wt. = 16) and 0.2 g of hydrogen
(c) Energy per unit volume (At. wt. = 1) are placed in a 1.12 litre flask at 0ºC. The
(d) Force per unit volume total pressure of the gas mixture will be
25. Which of the following mixtures of gases does not obey (a) 1 atm (b) 4 atm
Dalton’s law of partial pressure ? (c) 3 atm (d) 2 atm
(a) O2 and CO2 (b) N2 and O2 34. At N.T.P. the volume of a gas is found to be 273 mL.
what will be the volume of this gas at 600 mm Hg and
(c) Cl2 and O2 (d) NH3 and HCl 273ºC ?
26. Which of the foll owing exhibits the weakest (a) 391.8 mL (b) 380 mL
intermolecular forces ? (c) 691.6 mL (d) 750 mL
(a) NH3 (b) HCl 35. Equal weights of two gases of molecular weight 4 and
40 are mixed. The pressure of the mixture is 1.1 atm.
(c) He (d) H2O
The partial pressure of the light gas in this mixture is
27. Densities of two gases are in the ratio 1 : 2 and their (a) 0.55 atm (b) 0.11 atm
temperatures are in the ratio 2 : 1, then the ratio of their
(c) 1 atm (d) 0.11 atm
respective pressures is
36. If 4 g of oxygen diffuse through a very narrow hole,
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 how much hydrogen would have diffused under
(c) 2: 1 (d) 4 : 1 identical conditions ?
28. If 20 cm3 gas at 1 atm. is expanded to 50 cm3 at constant (a) 16 g (b) 1 g

T, then what is the final pressure ? (c) 1/4 g (d) 64 g
37. If some moles of O2 diffuse in 18 sec and same moles of
1 1 other gas diffuse in 45 sec then what is the molecular
(a) 20  (b) 50 
50 20 weight of the unknown gas ?
1 452 182
(c) 1  50 (d) none of these. (a)  32 (b)  32
20 182 452
29. A flask containing air (open to atmosphere) is heated 182 452

from 300 K to 500 K. The percentage of air escaped to (c) (d)
452  32 182  32
the atmosphere is nearly
38. The kinetic energy for 14 grams of nitrogen gas at 127ºC
(a) 16.6 (b) 40 is nearly (mol. mass of nitrogen = 28 and gas constant
(c) 60 (d) 20. = 8.31 JK–1 mol–1)
(a) 1.0 J (b) 4.15 J
30. When the temperature of 23 ml of dry CO 2 gas is
changed from 10º to 30ºC at constant pressure of 760 (c) 2493J (d) 3.3 J
mm, the volume of gas becomes closest to which 39. If the average velocity of N2 molecules is 0.3 m/s at
one of the following ? 27ºC, then the velocity of 0.6 m/s will take place at
(a) 7.7 ml (b) 21.5 ml (a) 273 K (b) 927 K

(c) 1000 K (d) 1200 K
(c) 24.6 ml (d) 69 ml.
40. The vapour density of a gas is 11.2. The volume 49. How many O2 molecules are present in 2.0 L of oxygen gas
occupied by 11.2 g of this gas at N.T.P. is at 27oC temperature and 3.0 atm pressure ?
(a) 1L (b) 11.2 L (a) 1.0 × 103 (b) 1.5 × 1023
(c) 22.4 L (d) 20 L (c) 1.5 × 1024 (d) 2.5 × 1024
41. There are 6.02 × 1022 molecules each of N2, O2 and H2 50. 16 gm of oxygen and 3 gm of hydrogen are mixed and kept
which are mixed together at 760 mm and 273 K. The in 760 mm presusre at 0oC. The total volume occupied by
mass of the mixture in grams is the mixture will be nearly
(a) 6.2 (b) 4.12 (a) 22.4l (b) 33.6l
(c) 3.09 (d) 7 (d) 448 litres (d) 44800 ml
42. Pressure of a gas is due to 51. The molecular velocity of any gas is
(a) collisions of gas molecules (a) proportional to the absolute temperature
(b) the random movement of gas molecules (b) proportional to the square of the absolute temperature
(c) the intermolecular forces of attraction between the (c) proportional to the square root of the absolute
gas molecules
temperature
(d) the collision of gas molecules against the walls of the
container (d) independent of the absolute temperature
43. 300 ml of a gas at 27oC is cooled to –3oC at constant 52. Which of the following expressions is correct ?
pressure, the final volume is
3RT 3p
(a) 540 ml (b) 135 ml (a)  rms  (b)  rms 
M 
(c) 270 ml (d) 350 ml
1
(c) pV  mnN A  rms
2
44. If the weight of 5.6 litres of a gas at NTP is 11 gm. The gas (d) All of these
may be 3
(a) PH3 (b) COCl2 53. If a gas expands at a constant temperature
(c) NO (d) N2O (a) the pressure decreases
45. At 25oC temperature and 730 mm pressure, 380 mL of dry (b) the kinetic energy of the molecule remains the same
oxygen was collected. If the temperature is held constant, (c) the kinetic energy of the molecule decreases
what volume will be oxygen occupy at 760 mm pressure ?
(d) the number of molecules of the gas increases
(a) 365 mL (b) 449 mL
(c) 569 mL (d) 621 mL 54. A gas at 300 K has pressure = 4 × 10–10 N m–2. If the Boltzmann
constant is KB=1.38 × 10–23JK–1 , the number of molecules
46. To which of the following gaseous mixtures is Dalton's
law not applicable ? present per cm3 is of the order of
(a) Ne + He + SO2 (b) NH3 + HCl + HBr (a) 106 (b) 105
(c) O2 + N2 + CO2 (d) N2 + H2 + O2 (c) 107 (d) 108
47. An open flask contains air at 27oC temperature and one
55. The weight of CH4 in a 9-L cylinder at 27oC temperature
atm pressure. The flask is heated to 127oC at the same
pressure. What fraction of the original air will remain in and 16 atm pressure is (R = 0.08 L atm K–1 mol–1)
the flask ? (a) 9.6 g (b) 96.0 g
(a) 2/5th (b) 2/3rd (c) 4.8 g (d) 48.0 g
(c) 2/7th (d ) 3/4th 56. Which of the following gases has the highest value of the
48. If the pressure is tripled and temperature (in kelvins) is van der Waals constant a ?
halved, the volume of a given mass of an ideal gas becomes
(a) CCl4 (l ) (b) NH3 (g)
(a) 3/2 times its original volume (c) CO2(g) (d) H2O(g)
(b) 2/3rd of its original volume
(c) 1/6th of its original volume
(d) 6 times its original volume
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 2 : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. 262.2 mL 2. 327.6 K or 54.6 ºC 3. 0.6 4. 6.239 litre 5. 96 g
6. 41.326 7. 5.26 8. t = –173ºC = 100 K, V = 0.82 litre
9. (a) 0.37 litre, (b) 181.55, (c) 2.27 atm, (d) 0.418 litre 10. 0.492 atm, 0.246 atm, 0.123 atm, 0.123 atm
11. 1/3, 73.89 atm 12. 14.14 dm3 13. 1/24 14. 81.1 cm 15. 0.6 m sec–1
16. 434 m/sec 17. Pressure correction = 0.036 atm, Volume correction = 0.004 litre 18. 2.71 Å
19. (i) 3.35 × 10–23 cm3 (ii) 99.9% 20. P = 77.218 atm, 131.36 atm 21. 683.67 K or 410.52 ºC
22. 481.6 cm3 23. 99.39 g mol–1. 24. 0.796 25. 0.82 atm 26. 1.8 bar
EXERCISE - 3 : BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (d)
21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (d) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (c)
31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (c) 39. (d) 40. (b)
41. (a) 42. (d) 43. (c) 44. (d) 45. (a) 46. (b) 47. (d) 48. (c) 49. (b) 50. (d)
51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (a, b) 54. (b) 55. (b) 56. (d)
PHASE - II
Table of Contents
 Advanced Concepts ......................................................................................................... 29
 Solved Examples ............................................................................................................. 31
 Exercise - 1 : Objective Questions .................................................................................... 33
 Exercise - 2 : Previous Year Questions .............................................................................. 38
 Exercise - 3 : Competition Focus ...................................................................................... 40
 Answer Key .................................................................................................................... 43

ADVANCED CONCEPTS
1. MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE OF A GAS Another arrangement to measure gas

pressure is called “U-tube manometer”.
The pressure of a gas can be measured by
various methods. Mostly it is measured in
terms of heights of liquid column. We know
that a liquid exerts pressure on the bottom of
a container or a tube due to gravity.
Suppose there is a liquid of density  is filled a
tube (cross sectional area A) up to a height h
and there is vacuum above it.
Then :
Volume of the liquid = A × h
Mass of the liquid =  × A × h
Force applied at the bottom = weight of the
liquid =  × g × A × h
P = 1 atm P = 1 atm
Pressure = F/A = gh
If a tube is filled with a liquid is kept at an

angle  then only the vertical component of
weight is taken. P<1 atm
P>1 atm
Pressure = gh × sin
A common arrangement to measure pressure

of a gas is called “Barometer” as shown in the
figure.
(a) (b)
A mercury barometer is used to measure
atmospheric pressure by determining the
Open-end manometers for measuring pressure
height of a mercurry column supported in a
in a gas-filled bulb. In (a), the pressure in the
sealed glass tube.
bulb is lower than atmospheric, so the mercury
level is higher in the arm open to the bulb, in
(b), the pressure in the bulb is higher than
atmospheric, so the mercury level is higher
in the arm open to the atmosphere.
Atmospheric 760 mm
pressure
Mercury-filled dish
TABLE FOR FORMULAE USED IN THE CHAPTER
P1  P2  uMP : uAVG: uRMS = 1:1.128:1.224

 For a U tube manometer; h =
g
 Compressibility Factor, Z = Vreal/Videal
 Boyle’s Law : PV = constant  P1V1 = P2V2

 Vander waal’s Equation :
 Charles’ Law : V/T = constant  V1/T1 = V2/T2

(P+an2/V2)(V-nb) = nRT
 Gay Lussac’s Law : P/T = constant  P1/T1 = P2/T2  Vanderwaal’s constant or co-volume:
 Avogadro’s Law : V  n b = 4×(4/3r3) NA
 Ideal Gas Equation : PV = nRT  At low/moderate pressure (P + an2/V) V = nRT and
Z = PV/nRT = (1-an/RT)
 Variation of ideal gas equation: PM = RT
 At high pressure: P(V-nb) = nRT and

 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure : Pressure due a
gas in a gas mixture PA = XAPTOTAL Z = (1+Pb/RT)
 Graham’s Law of diffusion :  At very low pressure or at high temperature and
moderate/low pressure: Z = 1 and PV = nRT

rate of diffusion  Pressure/ M
 Critical Temperature : Tc = 8a/27Rb
3RT 2RT  Critical Pressure : PC = a/27b2

 u RMS  u MP 
M M
 Critical Volume : VC = 3b
8RT
u AVG 
M
SOLVED EXAMPLES
The two ends of a U tube manometer are subject to At what temperature will the RMS of a gas be twice its
pressure 1 atm and 1.5 atm. If the liquid in the manometer MP speed at 100oC.
has a density of 1g/cc, calculate the difference in height
of the two columns.
Sol. uMP =  2RT1 /M and uRMS =  3RT2 /M ;
P1  P2 where T1 = 373K.
Sol. We know that the difference in height h = g
.
Given, uRMS = 2uMP
thus, T2 = (8×373/3) = 994.67 K Ans.
0.5  101325
Thus, h = = 5.066m
1000  10
Example - 6
Remember to use S.I. units
A commercial gas cylinder contains 75 L of He at 15 bar
(Gauge pressure). Assuming ideal gas behaviour for the
Example - 2 isothermal expansion (T = constant) . How many 3.0 L
An open vessel containing air at atmospheric pressure ballons at 1.1 bar pressure can be filled by the gas in the
cylinder ?
at an initial temperature of 300 K is heated to a
temperature of 500 K. What fraction of air will escape Sol. Assuming atmospheric pressure to be one bar, initial
out? pressure and final pressure of He gas present in cylinder
will be :
Sol. Here, the amount of gas in the two states is not equal.
pi = 15 + 1 = 16 bar and pf = 1.1 bar
Initially, the no. of moles of gas in the vessel n1
Volume of He gas when expanded isothermally to 1.1 bar =
= PV/RT = V/300R
16  75
Finally, the no. of moles of gas in the vessel n2  1100 L
1.1
= V/500R Out of 1100L, 75 L of gas will remain in cylinder since at this
point pressure equilibrium will be established.
V V 2V
Thus moles of gas escaped out =  =
300R 500R 1500R 1100  75
 No. of ballons =  340
3
2V Example - 7
1500R 2
Thus, fraction escaped out  Ans. 12.00 g of a gaseous mixture of He and methane was
V 5
taken in a container and to the mixture 8.00g of oxygen
300R
gas was added at same temperature. The pressure inside
Example - 3 the container increased by a factor of 7/6. What was the
weight percentage of methane in the original mixture ?
A container having 3 gases P, Q and R have partial
pressures 4, 9, 7 atm. What are the mole fractions of Sol. Since, volume and temperature are constant before and after
each gas ? addition of oxygen gas,
Sol. Total pressure of the gas mixture = 4+9+7 atm = 20 atm np
Mole fraction of P = 4/20 = 0.2; Let if x moles of gases were present in the 12.00 g mixture of
methane and helium at pressure p1, then
Thus, XQ = 9/20 = 0.45; XR = 0.35
x  p1
Example - 4
 8  7 
What is the ratio of the rate of diffusion of CO2 at 2 atm and  x     p1 
pressure to that of He at 5 atm pressure?  32  6 
x 6
rCO2   ;
Sol. 
2

4
= 0.1206 x  0.25 7
rHe 44 5
Hence, x = 1.5
Now, if the mixture contains m g of methane, then
m 12  m r(NO) PNO 32 2 32
  1.5     2.065
16 4 r(O 2 ) PO2 30 1 30
 m = 8 and weight percentage of
8
CH 4  100  66.67
12
Example - 8
Two flasks of equal volume, connected by a narrow tube of
negligible volume contain 1.0 mol of H2 gas at 300 K and
0.5 atmosphere. Now one of the flasks is immersed into a
thermostat maintained at 400 K and other was maintained Arc length of tube = r = 3.14 m
at constant 300 K temperature. Determine final pressure
and amount of H2 gas in each flask. r(NO) x
 r   x  2.11 m
(O2 ) 3.14  x
Sol. Initially, both the flasks contained equal moles of H2(g) i.e.,
0.5 mol each, (Avogadro’s law).
On heating one of the flasks, keeping other at constant Example - 10
temperature, kinetic energy of the gas molecule present in The density of steam of 100ºC and 1.0 atm pressure is
the hotter flask will increase and they will migrate towards 0.5974 kg m–3. Determine compressibility factor for steam
colder flask. Equilibrium will be re-established when the two in the given condition.
flasks acquire a constant uniform pressure and at
equilibrium, amount of gas will be more in colder flask than
in hotter flask. pM 1 18
Sol. Z   = 0.985
RT 0.5974  0.082  373
Example - 11
Density of van der Waals’ gas at 500 K and
1.0 atm was found to be 0.8 kg/m3. Also gas was found to
effuse 1.37 times slower than oxygen under identical
condition. Determine compressibility factor (Z) and predict
the type of force dominating. Also determine molar volume
On applying gas equations in final conditions : of the gas in the given condition.
300 x = 400y
 3x = 4y rO2 Mx
Sol.   1.37  M x  60
Also, x+y=1 rx 32
3 7 Also, pM = ZRT
 x  x  x 1
4 4
pM 1  60
 Z   1.83
4 3 RT 0.8  0.82  500
x  and y 
7 7
 Repulsive force is dominating
Now, apply gas laws on flask A in its initial and final
conditions : 60
Also, Vm   75 L
0.5 0.5 4 0.8
  p  x  atm
p x 7
Example - 9
Nitric oxide (NO) gas at 2.0 atm and oxygen at
1 atm are injected simultaneously through pinholes of
identical geometry, attached at the two ends of a semi-
circular discharge tube made up of glass. The arc radius
of discharge tube is 1.0 m and gases are at same
temperature. Determine the distance from oxygen end at
which first flash of brown fume would be osberved.
Sol. Here, the two gases being injected are at different pressures,
their rates of effusion will depend on both molar mass and
gas pressure as
EXERCISE - 1 : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. 1ºC rise in temperature is equal to a rise of 8. The density of a gas is 1.4 g/ml at one atmosphere
(a) 1ºF (b) 9/5ºF pressure and 27ºC. At what pressure will the gas have
density thrice this value, the temperature is kept constant ?
(c) 5/9ºF (d) 33ºF
2. The pressure at the base of a column of liquid of length (a) same pressure (b) 2 atmosphere
l and held at an angle  to the vertical is (c) 3 atmosphere (d) 4.2 atmosphere
(a) gl (b) gl sin 9. If the absolute temperature of a gas is doubled and the
(c) gcos (d) glcos pressure is reduced to one-half, the volume of the gas
3. Which one of the following plot will be a parabola at will
constant temperature ? (a) remain unchanged (b) be doubled
(a) P vs 1/V (b) PV vs P (c) increase four-fold (d) be reduced to 1/4th
(c) V vs P (d) None of these 10. The molar volume of CO2 is maximum at
4. A gas at 298 K is shifted from a vessel of 250 cm3 capacity (a) NTP (b) 0ºC and 2.0 atm
to that of 1L capacity. The pressure of the gas will
(c) 127ºC and 1 atm (d) 273ºC and 2 atm
(a) become double (b) becomes four times
11. There is 10 litre of a gas at STP. Which of the following
(c) decrease to half of the original value
new conditions keep the volume constant ?
(d) decrease to one-fourth of the original value
(a) 273 K and 2 atm. pressure
5. When a gas is compressed at constant temperature
(b) 273ºC and 2 atm. pressure
(a) the speeds of the molecules increase
(c) 546ºC and 0.5 atm. pressure
(b) the collisions between the molecules increase
(d) 0ºC and 0.0 atm. pressure
(c) the speeds of the molecules decrease
12. A gas behaves like an ideal gas at
(d) the collisions between the molecules decrease
6. The correct representation of Charles’s law is given by (a) high pressure and low temperature
(b) low pressure and high temperature
(c) high pressure and high temperature
VOL
VOL
(d) low pressure and low temperature

(a) (b) 13. For an ideal gas, number of moles per litre in terms of its
O O pressure P, gas constant R and and temperature T is
T(K) T(K)
(a) PT/R (b) PRT
(c) P/RT (d) RT/P
VOL
VOL
14. In the gas equation PV = nRT, the value of R depends

(c) (d) upon
O O (a) nature of gas (b) the pressure of gas

T(K) T(K)
(c) unit of measurement (d) temperature of gas
7. When gases are heated from 20 to 40ºC at constant
15. A gas is initially at 1 atm pressure. To compress it to
pressure, their volumes
1/4 th of its initial volume, assuming temperature to be
(a) increase by the same magnitude
constant pressure to be applied is
(b) become double
(a) 1 atm (b) 2 atm
(c) increase in the ratio of their molecular masses
(c) 4 atm (d) 1/4 atm
(d) increase but to different extent
16. A gas volume 100 cc. is kept in a vessel at pressure 25. The vapour density of a gas is 11.2. The volume
104 atm maintained at temperature 24 o C. If now the occupied by 11.2 gm of the gas at N.T.P. is
pressure is increased to 105 atm, keeping the temperature (a) 1 litre (b) 11.2 litre
constant, then the volume of the gas becomes
(c) 22.4 litre (d) 44.8 litre
(a) 10 cc (b) 100 cc
26. At constant volume, for a fixed number of moles of a
(c) 1 cc (d) 1000 cc gas, the pressure of the gas increases with rise of
17. A sample of gas occupies 100 ml at 27 oC and 740 mm temperature due to
pressure. When its volume is changed to 80 ml at (a) increase in average molecular speed
740 mm pressure, the temperature of the gas will be (b) increased rate of collisions of molecules with the walls
(a) 21.6oC (b) 240oC of the container
(c) –33oC (d) 89.5oC (c) increase in molecular attraction

(d) decrease in mean free path
18. A sample of gas has a volume of 0.2 lit measured at 1
atm pressure and 0 o C. At the same pressure, but at 27. The density of a gas at 27 oC and 1 atm is d. Pressure
273oC, its volume will become remaining constant at which of the following
temperatures will its density become 0.75 d ?
(a) 0.1 litre (b) 0.4 litre
(a) 20oC (b) 30oC
(c) 0.6 litre (d) 0.8 litre
(c) 400 K (d) 300 K
19. If two moles of an ideal gas at 546 K occupies a volume
of 44.8 litres, the pressure must be 28. Which is not true in case of an ideal gas ?
(a) It cannot be converted into a liquid
(a) 2 atm (b) 3 atm
(b) There is no interaction between the molecules
(c) 4 atm (d) 1 atm
(c) All molecules of the gas move with same speed
20. 1.0 litre of N2 and 7/8 litre of O2 at the same temperature
and pressure were mixed together. What is relation (d) At a given temperature PV is proportional to the
between the masses of the two gases in the mixture ? amount of gas
29. A cylinder is filled with a gaseous mixture containing equal
(a) m N 2  3m O 2 (b) m N 2  8m O 2 masses of CO and N2. The partial pressure ratio is :
(c) m N 2  m O 2 (d) m N 2  16m O 2 (a) PN 2  PCO (b) PCO  0.875 PN 2
21. The density of a gas A is twice that of a gas B at the (c) PCO  2 PN 2 (d) PCO  1 / 2 PN 2
same temperature. The molecular weight of gas B is
thrice that of A. The ratio of the pressures acting on A 30. The ratio of partial of a gaseous component to the total
and B will be vapour pressure of the mixture is equal to
(a) 6 : 1 (b) 7 : 8 (a) mass of the component
(c) 2 : 5 (d) 1 : 4 (b) mole fraction of the component
–1
22. A gas has a density of 2.85 g L at STP. Identify it. (c) mass % of the component
(a) NO2 (b) Kr (d) molecular mass of the component
(c) CoS (d) SO 2 31. Equal weights of ethane and hydrogen are mixed in an
23. The density of gas A is four times that of gas B. If the empty container at 25 o C.The fraction of the total
molecular weight of A is M, then at same pressure and pressure exerted by hydrogen is
temperature molecular weight of B is (a) 1: 2 (b) 1 : 1
(a) 2M (b) M/2 (c) 1 : 16 (d) 15 : 16
(c) 4M (d) M/4 32. Helium diffuses twice as fast as another gas B. If the
24. Five grams each of the following gases at 87 C and o vapour density of helium is 2, the molecular weight of B
is
750 mm pressure are taken. Which of them will have the
least volume ? (a) 4 (b) 8
(a) HF (b) HCl (c) 16 (d) 24
(c) HBr (d) HI
33. The atomic weight of helium is 4 times of hydrogen. Its 41. If most probable velocity is represented by  and fraction
rate of diffusion as compared to hydrogen is possessing it by f, then with increase in temperature
which one of the following is correct ?
1
(a) Twice (b) times (a)  increase, f decreases
2
(b)  decreases, f increases
(c) 2 times (d) 1/4th (c) Both  and f decrease
34. At STP, 0.48 g of O2 diffused through a porous partition (d) Both  and f increase.
in 1200 seconds. What volume of CO2 will diffuse in the 42. According to kinetic theory of gases, the root mean
same time and under the same conditions ? square velocity is directly proportional to
(a) 286.5 mL (b) 346.7 mL (a) T (b) T 2
(c) 112.2 mL (d) 224.8 mL (c) T (d) 1/T
35. X ml of H2 gas effuses through a hole in a container in 43. Which one of the following is not a correct postulate of
5 seconds. The time taken for the effusion of the same kinetic theory of gases ?
volume of the gas specified below under identical
(a) The molecules of a gas are continuously moving in
condition is
different directions with different velocities
(a) 10 seconds : He (b) 20 seconds : O2
(b) The average kinetic energy of the gas molecules is
(c) 25 seconds : CO (d) 55 seconds : CO2 directly proportional to the absolute temperature of
36. The relative rate of diffusion of helium w.r.t. methane the gas
under similar conditions of pressure and temperature is (c) The volume of the gas is due to the large number of
(a) 2 (b) 0.5 molecules present in it
(c) 4 (d) 0.25 (d) The pressure of the gas is due to hitting of the
molecules on the walls of the container.
37. The rate of diffusion of methane at a given temperature
is twice that of a gas X. The molecular weight of X is 44. Which of the following gases would have the highest
R.M.S. velocity at 25ºC ?
(a) 64.0 (b) 32.0
(a) Oxygen (b) Carbon dioxide
(c) 4.0 (d) 8.0
(c) Sulphur dioxide (d) Carbon monoxide
38. 50 ml of gas A diffuses through a membrane in the same
time as for the diffusion of 40 ml of a gas B under 45. The units of the van der Waal’s constant ‘a’ are
identical pressure- temperature conditions. If the (a) atm L2 mol–2 (b) atm L–2 mol–2
molecular weight of A is 64 that of B would be
(c) atm L mol–1 (d) atm mol L–1
(a) 100 (b) 250
46. The units of the van der Waal’s constant ‘b’ are
(c) 200 (d) 80
(a) atmosphere (b) joules
39. A certain gas effuses through a small opening of a vessel
(c) L mol–1 (d) mol L–1
at a rate which is exactly one-fifth the rate at which
helium does the same. Thus, the molecular weight of 47. The kinetic theory of gases predicts that total kinetic
the gas is energy of a gaseous assembly depends on
(a) 100 (b) 75 (a) Pressure of the gas
(c) 50 (d) 25 (b) Temperature of the gas

(c) Volume of the gas
40. In a closed room of 1000 m3, a perfume bottle is opened
up. The whole room develops smell. This is due to which (d) Pressure, temperature and volume of the gas
property of gases ? 48. The value of van der Waal’s constant ‘a’ is minimum for :
(a) Viscosity (b) Density (a) helium (b) hydrogen
(c) Diffusion (d) None (c) nitrogen (d) chlorine
49. The molecules of which of the following gases have the 57. The ratio of the root mean square velocity to average
largest mean average K.E. at 250ºC ? velocity of a gas molecule at a particular temperature is
(a) Ar (b) CO (a) 1.086 : 1 (b) 1: 1.086
(c) He (d) All have the same K.E. (c) 2 : 1.086 (d) 1.086 : 2
50. Which of the following is true about the mass m of 58. The rms of an ideal gas molecule at 27oC is 0.3 m/sec.
molecules and urms ? The rms at 927oC will be
(a) 0.6 m/sec (b) 0.3 m/sec
1
(a) u rms  m (b) u rms 
m (c) 0.9 m/sec. (d) 3.0 m/sec
(c) u rms  1 / m (d) u rms  1 / m 2 59. The molecular weight of O2 and SO2 are 32 and 64
respectively. If one litre of O2 at 15°C and 750 mm
51. The molecules of which of the following gases has the pressure contains N molecules, the number of molecules
highest speed ? in two litres of SO 2 under the same conditions of
(a) O2 at 0ºC (b) N2 at 1000ºC temperature and pressure will be
(c) CH4 at 298 K (d) H2 at –50ºC (a) N/2 (b) N
52. The energy of given amount an ideal gas depends only (c) 2N (d) 4N
on its 60. The ratio between the root mean square velocity of H2
(a) pressure (b) volume at 50 K and that of O2 at 800 K is
(c) number of moles (d) temperature (a) 4 (b) 2
53. The quantity pV/ (kBT) represents the (c) 1 (d) 1/4
(a) number of molecules in the gas 61. At the same temperature and pressure, which of the
(b) mass of the gas following gases will have the highest kinetic energy
per mole ?
(c) number of moles of the gas
(a) Hydrogen (b) Oxygen
(d) translation energy of the gas
(c) Methane (d) All the same
54. At what temeprature will the molar KE of 0.3 mol of He
be the same as that of 0.4 mol of argon at 400 K ? 62. According to kinetic theory of gases, for a diatomic
molecule
(a) 700 K (b) 500 K
(c) 800 K (d) 400 K (a) the pressure exerted by the gas is proportional to
the mean velocity of the molecule.
55. Indicate which of the following statements are correct.
(b) the pressure exerted by the gas is proportional to
(a) At constant temperature, the KE of all gas molecules the root mean square velocity of the molecules
is the same.
(c) the root mean square velocity of the molecule is
(b) At constant temperature, the KE of different molecules inversely proportional to the temperature.
is different.
(d) the kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional
(c) At constant temperature, the KE is greater for heavier to the absolute temperature.
gas molecules. 63. At STP the order of mean square velocity of molecules
(d) At constant temperature, the KE is less for heavier gas of H2, N2, O2 and HBr is
molecules.
(a) H2 > N2 > O2 > HBr (b) HBr > O2 > N2 > H2
56. Choose the correct arrangement. The symbols have their
usual meanings. (c) HBr > H2 > O2 > N2 (d) N2 > O2 > H2 > HBr
64. At 27oC the ratio of rms velocities of ozone to oxygen is
(a) u  u p  u rms (b) u rms  u  u p
(a) 3/ 5 (b) 4/3
(c) u p  u  u rms (d) u p  u rms  u
(c) 2/3 (d) 0.25
65. At what temperature will the average speed of CH4 73. NH3 can be liquefied at ordinary temperature without the
molecules have the same value as O2 has at 300 K ? application of pressure. But O2 cannot, because
(a) 1200 K (b) 150 K (a) its critical temp. is very high
(c) 600 K (d) 300 K (b) its critical temp. is low
66. The internal energy of one mole of an ideal gas is given (c) its critical temp. is moderate
by
(d) its critical temperature is higher than that of ammonia.
3 1 74. Which set of conditions represents easiest way to
(a) RT
T (b) KT
2 2 liquiefy a gas ?
1 3 (a) Low temperature and high pressure

(c) RT
T (d) KT
2 2 (b) High temperature and low pressure
67. For H2 gas, the compressibility factor, (c) Low temperature and low pressure
Z = PV/n RT is : (d) High temperature and high pressure.
(a) equal to 1 75. The constant ‘a’ in van der Waal’s equation is maximum
(b) equal to 0 in
(c) always greater than 1 (a) Helium (b) Hydrogen
(d) initially less than 1 and then becomes greater than 1 (c) Oxygen (d) Ammonia
at high pressures
76. The value of van der Waal's constant ‘a’ for the gases
68. The excluded volume or non-compressible volume of a O 2 , N 2 , NH 3 and CH 4 are 1.360, 1.390, 4.170 and
gas is ..... times the actual volume of a gas : 2.253 l2 atm. mole –2 respectively. The gas which can
(a) 2 (b) 4 most easily be liquefied is
(c) 3 (d) 0.5 (a) O2 (b) N2
69. The pressure of real gases is less than that of ideal gas (c) NH3 (d) CH4
because of
77. The compressibility factor of an ideal gas is
(a) increase in the number of collisions
(a) 0 (b) 1
(b) finite size of particles
(c) 2 (d) 4
(c) intermolecular attraction
78. The behaviour of a gas deviates the least from that of
(d) increase in kinetic energy of the molecules.
an ideal gas at
70. At lower temperatures, all gases show
(a) 550 K and 1 atm (b) 350 K and 3 atm
(a) negative deviation
(c) 250 K and 4 atm (d) 450 K and 2 atm
(b) positive deviation
79. An ideal gas cannot be Liquified because
(c) positive and negative deviation
(a) The intermolecular forces of attraction between the
(d) none. gaseous molecules are negligible.
71. In case of hydrogen and helium, the van der Waal’s forces (b) Its critical temperature is very high
are
(c) The Van der Waals constants a and b are very high.
(a) Strong (b) Very strong
(d) All of these
(c) Weak (d) Very weak.
80. The value (pVm) depends only on
72. The critical temperature of a substance is defined as :
(a) the temperature above which the substance (a) temperature (b) pressure
decomposes. (c) molar mass (d) volume
(b) the temperature above which a substance can exist
only as a gas
(c) melting point of the substance
(d) boiling point of the substance.
EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
AIEEE Questions IIT-JEE Questions

1. Which one of the following statements is not true about 6. According to Graham’s law, at a given temperature the
the effect of an increase in temperature on the ratio of diffusion rA/rB of gases A and B is given by
distribution of molecular speeds in a gas ? (2005) (1998)
(a) the area under the distribution curve remains the
(a) (P A/P B) (MA/MB)1/2 (b) (MA/MB) (PA/P B)1/2
same as under the lower temperature
(c) (P A/P B) (MB/MA)1/2 (d) (MA/MB) (PB/P A)1/2
(b) The distribution becomes broader
(c) The fraction of the molecules with the most 7. The r.m.s. velocity of hydrogen is 7 time the r.m.s.
probable speed increases velocity of nitrogen. If T is the temperature of the gas,
(d) The most probable speed increases. (2000)
2. As the temperature is raised from 20ºC to 40ºC, the (a) T (H2) = T (N2) (b) T (H2) > T (N2)
average kinetic energy of neon atoms changes by a
factor of which of the following ? (2004) (c) T (H2) < T (N2) (d) T (H2) = 7 T (N2)
(a) 1/2 (b) 313 / 293 8. Which of the following volume (V)-temperature (T)
plots represents the behaviour of one mole of an ideal
(c) 313/293 (d) 2
gas at the atmospheric pressure ? (2002)
3. In van der Waals’ equation of state of the gas law, the
constant ‘b’ is a measure of (2004)
(a) intermolecular repulsions
(b) intermolecular attraction
(a) (b)
(c) volume occupied by the molecules
(d) intermolecular collisions per unit volume
4. According to the kinetic theory of gases, in an ideal
gas, between two successive collisions a gas molecule
travels (2003)
(a) in a circular path (b) in a wavy path
(c) in a straight line path (c) (d)
(d) with an accelerated velocity
5. Based on kinetic theory of gases following laws can be
proved (2002)
9. The ratio of the rate of diffusion of helium and methane
(a) Boyle’s law under identical condittion of pressure and temperature
(b) Charles’ law will be (2005)
(c) Avogadro’s law (a) 4 (b) 2
(d) All of these (c) 1 (d) 0.5

10. A gas described by van der Waals’ equation (2008) 12. A bottle of dry ammonia and a bottle of dry hydrogen
(a) behaves similar to an ideal gas in the limit of large chloride connected through a long tube are opened
molar volumes simultaneously at both ends, the white ammonium chloride
ring first formed will be : (1988)
(b) behaves similar to an ideal gas in the limit of large
pressures (a) at the centre of the tube
(c) is characterised by van der Waals’ coefficients that (b) near the hydrogen chloride bottle
are dependent on the identity of the gas but are (c) near the ammonia bottle
independent of the temperature (d) throughout the length of the tube
11. The compressibility of a gas is less than unity at S.T.P. 13. The root mean square velocity of an ideal gas at constant
Therefore, (2000) pressure varies with density (d) as (2001)
(a) Vm > 22.4 litres (b) Vm < 22.4 litres 2
(a) d (b) d
(c) Vm = 22.4 litres (d) Vm = 44.8 litres.
(c) d (d) 1 / d
EXERCISE - 3 : COMPETITION FOCUS
Multiple Answer Questions 4. The kinetic energy of one mole of a gas is given by the
expression :
1. A mixture of CO and CO2 is found to have a density of 1.5
g/L at 300C and 740 torr. The composition of mixture is 3PV 3
K.E.  and K.E.  RT
(a) CO is 35.5% (b) CO2 is 35.7 % 2 2
(c) CO2 is 64.5% (d) CO is 64.3%
Hence, it can be said that
2. To raise the volume of the gas by four times, which of the
following methods are correct ? (a) K.E.  P at constant temperature
(a) T is doubled and P is also doubled (b) K.E.  T at constant pressure
(b) Keeping P constant, T is raised by four times (c) K.E. is not directly proportional to volume at
constant temperature
(c) Temperature is doubled and pressure is halved
(d) Keeping temperature constant, pressure is reduced (d) K.E.  V at constant temperature
to 1/4th of its initial value. 5. If gas expands at constant temperature
3. Among the plots, which of them represent Charle’s law, (a) the pressure decreases
at constant pressure ?
(b) K.E. of molecules remains the same
(c) K.E. of molecules decreases

(d) the number molecules of the gas increases
6. The graph of P vs V is given at different temperatures

(a) and number of rule curves, n1, n2, n3 are number of
moles
(b)
The correct relationship are

(a) T 1 > T 2 > T 3 (b) T 1 < T 2 < T 3
(c) n1 > n2 > n3 (d) n3 > n2 > n1
7. Which of the following is correct ?
(c)
(a) The kinetic energy of H2 at 600 K is similar to
kinetic energy of SO2 at 327°C
(b) The density of N2 is less than that of CO2
(c) The rms velocity of CH4 at 400 K is similar to rms
velocity of He at 100 K
(d) (d) The volume of an ideal gas can never be zero
8. The van der Waals’ constants of a gas are 13. Assertion : Different gases at the same condition of
temperature and pressure have same root mean square
a = 0.751 dm6 atm mol–2 b = 0.0226 dm3 mol–1 speed.
Hence, Reason : Average KE of gas is directly proportional to
(a) VC = 0.678 dm mol
3 –1
(b) VC = 0.0678 dm mol
3 –1 temperature in Kelvin.
(c) PC = 54.5 atm (d) T C = 120 K (a) A (b) B

(c) C (d) D
9. The factor(s) which measure(s) the deviation from ideal
behaviour of a gas are 14. Assertion : The pressure of a gas is inversely
proportional to the volume at constant temperature and
(a) collision diameter n.
(b) compressibility factor Reason : The gas volume is directly proportional to n at
(c) van der Waals’ constant ‘a’ constant temperature and pressure.
(d) collision frequency (a) A (b) B

(c) C (d) D
 n 2a 
10.  P + 2   V - nb  = nRT 15. Assertion : 1/4th of the gas is expelled if air present in an
 V  open vessel is heated from 27ºC to 127ºC.
Which of the following statements is/are correct ? Reason : Rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely
proportional to the square root of its
(a) It is real gas equation molecular mass.
(b) Higher the value of ‘a’ more easily the gas can be (a) A (b) B
liquified
(c) C (d) D
(c) ‘a’ is expressed in atm L mol and ‘b’ in L mol
2 –2 –1
Passage :
(d) At high temperature this equation reduced into
PV = nRT Using the following passage, solve Q.16 to Q.18
Assertion Reason Passage – 1

Density of gas is inversely proportional to temperature and
(A) If both ASSERTION and REASON are true and reason directly proportional to pressure.
is the correct explanation of the assertion.
P dT
(B) If both ASSERTION and REASON are true but reason is  d  = constant
not the correct explanation of the assertion. T P
(C) If ASSERTION is true but REASON is false.

d1T1 dT
(D) If ASSERTION is false but REASON is true.   2 2
P1 P2
11. Assertion : Most probable velocity is the velocity
possessed by maximum fraction of molecules at the same Density at a particular temperature & pressure can be
temperature. calculated by using ideal gas equation
Reason : On collision, more and more molecules acquire mass

PV = nRT  PV   RT
higher speed at the same temperature. molar mass (M)
(a) A (b) B
mass
(c) C (d) D  P×M   RT
volume
12. Assertion : Compressibility factor (Z) for non-ideal gases
is always greater than 1. PM
 P × M = d × RT  d 
RT
Reason : Non-ideal gases always exert higher pressure
than expected. 16. Which of the following has maximum density?
(a) A (b) B (a) O2 at 250C and 1 atm (b) O2 at 00C and 2 atm
(c) C (d) D (c) O2 at 2730C and 1 atm (d) O2 at 00C and 1 atm
17. The density of CO2 at 1 atm and 273 K is 21. In which of the following gases repulsive forces are
(a) 1.96 g L–1 (b) 2.12 g L–1 dominating between the molecules?
(c) 1.09 g L–1 (d) 2.02 g L–1 (a) NH3 (b) CO
18. The density of gas is 3.8 g L–1 at STP. The density at 270C (c) CH4 (d) H2
and 700 mm Hg pressure will be
Match the following
(a) 3.185 g L–1 (b) 3.185 g ml–1
22. Match the following :
(c) 3.185 kg L–1 (d) 3.185 kg ml–1
Column–I Column–II
Using the following passage, solve Q.19 to Q.21
Passage – 2
It is known that the equation of state PV = nRT derived
from the postulates of the kinetic theory, is valid for an (A) (P) Temperature is increasing
ideal gas only. Real gases tend to obey this equation only
approximately and that too under conditions of low
pressure and high temperature. Higher the pressure and
lower the temperature the greater would be the deviation
from the ideal behaviour. It is best to represent the
deviation from ideal behaviour in terms of the
PV (B) (Q) Temperature is constant
compressibility factor Z which is defined as Z 
nRT
For ideal gas Z = 1 and for real gas Z > 1 or Z < 1. The graph
between Z and P is shown as
(C) (R) Volume is constant
(D) (S) Pressure is increasing
19. The correct order of ‘a’ of the gases shown as in the above
graph is 23. Match the following :
(a) CO > H2 > He > CH4 Column–I Column–II
(b) NH3> CH4> CO > He > H2 (A) attractive tendency dominates (P) Z = 3/8
(c) H2 > He > CO > CH4 > NH3
(B) at the Boyle’s temperature in the (Q) Z < 1
(d) NH3 > CO > CH4 > He > H2
high pressure region
20. For NH3 gas Z < 1. So the volume occupied by one mole of
(C) For a gas at very very low pressure (R) Z > 1
NH3 (Vm) at STP is
(a) Vm = 22.4 L (b) Vm >22.4 L and very very high temperature
(c) Vm < 22.4 L (d) Vm = 0 (D) At the critical point (S) Z = 1

Integer Type Questions 26. A vertical cylinderical tank 1 m high has its top end closed
by a tightly fitted frictionless piston of negligible weight.
24. A thin tube sealed at both ends, is 100 cm long. It lies The air inside the cylinder is at an absolute pressure of 1
horizontally, the middle 0.1 m containing mercury and the atm. The piston is depressed by pouring mercury on it
two ends containing air at standard atmospheric pressure. very slowly. How far will the piston descend before
If the tube is turned to a vertical position, by what amount mercury spills over the top of cylinder in cm ? The
will the mercury be displaced ? (in cm) temperature of the air inside the cylinder is maintained
25. An air bubble is released from the bottom of a lake at a constant.
depth of 11 m. The temperature at the bottom is 4ºC and 27. A vessel containing 1 gm of oxygen at a pressure of 10 atm
that at the surface is 12ºC. What is the ratio of the bubble’s and a temperature of 47ºC. It is found that because of a
radius at the surface to its radius at bottom ? Assume density leak, the pressure drops to 5/8 th of its original value and
of water = 1000 Kg/m3, atmospheric pressure = 75 cm of the temperature falls to 27ºC. Find the mass of oxygen that
Hg and density of mercury = 13600 Kg/m3. has leaked out in grams (10–1)
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE - 1 : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (d) 24. (d) 25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (b)
31. (d) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (b) 36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (a) 39. (a) 40.(c)
41. (a) 42. (c) 43. (c) 44. (d) 45. (a) 46. (c) 47. (b) 48. (a) 49. (d) 50. (c)
51. (d) 52. (d) 53. (a) 54. (d) 55. (b) 56. (b) 57. (a) 58. (a) 59. (c) 60. (c)
61. (d) 62. (d) 63. (a) 64. (c) 65. (b) 66. (a) 67. (c) 68. (b) 69. (c) 70. (a)
71. (d) 72. (b) 73. (b) 74. (a) 75. (d) 76. (c) 77. (b) 78. (a) 79. (a) 80. (a)
EXERCISE - 2 : PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a,c)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (d)
EXERCISE - 3 : COMPETITION FOCUS
1. (a, c) 2. (b, c,d) 3. (a, b, c) 4. (b, c) 5. (a, b) 6. (a, d) 7. (a, b, c) 8. (b, c, d) 9. (b,c)
10. (a, b, c, d) 11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (e) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (a)
19. (b) 20. (c) 21. (d) 22. (A  P, S); (B  R, P, S); (C  Q); (D  R, P, S)
23. (A  Q); (B  R); (C  S); (D  P) 24. 0003 25. 0001 26. 0024 27. 0003
Dream on !!


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PHASE - I

 Basic Concepts ..................................................................................................................... 3

 Solved Examples .................................................................................................................. 12

 Exercise - 1 : Summative Exercise ....................................................................................... 20

 Exercise - 2 : Subjective Questions ..................................................................................... 21

 Exercise - 3 : Basic Objective Questions ............................................................................. 22

 Answer Key .......................................................................................................................... 26

shown only by limited number of elements.  

1.5 London forces or Dispersion forces

At any instant of time, the electron cloud of the molecule

Forces of attraction between momentary dipoles and induced

4.1.1 Measurement of pressure of a gas

The most common instrument used to measure the pressure

Pressure relations Temperature relations Volume relations

1 atm = 1.0132 × 105 Pa 1.8 T (0C) = T (0F) – 32 1 L = 1000 mL

5. IDEAL GAS LAW

5.1 Boyle’s Law (Pressure – Volume Relationship)

It states that at constant temperature, the pressure of a fixed

5.3 Gay Lussac’s Law (Pressure-Temperature Relationship)

It states that at constant volume, pressure of a fixed amount

Graph of pressure, p vs. Volume, V of

5.2 Charles’s Law (Temperature - Volume Relationship)

It states the pressure remaining constant, the volume of a

V  n where n is the number of moles of the gas. m

At constant p and T; V  n Avogadro Law 8. DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES

This equation is alos known as combined gas law. RT RT RT

of molecules and heavier the molecules, slower are their

If a molecule has variable speed, then it must have a

The graph shows that :

 The fraction of molecules having very low or very high

14.2 At low/moderate Pressure

The volume correction factor can be ignored and Z<1 where

14.3 At high Pressure

When the external pressure is equal to 1 bar, the boiling

(v) Effect of temperature on surface tension. The surface

Sol. p1 = 0.820 bar p2 = 1.025 bar Sol. According to Charles’ law

If p1 = 1 bar then V1 = 2.27 L

T2 = 273 + 100 = 373 K p2 = ?

= 1.462 × 102 kPa.

nRT where R = 0.083 bar dm3 mol–1 K–1

Example - 9 2  0.083  300

Now d (N2) = d (oxide) n(CO) RT

Partial pressure of hydrogen gas R = 8.314 JK–1 mol–1, T = 273 – 23 = 250 K

1 mol  0.083 L bar mol1 K 1  298 K n = 10 mol, V = 25 L, p = 50 bar

3.6 L2 bar mol 2  (1 mol2 )  5.46  100 

Sol. Partial pressure of a gas = Mole fraction of that gas × Total

= 487.2 K. Sol. (i) As NH3 is more easily liquefiable (due to hydrogen

(For NH3, a = 4.17 L2 atm mol–2, b = 0.0371 L mol–1

Sol. The atmospheric pressure is less and so the boiling point is

As temperature remains constant, P1V1 = P2V2

Sol. When the external pressure is equal to one atmosphere

Now partial pressure of a gas = mole

 Partial pressure of oxygen = 0.21 × (25 bar) = 5.25 bar

Example - 32 Sol. Volume of vessel = 10 L

Sol. SI unit = kg m–1 s–1 Molar mass of oxygen = 32

Poise = 1 g cm–1 s–1 10

167.5 0.31 0.082  300

Step III. To calculate the total pressure

EXERCISE - 1 : SUMMATIVE EXERCISE