SEMESTER – IV

(Development of Indian Theater)

EC – 02

CONTEMPORARY INDIA

(2019 - 2021)
E-Content 04

 Unit – II : Topic
A. vkSifuosf'kd ,oa vk/kqfud jaxeap

Vetted by : MkW0 fo|kuan fo/kkrk

Ikzks0 ¼MkW0½ lqjasnz dqekj vfrfFk f'k{kd] bfrgkl foHkkx
foHkkxk/;{k] bfrgkl foHkkx iVuk fo'ofo|ky;] iVuk
iVuk fo'ofo|ky;] iVuk laidZ % 9472084115
laidZ % 9835463960

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 vkSifuosf'kd ,oa vk/kqfud jaxeap
ejkBh jaxeap & lu~ 1843 bZ0 esa fo".kqnkl Hkkos }kjk jfpr lhrk
Lo;aoj dks igyk vk/kqfud ejkBh ukVd dk xkSjo izkIr gSA egkjk"Vª esa
v..kk lkgsc fdyksZLdj dh fdyksZLdj ukVd eaMyh izFke vkSj lokZf/kd
egÙoiw.kZ O;kolkf;d ukV~;&eaMyh FkhA 31 vDrwcj] 1880 bZ0 dks bl
ukV~; eaMyh us vfHkKku 'kkdqUrye~ ds ejkBh :ikarj.k dk vfHkeapu
djds fu;fer jaxdeZ dh 'kq:vkr dhA ejkBh jaxeap dks ubZ psruk ls
tksMd
+ j iquthZfor djus dk ,sfrgkfld dk;Z fot; rsna qydj us fd;kA
[kkeks'k vnkyr tkjh gS] fx)] l[kkjke ckbaMj] ?kklhjke dksroky]
deyk] tkr gh iwNks lk/kq dh] dU;knku] tSls vkØked fooknkLin
fdarq ukVdksa ds }kjk rsanqydj us ejkBh ds iz;ksx/kehZ jaxep dks
vR;f/kd izHkkfor fd;kA blds vfrfjDr fp=;a [kkuksydj ¼,d 'kwU;
ckthjko½] oh- oh- f'kjokMdj ^uV lezkV] vP;r o>s py esjs díh
BqEed Bqe½] lrh'k vkysdj ^egkfuokZ.k½] t;oar nyoh ^cSfjLVj]
la/;kNk;k½] egs'k ,Ydqapokj ^ gksyh] jDr iq"i] okM+k fpjscna h@fojklr]
vkRedFkk izfrfcEc½ rFkk xksfoUn ns'kikaMs ¼m/oLr /keZ'kkyk] vka/kj
;k=k@pØO;wg lR;'kks/kd@jkLrs½ tSls ukVddkjksa us ejkBh jaxeap dh
mUufr iznku dhA fot;k esgrk] tCckj iVsy] Lo- vjfoUn ns'kikaM]s
Jhjkeykxw] deykdj lkja] veksy ikysdj] lR;nso nqcs] iq:"kksÙke osns]
t;nso gV~VxM+h] okeu dsUnz tSls iqjkuh & ubZ ih<+h ds vusd
funsZ'kdksa & vfHkusrkvksa dk uke ejkBh jaxeap esa fo'ks"k :Ik ls
mYys[kuh; gSA ns'kik.Ms ,oa clar dkusVdj us ukVdksa ds
O;olk;hdj.k esa egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;kA
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 iatkch mnwZ jaxeap & iatkch mnwZ jaxeap esa {ks=h;rk vkSj Hkk"kkbZ
lhekvksa dks rksM+dj ckgj fudyus okyksa esa 'khyk HkkfV;k] xq:'kj.k
flag] cyoar xkxhZ] ifjrks"k xkxhZ] djrkj flag MqXxy] 'kUuks [kqjkuk]
uhye ekuflag pkS/kjh] gjpj.k flag] dsoy fonzksgh vkSj ukVddkj&
funsZ'kd lh-Mh- fl)w dk jaxdeZ bl chp dkQh pfpZr gqvk gSA

rfey jaxeap & nf{k.k Hkkjr esa vk/kqfud jaxeap dh ijaijk u rks
mruh vk/kqfud gh gS vkSj u mruh le`) ghA 19oha lnh ds var rd
rfeyukMq esa vfHkuhr ukVdksa dk Lrj bruk uhpk Fkk fd Hknz ifjokj
ds ekrk&firk vius ifjokj ds fdlh lnL; dks ukVd ns[kus dh
Lora=rk ugha nsrs FksA izn'kZuksa ds le; lc yksxksa dkA ukVdksa dh
dFkkoLrq izk;% f?klh&fiVh ikSjkf.kd gksrh FkhA gfj'pUnz] jkeukVd]
lkfo=h&lR;oku~ vkSj nzkSinh&oL=gj.k vkfn dk vfHku; gh ckj&ckj
gksrk FkkA vkt ls lkB o"kZ iwoZ rd rfey jaxeap blh ghu voLFkk esa
FkkA u ukVd vPNs Fks] u iz;ksDrk vkSj u mudk jaxeaph; laxBu ghA

rfey jaxeap ds m)kj ds fy, vO;olk;h f'kf{kr

ukV~;&eaMfy;ka chloha lnh ds vkjaHk ls gh iz;Ru'khy gSaA lu~ 1890
bZ0 esa osYykjh ds d`".kekpkjh us ljl fouksfnuh lHkk dh LFkkiuk dhA
/khjs&/khjs f'kf{kr tuksa dk /;ku b/kj vkdf"kZr gqvkA bUgksaus ih- ,l-
eqnkfy;j ds usr`Ro esa lxq.kfoykl lHkk dh LFkkiuk dhA xr v)Z'krd
ls rfey jaxeap ds fodkl dh fn'kk esa mUgksaus ,sfrgkfld egÙo dk
iz;Ru fd;k gSA blds vfrfjDr E;wft;e fFk;sVj] dUgS;k ,.M daiuh
rFkk cky&fouksn ukVd lHkk tSlh laLFkk,a Hkh jaxeap ds mRFkku ds

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fy, [kqyhA bu lHkkvksa }kjk rfey jaxeap dk Lrj mUur gqvk vkSj
ukVdksa ds vfHku; us Hkh u;k Lo:Ik vkSj 'kfDr izkIr dhA bu 'kkSfd;k
ukV~;&eaMfy;ksa ds iz;Ru ls gh O;kolkf;d ukV~;&daifu;ksa dh
vlaHkzkUrrk ,oa vU; =qfV;kW /khjs&/khjs nwj gks ldhaA

rsyxw jaxeap & vk/kqfud rsyxw jaxeap dk tUe mUuhloha lnh ds

izFke pj.k esa gqvkA fp=uyh;e~ igyk rsyxw ukVd Fkk ftldk izn'kZu
vka/kz ukVd firkeg ys[kd&vfHkusrk d`".kekpk;Z us izLrqr fd;k FkkA
bUgksaus yxHkx rhl ukVd izLrqr fd,] ftuesa 'kkM+~xZ/kj] izâkn vkSj
vtkfey eq[; gSaA blh ds vklikl Jhfuokl jko us Hkh jkejkt]
'khykfnR; vkSj dkfynkl dk izn'kZu osykjh esa fd;kA oLrqr% osykjh
rfey jaxeap dh tUeHkwfe gSA lu~ 1890 ds ckn rks egku~ rsyxw
vfHkusrkvksa ds uke ls vusd ukVd&daifu;kW Hkh [kqyhaA

jkteuj varjkZ"Vªh; [;kfr ds ukV~;&ys[kd gSAa lu~ 1930&40

bZ0 ds chp e/kqd`".k ds ^v'kksde* pye dk fp=kaxh vkSj 'k'kkad
dfojktq dk 'kacqd&o/k vkSj [kwuh dk vfHku; gqvk] ijarq ikSjkf.kd
dFkkvkas dks u, ifjos'k esa izLrqr fd;k x;kA Lok/khurk ds mijkar vka/kz
esa dbZ ukVd&eaMfy;ka dke dj jgh gSa vkSj ,dkadh ukVd vkSj
jsfM;ks&:idksa dh jpuk cM+h rsth ls gks jgh gSA vka/kz ukVd dyk
ifj"kn~] ¼1929 bZ0½ rsyxw fyVy fFk;sVj vkSj vka/kz fFk;sVj QsMjs'ku
uked laLFkk,W ukV~;&izn'kZu vkSj jaxeap dks yksdfiz; cukus dh fn'kk
esa iz;Ru'khy gSAa fQj Hkh rsyxw esa vHkh ,sls ukVdksa dk vHkko gS]
ftudk vfHku; iwjs nks ?kaVs rd gks ldsA

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 dUuM+ ukVd vkSj jaxeap & dUuM+ ukVd vkSj jaxeap dh fLFkfr
Hkh fHkUu ugha jgh gSA lu~ 1878 bZ0 ls 1884 bZ0 ds chp dukZVd esa
gkyklkuh ukVd daiuh] rkarqiqjkLFkk fFk;Vªhdy dEiuh] Jh pejktsUnz
dukZVd lHkk] fn eSVªksikWfyVu fFk;sfVªdy dEiuh rFkk xqCch
psukckdos'oj fØikiksf'krk ukVd la?k tSlh O;kolkf;d ukV~; laLFkk,a
vfLrRo esa vk pqdh FkhaA buesa ls xqCch dEiuh vc Hkh lfØ; gSA ijarq
bu ijaijkxr nyksa vkSj buds ukVdksa ls fHkUu vk/kqfud lekt vkSj
mldh leL;kvksa ls izHkkfor dUuM+ esa u, ukVd dh 'kq:vkr djus dk
Js; 1918 bZ0 esa izdkf'kr Vh-ih- dsykjke ds ukVd dks fn;k tkrk gSA
chloha 'krkCnh ds rhljs n'kd esa i| vkSj xhfr ukVdksa dh n`f"V ls ds-
,l- dkjar rFkk lkekftd leL;kvksa ds fp=.k dh n`f"V ls ,- ,u-
d`".kjko ds vfrfjDr Jhd"BIi] xksfoUnikbZ rFkk ds- oh- iqVIik ds uke
fo'ks"k mYys[kuh; gSAa lqizfl) jpukdkj ds f'kojke dkjar vius laxhr
vkSj u`R; ukVdksa ds dkj.k ppkZ dk fo"k; cusA cgqfo/k iz;ksx/kehZ Js"B
ukVdksa dk Hkh fo'ks"k ;ksxnku gSA vktknh ds ckn mHkjusokyh ubZ ih<+h
ds ukVddkjksa ,oa ukVdksa esa fxjh'k dukZM ¼;;kfr] rqxyd] g;onu]
ukxeaMy vkSj 'kDr dY;k.k@rysn.M½] yad's k ¼Økafr] ijrs vkSj
laØkafr½ rFkk pUnz'ks[kj dEckj ¼tks dqekj Lokeh] _f"kJa`xk vkSj Jh
lfEixs½ dk egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA lkFk gh] ukVd funsZ'kdksa esa dkjar]
ds oh lqc..kk] izlUuk] ukxs'k] Lo- 'kadjukx vkSj v{kj bR;kfn ds uke
izeq[k gSaA

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 ey;kye jaxeap & ukV~;dyk ds lHkh ns'kh :iksa esa dFkdyh
dsjy ds yksdthou dh vkdka{kk vkSj Hkkoukvksa dk loZJs"B izfrfuf/k gSA
dRFkdyh dh dyk ftruh lw{e vkSj tfVy gS mruh gh fo'kq) HkhA
jpuk] dkO;] xhr&ok|&u`R; dk ;ksx vkSj vkafxd HkkoHkafxek,W lc
feydj dRFkdyh dks iw.kZrk iznku djrh gSA blesa ijEijkxr] ikSjkf.kd
,oa ykSfdd dFkkoLrqvksa dk xzUFku HkkoHkwfe ds :Ik esa gksrk gSA
ey;kye~ ukVdksa }kjk jaxeap ds ek/;e ls lkekftd leL;kvksa ds
lek/kku dh [kkst dh x;h gSA dfUudj ,e- in~eukFkfiYybZ vkSj ,e-
dqekj fiYybZ us vius ukVdksa ds ek/;e ls ekuoh; laosnukvksa dks
vfHkO;Dr iznku dhA buds ukV~; iz;ksxksa esa lkekftd leL;kvksa dk
izLrqrhdj.k cM+k gh eeZLi'khZ gqvk gSA

dsjy dh ikjaifjd jax:f<+;ksa ds ekSfyd jpukRed iz;ksx ls

viuh vuwBh jax'kSyh miyC/k djkds if.kDdj us e/;e O;k;ksx] nsoÙkkj]
vouou dVEik] djhedqV~Vh] nwrkokD;e~] mLHkaxe eÙkfoykl vkSj
'kkdaqrye tSls laLd`r ,oa ey;kye ds Js"B izn'kZuksa ds tfj, Hkkjrh;
jaxeap esa viuh [kkl igpku vkSj txg cukbZ gSA

lanHkZ& lwph

1- y{ehukjk;.k Hkkj}kt] jaxeap yksd/kehZ&ukV~;/kehZ] 1992] ds-,y-

ipkSjh izdk'ku] xkft;kckn

2- e[kewjlbZnh vuht vkteh] mnwZ fFk;sVj] 2006 jk"Vªh; ukV~;

vdkneh] fnYyh